犯罪学复习要点

犯罪学复习要点（第一部分）

Chapter1

Contents:

Main areas of Criminology; Various definition of Criminology

Views on crime holding by these early schools of criminology(Classical Criminology, Nineteenth-Century Positivism, Sociological Criminology, Physiognomists, Phrenologists and Psychopathic personality, Biological Determinism,cartographic school, Chicago School)

Key terms:

Crime, criminal, penalty, punishment, correction, criminology, Classical Criminology, Positivist criminology, Sociological Criminology, Physiognomists, Phrenologists and Psychopathic personality, Biological Determinism, Utilitarianism, empirical methods, positivist

Representatives of criminologists:

Cesare Beccaria, Cesare Lombroso , L.A.J(Adolphe) Quetelet, Emile Durkheim, Chicago School, Edwin Sutherland,

Chapter2

Contents:

Similarities and differences between criminology and criminal justice;

Various views on crime (consensus view, conflict view, interactionist view),

Similarities and differences between deviant behaviors and crime

Functions of criminal law

Criminology research methods (Survey Research/Cohort Research/Aggregate Research/Experimental Research/ Observational and Interview Research)

Various mode of trial ( compurgation and ordeal, combat)

Similarities and differences between criminal law and trot law

Defenses: excuse defenses-----lacking actus reas and mens rea, insanity, duress, intoxication, ignorance or mistake and justification defenses: self –defense, necessity and entrapment

Key terms:

deviant behaviors, penology, Rehabilitation and treatment,Capital punishment and mandatory prison sentences, Uniform Crime Report (UCR), mores and folkways, wergild, common law, statutory law, case law, precedent, jury, Mala in Se (natural crime) and Mala Prohibitum (statutory crime), Felonies and Misdemeanors, burden of the proof, preponderance of the evidence, beyond reasonable doubt，Actus reus，Mens rea，Strict liability

Chapter3

Key terms:

The uniform crime report,Self-report survey, National Crime Victimization Survey ( NCVS), Chronic offender

Chapter4

Contents:

Problems of crime victim (loss, suffering, fear, antisocial behavior)

Theories of victimization ( Victim precipitation theory---Victim initiates the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death; Active precipitation; Passive precipitation; Lifestyle theory---High-risk lifestyles, the equivalent group hypothesis, the proximity hypothesis, the deviant place hypothesis; Routine activities theory----Availability of suitable targets, Absence of capable guardians, Presence of motivated offender

Caring for the victim ( government‘s response, victim service programs, )

Key terms:

Victim, victimization, Victim precipitation theory, Lifestyle theory, Routine activities theor y

Chapter5

Contents:

Views of choice theory, routine activities theory

Situational crime prevention

Crime prevention strategies

Key terms:

choice theory, crime, criminality, ration choice, routine activities theory, deterrence, specific deterrence, general deterrence, displacement, extinction, discouragement, and diffusion, incapacitation, informal sanction, three strikes and you are out, just desert theory

Chapter6

Contents:

Branches of trait theory

Views of each branch of trait theory

Key terms:

Sociobiology, Biochemical conditions, chemical and mineral influences, hormonal influences, allergies, premenstrual syndrome, hormonal imbalances, environmental contaminants, Neurological impairments,Genetics, psychodynamic, cognitive,behavioral

Chapter7

Contents:

Branches of social structure theory

Views of each branch of social structure theory

Key terms:

Chicago School, Social disorganization theory, Shaw and Mckey‘s concentric zone theory, Social ecology theory, Strain theory, Anomie, General strain theory, Institutional anomie theory, Relative deprivation theory,Cultural deviance theory, Sellin‘s culture conflict theory, Miller‘s focal concern theory, Cohen‘s theory of delinquent gangs, Cloward and Ohlin‘s theory of opportunity

Chapter8

Contents:

Branches of social process theory

Views of each branch of social process theory

Key terms:

Social learning theory, differential association, differential reinforcement theory, Neutralization theory, social control theories, Labeling theory or social reaction theory, Primary deviance and secondary deviance

Exercises

ⅠFill in the blanks with suitable terms:

(1) According to Sutherland, a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of occupation is called as _______________. (white-collar crime )

(2) If the defendant maintains that the law enforcement officers induced him or her to commit

a crime, the defendant can use the defense of __________ to excuse him or her. (entrapment )

(3) __________ means long-term psychological pain that a victim suffered from a crime. (indirect costs)

(4) According to the _______________view, some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death. ( victim precipitation)

(5) The school of criminology which views that criminals rationally choose crime is called as________________. ( choice theory)

(6) According to Becarria, people want to achieve________ and ______avoid ________. To be effective, crimes and their punishments must be proportional. Without __________ people would not be deterred from committing more serious offences. (pleasure, proportionality, pain)

(7) According to routine activities theory, crime is the result of the interaction of there factors, these factors are_________. ( suitable targets, capable guardians, motivated criminals)

(8) Psyc hodynamic theory ( Freud‘s version of psychodynamic theory) says that the human

personality has three-part structure, these parts are______. ( id, ego, superego)

(9)Strain theory has several branches, these are__________. ( Anomie theory, general strain theory, institution anomie theory, relative deprivation theory)

(10) Social learning theory has several branches, these are_______________. ( differential association theory, differential reinforcement theory, neutralization theory )

(11) According to Laub and Sampson‘s view, life events can enable adult offenders to desist from crime, and two critical turning points are ___________. ( marriage and career)

(12)According to Laub and Sampson‘s view, positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life-sustaining are called as_____________. (social capital)

(13)The philosophy which emphasized that behavior must be useful, purposeful, and reasonable is called_________.( utilitarianism)

(14)__________has two main elements, one is the belief that human behavior is a function of external forces that are beyond individual control; the other is the embrace of the scientific method to solve problem. ( Positivism)

(15) According to _____________, law is not the exclusive domain of the rich, but rather is used to maintain the long-term interests of the capitalist system and control members of any class who threaten its existence. (structural Marxism)

(16) According to _____________, criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the poor, have-not members of society; the state is the tool of capitalists. (instrumental Marxism)

(17)According to _____________, crimes are behaviors believed to be repugnant to all elements of society. (consensus view)

(18) Criminologists use research methods such as________, _________,__________to measure the nature and extent of criminal behavior. ( survey research, cohort research, aggregate date research, experimental research, observational and interview research)

(19) In preliterate societies, __________and_______ played the same role as law in modern society. (mores and folkways)

(20) __________refers to a law applied to all subjects of the land, without regarg for geographic or social differences. (Common law

(21) Cases from which rules can be draw and are commonly applied in all similar cases are called_________.(precedents)

(22）In criminal matters, the defendant‘s guilt must be proven ___________.In a civil case, guilt is established by ______________ of the evidence. ( beyond a reasonable doubt, preponderance )

(23)A felony is a serious offence, while a _______________ is a minor or petty crime. (misdemeanor)

(24) If a defendant is charged with murder, but at the time when he killed the victim, the victim was entering the defendant‘s dwelling house with intent to commit a felony, the defendant may use ___________ to refute the charge. (self-defense)

(25) A male with sexual relations with underage female will be charged with the crime of _____________. (statutory rape)

(26) The survey which allows the participants to reveal information about their violations is called _____________. (self-report survey)

(27) These persistent offenders are referred to as _______________. (chronic offenders or

career criminals)

(28) There are three branches of social structure theory, these are___________.( social disorganization theory, strain theory, culture deviance theory )

(29) Social process criminologists have long studied the critical elements of socialization to determine how they contribute to a burgeoning criminal career. Prominent among these elements are _______________________________.( family, peer group, school, church)

（30）According to Lemert, _______________ involves norm violation or crimes that have little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten, in contrast, ______________ occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who qpply a negative label. (primary deviance, second deviance)

（31）____________ are the key players in the judicatory process. (judge, prosecutor, defense attorney)

(32) ________________ means that a defendant cannot be prosecuted by a jurisdiction more than once for a single offense. (Right to be free from double jeopardy)

(33) Today corrections can be divided into four components---_______________. (community-based corrections, jails, prisons, and parole programs)

ⅡAnalyzing

1.Each of the following paragraph support one branch of criminology, point out which branch of criminology does each of the paragraph support:

(1)Evidence shows that jurisdictions with relatively low incarceration rates also experience the high crime rates.

(2)Crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure and crime is created by the destructive ecological conditions in urban slum.

(3)Some criminologists‘ surveys show that juvenile delinquents maintained close association with delinquent youths prior to their law-violating acts.

(4)I tried to stay away from crime……Nobody would hire me. I was an ex-con and I tried, I really tried to get gainful employment. There was nobody looking to hire with my record. So, I started robbing.

(4) An inverse relationship exists between crime rates and the severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions.

(5) The women‘s movement can reduce domestic violence by mounting a crusade to shame spouse abusers.

(6) A criminal offender is a deeply disturbed individual who suffers from a variety of mental and physical abnormalities.

(7) Results of experiments indicate that changes of children‘s diets in sugar can reduce aggression levels.

(8)Studies conducted in the United States and in other nations have shown a significant relationship between impairment in executive brain functions and aggressive behavior.

(9) Homicide rate increase significantly immediately after a heavyweight championship prize fight.

(10) Delinquent behavior of lower-class youths is actually a protest against the norms and values of middle-class U.S culture.

(11) Young offenders sometimes claim that unlawful acts are simply not their fault; criminal

acts result from forces beyond their control or are accidents

(12) The world is a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code, it is ironic and unfair for these authorities such as police, judges, teachers, and parents to condemn criminal misconduct.

(13) Children negatively labeled by their parents routinely suffer a variety of problems, including antisocial behavior and school failure.

2.Each of the following criminal policy is based on a kind of criminology, point out which kind of criminology does each policy be based on:

(1)Let the punishment fit the crime

(2)Three strikes and you are out

(3) Crack-downs—sudden changes in police activity designed to increase the communicated threat or actual certainty of punishment --- can lower crime rates.

(4)Surgical procedures should be used to alter the brain structure of convicted sex offenders in an effort to eliminate or control their sex drives.

(5)Give indigent people direct financial aid through public assistance or welfare.

(6) Mobilization for youth (a program designed to reduce crimes produced by structures of slum areas in New York.)

(7) Society should try to reconcile the parties involved in conflict.

ⅢEach of the following criminologists or schools of criminology hold one of the following views, choose the number from right that best matches each of the letter from left, and write your answers in answer paper:

A. Durkheim 1. Crime can be useful and occasionally even healthful for society

B. Lombroso 2. Born criminals inherited physical problems that impelled them into a life of crime.

C. Chicago school 3. Social forces operating in urban areas create criminal interactions; some neighborhoods become ―natural areas‖ for crime.

D. Edwin Sutherland 4. People learn criminal attitudes from older, more experienced law violators.

E. Walter Reckless 5. Crime occurs when children develop an inadequate self-image, which renders them incapable of controlling their own misbehavior

F. Marxist criminologists 6. Crime is a function of the capitalist mode of production; capitalism produces haves and have-nots, each engaging in a particular branch of criminality.

G. Enrico Ferri 7. A number of biological, social, and organic factors caused delinquency and crime

ⅣTrue or false

1.Two classical criminological studies, one by Hans von Hentig and another by Stephen Schafer, first identified the critical role of the victim in the criminal process.

2.Social learning theorists view violence as something learned through a process called behavior modeling

3.Social process theories share one basic concept: all people, regardless of their race, class, or

gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals.

4. Although members of the middle and upper classes also engage in crime, social structure theorists view middle-class and white-collar crime as being of relatively lower frequency, seriousness, and danger to the general public.

5. According to social structure theory, the disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime.

6. Social process theories hold that criminality is a function of individual socialization.

7.Conflict theories view criminal behavior as a function of conflict, crime is only a reaction to the unfair distribution of wealth and power in society.

8. According to Marxist feminists, gender inequality is a function of female exploitation by fathers and husbands, so, female in a capitalist society commit fewer crimes than male.

9. According to Power- Control Theory, middle-class girls are the most likely to violate the law because they are less closely controlled than their lower-class counterparts.

10. A juror who acknowledges any bias for or prejudice against the defendant should be moved for cause and replaced with another.

ⅤTranslation

P6 Basic elements of classical criminology theory

P6 Introduction about positivism

P20 Integrated definition of crime

P115 Difference between crime and criminality

P257 Marx‘s comment on production

P226 Branches of social process theory ?s views on human nature and the role of socialization in criminality

P291 Gottfredson and Hirchi‘s explanation on why some people who lack self-control can escape criminality.

P333 First- degree murder

ⅥAnswer the following questions:

1.What are the functions of criminal law?(PP36-39)

2. If one has a legal duty to act, his failure to act is a criminal offence, what kind conditions does a person has a legal duty to act? (P40)

3. What are the problems of crime victims? (PP85-88)

4. How to prevent one from being victimized? (PP95-100, PP103-104, community crime prevention programs, target hardening, self- defense measures)

5. What are the differences between various kinds of homicide? (P333)

6. What are the differences between larceny, theft, robbery, and burglary?(PP369-370)

ⅦClassification of crimes:

Crimes can be classified as mala in se (natural crime ) and mala prohibitum (statutory crime), point out each of the following crime belonging to which kind of crime according to this kind of classification:

Possession of drug, smuggling, murder, rape, burglary, theft, robbery, arson

Crimes can be classified as instrument crimes ( crimes through which people obtain their desired goods) and expressive crimes ( crimes through which people express their rage, frustration, anger against society), point out each of the following crime belonging to which kind of crime according to this kind of classification:

Selling drug, smuggling, assault, rape, theft, robbery, arson

Crimes can be classified based on the seriousness, a felony is a serious offence, a misdemeanor is a petty crime, point out each of the following crime belonging to which kind of crime according to this kind of classification:

Murder, rape, robbery, petty theft, unarmed assault, burglary

内容：

犯罪的主要领域;各种犯罪的定义

对犯罪的看法持有这些学校早日犯罪（古典犯罪，十九世纪的实证主义，社会学犯罪Physiognomists ，Phrenologists和病态人格，生物决定论，制图学校，芝加哥学派）关键术语：

犯罪，刑事，罚款，处罚，纠正，犯罪学，犯罪学古典，实证犯罪学，犯罪社会学，Physiognomists ，Phrenologists和病态人格，生物决定论，功利主义，实证方法，实证犯罪学家代表：

意大利人贝卡利亚，意大利罗索，LAJ （阿道夫）克托莱，涂尔干，芝加哥学派，埃德温萨瑟兰，

Chapter2

内容：

异同犯罪和刑事司法;

各种不同的看法犯罪（一致认为，冲突的观点，认为互动），

异同越轨行为和犯罪

职能刑法

犯罪学研究方法（调查研究/队列研究/总结研究/实验研究/观测和研究访谈）

各种模式的审判（compurgation和磨难，打击）

异同刑法和小跑法

防御：防御系统的借口-----现实缺乏reas和犯意，精神错乱，胁迫，中毒，无知或错误防和理由：自我防卫，必要性和陷阱

关键术语：

越轨行为，刑罚学，康复和治疗，死刑和强制性监狱服刑，统一犯罪报告（非编码区），习俗和民俗，wergild ，普通法，衡平法，成文法，判例法，先例，陪审团，马拉硒（自然人犯罪）和马拉Prohibitum （法定犯罪），重罪和轻罪，负担的证据，优势证据，排除合理怀疑，犯罪，犯罪意图，严格责任

Chapter3

关键术语：

统一犯罪报告，自报告调查显示，全国犯罪受害调查（NCVS ），慢性罪犯

第4章

内容：

问题的犯罪受害者（损失，痛苦，恐惧，反社会行为）

理论受害（受害者降水理论---受害者发起的对抗，最终导致其受伤或死亡;主动降水;被动降水;生活方式理论---高风险的生活方式，相当于组假说，接近假设，越轨地方假说;日常活动理论----是否有合适的目标，缺乏能力的监护人，存在犯罪动机

照顾受害者（政府的反应，受害人服务项目）

关键术语：

受害人受害，受害者降水理论，生活方式的理论，日常活动理论

Chapter5

内容：

意见选择理论，日常活动理论

情景犯罪预防

预防犯罪战略

关键术语：

选择理论，犯罪，犯罪，配给的选择，日常活动理论，威慑，具体的威慑，一般威慑，流离失所，濒临灭绝，气馁，和传播，残疾的，非正式的制裁，三打你的，只是沙漠理论Chapter6

内容：

分行特质理论

意见，每一部门的特质理论

关键术语：

社会生物学，生化条件下，化学和矿物的影响，荷尔蒙的影响，过敏，月经前期综合征，内分泌失调，环境污染物，神经损伤，遗传，心理动力，认知，行为

Chapter7

内容：

分支机构的社会结构理论

意见，每一部门的社会结构理论

关键术语：

芝加哥学派，社会混乱的理论，Shaw和Mckey的同心圆理论，社会生态学理论，应变理论，失范，一般应变理论，制度失范理论，相对剥夺理论，文化偏差理论，Sellin的文化冲突理论，米勒这是一种为了满足重点关注的理论，科恩理论的团伙犯罪，Cloward 和俄林理论的机会

Chapter8

内容：

分支机构的社会过程理论

意见，每一部门的社会过程理论

关键术语：

社会学习理论，微分协会，加强理论差别，中和理论，社会控制理论，标签理论或社会反应理论，小学和中学越轨行为偏差

练习

Ⅰ填空合适的条件：

（ 1 ）根据萨瑟兰，犯下的罪行的人的尊严和很高的社会地位的过程中占领是被称为_______________ 。（白领犯罪）

（ 2 ）如果被告坚持认为，执法人员诱导他或她犯下的罪行，被告可以使用防御__________原谅他或她。（圈套）

（ 3 ）__________意味着长期的心理痛苦，一个受害人遭受犯罪行为。（间接费用）（ 4 ）根据_______________view ，有些人实际上可能发起的对抗，最终导致其受伤或死亡。（受害者降水）

（ 5 ）学校的犯罪意见，选择合理的罪犯的犯罪被称为as________________ 。（选择理论）

（ 6 ）根据Becarria ，人们希望achieve________和______avoid ________ 。要有效，他们的罪行和处罚必须按比例。没有__________人民不会阻止犯下更严重罪行。（高兴，相称性，疼痛）

（7 ）根据日常活动理论，犯罪是相互作用的结果存在的因素，这些因素are_________ 。（合适的目标，能够监护人，出于罪犯）

（8 ）心理理论（弗洛伊德的心理动力版本的理论）说，人的个性有三个部分组成的结构，这些部件are______ 。（编号，自我，超）

（9 ）应变理论有几个分支，这些are__________ 。（失范理论，一般应变理论，体制失范理论，相对剥夺理论）

（10 ）社会学习理论有几个分支，这些are_______________ 。（差别协会理论，微分加强理论，失效理论）

（11 ）根据和Laub桑普森的观点，生活事件可以使成年罪犯停止犯罪，两个关键的转折点是___________ 。（婚姻和事业）

（12 ）根据和Laub桑普森认为，积极的关系，个人和机构是维持生命的被称为as_____________ 。（社会资本）

（13 ）哲学强调，行为必须是有用的，有意义的，合理的called_________ 。（功利主义）

（14 )__________主要有两个因素，一个是认为人类行为是一种功能的外部力量，超出个人控制;另一种是采用科学的方法来解决问题。（实证）

（15 ）根据_____________,法律不是专属的丰富，而是用于维持长期利益的资本主义制度和控制成员的任何一类谁威胁其生存。（结构马克思主义）

（16 ）根据_____________,刑事法律和刑事司法系统仅仅作为一种手段，控制差，有，而不是社会成员的国家是资本家的工具。（器乐马克思主义）

（17 ）根据_____________,犯罪的行为认为是令人厌恶的所有部分的社会。（协商一致意见）

（18 ）犯罪学家的研究方法使用这种as________ ，_________,__________来衡量的性质和程度的犯罪行为。（调查研究，队列研究，累计最新的研究，实验研究，观测和研究的采访）

（19 ）在preliterate社会，__________and_______发挥同样的作用，法律在现

代社会中。（习俗和民俗）

（20 ）__________refers的法律适用于所有科目的土地，没有regarg地域或社会的差异。（普通法

（21 ）例由哪些规则可以借鉴和普遍适用于所有类似的案件called_________ 。（先例）

（22 ）在刑事事项中，被告有罪必须证明___________.In一宗民事案件，罪名成立由______________的证据。（超越合理怀疑，优势）

（23 ）一项重罪是一项严重罪行，而_______________是未成年人或轻微犯罪。（轻罪）

（24 ）如果被告被控犯有谋杀罪，但当时他杀害的受害者，受害者已进入被告的住宅，意图犯重罪，被告可以使用___________驳斥这一指控。（自卫）

（25 ）与一名男子发生性关系的女性未成年人将被控以犯罪的_____________ 。（法定强奸罪）

（26 ）调查，让与会者透露有关其侵犯被称为_____________ 。（自我报告的调查）（27 ），这些持续的罪犯被称为_______________ 。（慢性职业罪犯或罪犯）（28 ）有三个部门的社会结构理论，这些are___________ 。（社会解体理论，应变理论，文化偏差理论）

（29 ）社会进程犯罪有长期研究的关键要素的社会化，以确定它们如何有助于新兴的犯罪生涯。其中最突出的因素是_______________________________.(家庭，同侪团体，学校，教堂）

（30 ）根据Lemert ，_______________涉及违反规范或罪行，没有多大的影响力的演员，能够迅速被遗忘，相反，______________时，就会发生异常事件是注意的重要他人或社会控制的代理人，谁qpply 1消极的标签。（初级越轨，第二次越轨）（31 )____________是关键中的司法程序。（法官，检察官，律师）

（32 ）________________手段，被告不能被起诉的管辖权不止一次为一个单一的进攻。（右免受双重危险）

（33 ）今天更正可分为四个部分--- _______________ 。（以社区为基础的更正，监狱，监狱，和假释程序）

Ⅱ分析

1.Each的支持下段的一个分支犯罪，指出该部门的犯罪确实每个段的支持：

（ 1 ）有证据表明，管辖范围内与相对较低的监禁率也经历了高犯罪率。

（ 2 ）犯罪率对应的邻域结构和犯罪所造成的破坏性的生态条件在城市的贫民窟。

（ 3 ）有些犯罪学家'的调查表明，少年犯保持着密切联系青少年违法之前，违法的行为。

（ 4 ）我试图远离犯罪... ...没有人会雇用我。我是前协商，我想，我真的试图获得报酬的就业机会。有没有人希望聘请我的纪录。所以，我开始抢劫。

（ 4 ）反比关系之间存在的犯罪率和严重性，确定性，速度和法律制裁。

（ 5 ）妇女运动可以减少家庭暴力的发动十字军东征羞辱配偶者。

（ 6 ）刑事罪犯是深感不安个别谁患有各种精神和身体的异常变化。

（7 ）实验结果表明，改变儿童的饮食中糖可以减少侵略的水平。

（8 ）进行的研究在美国和其他国家都表现出显着的关系障碍的行政脑功能和侵略性的行为。

（9 ）凶杀案率显着增加后立即重量级冠军奖金斗争。

（10 ）欠款行为的较低级的青年实际上是一种抗议的规范和价值观念的中产阶级美国文化。

（11 ）年轻犯人有时声称的非法行为根本不是他们的错;犯罪行为造成的力量超出其控制范围或意外事故

（12 ）世界是一个腐败的发生与狗咬狗代码，它具有讽刺意味的是不公平的和这些机构，如警察，法官，教师，家长，谴责犯罪行为。

（13 ）儿童消极标记他们的父母经常遭受各种各样的问题，包括反社会行为和学校的失败。

2.Each以下的刑事政策是基于一种犯罪，指出哪一种犯罪并不每项政策是基于：

（ 1 ）让合适的惩罚犯罪

（ 2 ）三打你了

（ 3 ）裂纹起伏，突然改变警察的活动，旨在增加沟通威胁或实际确定性的惩罚---可以降低犯罪率。

（ 4 ）外科手术应该用来改变大脑结构定罪的性罪犯，努力消除或控制自己的性驱动器。

（ 5 ）给贫穷的人直接财政援助通过公共援助或福利。

（ 6 ）动员青年（一个程序，旨在减少产生犯罪结构的贫民区在纽约举行。）

（7 ）社会应努力调和各方冲突。

Ⅲ每个下列犯罪或犯罪学校举行一次以下意见，请选择号码的权利，最好每场比赛的信左边，你的答案写在答案纸：

迪尔凯姆字母a. 1 。犯罪可以是有益的，有时甚至对社会的健康

湾罗索2 。生于罪犯遗留下来的问题，物理促使他们成为生活的犯罪行为。

角芝加哥学派3 。社会力量在城市地区建立刑事相互作用;部分地区成为“自然区”的犯罪行为。

D.埃德温萨瑟兰4 。人民学习的态度刑事老年人，更有经验违法。

体育沃尔特鲁莽5 。犯罪发生在儿童发展不足的自我形象，这使他们无法控制自己的不端行为

马克思主义犯罪楼6 。犯罪是一个功能的资本主义生产方式;资本主义生产国和穷人，每个从事某一特定部门的犯罪行为。

恩里科费里湾7 。一些生物，社会，和有机因素导致少年犯罪和犯罪

Ⅳ真或假

1.Two古典犯罪的研究，一个由汉斯冯Hentig和另一名由斯蒂芬谢弗，首先确定了关键作用受害者在刑事司法程序。

2.Social学习理论家认为暴力作为教训的东西通过这个过程被称为行为建模

3.Social过程的理论有一个基本的概念：所有的人，不论其种族，阶级，或性别，有可能成为罪犯或罪犯。

4 。虽然成员的中层和上层阶级还从事犯罪活动，社会结构理论认为中产阶级和白领犯罪作为相对较低频率，严重性，并威胁到广大公众。

5 。根据社会结构理论，经济处于不利地位的阶级立场是主要原因犯罪。

6 。社会进程的理论认为，犯罪是一种功能的个人社会化。

7.Conflict理论认为犯罪行为作为一个功能的冲突，犯罪是一种反应的不公平分配财富和权力的社会。

8 。根据马克思主义的女权主义者，性别不平等是一个功能的女性剥削的父亲和丈夫，所以，女性在资本主义社会犯下的罪行少比男性。

9 。根据功率控制理论，中产阶级女孩是最有可能违反法律，因为他们不太严密控制比其下层的对应。

10 。陪审员谁承认不带任何偏见或歧视，被告应动议事业和取代另一个。

Ⅴ翻译

六位基本要素的古典犯罪学理论

六位介绍实证

P20综合犯罪的定义

P115差异犯罪和犯罪

P257马克思的生产发表评论

P226分支的社会过程理论的观点对人类的性质和作用的社会犯罪

P291特弗雷德松和Hirchi的解释为什么有些人谁缺乏自我控制可以逃避犯罪行为。

P333项一级谋杀罪

Ⅵ回答下列问题：

1.What的职能是刑事法？（序言段36 - 39 ）

2 。如果有一种法律责任的行为，他不采取行动是一种犯罪行为，什么样的条件没有一个人有一个法律责任的行为？（P40 ）

3 。什么是犯罪问题的受害者？（PP85 - 88 ）

4 。如何防止一个受害？（PP9

5 - 100 ，PP103 - 104 ，社区预防犯罪计划，目标硬化，自我防卫措施）

5 。之间有什么区别各种凶杀案？（P333 ）

6 。之间有什么区别盗窃，盗窃，抢劫，盗窃和？（PP369 - 370 ）

Ⅶ分类的罪行：

犯罪可分为麻辣的本身（自然人犯罪）和麻辣prohibitum （法定犯罪），指出下列各罪属于哪一种犯罪按照这样的分类：

拥有毒品，走私，谋杀，强奸，抢劫，盗窃，抢劫，纵火

犯罪可分为文书罪（犯罪，使人们获得他们所需的货物）和表达罪（犯罪，使人们表达他们的愤怒，沮丧，愤怒对社会），指出下列各罪属于哪一种根据犯罪这样的分类：销售毒品，走私，殴打，强奸，盗窃，抢劫，纵火

犯罪可分为基础上的严重性，重罪是一项严重罪行，轻罪是轻微犯罪，指出下列各罪属于哪一种犯罪按照这样的分类：

谋杀，强奸，抢劫，小偷小摸，手无寸铁的攻击，爆窃