马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义

马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义

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2006/09/05 17:45 北京自考热线

第八章

1、The Manifesto of the Communist Party (共产党宣言) 马恩合作

2、Darwin‘s theory of evolution (进化)名词解释








Darwin‘s theory of evolution contains four major arguments：

①new species appear (新物种的发现)。

②those new species have evolved (进化) from older species.

③The evolution of species is result (导致) of natural selection.

④The natural selection depends on variations (变异) and the maintenance (保护) of variations in spite of (不管) the tendency (趋势) of natural selection to eliminate (消除) unfit (不适当的) variants. Natural selection名词解释

3、Social Darwinism名词解释

For the term “natural selection” Spencer substituted (替代) the survival of the fittest. (适者生存)

4、The term the survival of the fittest by Darwin. (错)

5、For the term “natural selection” Spencer substitute the “survival of the fittest”

6、Darwin 发现了人类社会发展的规律和资本主义的生产模式

论述简答一、What are the three sources (来源) of Marxism？

答：

1、German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy：

Hegelian dialectics and Feuerbach‘s materialism (黑格尔辩证法和费尔巴哈唯物主义)

2、English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy

3、Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism (空想社会主义和科学社会主义)

Utopian was representative by Owen， Saint-Simon (圣西门)， and Fourier (傅立叶)。

二、What are the three components (成分) of Marxism？

答：

1、Marxist Philosophy： Hobbes

①Marx rejected (排斥) Hegel‘s idealist (唯心) views on universe and the metaphysical (形而上学) part of Feuerbach’s philosophy.

②Marx put forward historical materialism. (历史唯物主义)

2、Marxist Political Economy：

Marx established the theory of surplus value (剩余价值) in “Capital”。

3、Scientific Socialism：

Marx and Engels developed utopian socialism to scientific socialism. They declared (表明) that socialism (社会主义) would be realized (实现) through class struggle， and that only the proletariat (无产阶级) was a really revolutionary class.

三、In what historical background did Marxism rise？

答：

1、 The Industrial Revolution beginning in the 18th century in Britain resulted in the rapid development of modern capitalism as well as the growth of the working class as a powerful independent (独立的) political force.

　

　2、The first economic crisis (危机) occurred (发生) in the 1820s， intensifying (加深) class conflict (冲突)。

3、 The working class movement developed from the early stage of destroying machines to mass strikes (罢工)， political demonstrations (游行) and armed uprising (武装起义)。

四、What is Darwin‘s evidence (证据) for evolution by natural selection？

答：

1、Selection was related to adaptation. (选择与适应是相联系的)

2、Problems of hybridization (杂交) and infertility (不育)。

五、How does natural selection become a mechanism (机制) for evolutionary change？

答：

1、 According to Darwin， natural selection is a process： each generation of organisms (有机体) is subject (使服从) to the selective impact of its environment and some of its members perish (消失) or fail to reproduce.

2、Natural selection and adaptation (适应) are two sides of the same coin. (双重法)

3、Natural selection is clearly understood to be a process that operates on a population of organisms.

六、What is the great significance of Darwinism？ ☆

答：

1、 On Biology (生物学)： Darwin‘s influence on the development of biology has been immeasurable (不可测量的)。 The immediate (立即的) effect of the publication (发表) of On the Origin of Species was to stimulate (刺激) research in different branches of knowledge……

Thomas Huxley (赫胥黎)

2、On Theology (对神学)： Darwinism had a great impact on European Christian theologians (神学家)。

Evolution and Ethics (进化论和伦理学) was translated in Chinese by Yan Fu and published under the title 《天演论》

3、On Social Science： Herbert Spencer

For the term “natural selection” Spencer substituted (替代) the survival of the fittest. (适者生存)

───────────────────────────────────────1、 Individual members of any species (物种) vary (改变)somewhat (有点) one from another in manifold characteristics (各样的特征)， both structural and behavioural.

2、Individual variation (个体的变体) is to some degree hereditary (遗传基因)。

3、 The Malthusian principle (马尔萨斯人口论) that organisms multiply (有机体繁衍) exceeds the environment to carry them， with the consequence (结果) that many must die.

第九章

1、Realism名词解释In art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States (选) in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice (应用) of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally (根本的) the difference between romanticism a

nd realism. In Europe， the Realist movement arose (起源于) in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于小说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (用现实主义创作现实)

2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (错) and also in United States

3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.

4、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing.

5、The character realistic Stendhal (司汤达) of the method used by the realists.

6、“A novel is a mirror walking along the road”said Stendhal.(司汤达) 小说是映射现实的镜子

7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王)

8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别realism can be track back to the ancient times， but romanticism can not. And the realist‘s language was usually simple， clear and direct.

9、The European Communist (共产主义) movement， armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism.

10、Germany and Italy， achieved their unification (完成统一) in realism.

11、Stendhal —→ Armance

French —→ The Red and the Black

—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛大教堂)

12、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (人间喜剧)

—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响

—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台)

—→ Le Père Goriot (高老头)

—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈)

13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端)

14、Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” as Dickens has been called “the English Balzac”

15、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫人)

⊙ 写作特点：the right word or phrase (用词恰如其分)

⊙ Flaubert is called “the first French realist” (法国现实主义第一人)

⊙ a model not only to French authors， among them Maupassant and Zola， but to Americans and Russians as well， notably (值得一提的是) Henry James and Turgenev.

16、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根。马塔里)

⊙ Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. (自然主义流派的创始人)

17、自然主义的特点：

⊙ the naturalistic novel is not only a record (记录) of men and manners (行为)。

⊙ to the naturalists the novel is a demonstration of social law. (社会法则的显示与说明)

⊙ the language used by naturalists must be the actual language used by people.

18、Maupassant —→ The Necklace (项链)

—→ The Piece of String (红丝带)

—→ The Umbrella (雨伞)

⊙ Norman people (纯正法国后裔) Franco-Prussian War (普法战争)

19、In th

e French realism， Maupassant was the only short story teller.

20、The literary school in Russia realism was dangerous men.

21、 The beginnings of modern Russian literature are to be traced to the Napoleonic wars. (拿破仑战争) Later the Russians participated in the battle of Waterloo. (滑铁卢战役)

22、Gogol (果戈尔) —→ The Inspector General (钦差大臣)

Russia —→ Dead Souls (死魂灵) 主人公是：Chichikov

23、Turgenev —→ A Hunter‘s Sketches (猎人日记)

on the abolition (废除) of serfdom

—→ Rudin

—→ A Nest of Gentlefolk (富人的巢穴)

—→ Fathers and Sons

24、Dostoyevsky (托斯妥耶夫斯基) —→ The House of Death (死亡之屋)？

a record of life in Sibria (西伯利亚)

—→ Crime and Punishment (罪与罚)

criminal psychology (第一次研究犯罪心理学)

—→ The Brothers Karamazov (～家族的三兄弟)

never completed

25、 The first novel on the study of criminal psychology in the European literature is Crime and Punishment written by Dostoyevsky.

26、Leo Tolstoy (列夫。托尔斯泰) —→ War and Peace (战争与和平)

—→ Anna Karenina (安娜卡列尼那)

—→ Resurrection (复活)

27、 With Dostoyevsky， Tolstoy made the Russian realistic novel a literary genre (类型) that ranks in importance with (与…并驾齐驱) classical Greek tragedy (悲剧) and Elizabethan drama. (莎士比亚的戏剧为主)

28、He is especially known as an early champion of the non-violence protest. (非暴力运动先驱)

29、He preached (倡导) a primitive Christianity. (基督教最初的教义)

30、He denounced art for art‘s sake. (反对为艺术而艺术)

31、Chekhov (契诃夫) —→ The Seagull (海鸥)

—→ Uncle Vanya (万亚叔叔)

—→ The Three Sisters (三姐妹)

—→ The Cherry Orchard (樱桃园)

—→ The Man in the Shell (套中人)

32、His work is of smaller scope. (文学领域很狭窄)

33、Chekhov is the only short story teller of the Russia realist literature.

34、He avoided (没有使用) the “big scene” (大场面) and ignored the “heroic hero”。

35、Stanislavsky (可能是主人公)

36、Ibsen (挪威-易普生) —→ A Doll‘s House (玩偶之家)

Norwegian —→ Ghosts (魂灵)

—→ An Enemy of the People (人民公敌)

—→ The Wild Duck (野鸭传)

—→ Hedda Gabler (海达。盖勒普)

37、Ibsen looked to ordinary (平常的) social and domestic relationships (国内关系) and situations for the subject-matter of his plays.

38、His work is sharply (锐利的) critical of the hypocrisy (伪善) and seamy (丑恶的) politics of Norwegian provincial (地方

性的) life.

39、Ibsen‘s plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama. (当代戏剧的源头)

40、Realism in England is Victoria‘s period. The climax of Capitalism. (资本主义全盛时期)

41、Dickens (狄更斯) —→ Pickwick Papers (皮克。威克外传)

—→ A tale of Two Cities (双城记)

—→ Oliver Twist (雾都孤儿)

—→ A Christmas Carol (圣诞欢歌)

—→ Hard Times (艰难时刻) 描写了资本主义扩张时期

—→ Bleak House (荒凉山庄)

—→ David Copperfield (大卫。科波菲尔)

42、Dickens reflects the history of the French Revolution.

43、George Eliot (乔治。艾略特) —→ Middlemarch (米德马其)

—→ The Mill on the Floss (福罗斯和尚的睡房)

based on his own experience

—→ Adam Bede (亚当拜德)

—→ Silas Marner (织工马南)

44、George Eliot belongs to the second generation of the critical realism. (加了心里活动和自然主义的笔调)

45、Thomas Hardy (托马斯。哈代) —→ Far from the Madding Crowd (远离尘嚣)

—→ The Return of the Native (还乡)

以Wes***为源泉 —→ The Mayor of Casterbridge (卡斯特拉桥市长)

—→ Tess of the d‘Urberyvilles (苔丝)

—→ Jude the Obscure (无名的求得)

46、Thomas Hardy is of local colorism. (地方色彩主义)

47、Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳) —→ Heartbreak House (心碎之屋) 一战前的社会

—→ St. Joan (圣女贞德)

—→ Man and superman (人与超人) 哲学

—→ The Doctor‘s Dilemma (医生的抉择) 悲剧

—→ The Apple Cart (苹果车) examination of monarchy

—→ Major Barbara (巴巴拉上校) 喜剧

—→ Pygmalion (茶花女) 喜剧

48、Stowe (斯陀) —→ Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (汤姆叔叔的小屋) 废除奴隶制

49、Walt Whitman (惠特曼) —→ Leaves of Grass (草叶集)

—→ When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom‘d (当花园里的紫丁香开放的时候)

悼念林肯50、Whitman is the best representative of free verse. (自由体诗歌)

51、Whitman is the first American modern poet.

52、Whitman is put forward the idea of universal brotherhood.

53、Whitman used the common people‘s language or the humble speech. (卑下的发音)

54、Whitman used long， sweeping lines. (拖沓冗长的诗)

55、Mark Twain —→ Life on the Mississippi (密西西比河上的生活)

—→ Jumping Frog (跳蛙) 成名之作

—→ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (哈克贝恩历险记)

美国第一部现代小说—→ The Gilded Age (镀金时代)

—→ The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (汤姆索亚历险记)

—→ The Prince and the Pauper (王子与贫

儿)

56、Mark Twain is of local colorism， based on the Mississippi.

57、Mark Twain is called “the Lincoln of American literature”and “Father of the American Novel”

58、开创了美国当代小说，美国的民族文学是从马克吐温开始的。海明威说的59、Henry James —→ The Portrait of a Lady (贵妇人的画像)

—→ Daisy Miller (米勒)

—→ The Golden Bowl (金杯)

60、“the Master beyond all masters” refers to Henry James.

61、Impressionism (艺术的表现形式)名词解释

Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive (普及) in painting， but it was also found in literature and art. (在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影) The term “impressionism”first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio (工作室) by a group of young painters. It was taken directly from the title of Monet‘s (莫纳) Impression： Sunrise. (日出印象)

62、Post-Impressionism (后印象主义)名词解释

During the 2nd half of the 19th century， French impressionism created a dramatic break with the art of the past， and created a form of art that was to affect (影响) nearly every ambitious (有雄心的) artist in the Western world. Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own emotion and temperament (气质)。

63、Van Gogh —→ Starry Night (夜空) 后印象主义的代表是凡高

—→ Sunflower (向日葵)

—→ The Night Café（夜间咖啡屋)

64、Dvorak (德望侠克) —→ From the New World (新世界的交响)

—→ Goin‘ Home (回家)

65、Dvorak is Czech.

66、三种音乐形式：Program music (标题音乐)

Symphonies (交响乐)

Chamber works (室内乐)

67、Debussy (德彪西) —→ French composer

68、 Debussy was among the first to break away from the melodic (旋律) and harmonic (和谐) conventions (常规的) of the 18th and 19th centuries. (打破传统旋律性和和谐性的音乐家)

69、The American history is sharply Divide by the Great divide.

70、The Civil War has divided the American history， last (持续)from 1681 to 1685.

71、Contrasted with (对比) the British industrialization (工业化)， the Industrialization in American began after the Civil War.

72、In the realist period of American， the Cultural centre transformed from New England to New York.

论述简答一、What is the historical background of Realism？

答：

1、 The realism movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was age of technological inventions.

2、The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Western civilization. Germany and Ita

ly， achieved their unification (完成统一)。

3、The Profound (极深的) social dislocation (断层) and urban (都市的) poverty (贫穷) brought about by the social and economic changes created severe problems to which the political and intellectual leaders of the 19th century reacted in a number of ways. One group was the liberals (自由党)。 Another group was the nationalists (民主党)， A third group was the socialists (社会党)。

第十章

1、Modernism名词解释Modernism was a complex and diverse (复杂多样的) international movement in all the creative arts (创造性艺术)， originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided (出现) the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets (方面)， such as symbolism， surrealism (超现实主义)， cubism (立体主义)， expressionism， futurism (未来主义)， ect.

2、Greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century refers to modernism.

3、 The term “modernist” is usually reserved for more experimental and innovative modern works， those that view experience in new ways and adopt new forms.

(Modernist不是指现代主义者，而是指现代主义艺术作品)

4、Id名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts — Id， Ego and Superego. The Id is the container (容器) of the instinctual urges (本能的主张)。 It is the unconscious (无意识的) part of mind， which seeks (查找) immediate (即刻的) satisfaction of desires (欲望)。 Id is concerned with what a person wants to do.

5、Ego名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts — Id， Ego and Superego. Ego is the rational (理性的)， thoughtful (深思的)， realistic personality process. It is characterized by a desire for independence (独立的)， autonomy (自发的) and self-direction. Ego is concerned with ability.

6、Ego名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts — Id， Ego and Superego. Superego is the idealized (理想化的) image that a person builds of himself in response (反映，响应) to authority (权威) and social pressures (压力)。

7、Oedipus Complex名词解释

Oedipus Complex is a Freudian term originating from a Greek tragedy， in which King Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Oedipus Complex was established by Freud.

8、The Lost generation名词解释

The Lost generation refers to a group of young intellectuals (知识分子) who came back from war， were injured (受伤害) both physically (身体上) and mentally (精神上)。 They lived by indulging (放任) themselves in the Bohemian (波西米亚) way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned (破灭了)。 The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.

9、The Beat Generation名词解释

垮掉的一代

The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters (儿童) who refused to accept “respectability” and conventional (传统的) social behaviour and who cultivated (培养) a rootless manner of living. The distinctive features (有特色的特征) of the Beat Generation is that they used a special slang language and loved jazz. The Beat Generation was represented by Ginsberg‘s Howl (嚎叫)

and Jack Keroual‘s on the road.

10、Angry Young Men名词解释 年轻愤怒的一代

Angry Young Men was a term referring to a group of English writers who found themselves to be social misfits (不能适应环境的人)。 They felt they were socially stateless (无政府状态)。 Even though they were university graduates. They were very sensitive (敏感) to the undesirable (讨厌的人) things of the society. Angry Young Men was represented by John Osborne‘s play Look Back in Anger (愤怒问题) and Amis’ novel Lucky Jim.

11、Nouveau Roman名词解释 新小说主义

Nouveau Roman refers to some 20th –century French novels. The term Nouveau Roman came into being with the publication (发表) of some essays (短文) by Grillet (新小说主义源于他)， a French writer. The New Novel tends to be objective (客观的)。 Human characters are on an equal footing (地位) with things. The New Novelists try to avoid taking sides (走极端) when they come to the description of characters， making no distinction (不加以区别) between good and bad or between important and trivial (平凡)。 Therefore， their characters are often shapeless (无形状态) and sometimes even nameless (没有姓名)。

12、Existentialism名词解释 存在主义

Existentialism is a philosophy (哲学倾向) that became a self-conscious movement (自发的运动) in the 20th century. Its basic concern is human existence (人的存在)。 A key concept (关键概念) of existentialism is that man is only what he makes of himself. Existentialism in literature was represented by Bernard Shaw‘s problem plays. And Sartre’s (萨达尔) Being and Nothingness (存在与虚无)。

13、The Theatre of the absurd名词解释 荒诞剧

The Theatre of the absurd is a term referring to the works of some European， particularly French， playwrights (剧作家) of the 1950s and 60s. The word “absurd” originated from the works of Camus (加谬斯)。 The play writers of the Theatre of the absured employed (被使用) many techniques used by the popular theatre such as： acrobatics (杂技)。 Their language is very often dislocated (错位)， with plenty of jargon (行话)， clichés (老生常谈) and repetitions (反复使用)。 The Theatre of the Absurd of represented by Beckett‘s (贝克特) waiting for Godot (等待哥达)。

14、Black Humour名词解释

Black Humour is a term derived (源于) from Black Com

edy. Its origin can be traced back to Shakespeare‘s time. But now the term (术语) is usually used to refer to some Western， especially American Post-World WarⅡ writers. Black humour is kind of desperate humour (会让人产生绝望的幽默)。 In Black humour， man’s fate is decided by incomprehensible powers. (人的命运自有安排) Black humour was represented by Joseph Heller‘s Catch-22.

15、Fauvism名词解释 野兽派

The Fauvism expressed their emotional reaction to the subject in the boldest colour and strongest pattern of lines (表现强烈的情感)。 They preferred this to objective representation. (支持主观反对客观) In this way the Fauves freed colour from its tradition. (解放了传统对色彩的束缚)

16、Expressionism名词解释Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality (对现实的意志) by means of distortion (扭曲) to communicate one‘s inner vision (内部观察)。 The artists of this school used bright colours to bring out their pessimistic views on life (对生活的悲观态度)。 They showed a world of subconsciousness (下意识的世界)。

17、Rontgen —→ the discovery of X-rays

18、Pierre and Marie Curie (皮埃尔与居里夫人) —→ the discovery of radium (镭)

19、Einstein (爱因斯坦) —→ Special Theory of Relativity (专业相对论)

—→ General Principles of Relativity (普通相对论)

20、Freud —→ The Interpretation of Dreams (梦的解析)

—→ Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory (性学理论的三大原则)

—→ The Ego and Id (自我与本我)

21、The 17th century metaphysical poetry (玄学派代表)， represented by John Donne (但恩)。

22、T. S. Eliot (埃利奥特) —→ The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (普罗弗里克的情歌)

—→ The Waste Land (荒原)

23、The Waste Land is influenced by the Bible and Dante‘s Divine Comedy (神曲)……

24、Joseph Conrad (康德拉) —→ Lord Jim (杰姆老爷)

—→ He wrote mostly of sea.

25、Virginia Woolf (沃尔芙) —→ Mrs. Dalloway in post-war London (描述一战后的伦敦)

—→ To the Lighthouse (到灯塔去)

very little action (没有人物的活动) be lack (缺乏) of action

—→ The Mark on the Wall (墙上瑕疵)

—→ 两战间唯一一名女作家

26、Woolf is the only women writer of stream of consciousness in British modernist literature.

27、Woolf established a literary society known as Bloomsbury group. (文学社团)

28、Lawrence (劳伦斯) —→ Lady Chatterley‘s Lover (查泰来夫人的情人)

pornographic (色情作品blue)

—→ Sons and Lovers (儿子与情人)

autobiographical (自传体) Freud 恋母情节

—→ The Rainbow (虹)

—→ Women in Love (恋

爱中的女人)

—→ The Lost Girl (迷途的女孩)

29、Lawrence major theme (创作主题)：男人与女人的关系 (human relationship)

30、W. B. Yeats (叶织) —→ The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems

—→ the greatest poet of our time (二十世纪最伟大的诗人)

—→ 叶织的诗中渗透着盖尔特文化(Celtic)

—→ Irish Literary Society (爱尔兰文学社团)

—→ He used symbolism.

31、James Joyce —→ Dubliners (都柏林人) naturalistic (自然主义) 创始人为法国左拉

—→ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (青年画家的肖像)

autobiolgraphical (自传体)标志着英国小说的转折点turning point

—→ Ulysses (尤里西斯)

—→ Finnegans Wake (非尼金人的觉醒) 西方的红楼梦
more than 30 languages encyclopaedic (百科全书似的作品)

32、Ezra Pound (庞得) —→ Shi Jing or The Book of Songs (翻译了诗经)

—→ In a Station of the Metro (地铁站)

—→ Cathay (翻译李白的作品)

33、Ezra Pound was the best representative of the Imagist movement. (印象派运动)

34、William Faulkner (福克纳) —→ The Sound and The Fury (喧嚣与愤怒)

—→ As I Lay Dying (在我弥留之际)

～ is of local colorism base on American South. (充满了地方色彩主义，美国南方)

～ is the best representative of the stream of consciousness. (美国意识流的最佳代表)

～ 强调博爱为主题

35、Ernest Hemingway —→ The Sun Also Rise

—→ A Farewell to Arms

—→ For Whom the Bell Tolls

—→ The Old Man and the Sea

36、 With the publication of The Sun Also Rise， Hemingway became the spokenman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”。

37、Tomas Mann (德国) —→ The Buddenbrooks

—→ The Magic Mountain

38、Gorky (高尔基) —→ Mother

—→ Childhood

—→ My Apprenticeship

—→ My University

the trilogy (三步曲)：Childhood， My Apprenticeship， My University

39、Gorky was the representative of Russian modernist literature.

40、Sholokhov (肖洛霍夫) —→ The Quiet Don (静静的顿河)

41、Cubism名词解释 立体主义

Cubism is a type of abstract painting (抽象绘画) which aims to penetrate beyond surface appearances (超越表面现象) and single vision (想象) and depict (描绘) persons and objects (人和物) from varying angles (千变万化的角度) simultaneously (同时进行) and three-dimensionally (三位立体)。 The Cubism was represented by Picasso (毕加索)

42、Futurism名词解释 未来主义

The works of futurism portray (描绘) the dynamic life (动态的生活) of the 20th century. They glorify (

崇尚) war， danger， machine age and attack (反对) museums and academies (学术)。 They are interested in expressing the speed (高速发展)， progress and even the violence (暴力) of modern live.

43、Dadaism名词解释 达达主义

Dadaism created works that were anti-war， anti-modern life， and indeed (甚至)， anti-art. When they held exhibitions the Dadaists sometimes encouraged (鼓励) the public to destroy (销毁) their displays. They thought that the world had become insane (病了) and art too seious (严肃)。 One of the most important ideas to develop out of the movement was automatism (自动主义)—the automatic production (自动产生) of art.

44、Surrealism名词解释 超现实主义

Surrealism was a which combined (结合) the Dada idea of automatism with the psychology (心理学) of Sigmund Freud. The surrealists felt that the job of the artist was to show an unconscious (无意识的) world.

论述简答一、What are the Characters of modernism？

1、 Modernism was a complex and diverse (复杂多样的) international movement in all the creative arts (创造性艺术)， originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided (出现) the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets (方面)， such as symbolism， surrealism (超现实主义)， cubism (立体主义)， expressionism， futurism (未来主义)， ect.

2、Any break-away with the tradition can be classified (归类) into modernism.

3、Modernism looks at the men‘s position in a fresh new way. (全新的方式)

—→ 重新看待人在宇宙中的地位(第一次17世纪，第二次Modernism)

二、What are the specialties of modernism？ (特征)

1、 Modernism has been called “the tradition of the new”。 It was characterized by a conscious (有意识的) rejection (排斥) of established rules， traditions and convention (常规)。

2、Modernism has also been called the “dehumanization (失去人性的) of art”。 It pushed into (借鉴了) the background traditional humanistic notions (人文主义的观点) of the individual and society.