Autobiography

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Autobiography

The Appreciation of the Autobiography For the past centuries, many of the the early American literature works has been gradually ignored, among those, the Autobiography by Benjamin Franklin stood out. For its unique charm of the language, and the puritan thoughts.The autobiography gives an vivid account of Franklin’s life, about how he succeeded through self-study and hard work. As an typical represent of the American spirit, the book has encouraged generations to struggle for themselves and their nation, fighting for the unfair fate.The language of the book is of great simplicity and directness, through the frank and soul-touching words, the writer expresses his philosephy about life in a very simple way. It is nothing like serious instruction, but on tne contrary, we may feel like having a casual conversation with our father. Besides, there are many witty nd inspiring maxims in the book which acturally are not made by himself but is a reshaping of the sentences by other famous person which suits his content naturally. The use of this proverbs makes his language very polished, graceful and durable.The charm of his book does not only lie in his language, but is also reflected in the inspiring puritan thoughts. As a faithful puritan, Benjamin Fanklin always attaches great importance to self-examination andself-improvement. The thirteen moral virtues has been his principalduring his life time. Through his book we can always sense the faith in the progress of society and ideals of the future, practical and optimistic attitude towards life and final success.In conclusion, this book is prototyped by his own life experience, which greatly contributed to the sincerety and simplicity of his language. It offers a lot of pleasure and thoughtfulreflection to the readers.。

美国文学选读第3版翻译-陶洁

美国文学选读第1单元自传The autobiography Benjamin Franklin我儿：我一向爱好搜集有关祖上的一切珍闻轶事。

你也许还记得当你跟我同住在英国的时候我曾经为了那个缘故跋涉旅途，遍访家族中的老人。

目前我正在乡间休假，预料有整整一个星期的空闲，我想你也许同样地喜欢知道我一生的事迹(其中有许多你还没有听过)，因此我就坐了下来替你把这些事迹写出来。

除此以外，我还有一些别的动机。

我出身贫寒，幼年生长在穷苦卑贱的家庭中，后来居然生活优裕，在世界上稍有声誉，迄今为止我一生一帆风顺，遇事顺利，我的立身之道，得蒙上帝的祝福，获得巨大的成就，我的子孙或许愿意知道这些处世之道，其中一部分或许与他们的情况适合，因此他们可以仿效。

当我回顾我一生中幸运的时候，我有时候不禁这样说：如果有人提议我重新做人的话，我倒乐意把我的一生再从头重演一遍，我仅仅要求像作家那样，在再版时有改正初版某些缺陷的机会。

如若可能，除了改正错误以外，我也同样地要把某些不幸的遭遇变得更顺利些。

但是即使无法避免这些不幸的厄运，我还是愿意接受原议，重演生平。

但是由于这种重演是不可能的，那么最接近重演的似乎就是回忆了。

为了使回忆尽可能地保持久远，似乎就需要把它记下来。

因此我将顺从一种老人中常有的癖好来谈论自己和自己过去的作为。

但是我这样做，将不使听者感到厌倦，他们或是因为敬老，觉得非听我的话不可，但是一经写下来，听与不听就可以悉听自便了。

最后(我还是自己承认了好，因为即使我否认，别人也不会相信)，写自传，或许还会大大地满足我的自负心。

说句老实话，我时常听见或在书上读到别人在刚说完了像“我可以毫不自夸地说……”这种开场白以后，接着就是一大篇自吹自擂的话。

大多数人不喜欢别人的虚夸，不管他们自己是多么自负。

但是无论在什么地方，我对这种自负心总是宽宥的。

因为我相信这种心理对自己和他四周的人都有好处。

所以，在许多情况下，一个人如果把自负心当作生命的慰藉而感谢上帝，这也不能算是怪诞悖理的。

Autobiography 自传

AutobiographyIt is my pleasure to have this opportunity to introduce myself to you .I,Peng Biao,was born on November 9,1992 in JiangXi province of China.My family consists of four members--parents ,a brother andme .Father,47,build a factory by himself.Mother ,45,is a traditional housewife and takes care of the whole family with full heart .Both of them pay much attention on their children’s education.My brother has found a job by himself.we are a harmonious family.As for me ,i like playing basketball,reading and listening the pop music .By the way ,i am a easy-going and cheerful man,so i love to make friends and get along with people.Life should not be boring ,if you want to own a wonderful life .I am studying in Nan Chang Hang Kong university and my major is English. In my first grade ,i attended to the student union and the school clubs to make more experience .So i believe i can build a good relationship with other people .As a English student ,i am not just learn the theory in the book ,i practice my speaking English by discussing the article .Meanwhile ,i took part in some exams ,by now i pass the CT4.But i do not think the score is very important for us ,because English is for using and speaking .In my free time English books and magazines became one of the most enjoyable thing for me every week.Now i could communicate with the foreign and have a basic understanding of theforeign culture.Beside ,i have the experience of being a teacher ,this summer ,i volunteer to be a teacher in Gui Zhou province .I am so glad to owning the happy time ,i played and shared with the students ,so i got the experience from the volunteer activity.After i graduate from my school ,i want to be a teacher at elementary school.Iam sure i can finish the job prefect.04103125彭彪，Mark。

Autobiography

Autobiography--- Benjamin FranklinThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is thetraditional name for the unfinished record of his ownlife written by Benjamin Franklin from 1771 to 1790;however, Franklin himself appears to have called thework his Memoirs. Although it had a tortuouspublication history after Franklin's death, this workhas become one of the most famous and influentialexamples of an autobiography ever written.Franklin's account of his life is divided into fourparts, reflecting the different periods at which hewrote them. There are actual breaks in the narrativebetween the first three parts, but Part Three's narrative continues into Part Four without an authorial break (only an editorial one).Part OnePart one of the Autobiography is addressed to Franklin's son William, at that time (1771) Royal Governor of New Jersey. While in England at the estate of the Bishop of St Asaph in Twyford, Franklin, now 65 year old, begins by saying that it may be agreeable to his son to know some of the incidents of his father's life; so with a week's uninterrupted leisure, he is beginning to write them down for William. He starts with some anecdotes of his grandfather, uncles, father and mother. He deals with his childhood, his fondness for reading, and his service as an apprentice to his brother James Franklin, a Boston printer and the publisher of the New England Courant. After improving his writing skills through study of the Spectator by Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, he writes an anonymous paper and slips it under the door of the printing house by night. Not knowing its author, James and his friends praise the paper and it is published in the Courant, which encourages Ben to produce more essays (the "Silence Dogood" essays) which are also published. When Ben reveals his authorship, James is angered; thinking the recognition of his papers will make Ben too vain. James and Ben have frequent disputes and Ben seeks for a way to escape from working under James.Eventually James gets in trouble with the colonial assembly, which jails him for a short time and then forbids him to continue publishing his paper. James and his friends come up with the stratagem that the Courant should hereafter be published under the name of Benjamin Franklin, although James will still actually be in control. James signs a discharge of Ben's apprenticeship papers but writes up new private indenture papers for Ben to sign which will secure Ben's service for the remainder of the agreed time. But when a fresh disagreement arises between the brothers, Ben chooses to leave James, correctly judging that James will not dare to produce the secret indenture papers. ("It was not fair in me to take this Advantage," Franklin comments, "and this I therefore reckon one of the first Errata of my life.") James does, however, make it impossible for Ben to get work anywhere else in Boston. Sneaking onto a ship without his father's or brother's knowledge, Ben heads for New York, but the printer William Bradford is unable to employ him; however, he tells Ben that his son Andrew, a Philadelphia printer, may be able to use him since one of his son'sprincipal employees had just died.By the time Ben reaches Philadelphia, Andrew Bradford has already replaced his employee, but refers Ben to Samuel Keimer, another printer in the city, who is able to give him work. The Governor, Sir William Keith, takes notice of Franklin and offers to set him up in business for himself. On Keith's recommendation, Franklin goes to London for printing supplies, but when he arrives, he finds that Keith has not written the promised letter of recommendation for him, and that "no one who knew him had the smallest Dependence on him." Franklin finds work in London until an opportunity arises of returning to Philadelphia as an assistant to Thomas Denham, a Quaker merchant; but when the Denham takes ill and dies, he returns to manage Keimer's shop. Keimer soon comes to feel that Franklin's wages are too high and provokes a quarrel which causes the latter to quit. At this point a fellow employee, Hugh Meredith, suggests that Franklin and he set up a partnership to start a printing shop of their own; this is subsidized by funds from Meredith's father, though most of the work is done by Franklin as Meredith is not much of a press worker and is given to drinking.They establish their business, and plan to start a newspaper, but when Keimer hears of this plan, he rushes out a paper of his own, the Pennsylvania Gazette. This publication limps along for three quarters of a year before Franklin buys the paper from Keimer and makes it "extremely profitable." (The Saturday Evening Post traces its lineage to Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette.) The partnership also receives an appointment as printer for the Pennsylvania assembly. When Hugh Meredith's father experiences financial setbacks and cannot continue backing the partnership, two friends separately offer to lend Franklin the money he needs to stay in business; the partnership amicably dissolves as Meredith goes to North Carolina, and Franklin takes from each friend half the needed sum, continuing his business in his own name. In 1730 he marries Deborah Read, and after this, with the help of the league of ordinary gentlemen,[1] he draws up proposals for a "Subscription Library"—the first public library. At this point Part One breaks off, with a memo in Franklin's writing noting that "The Affairs of the Revolution occasion'd the Interruption".Part TwoThe second part begins with two letters Franklin received in the early 1780s while in Paris, encouraging him to continue the Autobiography, of which both correspondents have read Part One. (Although Franklin does not say so, there had been a breach with his son William after the writing of Part One, since the father had sided with the Revolutionaries and the son had remained loyal to the British Crown.)At Passy, a suburb of Paris, Franklin begins Part Two in 1784, giving a more detailed account of his public library plan. He then discusses his "bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral Perfection", listing thirteen virtues he wishes to perfect in himself. He creates a book with columns for each day of the week, in which he marks with black spots his offenses against each virtue.[1]Of these virtues, he notices that Order is the hardest for him to keep. He eventually realizes that perfection is not to be attained, but feels himself better and happier because of his attempt.Part ThreeBeginning in August 1788 when Franklin had returned to Philadelphia, the author says he will not be able to utilize his papers as much as he had expected, since many were lost inthe recent Revolutionary War. He has, however, found and quotes a couple of his writings from the 1730s that survived. One is the "Substance of an intended Creed" consisting of what he then considered to be the "Essentials" of all religions. He had intended this as a basis for a projected sect but, Franklin says, did not pursue the project.In 1732, Franklin first publishes his Poor Richard's Almanac, which becomes very successful. He also continues his profitable newspaper. In 1734, a preacher named Rev. Samuel Hemphill arrives from County Tyrone Ireland; Franklin supports him and writes pamphlets on his behalf. However, someone finds out that Hemphill has been plagiarizing portions of his sermons from others; although Franklin rationalizes this by saying he would rather hear good sermons taken from others than poor sermons of the man's own composition.Franklin studies languages, reconciles with his brother James, and loses a four-year-old son to smallpox. Franklin's club, the Junto, grows and breaks up into subordinate clubs. Franklin becomes Clerk of the General Assembly in 1736, and the following year becomes Comptroller to the Postmaster General, which makes it easier to get reports and fulfill subscriptions for his newspaper. He proposes improvements to the city' watch and fire prevention regulations.The famed preacher George Whitefield arrives in 1739 and despite significant differences in their religious beliefs, Franklin assists Whitefield by printing his sermons and journals and lodging him in his house. As Franklin continues to succeed, he provides the capital for several of his workers to start printing houses of their own in other colonies. He makes further proposals for the public good, including some for the defense of Pennsylvania, which cause him to contend with the pacifist position of the Quakers.In 1740 he invents the Franklin stove, refusing a patent on the device because it was for "the good of the people". He proposes an academy, which opens after money is raised by subscription for it and it expands so much that a new building has to be constructed for it. Franklin obtains other governmental positions (city councilman, alderman, burgess, justice of the peace) and helps negotiate a treaty with the Indians. After helping Dr. Thomas Bond establish a hospital, he helps pave the streets of Philadelphia and draws up a proposal for Dr. John Fothergill about doing the same in London. In 1753 Franklin becomes Deputy Postmaster General.The next year, as war with the French is expected, representatives of the several colonies, including Franklin, meet with the Indians to discuss defense; Franklin at this time draws up a proposal for the union of the colonies, but it is not adopted. General Braddock arrives with two regiments, and Franklin helps him secure wagons and horses, but the general refuses to take Ben's warning about danger from hostile Indians during Braddock's planned march to Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). When Braddock's troops are subsequently attacked, the general is mortally wounded and his forces abandon their supplies and flee.A militia is formed on the basis of a proposal by Benjamin Franklin, and the governor asks him to take command of the northwestern frontier. With his son as aide de camp, Franklin heads for Gnadenhut, raising men for the militia and building forts. Returning to Philadelphia, he is chosen colonel of the regiment; his officers honor him by personally escorting him out of town. This attention offends the proprietor of the colony (Thomas Penn, son of William Penn) when someone writes an account of it in a letter to him, whereupon theproprietor complains to the government in England about Franklin.Now the Autobiography discusses "the Rise and Progress of [Franklin's] Philosophical Reputation." He starts experiments with electricity and writes letters about them that are published in England as a book. Franklin's description of his experiments is translated into French, and AbbéNollet, who is offended because this work calls into question his own theory of electricity, publishes his own book of letters attacking Franklin. Declining to respond on the grounds that anyone could duplicate and thus verify his experiments, Franklin sees another French author refute Nollet, and as Franklin's book is translated into other languages, its views are gradually accepted and Nollet's are discarded. Franklin is also voted an honorary member of the Royal Society.A new governor arrives, but disputes between the assembly and the governor continue. (Since the colonial governors are bound to fulfill the instructions issued by the colony's proprietor, there is a continuing struggle for power between the legislature and the governor and proprietor.) The assembly is on the verge of sending Franklin to England to petition the King against the governor and proprietor, but meanwhile Lord Loudoun arrives on behalf of the English government to mediate the differences. Franklin nevertheless goes to England accompanied by his son, after stopping at New York and making an unsuccessful attempt to be recompensed by Loudoun for his outlay of funds during his militia service. They arrive in England on July 27, 1757.Part FourWritten sometime between November 1789 and Franklin's death on April 17, 1790, this section is very brief. After Franklin and his son arrive in London, the former is counselled by Dr. Fothergill on the best way to advocate his cause on behalf of the colonies. Franklin visits Lord Granville, president of the King's Privy Council, who asserts that the king is the legislator of the colonies? Franklin then meets the proprietaries (the switch to the plural is Franklin's, so apparently others besides Thomas Penn are involved). But the respective sides are far from any kind of agreement. The proprietaries ask Franklin to write a summary of the colonists' complaints; when he does so, their solicitor for reasons of personal enmity delays a response. Over a year later, the proprietaries finally respond to the assembly, regarding the summary to be a "flimsy Justification of their Conduct." During this delay the assembly has prevailed on the governor to pass a taxation act, and Franklin defends the act in English court so that it can receive royal assent. While the assembly thanks Franklin, the proprietaries, enraged at the governor, turn him out and threaten legal action against him; in the last sentence, Franklin tells us the governor "despis'd the Threats, and they were never put in Execution".It is apparent that Franklin intended to cover more ground, because an outline of the Autobiography written by him and copied by Henry ends with a reference to the Treaty of Paris, which Franklin helped negotiate, so the obvious inference is that Franklin's death prevented his proceeding further with the Autobiography.。

英美文学之文学术语

英美文学之文学术语文学术语汇编11.Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2.Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (此作品中文译名<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3.Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.文学术语汇编24. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity（《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech)An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century.18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increaseof tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English.20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes – antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization andself-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person, such as Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵体）: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners.28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own life. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama:（戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue. 34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet（移就）: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided as the formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 – that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death ofa Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also hasirregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s broughtthe period of buoyant Harlem culture – which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects.51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52. Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.。

Autobiography by Benjamin Franklin

The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinTWYFORD, at the Bishop of St. Asaph's, 1771Dear Son, -- I have ever had pleasure in obtaining any little anecdotes of my ancestors. You may remember the inquiries I made among the remains of my relations when you were with me in England, and the journey I undertook for that purpose. Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to learn the circumstances of my life, many of which you are unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment of a few weeks' uninterrupted leisure, I sit down to write them for you. Besides, there are some other inducements that excite me to this undertaking. From the poverty and obscurity in which I was born, and in which I passed my earliest years, I have raised myself to a state of affluence and some degree of celebrity in the world.As constant good fortune has accompanied me even to an advanced period of life, my posterity will perhaps he desirous of learning the means which I employed, and which, thanks to Providence, so well succeeded with me. They may also deem them fit to be imitated, should any of them find themselves in similarcircumstances. This good fortune, when I reflect on it, which is frequently the case, has induced me sometimes to say, that if it were left to my choice, I should have no objection to go over the same life from its beginning to the end: requesting only the advantage authors have, of correcting in a second edition the faults of the first. So would I also wish to change some incidents of it for others more favorable. Notwithstanding, if this condition was denied, I should still accept the offer of recommencing the same life. But as this repetition is not to be expected, that which resembles most living one's life over again, seems to be to recall all the circumstances of it; and, to render this remembrance more durable, to record them in writing. In thus employing myself, I shall yield to the inclination so natural to old men, of taking of themselves and their own actions; and I shall indulge it without being tiresome to those who, from respect to my age, might conceive themselves obliged to listen to me, since they will be always free to read me or not. And, lastly (I may as well confess it, as the denial of it would be believed by nobody), I shall perhaps not a little gratify my own vanity. Indeed, I never heard or saw the introductory words "Without vanity I may say," & c., but some vain thing immediately followed. Most people dislike vanity in others,whatever share they have of it themselves; but I give it fair quarter, wherever I meet with it, being persuaded that it is often productive of good to the possessor, and to others who are within his sphere of action. And therefore, in many cases, it would not be altogether absurd if a man were to thank God for his vanity among the other comforts of life. And now I speak of thanking God, I desire with all humility to acknowledge that I attribute the mentioned happiness of my past life to his divine providence, which led me to the means I used and gave the success. My belief of this induces me to hope, though I must not presume, that the same goodness will still be exercised toward me, in continuing that happiness, or enabling me to bear a fatal reverse, which I may experience as others have done; the complexion of my future fortune being known to him only in whose power it is to bless us, even in our afflictions.。

大学英语A级大全

词缀1．前缀含义例词ab- away from脱离abnormal反常的anti- opposite, against反，抗 anti-clockwise逆时针方向地，auto- self自动 autobiography自传，automobile汽车bi- two二，双bilingual双语，bicycle自行车bio- life生物的，生命的biology生物学co- together及……一起cooperation合作，co-education男女同校（教育）counter- against, opposite反，对应 counterattack反击，反攻；countermeasure对策de- away, down, negative向下，否定decrease减少，degrade使降级di- two二，双dialogue对话，dioxide二氧化物dis- away, negative否定，分开 disagree不一致，disappear消失en- in, make使……enrich使……富裕，enlarge扩大，enable使……能ex- former (and still living)前任 ex-president前总统，ex-girlfriend前女友out, away外 export出口，external外部的extra- outside, beyond在……外 extracurricular课外的，extraordinary非常的fore- before预先的，前foresee预见，forecast预测homo- same同样的 homosexual同性恋的hydro- water水hydroelectric水电的hyper- over, above在……上，超过hypermarket大型自选市场，hypersensitive过敏的il- not否定illegal非法的，illiterate文盲的im- not否定 impossible不可能的，impolite不客气的ir- not否定 irregular不规则的，irresponsible不负责任的inter- between, among在……间 international国际的，interpersonal人际关系的mal- bad, badly恶，不良 malnutrition营养不良，maltreat虐待micro- small微小的 microwave微波，microscope显微镜mini- small, little小 miniskirt超短裙，minibus面包型公共汽车mis- bad, badly错，坏misunderstand误解，misfortune不幸mono- one单一 monologue独白，monopoly独占，垄断out- out超过，外 outnumber数量上胜过，outweigh超过over- above, too much在上，过度overtime加班，overwork工作过度pre- before之前 predict预示，preview预习，prewar战前的re- again, back再，回 reform改革，革新；refresh提神，使精力恢复sub- under亚，次于subway地铁，submarine潜水艇，subconscious下意识的super- over, above超过superhuman 超人的，supermarket超级市场sur- above, over超过surpass超越，surcharge额外负荷tele- far away远距离的 telephone电话，television电视，telecommunication电信thermo- heat热thermometer温度计trans- across穿越 transport运输，transplant移植，transmission传播tri- three三triangle三角形，tricycle三轮车un- not否定unknown未知，unbelievable难以相信的the reversal of an action相反的动作 undress脱衣，uncover揭开，unearth发掘under- beneath低于，下underwear内衣，underpants内裤，underestimate低估uni- one单一uniform一致的，unilateral单方的vice- in place of代理的，副的 vice-president（大学）副校长，vice-chairman副主席2．后缀-able/-ible capable of, suitable for能够 respectable值得尊敬的，possible可能的-ee one who (passive)人（动作的承受者）employee雇员，examinee考生，trainee学员-en make使……成为strengthen加强，lengthen使变长，broaden加宽-er one who, that which人 employer雇主，examiner主考人，trainer教练员-fold times倍数twofold两倍的，tenfold十倍的-free without没有ice-free不冻的，duty-free免关税的-ful having the quality of具有……性质 respectful恭敬的，successful成功的-hood state, quality表示身份，状况 manhood男子汉气概，childhood童年-ish having the quality of(negative) childish孩子气的，girlish女孩似的具有……性质（贬义）-ism state, quality, act; doctrine,system capitalism资本主义，communism 共产主义表示行为，社会信仰，学说-less without没有careless粗心的，useless无用的-like having the quality of有……性质的 childlike孩子般的，天真的；warlike好战的-proof against防……，耐…… waterproof防水的，fire-proof防火的-some having the quality of有……倾向的 tiresome使人疲劳的，troublesome令人讨厌的-ware product, goods产品，商品 software软件，glassware玻璃器皿A级冲刺-重点短语动词发表于：2010-06-17 20:22 | 分类：英语资料阅读：(0) 评论：(0) 重点短语动词所谓短语动词，就是动词加小品词构成的起动词作用的短语。

Literature文学

英语最常用30前缀、40后缀、50词根

英最常用30 前1 、 a（ n）—无：不、非 acentric 无中心的， anoymous 匿名的。

2 、 anti —反： antiwar 反。

3 、 auto —自、自己： automation 自化， autobiography 自。

4 、 bi—两、双： bicycle 自行， biweekly 双周刊。

5 、 be —使： befall 降 belittle 使小。

6 、 co（ n 、m ）—共同： cooperation 合作， combine 合， comspire 合。

7 、 counter —反： counteract 抵消。

8 、 de —下、加： detrain 下火， depicture 。

9 、 di（ f、 s）—否认、相反： different 不一样的， dislike 不喜。

10 、en （m ）—使： enlarge 使⋯⋯大， enable —使⋯⋯能11 、e（ x）—外、出： external 外面的， erupt 爆12 、extra —之外、超： extraordinary 分外的， extrasolar 太阳系之外。

13 、intra （ o）—在内、内部： intrapersonal 个人心里的introspect 内省。

14 、inter —在⋯⋯internet 网15 、mi （a ） cro —细小 (弘大 ) microsoft 微， macrocosm宇宙。

16 、mini — miniskirt 迷你群。

17 、mis —、坏 mistake 。

18 、multi —多 multiparty多党19 、non —否认 nonsmoker不抽烟者。

20 、per —通、遍布、完整perfect 完满的。

21 、pre （ o）—前 preface 序言， progress步。

22 、re —回、再 restart 从头开始。

23 、sub （ f）—下、后subway 地， suffix 后。

lecture 3 The Autobiography

3.How did he arrive in Philadelphia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington. The next day he reached Burlington on foot, and in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia. He arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf.
2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life. After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.
• ★It is a record of a man
rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, an account of the colorful career of America's first self-made man.

英美文学术语大全

英美文学术语大全下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学术语大全，欢迎大家阅读!1.Atmosphere (氛围)The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.2. Autobiography (自传)A person‘s account of his or her own life.3. Ballad (民谣)A narrative poem in short stanzas, with or without music,often of folk origin and intended to be sung. The term derives by way of French ballade from Latin ballare, "to dance," and once meant a simple song of any kind, lyric or narrative, especially one to accompany a dance. As ballads evolved, most lost their association with dance, although they kept their strong rhythms. Modern usage distinguishes three major kinds: the anonymous traditional ballad (popular ballad or folk ballad), transmitted orally; the broadside ballad, printed and sold on single sheets; and the literary ballad (or art ballad), a sophisticated imitation of the traditional ballad.4. Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.5. Biography (传记)A detailed account of a person‘s life written by another person.传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。

美国文学史- 副本

美国文学史及选读提纲二：填空1:Benjamin Franklin-《Autobiography》(自传)2:Washington Irving-《The Legend of Sleep Hollow》(睡谷传说）3:Edgar Allan Poe-《The Fall of the House of Usher》(厄舍屋的倒塌）4:Ralph Waldo Emerson-《Nature》5:Henry David Thoreau- 《Walden》(瓦尔登湖)6:Nathaniel Hawthorne(霍桑)-《The Scarlet Letter》7:Herman Melville(梅尔维尔)-《Moby Dick》8:Walt Whitman(惠特曼)-《Song of Myself》9:Emily Dickinson-《Because I could not stop for Death》-《I Died for Beauty-but was scarce》10:Mark Twain-《The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn》(哈克贝利费恩历险记) 11:Harriet Beecher Stowe-《Uncle Tom's Cabin》12:Theodore Dreiser-《Sister Carrie》13:Ezra Pound-《In a Station of the Metro》14:Robert Drost-《The Road Not Taken》(未选之路)15:F.Scott Fitzgerald-《The great Gatsby》16:Ernest Hemingway-《A Farewell to Arms》(永别了，武器)17：P186的背诵段落I went to the wood because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discovered that I had not lived.I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life.三：名词解释1:Autobiography(自传)Autobiography is a branch of literature which is an account of a person’s life. Autobiography simply presents with a more elegant and formally ordered version of the writer’s experiences and memories.2:Legend(传奇)A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person —often a saint, monarch, or popular hero.Legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern human beings rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not; but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently.The term was originally applied to accounts of saints' lives, but is now applied chiefly to fanciful tales of warriors, criminals, and other sinners; or more recently to those bodies of biographical rumor and embroidered anecdote surrounding dead film stars and rock musicians.3:Gothic romance(哥特式浪漫)A type of novel that flourished in the late 18th and early 19th cent in England. Gothic romances were mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they were usually set against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles.4:Transcendentalism(先验论)(超越主义)Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century. Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively”. Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul, the individual and Nature5: American Realism(美国现实主义)As a literary movement realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century as a reaction against “the lie” of r omanticism and sentimentalism.it pursues the verisimilitude of detail derived from observation. In matters of style, there was contrast between the genteel and graceful prose and the vernacular diction and rough and ready frontier humor.6:American Tall Tales(离奇故事)Tall Tales are exaggerated and imaginary stories from the 1800's. They were made-up to tell about the courage many had while exploring and adventuring to the "WILD, WILD, WEST". These stories entertained people around campfires, on steamboats, and many other places.7:Sentimental novel(伤感小说)Sentimental novel, broadly speaking, is any novel that exploits the reader’s capacity for tenderness, compassion, or sympathy to a disproportionate degree by presenting a beclouded or unrealistic view of its subject. The sentimental novel exalted feeling above reason and raised the analysis of emotion to a fine art.8:Lost Generation(迷惘的一代)The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had becom e by the 1900’s.Seeking the bohemian lifestyle and rejecting the values of American materialism, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post World War I years.Paris was the center of it all. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.9:American Puritanism(美国清教主义)The word puritan is derived from pure or holy. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. They are a group of radical protestants. They wished to restore simplicity to church services. Bible was the only true authority. 10:Common meter(普通格律)Also known as regular meter. It has quatrains. Alternating tetrameter and trimester .Often 1st and 3rd lines rhyme, 2nd and 4th lines rhyme in iambic meter.11:Free verseIt is a form of poetry without a regular rhyme scheme or meter. Instead, it relies on alliteration, assonance, imagery, and parallel structure.12: Anti-Transcendentalism(反先验论)Anti-Transcendentalism contrasts Transcendentalism, which focuses on the darkness of human soul. They embraced the existence of sin and evil, making their works very dark in nature. They are not optimistic.13:Naturalism(自然主义)A literary mode developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is an extreme form of realism. The naturalists portray people and events objectively and precisely without idealizing them.They view people as part of the animal world. The characters in naturalistic writings are always victims of external forces and internal drives without control or full knowledge of them.14:RomanceAs a literary kind of high culture, romance or chivalric romance is a style of heroic prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures.Romances reworked legends, fairy tales, and history to suit the readers' and hearers' tastes.15:WaldenIt is written by Henry David Thoreau in 1854. In Walden, Thoreau records both his experiment in self-sufficient natural living and his ideas about nature, human society, and the proper way for people to live when he lived in Walden for more then 2 years. In a series of essays, linked by themes and the progression of the seasons, Thoreau describes building his own cabin and living alone in the woods beside Walden Pond.16:Moby Dick XIt is written by Herman Melville. Ahab was the captain of Pequod. Because Moby bite off one of his legs. So he wanted to caught the Moby. After three days, he found Moby and followed up Moby with a small boat. Although he stung Moby, Moby was very tricky and bite the boat, At last everybody died expect one sailor.四：简答题1:What is Emily Dickenson’s idea about death?1:Death, the ultimate experience, is for Dickinson the supreme touchstone. It shows ultimate truth; it makes clear the true nature of God and the state of the soul. She held the common Puritan belief that the way a person died showed the state of his/her soul, a peaceful death being a sign of grace and harmony with God.2:Her attitude is ambivalent; death is a terror to be feared and avoided, a trick played on humanity by God, a welcome relief, and a blessed way to heaven.3:Death is personified in many guises in her poems, ranging from a suitor to a tyrant.4: Immortality is often related to death2:What are the principles of Code Hero?1、The code hero must perform his work well to create a kind of personal meaning amidst the greater meaninglessness.2、The code hero will lose in his conflict with life because he will die. But all that matters is how one faces death. In fact, one should court death, in the bull ring, on the battlefield, against big fish, because facing death teaches us how to live.3、The code hero must create and follow certain rituals regarding death because those rituals help us. The bullfighter must have grace and must make his kills clean. He must face noble animals. He must put on his suit a certain way.4、Religion is helpful only in that it provides us with rituals. But religions are wrong when they promise life after death.5、If an individual faces death bravely, then he becomes a man, but he must repeat the process, constantly proving himself, until the ultimate defeat.3:What are the features(特色) of New England Transcendentalism?1:The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.(Over-soul, the individual and Nature. ) 2:Importance of individualism. The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine.3:Nature: symbol of spirit of the Oversoul. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.4: What are Mark Twain’s wr iting characteristics?1)Mark Twain is famous for his humor and satire. His language is artistic and like asharp weapon.2)Mark Twain’s humor is based on the humor of the west America and also throughhyperbole, which made his writing full of allegories that lay behind the humour.3)He used colloquial idioms and colloquial syntax.4)He described persons who was innocent, simple, naive, and ignorant as his heroesor heroines.5:What are the basic puritan beliefs?（清教徒基本信仰）1)Total Depravity. They believe the concept of Original Sin, through Adam andEve's fall, every person is born sinful.2)Unconditional Election. They believe the concept of predestination. God "saves"those he wishes, only a few are selected for salvation.3)Limited Atonement. Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.4)Irresistible Grace. God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied.Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.5)Perseverance of the "saints". They believe that those elected by God will continuein a state of grace to the end and will finally be saved.6)Value of education. The main purpose of Puritan literature is teaching.7)Their success, or lack of success would serve as a sign of God’s approval ordisapproval.8)Work ethic. They believe that hard work was an honor to God which would leadto a prosperous reward.9)Intolerance. They believe error must be opposed and driven out.6:What are the differences between American dream in Autobiography and Sister Carrie?Through the Autobiography, Franklin rise up from his humble origins to a man of great social standing and wealth. In this sense, Franklin is often seen as the prototypical American and the first real example of the classic American Dream in action. He advocated to get success through one's own strive.But each of Dreiser’s characters in Sister Carrie search for their own" American Dreams". It truely exposed the tragic fact that in 20th century people chasing the American dream. But the essence of the dream was only pleasure. It shows us that in the capitalism society of American there may have no true happiness.7:How the deathly(致命的) influence of civilization(文明) is reflected(反映) in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?A:小孩想要自由，黑人歧视，奴隶制度，小孩没有朋友8:What are the effects of industrialization in America?1)The appearance of urbanization made mass migration to cities for work andspread of cities, but with plentiful unskilled workers.2)Machines valued more highly than people3)Workers were treated badly with low pay and dangerous conditions.4)Rise in the division of wealth distribution. The wealth between Millionaires andthe poor enlarge as well as the rise of slums and ghettos.。

The-Autobiograph...

The-Autobiograph...Course: American LiteratureInstructor: Ma RuiStudent Name: Liu Zirui from Mingde college of NWPUClass Number: 082487Date: Oct.29th, 2011The Autobiography from Benjamin FranklinThe Autobiography was written by the great American writer Benjamin Franklin who was one of the American founders and the leader of the American independence movement, as well as the drafter of Declaration of independence. He was a politician, a scientist, a diplomat, a publisher, a writer and a social industrialist. He was praised as the second Prometheus who stole the fire from heaven to show his intelligent and contributions. He was the father of the modern civilization and a symbol of America.This autobiography was written by Benjamin when he was in his old age according to his experiences which has a great influence to the world. In his autobiography, he wrote thirteen virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity and humility which admonished people to try to be the best of yourself. By temperance he told us not to eat too dull and not to drink too much to be clear in mind. By silence he advised us not to say something that is meaningless but could benefit others or yourself. And by order he taught us that we need to take all our things in order so that we could have a tiny place to study, work and live. Resolution showed us what we decide to do need to be done with our consistency. He informed us to have a more comfortable life if we don’t waste our money in those empty and meaningful things by frugality. What’s more, industry showed us not to waste our time. Do something that is significant or good for you. Sincerity told us to be a loyal and honest people who could be trusted by others. And speak with accordingly. Justices informed us not to do things are negative to others and it’s our own duty to do things that are benefit to people. Moderation taught us not to do extreme things. Try to tolerate the injuries from others. And by cleanliness, he taught us to be a tidy person. In addition, he informed us to clam down when we come across some troubles. By chastity, he advised us to do things that could benefit or protect yourself, your family and friends’ reputation. Lastly, try to be humility as much as you can and imitate the great people like Socrates and Jesus.Mostly, his writing is ironic, satire and meaningful. In his autobiography, he used plain but humorous words to tell his life experience and his reflections. He opened up a new autobiography writing style which was very frequently imitated by the latter.I learned a lot from his autobiography not only from his intelligent but also his modesty. The way he treated people and the attitude he had when doing things that he made mind to do taught me to try my best to be the best of myself.。

英语单词全脑高效记忆法

英语单词全脑高效记忆法1. 分类记忆法（Categorization）。

将单词分为不同的类别，如动物、颜色、数字、食物等，便于记忆和提取。

例如：记忆数字0-9，将其分为“圆形数字”和“直线数字”，然后再针对每个类别进行具体记忆。

2. 联想记忆法（Association）。

将一个单词和另一个单词或者一个形象联系起来，便于形成记忆联想。

例如：记忆单词“apple”，可以联想到“a happy people”，这样可以使单词更加生动有趣，更容易记忆。

3. 故事记忆法（Storytelling）。

将单词串联成一个故事，使得单词之间相互联系，便于记忆和回忆。

例如：记忆单词“cat、bag、coat、bat”，可以编一个故事，如“一只猫拿着一个包和一件外套在玩蝙蝠”，这样可以使单词组成的故事更加生动有趣。

4. 视觉记忆法（Visualisation）。

通过图像化的方式来进行记忆，将单词转换成具体的图像或者场景，便于记忆和提取。

例如：记忆单词“car”，可以想象一张图片，其中有一辆汽车在行驶。

5. 缩写记忆法（Acronym）。

将单词的首字母组合起来，形成一个新的缩写单词，便于记忆和提取。

例如：记忆较长的单词“International Business Machine”，可以简化成“IBM”。

6. 词根词缀记忆法（Root and Affixes）。

词根指单词中具有独立意义的部分，词缀指单词中附加在词根之后的部分，通过记忆词根和词缀的组合形式，可以记忆单词的意义和用法。

例如：记忆单词“autobiography”，可以通过词根“auto”（自己）和“bio”（生命）以及词缀“graphy”（写作）分析出单词的意思。

7. 反复朗读记忆法（Repetition）。

通过反复朗读单词来进行记忆，可以帮助加深记忆和提高记忆的可靠性。

例如：背诵单词时可以反复的重复单词，直到能够熟练记忆。

英语词根起源及妙记-英语词根

Sketch 速写
sketch，即“速写”，是绘画的一种方法，即一边观察对象，一边用简单线条把其主要特点画出来。Sketch 也可指扼要描写事情的情况、及时向读者报道的小品文，如见闻录、随笔、特写等。Sketch 的原义正是：“一下了画出、写出”、“即席的”等义，追根求源是来自希腊语的 schedios，在此基础上产生了拉丁语词 schedium，意思是“即席诗歌”；继而产生了意大利语的 schizzo；继而又产生了德语的 schizze，荷兰语的 schets；英语听 sketch 就是在荷兰语 schets 的基础上产生的。
Quiz 测验
quiz 可以指课堂上的“测验”、“小考”等，比 test（测验）还要小些；也可指广播、电视节目等中的“智力测验”、“一般知识测验”等。如 Follow Me（《跟我学》，BBC 的电视教学节目）中的“London Quiz”（伦敦知识测验）。据说“quiz”一词是 18 世纪末爱尔兰共和国首都都根据柏林一家剧院的经理 James Daly 创造的。一天，他和别人打赌说他可以在一夜之间造出一个新的、毫无意义的、却又不能为人们接受的词来。他花钱雇了一些顽童，连夜在都柏林城中的每一面墙壁上用粉笔写上“quiz”的字样。第二天一早，人们发现了这个词，但谁也不知道它的含义是什么，于是这个毫无词义的“quiz”不久就有了“智力测验”、“恶作剧”等词义。
英语数词的来历
one，来源于拉丁语 unus（即“一”的意思）。同出此源的有 unity（统一），union （联合），unanimous（一致的）等。 Two，来源于拉丁语 duo（即“二”的意思）。当你第二次考虑一件事情的时候，你已经对这件事情产生了“怀疑”，英语叫 doubt，也出于 duo； Hundred（百），在古代斯堪的纳维亚语中写作 hundrath 是 hund（百）加上 garathjan（计数）的中间几个字母合成的。 Thousand（千），古英语中写作 thusend，是从拉丁语的 tumere（膨胀）以及其它一些词中节选了一部分，再加上 hund（百）而合成的。意思是说“千”是“膨胀了的百”。 Million（百万），来自古意大利语的 milione，mile-是一个拉丁语前缀，意思是 “千”。Milione 是“千”的加强式、扩大式。这个词经法语进入中古英语时写作 milioun，后来演变为今天的 million。英语“加、减、乘、除”的来历英语的“加”叫 add，来自拉丁语 addo，ad 即“to”； do “put”合起来即 put to，也就是“加上”。

希腊词根

希腊词根Aut, auto—self 自己Autobiography autograph automation authentic autocrat autonomy Cracy—government 政府，政体Aristocracy autocracy bureaucracy democracy plutocracyDem, demo—people 人民Demagogue epidemic democratizePan, panto—complete 全部Panacea panorama pan-AmericanChron, chrono—time 时间Chronicle chronology chronological synchronize Mania—madnessMania maniac pyromaniaPed—child 小孩Encyclopedia orthopedic pedagogue pedagogy pediatrician pediatrics Ortho—correct 正确的Orthodontist orthopedist orthodoxGen, genea—race 种族Genealogy genesis homogenize heterogeneous homogeneous Meter, metr—measure 度量Barometer chronometer diameter odometer speedometer symmetry Ant, anti—against 反抗Antagonist antibiotic antibody antipathy antitoxin antonymPhan, phen, fan—show 显示Fancy fantasy phantom phenomenon phenomenalTherm, thermo—heatThermometer thermostat thermal thermonuclearProt, proto—first 第一Protagonist prototypeAster, astr, astro—star 星星Asterisk asteroid astrologer astronaut astronomer disasterGram, graph—letter, writing 字母，书写Cartographer electrocardiogram epigram graphic拉丁词根Am, amor—love, liking 爱，喜欢Amateur amity amiable amicable amorousFin—end, boundary 结束，界限Affinity finale finis confine definitiveFlu, fluc, flux—flow 流Fluid flux influx fluctuate fluentGen, gener, genit—birth, class 生，种类Genre progenitor degenerate engender regenerateGreg—gather 聚集Aggregation congregation segregation aggregate gregariousHere,hes—stick 附着Coherence cohesion adhere cohere inherentLateral—side 边Quadrilateral collateral equilateral multilateral unilateralLitera—letter 字面Literacy literal literary literateLuc, lum—light 光Luminary elucidate lucid luminous translucentMan, manu—hand 手Manacle manual manuscript emancipate manipulatePend, pens—hang 悬挂Appendix suspense append suspend impending pendingPon, pos—put 放置Depose impose postpone transposeScrib, script—write 写Inscription script prescribeSimil, simul—similar 相似Similarity simile assimilate simulate simultaneousSol, soli—single 单一Solitude solo desolate sole solitarySolv, solu, solute—loosen 松开Dissolution dissolve resolution resolve solventVera, veri—true, truth 真的，真实Veracity verdict verity verify veritableVid, vis—see 看Visibility envision revise invisible video visual看：view, see, look at, watch, stare, gaze, glimpse, glance, glance back, peek, goggle, look around, overlook, look down, have a bird’s eye view, look up and down, size up, sweep, run one’s eyes over, glance this way and that, gaze into the distance, look at each other in consternation笑：laugh, smile, forced smile, bitter smile, giggle, smirk, artificial smile, sneer, ingratiating smile, snigger, snicker, laugh one’s head off, guffaw, heehaw, sinister smile, fleer, a smile of understanding, smile into each other’s eyes走：stagger, plod, pace, loiter, strode, strut, ramble, lurk, creep, stroll, stumble, trudge, scramble, lurch, limp, crawl, march, rush哭：cry, weep, weep with grief, sob, whimper, shed tears of anguish, speak in a tearful voice, choke with sobs, howl, eyes brimming with tears, well out stream of tears, have one’s face covered with tears。