航空发动机专业英语之航空发动机部件介绍

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The air flows into the engine at roughly the flight speed of the airplane, and it exits the engine flowing much hotter and faster. The thrust is computed using the rate of mass flowing through the engine times the difference between the high velocity of the exhaust gases and the original velocity of the air into the inlet. The exhaust gases flow out the back of the engine, causing a reaction force on the airplane, pushing it forward. This concept is called the reaction thrust principle.

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Since then, many improvements and variations of jet engine designs have been developed. In addition, the lighter, more efficient jet engines impacted the design of faster, larger airplanes. In under 100 years, airplanes have gone from the Wright flyer and its first flight of 12 seconds and 120 feet to supersonic aircraft that fly all over the globe in 3 hours. A major contribution to this progress is the development of better air-breathing engines
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Meanwhile , completely separately in Germany, Hans von 0hain was seeking to obtain the same design goal to reduce the noise and vibration of the current airplanes caused by very large, heavy engines, He thought he could decrease the weight and size of an engine and increase the speed by using a compressor (a type of fan) and a turbine in the same shaft . He and Max Hahn, the mechanic who worked on his car, worked for airplane builder Ernst Heinkel .
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In order to fly faster, to approach the speed of sound and go beyond it, another design of air-breathing engine was needed. feasible 可实行的，做得到的，合理的 air-breathing 空气吸入式 pursue 寻求，从事 combustor 燃烧室 maiden 初次的，无经验的

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In 1791,John Barber of England was granted the first patent for a gas turbine, but its almost 100 years before the necessary materials, designs, and manufacturing techniques made its application feasible. Early air-breathing engines used a small gas engine to power a large propeller to help speed up the air to generate thrust. The Wright flyer used a propeller engine, Unfortunately, a propeller driven engine is limited to only slower speeds.

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aviation 航空,航空学 spacecraft 航天器,宇宙飞船 significant 重要的,重大的 augment 增大,增加,扩大 internally 内部的 The forces of flight (lift, drag, weight, and thrust) were discussed in the Fundamentals chapter. Thrust is the forward facing force generated by the engines of the airplane.
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They demonstrated their first successful flight test in a Heinkel He 178 test aircraft in 1938. Thus, both England and Germany entered the jet aircraft age! vibration 振动 shaft 轴 mechanic 机械工，技工
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A rocket engine travels in space where there is no air, and therefore it must carry all its fuel internally. An air-breathing engine will have both an inlet and an exit, while the rocket will be closed in the front and only have an exit. In general, an airbreathing engine will get more thrust for less fuel than a rocket. Propulsion 推进,推进力
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Fundamentals 基本的,基础的 roughly 粗糙地,粗暴地 An easy way to demonstrate this principle is to take a balloon and blow it up, filling it with high pressure air. If the opening of the balloon is pointed to the side and allowed to open, the high pressure air inside escapes at high velocity to the lower pressure air outside. The air flow is to the side, but the balloon experiences a push, or reaction thrust, in the opposite direction.

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Two separate efforts to design a new type of engine were pursued by English and German engineers in the 1930’s, In England, Frank Whittle was working on the development of a jet engine using the concept of an internal propeller or fan run by a turbine with a combustor in between the two components (see next section for definitions). He successfully demonstrated his design in 1939, and in 1941 the first British jet aircraft the Gloster Meteor, made its maiden flight using the whittle jet engine.
CHAPTER 2 Propulsion
2.1 Introduction
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Introduction Propulsion is the science of designing an engine to propel a vehicle forward or up. For aviation, propulsion is generally broken into 2 categories: air-breathing propulsion for airplanes and rocket propulsion for spacecraft. Both work on the principle of pushing high velocity exhaust gases out the back end (reaction thrust principle), but they differ in one significant detail. An airbreathing engine uses the air steam in which the airplane is flying to augment the propulsive abilities of the engine so it can carry less fuel.

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demonstrate 证明,示范 experience 感受 History The idea of using the reaction thrust principle for propulsion is not new. Hero of Alexandria designed a type of steam turbine called an aeolipile about 2000 years ago. The Chinese have used blackpowder (gunpowder) rockets since the twelfth century (starting at about 1150 AD).

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Fig. 1-4 Hero’s engine – probably the earliest form of jet reaction.
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Sir Isaac Newton formulated his laws of dynamics in 1687, and these were used to explain the way the reaction thrust principle actually worked. Alexandria 亚历山大 Isaac Newton 艾萨克.牛顿 laws of dynamics 动力学定律