英汉主语对比与翻译

在《“家”是一只瓷碗》这篇文章中， 有一段话是关于夫妻吵架的：
女的一叉腰：“我就这么蛮，你怎么 着？当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点！怎么啦， 后悔啦，又想起先前的小情人了吧……”话 音未落，男的一扬手，“呼”的一巴掌甩 过去。女的捂着脸：“你这个畜生，你竟 敢打我，…”
The woman stood akimbo rebuking, “… Why didn’t you open your eyes wider before we married? Now you feel regret? Missing the former sweetheart? ” Before she finished, the husband raised his hand and slapped her wife in the face. The woman covered her face and shouted, “……”
3. 所有主语都必须是名词性的。
汉语的主语特点与功能
1. 在汉语中，主语并非必要成分，在大量 的句子中没有主语，可能是省略，隐含或 者说不出。也可能有多个看似平行并列， 实质不在一个层次的主语（或称大主语和 小主语）。
只要勤奋就能取得好成绩。 甲：吃完了没有？ 乙：吃完了。 热得我透不过气来。 有你受的。 出太阳了！ 忽然响起了钟声。 不准攀折花木。
本书精选中国南方26个少数民族的131则 脍炙人口的故事.她们从不同侧面表现了中 国南方少数民族的生活,风俗,人情,表现了 少数民族人民的智慧和灿烂的民族文化. The book consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26 minorities in the south of China. They praise from various perspectives the wisdom of the people and present rich and splendid cultures of different nationalities in life, custom and sensibilities.
语法上的一致： she is a student./They are students. My family are all fond of playing table tennis. Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. The girl has seen her mother. Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are reported to have settled down very well. Mary felt sad not to have been invited
（5）时间主语： Tomorrow will be the National Day. （6）形式主语： It is interesting to learn a foreign language. （7）类别属性主语: Mammal is any of a group of vertebrates the females of which have milk-secreting glands for feeding their offspring.
改译：Mr.Lu Xun had a plant pot in his sitting-room. It looked like the jar European women fetched water with, as shown in paintings.….
3.选用主语时，要考虑语篇的衔接。
这座桥我们造了三年。 一百米她跑第一。 国庆节三天我们第一天全家人全聚德吃烤 鸭。 On the first day of the three national days all our family will enjoy the roast duck in the restaurant “Quanjude”.
改译：The wine shops in Luzhen are not like those in other parts of China. They all have a right-angled counter facing the street, where hot water is kept ready for warming wine.
7.SVOA （主语+谓动+宾语+状语） We visited the teacher on Tuesday night. The government reduced the price on a large scale.
就主语和谓语动词之间存在的语义关系来 说，英语主语可以有如下七种： （1）施动主语： The hunter killed the tiger. （2）受动主语： The tiger was killed by the tiger. （3）工具主语： The gun killed the tiger. （4）地点主语： The hall seats 500.
英汉主语对比与翻译
英语的主语特点与功能
1. 主语具有不可或缺性 （indispensability）。所有英语的陈述句 和疑问句中都必须有主语。 It is warm here.
2. 主语是真正的一句之主，和全句具有密切 的关系，对其他成分的影响举足轻重,有 “牵一发而动全身”的作用。主语和谓语 在逻辑与语法上必须保持一致，即所谓主 谓一致性。
原译： Before she finished, the
husband raised his hand and slapped her wife in the face. The woman covered her face and shouted, “……” 改译：Before she can finish it, a slap has landed on her face. The woman covered her face and shouted, “……”
鲁迅先生家里的花瓶，好像画上所见的 西洋女子用以取水的瓶子，灰蓝色，有点 从瓷釉而自然堆起的纹痕，瓶口的两边， 还有两个瓶耳，瓶里种Biblioteka Baidu是几棵万年青。
The plant pot in Mr.Lu Xun’s home looked like the jar European women fetched water with, as shown in paintings.….
英汉互译中主语的处理
1.增补或删减主语。 希望有更多的城市与外国城市结为友好城 市。 It’s hoped that more and more cities will establish friendly relations with foreign cities.
弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。 If things are not properly handled, our labour will be totally lost. ……不要有了新亲,把旧亲忘个干净!这种没 良心的人我见得多了. …once you have new relatives, don’t forget the old ones. I’ve seen too many such ungrateful people.
（5）方式主语：这么快妈妈就洗好了衣服。 （6）时间主语：仅仅一个小时就洗完了全 家的衣服。 （7）地点主语：洗衣盆里堆着一大堆脏衣 服。 （8）工具主语：一块洗衣板养活一家人。 （9）零位主语：闷得我透不过气来。
3. 汉语主语具有词类兼容性。
干净是他的习惯。 唱歌要有天赋。 天天慢跑，很有必要。 要孩子们在课堂上保持安静最难。 他考上了北京大学不假。
4.SVO1O2(主语+谓动+宾语1+宾语2) She sang us a song. I sent him a letter. 5.SVC(主语+谓动+主语补语或表语) She appeared cheerful. We are students. 6.SVA(主语+谓动+状语) He listened carefully. The bird sang happily.
德国相机的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐 用。
误译：The main features of German cameras are their fine workmanship and durability. 改译：The German cameras are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.
2. 汉语主语对全句并不具有全面密切的关 系，虽然它们被提到了句子的主位。它们 可能是施事者，也可能是受事者，还可能 只是与施事行为有某种关系或参与形式的 与事者，与谓语之间没有形态上的一致性， 也不存在密切的逻辑搭配关系。
（1）施事主语：妈妈在洗衣服。 （2）受事主语：衣服被小弟弟弄脏了。 （3）类别属性主语（主谓之间的关系是说 明类别性质的关系）: 家里最辛苦的是妈妈。 (4) 与事主语：这套衣服妈妈有个故事。
有的地方热衷于搞华而不实的”形象工 程”, “政绩工程”,市政建设盲目追求高档 次,高标准. Some local authorities like to build ostentatious projects designed to build their own images or show their achievements. In urban development, they indiscriminately pursue things of the highest grade or standard.
逻辑上的一致 你的教学科研都取得了长足进步,但不能因此而 骄傲自满. 原译：Your teaching and research have made progress，but you should not get conceited and arrogant. 改译：You have made good progress in teaching and researching，but you should not get conceited and arrogant.
2.主语转换 许多城市正在开展一场群众性的灭鼠运动。 原译：Many cities are carrying on a mass campaign against rats. 改译：A mass campaign against rats is being carried on in many cities.
鲁镇的酒店的格局，是和别处不同的：都 是当街一个曲尺形的大柜台，柜里面预备 着热水，可以随时温酒。
原译：The layout of Luzhen’s taverns is unique. In each, facing you as you enter, is a bar in the shape of a carpenter’s square where hot water is kept ready for warming rice wine.
英语基本句句型主要有七种： 1.SV(主语+谓动) The telephone rang. 2.SVO(主语+谓动+宾语) Labor created man. The news surprised me. 3.SVOC(主语+谓动+宾语+宾语补语) He painted door green. We elected him our monitor.