chapter3_1
景区开发与管理英文版Chapter 3(1)
Brand extension
9. Packaging
1
2
3
4
Providing information and signposting to help visitors find the Attraction.
Attractive entrances to attract passing trade
8. Branding
Kotler defines a brand as ‘a name, sign, symbol, or design or combination of them intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors’. But branding is weaker in attraction sector because: 1
Explore three levels of product Attraction and the product life cycle
Trends in attraction product
1. What is product
Product
A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes phsical objects, services, persons, • The product/service mix is the combination of products and services, aimed at Product -- expanding • Product/service mix
CHAPTER 3-1 单烯烃
H
X
X
H
H2 C
CH CF3
练 习
写出乙烯、丙烯与次卤酸加成的产物:
H C C H H δ + + Br 2.8 H δ OH 3.5 H H C C H H + Br H2C + OHBr CH2 OH
溴钅翁离子
溴乙醇
CH3
δ + CH
δ - δ + δ CH2 + HO Cl 先加
CH3 开环碳正离子
面上,夹角为120º ;
未杂化的 p 轨道垂直于sp2 杂化轨道对
称轴所在的平面上。
C=C : σ键和 键示意
乙烯结构示意图
只有p电子云相互平行时才能重叠, 重叠程度有限,π键不稳定 不能自 由旋转
σ 键
σ键的电子云重叠程度大,键能较大、牢固。 σ键电子云沿键轴 对称分布呈圆柱形,所 以σ键绕键轴旋转不影响电子云的重叠程度。 σ键的电子云较集中,离核较近,在外界条 件影响下不易被极化。
δ + CH
δ CH2 +
HX
H3C
CH
CH3
X
如何解释这一现象? 须从机理上入手: (1) 反应是由亲电试剂(Eδ+)的进攻 引起的,双键电子云密度越高越易 反应,
(2) 反应是分步进行的,有活泼 中间体生成(碳正离子),形成中 间体越稳定,反应越易进行。
因此,可以从两方面来解释:
分子的电子密度分布 生成中间体的稳定性
子中的“ 薄弱环节 ” 。
π键较弱,即易“ 打开 ”
而形成σ键,从而发生一 系列的化学反应。 Csp2 在反应过程中转化为 Csp3杂化状态。
(一)加成反应
Chapter 3-1 一维定态问题(上)
当n分别是奇数和偶数时,满足 偶函数 → ψn ( −x) =ψn ( x) (n为奇数) (n为偶数)
奇函数 → ψn ( −x) =−ψn ( x)
即n是奇数时,波函数是x的偶函数,我们称 这时的波函数具有偶宇称;当n为偶数时, 波函数是x的奇函数,我们称这时的波函数具 有奇宇称。本征函数所具有的这种确定的奇 偶性(宇称)是由势函数 对原点的这种对称性 而来的。关于这个问题,后面将就普遍情形 作专门讨论。
a.势U(x)中第一类不连续性的存在并不改 变加于函数的标准条件。事实上, 按Schrodinger 方程 ψ ′′ = (U − ε )ψ 在势的每一个不连续点,U出现一有限量的突 ψ 也如此,但ψ ′′ 的积分在这些点上保 然跳跃, ′′ 持连续: 因此ψ ′及ψ (理由更充足)处处连续。 (证明见:曾《量子力学导论》p53)
节点数 : 按定义,所谓节点,即本征函数 的零点(端点除外),从图可以看出 ψ n 与x轴相 交(n-1)次,即ψ n 有(n-1)个节点。
§3.2.3 有限深对称方势阱
⎧ ⎪ 0, ⎪ V (x) = ⎨ ⎪V , ⎪ 0 ⎩ a x < 2 a x ≥ 2
(1)
a为阱宽,为势阱高度。 以下讨论束缚态情况 ( 0 < E < V0 ) , 前例可看成 是 V0 ≥ E 的极限情况。
⎧ d 2ψ + α 2ψ = 0 ( x < a) ⎪ 2 ⎨ dx ⎪ ψ =0 ( x ≥ a) ⎩
(3)
在 x < a 区域内的通解是
ψ = A sin α x + B cos α x
(4)
亦可取为ψ = c sin(α x +δ ) , c 和 δ 待定。
chapter-3-1
经营负债会使使用中的自有经营资产减少而提高 RNOA. 一个公司能在多大程度上获得无息贷款用于营业 活动,它就能够在多大程度上减少其净经营资产 上的投资,从而提高其RNOA。 供应方提供的无息占款并非无成本,为什么?
2007-10-15 UIBE-BUSINESSCHOOL LEIGY 17
计算经营资产回报率ROOA:
将总资产报酬率剔除经营杠杆的影响后,就可以得 到净经营资产的报酬率(RNOA)。 在不考虑 经营杠杆的前提下,总资产报酬率就是净经营资产 报酬率。
总资产报酬率的进一步运用:对资产收益率进 行分解——杜邦分析法的核心
净收益+利息费用+所得税 总资产报酬率= 资产平均总额 销售净额 净收益+利息费用+所得税 = × 资产平均总额 销售净额 = 总资产周转率 × 销售收益率
金融资产报酬率:反映财务活动的盈利能力 净金融资产:用于金融投资活动的资产大于因融资
活动产生的金融负债的差额。
净金融负债:金融资产与金融负债之差
金融资产报酬率实际上是由财务杠杆效应来实现的。 财务杠杆反映了经营资产在多大程度上是由净金融 负债或普通权益融资形成的。
财 务 杠 杆 (FLEV) = 净 金 融 负 债 NFO = 普 通 股 东 权 益 C SE
金融资产报酬率
第二层次
营业边际利润率
总资产周转率
第三层次
销售毛利率
费用比率
各项资产周转率
2007-10-15
UIBE-BUSINESSCHOOL LEIGY
7
财务比率的英文缩写
财务报表项目: 收益=综合收益 CSE=普通股东权益 OI=经营收益(税后) NOA=净经营资产 NFE=净财务费用 NFO=净金融负债 财务比率
Chapter 3-1 晶体缺陷-点缺陷、位错
杂质(异类)原子
定义: 任何纯金属中都或多或少会存在杂质, 即其它
元素, 这些原子称杂质(异类)原子
热缺陷: 热起伏促使原子脱离点阵位置而形成的点缺陷。 热缺陷的两种基本形式
弗伦克尔缺陷
肖特基缺陷
热缺陷示意图
弗兰克尔缺陷
肖特基缺陷
化合物离子晶体中的两种点缺陷
金属晶体:弗兰克尔缺陷比肖特基缺陷少得多 离子晶体:结构配位数低-弗兰克尔缺陷较常见
ρ理论
=
n理论 NA
V
M
=
4 6.022 1023
26.98
4.049 10-8 3
g
cm 3 = 2. 6997g
cm 3
空位数 cm3
ρ ρ theoretical
observed
NA
M 4.620 10 20 cm 3 Al
例5 MgO晶体的肖特基缺陷生成能为84KJ/mol,计算该晶体 1000K和1500K的缺陷浓度
平移对称性的示意图
平移对称性的破坏
②分类
点缺陷(零维缺陷)--原子尺度的偏离.
按
例:空位、间隙原子、杂质原子等
缺
陷 线缺陷(一维缺陷)--原子行列的偏离.
的
例:位错等
几 何
面缺陷(二维缺陷)--表面、界面处原子排列混乱.
形
例:表面、晶界、堆积层错、镶嵌结构等
态 体缺陷(三维缺陷)--局部的三维空间偏离理想晶体的周期性
CV ,1000
n N
exp( ΔGS RT
)
exp(
84000 8.3145 1000
) 4.096 10-5
CV ,1500
n N
ρ
( 单位晶胞原子数n )( 55.847g / mol ) ( 2.866 108 cm )3 ( 6.02 1023 / mol )
英语写作基础教程(chapter 3)01
and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd,
but it is convenient. #
.
Assignments
Reading:
pp 41-45
Exercises:
pp 49-54 ▪ Exercise 1: Chronological order ▪ Exercise 2: Process ▪ Exercise 3: Space
(ways of developing paragraphs)
Development by Time
In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time; earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.
An effective paragraph
❖ 3 features of an effective paragraph: 1. A paragraph should have one, and only
one, central idea. 2. The main idea is generally expressed in
Example:
In the old days, train travel was not much fun. Back in the 1830’s, passenger coaches on western and southern roads looked like cabins on wheels. Until late in the 1840’s, passengers who wanted heat bought heated bricks from boys at the stations. There were no sleeping cars, either, until 1859, when George R. Pullman remodeled two day coaches into sleeping cars, to run from Chicago to Bloomington, Illinois. They were lighted by candles and heated by wood-burning stoves. Passengers near the stoves were too hot, and those far away were too cold. Even years later, after trains had better heating systems, passengers were often most uncomfortable. Open windows let in showers of soot and cinders; and closed windows meant stifling temperatures. Travelers reached their destinations in those days sooty, jostled, and travel-worn. #
理论力学B第三章刚体系
FAy
A
FAx
F2 F 3
D
思考题: 思考题:确定图示结构的静定性
(1) O B (3) O B C A C D A D (2) E O B (4) E O B C A C D A D
E
E
未知量个数 = 独立平衡方程的个数
第三章 刚体系与结构的平衡
Chapter3 Equilibrium of Rigid Body System and Structures
§3-1、刚体系的平衡
刚体系:若干个刚体用约束连接起来的系统 刚体系 若干个刚体用约束连接起来的系统
一、刚化原理
(principle of rigidization) 变形体在某一力系作用 下处于平衡, 下处于平衡,若将变形 后的变形体换成刚体, 后的变形体换成刚体, 则平衡状态不变 。
2. 简单平面桁架 (无多余杆桁架) 无多余杆桁架)
有多余杆桁架
二、平面桁架内力的计算
1. 节点法
FAy
a
1 2
a P C 4 E
3 5 6 7
a
8
a F 10
9 11
F 10
FB
FB
B
A a
FAx
B
F 11 F 8
F F′ 10
D
G
求外约束力: 求外约束力: 取整体为研究对象
F 9
F 7
F′ 11
FAy
MA
B
FBy
FAx a
FBy
B
FBx
F
60
0
∑ Fx = 0 ∑ Fy = 0 M =0 ∑ A
为研究对象, 选BC为研究对象,画受力图 为研究对象
国际金融英文版习题Chapter-3(1)
INTERNATIONAL FINANCEAssignment Problems (3) Name: Student#: I. Choose the correct answer for the following questions (only ONE correct answer) (2 credits for each question, total credits 2 x 25 = 50)1. Interbank quotations that include the United States dollars are conventionally given in __________, which state the foreign currency price of one U.S. dollar, such as a bid price of SFr 0.85/$.A. indirect quoteB. direct quoteC. American quoteD. European quote2. The spot exchange rate published in financial newspapers is usually the __________.A. nominal exchange rateB. real exchange rateC. effective exchange rateD. equilibrium exchange rate3. The foreign exchange refers to the __________.A. foreign bank notes and coinsB. demand deposits in foreign banksC. foreign securities that can be easily cashedD. all of the above4. The functions of the foreign exchange market come down to __________.A. converting the currency of one country into the currency of anotherB. providing some insurance against the foreign exchange riskC. making the foreign exchange speculation easyD. Only A and B are true.5. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the foreign exchange market?A. It is the place through which people exchange one currency for another.B. The exchange rate nowadays is mainly determined by the market forces.C. Most foreign exchange transactions are physically completed in this market.D. All of the above are true.6. The world largest foreign exchange markets are __________ respectively.A. London, New York and TokyoB. London, Paris and FrankfurtC. London, Hong Kong and SingaporeD. London, Zurich and Bahrain7. The foreign exchange market is NOT efficient because __________.A. monetary authorities dominate the foreign exchange market and everybody knows that by definition, central banks are inefficientB. commercial banks and other participants of the market do not compete with one another due to the fact that transaction takes place around the world and not in a single centralized locationC. foreign exchange dealers have different prices such as bid and ask pricesD. None of the reasons listed are correct because the foreign exchange market is an efficient market8. __________ earn a profit by a bid-ask spread on currencies they buy and sell. __________ on the other hand, earn a profit by bringing together buyers and sellers of foreign exchanges and earning a commission on each sale and purchase.A. Foreign exchange brokers; foreign exchange dealersB. Foreign exchange dealers; foreign exchange brokersC. arbitragers; speculatorsD. commercial banks; central banks9. Most foreign exchange transactions are through the U.S. dollars. If the transaction is expressed as the currencies per dollar, this is known as __________ whereas __________ are expressed as dollars per currency.A. direct quote; indirect quoteB. indirect quote; direct quoteC. European quote; American quoteD. American quote, European quote10. From the viewpoint of a Japanese investor, which of the following would be a direct quote?A. SFr 1.25/€B. $1.55/₤C. ¥ 110/€D. €0.0091/ ¥11. Which of the following is true about the foreign exchange market?A. It is a global network of banks, brokers, and foreign exchange dealers connected by electronic communications system.B. The foreign exchange market is usually located in a particular place.C. The foreign exchange rates are usually determined by the related monetary authorities.D. The main participants in this market are currency speculators from different countries.12. The extent to which the income from individual transactions is affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange values is considered to be _________.A. Translation exposureB. economic exposureC. transaction exposureD. accounting exposure13. Which of the following exchange rates is adjusted for price changes?A. nominal exchange rateB. real exchange rateC. effective exchange rateD. equilibrium exchange rate14. Suppose the exchange rate of the RMB versus U.S. dollar is ¥6.8523/$ now. If the RMB were to undergo a 10% depreciation, the new exchange rate in terms of ¥/$ would be:A. 6.1671B. 7.5375C. 6.9238D. 7.613515. At least in a U.S. MNC’s financial accounting statement, if the value of the euro depreciates rapidly against that of the dollar over a year, this would reduce the dollar value of the euro profit made by the European subsidiary. This is a typical __________.A. transaction exposureB. translation exposureC. economic exposureD. operating exposure16. A Japanese-based firm expects to receive pound-payment in 6 months. The company has a (an) __________.A. economic exposureB. accounting exposureC. long position in sterlingD. short position in sterling17 The exposure to foreign exchange risk known as Translation Exposure may be defined as __________.A. change in reported owner’s equity in consolidated financial statements caused by a change in exchange ratesB. the impact of settling outstanding obligations entered into before change in exchange rates but to be settled after change in exchange ratesC. the change in expected future cash flows arising from an unexpected change in exchange ratesD. All of the above18 When a firm deals with foreign trade or investment, it usually has foreign exchange risk exposure. So if an American firm expects to receive a dollar-paymentfrom a Chinese company in the next 30 days, the U.S. firm has the possible __________.A. economic exposureB. transaction exposureC. translation exposureD. none of the above19. In order to avoid the possible loss because of the exchange rate fluctuations, a firm that has a __________ position in foreign exchanges can __________ that position in the forward market.A. short; sellB. long; sellC. long; buyD. none of the above20. A forward contract to deliver Japanese yens for Swiss francs could be described either as __________ or __________,A. selling yens forward; buying francs forwardB. buying francs forward; buying yens forwardC. selling yens forward; selling francs forwardD. selling francs forward; buying yens forward21. Dollars are trading at S0SFr/$=SFr0.7465/$ in the spot market. The 90-day forward rate is F1SFr/$=SFr0.7432/$. So the forward __________ on the dollar in basis points is __________:A. discount, 0.0033B. discount, 33C. premium, 0.0033D. premium, 3322. If the spot rate is $1.35/€, 3-month forward rate is $1.36/€, which of the following is NOT true?A. euro is at forward premium by 100 points.B. dollar is at forward discount by 100 points.C. dollar is at forward discount by 55 points.D. euro is at forward premium by 2.96% p.a.23. If the spot C$/$ rate is 1.0305/15, forward dollar is 25/30 premium, the outright forward quote in American term should be __________.A. 1.0330 – 1.0345B. 1.0280 – 1.0285C. 0.9681 – 0.9667D. 0.9728 – 0.972324. If the spot C$/$ rate is 1.0305/15, forward dollar is 25/30 premium, the $/C$ forward quote in terms of points should be __________.A. 30/25B. 25/30C. – (23/28)D. – (28/23)25. The current U.S. dollar exchange rate is ¥85/$. If the 90-day forward dollar rate is ¥90/$, then the yen is selling at a per annum __________ of __________.A. premium; 5.88%B. discount; 5.56%C. premium; 23.52%D. discount; 22.23%II. ProblemsQuestions 1 through 10 are based on the information presented in Table 3.1. (2 credits for each question, total credits 2 x 10 = 20)Table 3.1Country Exchange rate Exchange rate CPI V olume of Volume of (2008) (2009) (2008) exports to U.S imports from U.S. Germany €0.75/$ €0.70/$ 102.5 $200m $350m Mexico Mex$11.8/$ Mex$12.20/$ 110.5 $120m $240mU.S. 105.31. The real exchange rate of the dollar against the euro in 2009 was __________.2. The real exchange rate of the dollar against the peso in 2009 was __________.3. The dollar was __________ against the euro in nominal term by __________.A. appreciated; 6.67%B. depreciated; 6.67%C. appreciated; 7.14%D depreciated; 7.14%4. The Mexican peso was __________ against the dollar in nominal term by __________.A. appreciated; 3.39%B. depreciated; 3.39%C. appreciated; 3.28%D. depreciated; 3.28%5. The volume of the German foreign trade with the U.S. was __________.6. The volume of the Mexican foreign trade with the U.S. was __________.7. Assume the U.S. trades only with the Germany and Mexico. Now if we want to calculate the dollar effective exchange rate in 2009 against a basket of currencies of euro and Mexican peso, the weight assigned to the euro should be __________.8. The weight assigned to the peso should be __________.9. Assume the 2008 is the base year. The dollar effective exchange rate in 2009 was __________.10. Was the dollar generally stronger or weaker in 2009 according to your calculation?11. The following exchange rates are available to you.Fuji Bank ¥80.00/$United Bank of Switzerland SFr0.8900/$Deutsche Bank ¥95.00/SFrAssume you have an initial SFr10 million. Can you make a profit via triangular arbitrage? If so, show steps and calculate the amount of profit in Swiss francs. (8 credits)12. If the dollar appreciates 1000% against the ruble, by what percentage does the ruble depreciate against the dollar? (5 credits)13. As a percentage of an arbitrary starting amount, about how large would transactions costs have to be to make arbitrage between the exchange rates S SFr/$= SFr1.7223/$, S$/¥= $0.009711/¥, and S¥/SFr = ¥61.740/SFr unprofitable? Explain. (7 credits14. You are given the following exchange rates:S¥/A$ = 67.05 – 68.75S£/A$ = 0.3590 – 0.3670Calculate the bid and ask rate of S¥/£: (5 credits)15. Suppose the spot quotation on the Swiss franc (CHF) in New York is USD0.9442 –52 and the spot quotation on the Euro (EUR) is USD1.3460 –68. Compute the percentage bid-ask spreads on the CHF/EUR quote. ( 5 credits)Answers to Assignment Problems (3)Part II1. 0.70 x (105.3/102.5) = 0.7 x 1.0273 = 0.71912. 12.2 x (105.3/110.5) = 12.2 x .9529 = 11.62593. B (0.7 /.75) – 1 = -6.67%4. D (1/12.2)/(1/11.8) – 1 = -3.28%5. 5506. 3607. 550/910 = 60.44%8. 360/910 = 39.569. (0.70/0.75)(60.44%) + (12.2/11.8)(39.56%) = .5641 + 0.4090 = .9731 = 97.31%10. weaker, because dollar depreciated by 2.69%.11. Since S¥/$S$/SFr S SFr/¥= 80 x 1/0.8900 x 1/95.00 = 0.946186 < 1, there is an arbitrage opportunity.Steps:①Buy ¥ from Deutsche Bank, SFr10 million x 95.00 = ¥950 million②Buy $from Fuji Bank, $950 m / 80.00 = $11.875 m③Buy SFr from UBS, $11.875 x 0.8900 = SFr10.56875 mProfit (ignoring transaction fees):SFr10.56875 – SFr10 = 0.56875 million = 568,75012. (x – 1) = 1000%; 1/11 – 1 = 90.9%13. S SFr/$ S$/¥S¥/SFr = SFr1.7223/$ x $0.009711/¥ x ¥61.740/SFr = 1.0326If transaction costs exceed $0.0326 (3.26%), the arbitrage is unprofitable.14. Given: S¥/A$ = 67.05 – 68.75S£/A$ = 0.3590 – 0.3670So, S¥/₤ = 67.05/0.3670 = 182.70 (bid)S£/₤ = 68.75/0.3590 = 191.50 (ask)15. Given: USD0.9442 – 52/SFrUSD1.3460 – 68/SFrSo, S SRr/€ = 1.3460/0.9452 =1.424 (bid)S SFr/€ = 1.3468/0.9442 = 1.4264 (ask)。
chapter-3-1(材料科学基础)
• 相:合金中具有同一聚集状态、同一结构和性质的均匀组成 部分。 • 大多数合金的组元在液态下能相互溶解,成为均匀的液体, 因此只具有一个液相。 • 在凝固以后,由于各组元之间相互作用不同,在固态合金中 可能会出现不同的相结构。 • 根据合金中元素之间相互作用的不同,合金中的相基本上可 以分为两类:固溶体和金属间化合物。 固溶体:solid solution 置换式: 间隙式:
硬度和强度低,但塑性和韧性好。 奥氏体 (A: austenite): 碳溶解在-铁中的间隙固溶体, -铁是面心立 方结构,碳在-铁中的溶解度比在-铁中大,C%2.11%(1148℃) 塑性和可锻性好。 渗碳体(cementite):铁和碳以稳定化合物形态Fe3C出现的碳化铁,含 碳量为6.67%,晶体结构很复杂。熔点高,硬度高,塑性和冲击韧性 几乎为零,脆性极大。
(2)
(3)
(4)
马氏体 (Martensite):钢和铁从高温奥氏体状态急冷 (淬火),得到碳在铁中的过饱和固溶体,称为马氏 体。马氏体和奥氏体具有同样的化学成分。在马氏体转 变过程中,只发生铁的晶格重构,由面心立方晶格变成 体心立方晶格。马氏体是非平衡组织,具有很高的硬度 和强度。
(5) 珠光体 (P: pearlitic) 铁素体和渗碳体二者组成的机械 混合物; (6) 莱氏体(Le):奥氏体和渗碳体的共晶混合物(机械混 合物);
补充:
吸热合金Ni-Cu 放热合金Pd-Ag 通过测定Ni和Pd在形成合金前后的d带空穴数,可以推测 这两种合金不同的结构方式:前者以Ni-Ni和Cu-Cu为主,Ni 的d带空穴数没明显变化;后者以Pd-Ag为主,Pd的d带空穴 数有很大变化。 电子化合物一般具有很高的熔点和硬度,并有导电性
Interstitial compound C 间隙化合物:
《金银岛》Chapter1-3,并用中文概括大意
《金银岛》Chapter1-3,并用中文概括大意《金银岛》是英国作家查尔斯·路易斯·道奇森创作的一部以冒险为主题的小说。
故事发生在十八世纪初,主人公吉姆是个爱冒险的孩子,他和伙伴巴伯要到海上去寻找黄金,可船在海上遇难,被漂到一座荒岛上。
他们发现这座岛的主人叫弗林特,正准备结婚。
他手下有两个武士,整天想着谋害他们。
经过交涉,双方约定各自派出武士进行比赛。
比赛时,巴伯利用诡计打败对手,夺得冠军,但他却失去了朋友和黄金。
吉姆也不甘示弱,施巧计又打败了另外两名武士,拿回了黄金,并且救回了自己的好朋友巴伯。
“这次,我们只剩下最后三件事:第一,抢回那批珠宝;第二,解决那两个阴险狡诈的武士;第三,回到文明社会。
”道奇森向读者介绍了他所构思的这个离奇、惊险而动人心魄的冒险故事。
路易斯是19世纪中叶英国著名的冒险小说家,他以他独具匠心的艺术手法,写出了这本脍炙人口的《金银岛》,让读者百看不厌,久诵不衰,成为风靡全球的儿童文学名著之一。
路易斯虽然还未能登上大雅之堂,但由于他多才多艺,兴趣广泛,成果累累,其声誉早已远播四方。
路易斯14岁开始在杂志上发表文章,30岁左右便出版了他的第一本书。
此后20年间,陆续写出了几十种长短不同的儿童读物。
当时伦敦书商争相出售路易斯的新书,其受欢迎程度令人吃惊。
他不仅写儿童读物,而且还从事政论、历史、传记等方面的写作,甚至还为他的朋友们代笔写信。
凡此种种,都充分显示了路易斯渊博的知识及丰富的创作才华。
路易斯于1879年逝世,终年62岁。
我们的探险就此展开了!到了夜晚,女巫出来了,男爵他们便趁机溜走了。
第二天晚上,一切平安无事,孩子们高高兴兴地睡觉了。
半夜里,吉姆忽然听见有人喊他,醒来一看原来是爸爸!父亲嘱咐吉姆把昨晚梦见黄金的事告诉大家,吉姆怕招惹麻烦,没敢讲真话。
这时候,金子又钻入吉姆的耳朵,逼迫他把实情告诉了大家……这些都太神秘了,简直像魔幻一样,有点不真实。
“可能就是这么回事吧?总是有一丝希望的嘛!吉姆鼓励大家勇往直前,克服困难,一定要找到黄金。
chapter3(第一课)
Lesson 5 General Enquiry & Reply 1
Specimen Letter 1 An Enquiry for Sports Shoes
Lesson 5 General Enquiry & Reply 1
At present, we are particularly interested in sports shoes. We would appreciate it if you could send us your 2015 catalogue of sports shoes in various colors, sizes and styles. Please advise us the details of your terms of payment and any special discount you are offering. And also we shall be grateful if you would send us some sample cuttings of the vamp material for our reference.
Introduction and Writing Skill
3. Indicate terms of payment, shipment, packing, quantity ,etc. Example: Terms of payment: L/C at sight.
Shipment: During September and October. 4. State validity of the offer. Example: This offer is valid for a week from today.
Chapter 3-1(week 3-1)解
Chapter 3-1一. 选择题:1. 在1:100万航图上,10cm相当于地面长( A )A. 100kmB. 10kmC. 1km2. 地图比例尺有哪三种表示形式?( B )A. 数字、文字、分式B. 数字、文字、图解C. 数字、分式、图解3. 地图存在的三种失真是( C )A. 角度、长度、体积B. 角度、面积、体积C. 角度、长度、面积4. Lambert conformal conic projection charts are the charts without the distortion of( A ).A. angleB. distanceC. area5. 没有距离失真的航图叫做( A )A. 等距投影图B. 等角投影图C. 等积投影图6. On Lambert chars, can a straight line be flown without changing heading at regular intervals?( B )A. YesB. NoC. I don’t know.7. 墨卡托投影图属于( B )A. 等距投影图B. 等角投影图C. 等积投影图8. 世界航图的比例尺是( C )A. 1:10万B. 1:50万C. 1:100万二. 填空题:1. 地图三要素指的是地图比例尺、地图投影、地图符号。
2. 某跑道长2km,画到1:10万地图上的长度是2cm 。
3. 1:100万世界航图不存在角度失真。
4. The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is used widely for the production of WAC.5. WAC stands for World Aeronautical Chart .WCA stands for Wind Correction Angle .6. On Lambert Charts, a straight line drawn between any two points represent a great circle ,while on Mercator Charts, it represents a rhumb line .三. 问答题:1. 请简述兰伯特投影的特点。
Chapter 3-1 矩阵的初等变换
x1 x2
x3 x3
4, 3,
x4 3,
其中x3可取任意值 ,或令x3 c,方程组的解可记作
x1 c 4
x
x2 x3 x4
c3 c 3
,
1 4
即
x
c
对矩阵 ( A , E ) 作一系列的初等行变换,将其左半
部分化为单位矩阵 E ,这时其右半部分就是 A-1.
即
初等行变换 (A,E)
(E , A-1 ).
例1
设
2 A 1
1 1
1 2
的行最简形矩阵为
F,
4 6 2
求 F,并求一个可逆矩阵 P,使 PA = F .
1 0
0 0
0 0
结论:任何非零矩阵都可经过初等变换化为标准形矩阵.
对于任何矩阵 Amn, 总可经过初等变换 (行变换和 列变换)把它化为标准形
F
Er 0
0 0
,
此标准形由 m,n,r 三个数完全确定, 其中 r 就是行阶梯形
矩阵中非零行的行数.
从上面的例子可见, 任何矩阵经单纯的初等行 变换必能化为行阶梯形矩阵和行最简形矩阵, 但 不一定能化成标准形矩阵, 如果再使用初等列变 换, 则一定能化成标准形矩阵. 将矩阵化为行阶梯 形矩阵的方法不是唯一的, 所得结果也不唯一. 但 一个矩阵的标准形是唯一的, 这反映了矩阵的另 一个属性, 即矩阵的秩的概念.
Chapter 3-1 矩阵的初等变换
Chapter 3-1 矩阵的初等变换
第一节 矩阵的初等变换
八年级英语上册 Chapter 1—Chapter 3重难点复习 上海牛津版
Chapter 1 A letter from a pen-friend —Chapter 3 Dealing withtrouble一. 教学内容:Revision: From Chapter One to Chapter Three二. 重难点词汇:1. be keen on 喜爱=like doing sth.e.g.: He is keen on playing football. =He like playing football.2. be similar to 与……相似,其反义词:be different from 与……不同e.g.: Tom is similar to other students.3. be responsible for 对……负责e.g.: The man is responsible for sales.4. fail an exam 考试不及格,与fail有关的词组有:fail to do sth. =f ail in doing sth. 做某事失败5. continue doing sth. 继续做某事=go on doing sth.6. shout at 对着……喊(不友善的)shout to 对……大喊(没有不友好的)7. stare at盯着看:look at sth. with interest8. steal sth. from sb. 从某人那里偷到什么,容易与它混淆的:rob sb. of sth. 从某人那里抢来什么东西。
rob(v. )抢劫--- robber (n. )抢劫犯---robbery (n. )抢劫案9. be afraid of sth. 害怕……与此相关的词组:be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事be afraid to do sth. 担心做某事这两个词组有时可以相等,但是有时不能替换。
Chapter 3_1
Chapter 3TOM presented himself before Aunt polly, who was sitting by an open window in a pleasant rearward apartment, which was bedroom, breakfast-room, dining-room, and library, combined. The balmy summer air, the restful quiet, the odor of the flowers, and the drowsing murmur of the bees had had their effect, and she was nodding over her knitting -- for she had no company but the cat, and it was asleep in her lap. Her spectacles were propped up on her gray head for safety. She had thought that of course Tom had deserted long ago, and she wondered at seeing him place himself in her power again in this intrepid way. He said: "Mayn't I go and play now, aunt?""What, a'ready? How much have you done?""It's all done, aunt.""Tom, don't lie to me -- I can't bear it.""I ain't, aunt; it is all done."Aunt polly placed small trust in such evidence. She went out to see for herself; and she would have been content to find twenty per cent. of Tom's statement true. When she found the entire fence whitewashed, and not only whitewashed but elaborately coated and recoated, and even a streak added to the ground, her astonishment was almost unspeakable. She said: "Well, I never! There's no getting round it, you can work when you're a mind to, Tom." And then she diluted the compliment by adding, "But it's powerful seldom you're a mind to, I'm bound to say. Well, go 'long and play; but mind you get back some time in a week, or I'll tan you."She was so overcome by the splendor of his achievement that she took him into the closet and selected a choice apple anddelivered it to him, along with an improving lecture upon the added value and flavor a treat took to itself when it came without sin through virtuous effort. And while she closed with a happy Scriptural flourish, he "hooked" a doughnut.Then he skipped out, and saw Sid just starting up the outside stairway that led to the back rooms on the second floor. Clods were handy and the air was full of them in a twinkling. They raged around Sid like a hail-storm; and before Aunt polly could collect her surprised faculties and sally to the rescue, six or seven clods had taken personal effect, and Tom was over the fence and gone. There was a gate, but as a general thing he was too crowded for time to make use of it. His soul was at peace, now that he had settled with Sid for calling attention to his black thread and getting him into trouble.Tom skirted the block, and came round into a muddy alleythat led by the back of his aunt's cow-stable. He presently got safely beyond the reach of capture and punishment, and hastened toward the public square of the village, where two "military" companies of boys had met for conflict, according to previous appointment. Tom was General of one of these armies, Joe Harper (a bosom friend) General of the other. These two great commanders did not condescend to fight in person -- that being better suited to the still smaller fry -- but sat together on an eminence and conducted the field operations by orders delivered through aides-de-camp. Tom's army won a great victory, after a long and hard-fought battle. Then the dead were counted, prisoners exchanged, the terms of the next disagreement agreed upon, and the day for the necessary battle appointed; after which the armies fell into line and marched away, and Tom turned homeward alone.As he was passing by the house where Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new girl in the garden -- a lovely little blue-eyed creature with yellow hair plaited into two long-tails, white summer frock and embroidered pantalettes. The fresh-crowned hero fell without firing a shot. A certain Amy Lawrence vanished out of his heart and left not even a memory of herself behind. He had thought he loved her to distraction; he had regarded his passion as adoration; and behold it was only a poor little evanescent partiality. He had been months winning her; she had confessed hardly a week ago; he had been the happiest and the proudest boy in the world only seven short days, and here in one instant of time she had gone out of his heart like a casual stranger whose visit is done.He worshipped this new angel with furtive eye, till he saw that she had discovered him; then he pretended he did not knowshe was present, and began to "show off" in all sorts of absurd boyish ways, in order to win her admiration. He kept up this grotesque foolishness for some time; but by-and-by, while he was in the midst of some dangerous gymnastic performances, he glanced aside and saw that the little girl was wending her way toward the house. Tom came up to the fence and leaned on it, grieving, and hoping she would tarry yet awhile longer. She halted a moment on the steps and then moved toward the door. Tom heaved a great sigh as she put her foot on the threshold. But his face lit up, right away, for she tossed a pansy over the fence a moment before she disappeared.The boy ran around and stopped within a foot or two of the flower, and then shaded his eyes with his hand and began to look down street as if he had discovered something of interest going on in that direction. presently he picked up a straw and begantrying to balance it on his nose, with his head tilted far back; and as he moved from side to side, in his efforts, he edged nearer and nearer toward the pansy; finally his bare foot rested upon it, his pliant toes closed upon it, and he hopped away with the treasure and disappeared round the corner. But only for a minute -- only while he could button the flower inside his jacket, next his heart -- or next his stomach, possibly, for he was not much posted in anatomy, and not hypercritical, anyway. He returned, now, and hung about the fence till nightfall, "showing off," as before; but the girl never exhibited herself again, though Tom comforted himself a little with the hope that she had been near some window, meantime, and been aware of his attentions. Finally he strode home reluctantly, with his poor head full of visions.All through supper his spirits were so high that his auntwondered "what had got into the child." He took a good scolding about clodding Sid, and did not seem to mind it in the least. He tried to steal sugar under his aunt's very nose, and got his knuckles rapped for it. He said:"Aunt, you don't whack Sid when he takes it.""Well, Sid don't torment a body the way you do. You'd be always into that sugar if I warn't watching you."presently she stepped into the kitchen, and Sid, happy in his immunity, reached for the sugar-bowl -- a sort of glorying over Tom which was wellnigh unbearable. But Sid's fingers slipped and the bowl dropped and broke. Tom was in ecstasies. In such ecstasies that he even controlled his tongue and was silent. He said to himself that he would not speak a word, even when his aunt came in, but would sit perfectly still till she asked who did the mischief; and then he would tell, and therewould be nothing so good in the world as to see that pet model "catch it." He was so brimful of exultation that he could hardly hold himself when the old lady came back and stood above the wreck discharging lightnings of wrath from over her spectacles. He said to himself, "Now it's coming!" And the next instant he was sprawling on the floor! The potent palm was uplifted to strike again when Tom cried out:"Hold on, now, what 'er you belting me for? -- Sid broke it!"Aunt polly paused, perplexed, and Tom looked for healing pity. But when she got her tongue again, she only said:"Umf! Well, you didn't get a lick amiss, I reckon. You been into some other audacious mischief when I wasn't around, like enough."Then her conscience reproached her, and she yearned to saysomething kind and loving; but she judged that this would be construed into a confession that she had been in the wrong, and discipline forbade that. So she kept silence, and went about her affairs with a troubled heart. Tom sulked in a corner and exalted his woes. He knew that in her heart his aunt was on her knees to him, and he was morosely gratified by the consciousness of it. He would hang out no signals, he would take notice of none. He knew that a yearning glance fell upon him, now and then, through a film of tears, but he refused recognition of it. He pictured himself lying sick unto death and his aunt bending over him beseeching one little forgiving word, but he would turn his face to the wall, and die with that word unsaid. Ah, how would she feel then? And he pictured himself brought home from the river, dead, with his curls all wet, and his sore heart at rest. How she would throw herself upon him, and how her tears wouldfall like rain, and her lips pray God to give her back her boy and she would never, never abuse him any more! But he would lie there cold and white and make no sign -- a poor little sufferer, whose griefs were at an end. He so worked upon his feelings with the pathos of these dreams, that he had to keep swallowing, he was so like to choke; and his eyes swam in a blur of water, which overflowed when he winked, and ran down and trickled from the end of his nose. And such a luxury to him was this petting of his sorrows, that he could not bear to have any worldly cheeriness or any grating delight intrude upon it; it was too sacred for such contact; and so, presently, when his cousin Mary danced in, all alive with the joy of seeing home again after an age-long visit of one week to the country, he got up and moved in clouds and darkness out at one door as she brought song and sunshine in at the other.He wandered far from the accustomed haunts of boys, and sought desolate places that were in harmony with his spirit.A log raft in the river invited him, and he seated himself on its outer edge and contemplated the dreary vastness of the stream, wishing, the while, that he could only be drowned, all at once and unconsciously, without undergoing the uncomfortable routine devised by nature. Then he thought of his flower. He got it out, rumpled and wilted, and it mightily increased his dismal felicity. He wondered if she would pity him if she knew? Would she cry, and wish that she had a right to put her arms around his neck and comfort him? Or would she turn coldly away like all the hollow world? This picture brought such an agony of pleasurable suffering that he worked it over and over again in his mind and set it up in new and varied lights, till he wore it threadbare. At last he rose up sighing anddeparted in the darkness.About half-past nine or ten o'clock he came along the deserted street to where the Adored Unknown lived; he paused a moment; no sound fell upon his listening ear; a candle was casting a dull glow upon the curtain of a second-story window. Was the sacred presence there? He climbed the fence, threaded his stealthy way through the plants, till he stood under that window; he looked up at it long, and with emotion; then he laid him down on the ground under it, disposing himself upon his back, with his hands clasped upon his breast and holding his poor wilted flower. And thus he would die -- out in the cold world, with no shelter over his homeless head, no friendly hand to wipe the death-damps from his brow, no loving face to bend pityingly over him when the great agony came. And thus she would see him when she looked out upon the glad morning, and oh! would shedrop one little tear upon his poor, lifeless form, would she heave one little sigh to see a bright young life so rudely blighted, so untimely cut down?The window went up, a maid-servant's discordant voice profaned the holy calm, and a deluge of water drenched the prone martyr's remains!The strangling hero sprang up with a relieving snort. There was a whiz as of a missile in the air, mingled with the murmur of a curse, a sound as of shivering glass followed, and a small, vague form went over the fence and shot away in the gloom. Not long after, as Tom, all undressed for bed, was surveying his drenched garments by the light of a tallow dip, Sid woke up; but if he had any dim idea of making any "references to allusions," he thought better of it and held his peace, for there was danger in Tom's eye.Tom turned in without the added vexation of prayers, and Sid made mental note of the omission.。
chapter3_特殊函数及其应用_1
nm
X n ( x)Ynm ( y ),
其中,系数
C nm
0
b
a
0
f ( x, y )X n ( x)Ynm ( y ) ( x) ( x) dxdy X n ( x) Ynm ( y )
2 2
.
二阶线性常微分方程的解析理论: 在复数域下考虑问题。以复数 z 为自变量,w w( z ) 为未知函数,二阶线性常微分方程的 标准形式为
b 0
{ X n ( x)Ynm ( y ) , n, m 1,2, }
f ( x, y ) L2 [0, a] [0, b] f ( x, y )
a
0
f ( x, y ) ( x) ( x)dxdy
2
,有
f ( x, y )
C
n , m 1
Legendre
方程的由来知x cos , x 1 。因而可以试图先求 x 1 的域内的解析解,再从其中寻找出在
x 1 处有界的解。
在 x 1 内求解析解的话,可设 y ( x) an x n 。代入 Legendre 方程得
n0
{(n 1)(n 2)a
w( z ) p ( z ) w( z ) q ( z ) w( z ) 0
(1)
其中, p( z ), q( z ) 是已知函数。利用复变函数方法研究,可得以下结论:
(1)若 z0 是 p( z ), q ( z ) 的解析点,则称 z0 是方程(1)的常点。在常点附近,有柯西定理: 定理 1(柯西(Cauchy) )设 p( z ), q ( z ) 在 z z0 R 内解析,则初值问题
Chapter 3 Unit 1-Liaison Interpreting
B: Excellent! What about visits to Shanghai Free Trade Zone? A: 根据您的要求,我们把您访问中国(上海)自由贸易试验区的时间安排在后
天上午。届时您可以有充足的时间了解洽谈。而您的回城飞机正好在后天晚上, 到时候我们直接把您送到机场。
9
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
INTERPRETING PRACTICE
场景一:机场迎宾 Greetings at the Airport A: 先生,请问您是从西雅图来的琼斯先生吗?
B: Yes, I am David Jones from Seattle, U.S.A.. If I'm not mistaken, you must be Miss Zhou from Datong Group.
BUSINESS ENGLISH INTERPRETING 商务英语口译
朱佩芬 周媛
CHAPTER THREE
UNIT ONE
Liaison Interpreting
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After learning this chapter, students should be able to: know different categories of liaison interpreting know the requirements for interpreters be familiar with key words and phrases do liaison interpreting
小王子chapter1-3
Previous Story有一些人,世俗是关不住的,因为他们用心在看世界。
凭借一本《小王子》,安东尼•德•圣埃克佩苏里上了50元面值的法郎,因为它的全球阅读率仅次于《圣经》。
一个热爱飞翔的人,用一颗大人的童心勾勒出法国、乃至世界文学史上的著名形象——系着围巾的小王子。
《小王子》是一个哲理童话,但它与说教无关。
在一个许多人认为“上帝已死”的时代,《小王子》试图用爱和责任作为世界的出路。
如果你是一个孩子,愿你感受到爱意满满的世界。
如果你已长大成人,愿你学会如何肩负一种责任。
接下来的20天,我们一起用心看这一本被无数人喜爱的《小王子》。
Chapter 1Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent (壮观的) picture in a book, called True Stories from Nature, about the primeval (原始的) forest.It was a picture of a boa (巨蟒) constrictor in the act of swallowing (吞咽) an animal. Here is a copy of the drawing.In the book it said: “Boa (巨蟒) constrictors swallow (吞咽) their prey (猎物) whole, without chewing (咀嚼) it.After that they are not able to move, and they sleep through the six months that they n eed for digestion (消化) .”图片I pondered (思索) deeply, then, over the adventures (冒险) of the jungle (丛林) .And after some work with a colored pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing. My Drawing Number One. It looked like this:图片I showed my masterpiece (杰作) to the grown-ups, and asked them whether the drawing frightened (惊吓) them. But they answered: “Frighten (惊吓) ? Why should anyone be frightened (惊吓) by a hat?”My drawing was not a picture of a hat.It was a picture of a boa (巨蟒) constrictor digesting (消化) an elephant.But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it,I made another drawing: I drew the inside of the boa (巨蟒) constrictor, so that the grown-ups could see it clearly.They always need to have things explained.My Drawing Number Two looked like this:The grown-ups’ response (反应) , this time, was to advise me to lay aside (在...旁边) my drawings of boa (巨蟒) constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside, and devote (致力于) myself instead to geography, history, arithmetic (算术) and grammar.That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what might have been a magnificent (伟大的) career as a painter.I had been disheartened (沮丧的) by the failure of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing Number Two.Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children t o be always and forever (永远) explaining things to them.So then I chose another profession (职业) , and learned to pilot airplanes (飞机) .I have flown a little over all parts of the world; and it is true that geography has been very useful to me.At a glance (一瞥) I can distinguish (区分) China from Arizona. If one gets lost in the night, such knowledge is valuable.In the course of this life I have had a great many encounters (邂逅) with a great many people who have been concerned with matters of consequence (重要) .I have lived a great deal among grown-ups. I have seen them intimately (熟悉地) , close at hand.And that hasn’t much improved (提高) my opinion of them.Whenever I met one of them who seemed to me at all clear-sighted,I tried the experiment (试验) of showing him my Drawing Number One, which I have always kept.I would try to find out, so, if this was a person of true understanding.But, whoever it was, he, or she, would always say:“That is a hat.”Then I would never talk to that person about boa (巨蟒) constrictors, or primeval (原始的) forests, or stars.I would bring myself down to his level.I would talk to him about bridge, and golf (高尔夫球) , and politics, and neckties (领带) .And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible (通晓事理的) man.Little Prince - Chapter 1 知识点总结2016-09-01 百词斩阅读关闭• 9月1日知识点总结•Little Prince - Chapter 1下面是今天讲义的总结,方便大家保存,复习。
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第3 章 小波变换(Wavelet Transform )3.1 几点数学笔记[1]3.1.1 数学符号备注∀:”for all” or “for everyone”, 对于每个∃: “there is a” or “there exists”, 存在: is a member of x X x X ∈a R +∈:属于实数域a R+的元A B ⊂ or A B ⊆:Se , A 包含于B 中,A为B 的子集,即A 中的每个元包含于B 集中.t A is contained in set B A B ∪={}: x x A or x B ∈∈ :一切属于A 或B (包括同时属于A和B 的情形)的元构成的集,称为A 和B 的并。
f: X →R : 设X 是一个非空集,f 是一个法则或对应规律,它使X中的每个元素x 对应一个实数f(x),则称f 是定义在X 上的实值函数 ,也称f 是X 到R 中的一个映射。
X 为定义域,{}():f x x X R ∈⊂称为值域,记为()f X 。
如果X R ⊂,则f 就是一元实函数或单元实函数,如果n (n 维实向量空间),则f 就是n 元实函数,当时,称为多元实函数。
X R ⊂2n ≥{}{}:()|()x P x or x P x :满足性质P 的一切元x 构成的集;如{}2:2x xx +−=0表示满足220x x +−=的一切元x构成的集。
函数的支集是函数定义域的闭子集:即这样一个最小的闭子集或区间[,使得在)(t f ]b a ,[]b a ,之外,函数为零。
)(t f 函数是紧支集:意味着的支撑区)(t f )(t f {})(sup t f p 是紧支集,即,表示支撑区{}[b a t f p ,)(sup ⊂]{})(sup t f p 是有界闭区域的真子集,[为有界闭区域。
[]b a ,]b a ,3.1.2 函数空间[2]这里引进泛函分析中的一些基本概念。
泛函: 函数的变量是另外一个函数。
泛函分析是研究函数空间的数学分支,它源自于变换研究(例如傅里叶变换)及微分积分方程式。
g 线性空间设X 为一非空集合,若在X 中定义了加法和数乘,并满足加法和数乘的结合律和分配律,则称X 为一线性空间。
例 平方可积函数空间。
在()()()22RL R f x f x dx ⎧⎫⎪⎪=<∞⎨⎪⎪⎩⎭∫⎬上做如下定义: 对于任何()f x ,,定义 ()()2g x L R ∈()()()122,,R f g f x g x dx ρ⎡⎤=−⎢⎥⎣⎦∫这时()2L R 称为平方可积函数空间,而且是对实数的加法和数乘构成了线性空间。
g 线性赋范空间定义了元素范数的线性空间。
♥ 范数(norm )We can always define a norm from an inner product by the formula12,defx x x =。
Or ,更详尽地说,对在上[b a ,]p 次可积的函数空间[]⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧∞<∫b a ppdt t f L )(, 上,定义范数(norm)为pba ppdt t f t f 1)()(⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧=∫; Or ,对次可积的数列空间p ⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧∞<∑+∞=1n pnpx l , 定义范数为pn p n x x 11⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧=∑∞+=。
由范数可以导出距离:(),x y y x ρ=−,故,线性赋范空间就是距离空间。
g 巴拿赫空间(Banach Space )设X 为一线性赋范空间,X 中的任何柯西序列(Cauchy存在一个序号,从这个极序号开始的序列中的任意两点之间的距离都小于这个正实数值。
根据上确界公理,柯西序列存在极限点。
无理数,或者说无限不循环小数,是可以用有理数的柯西序列的极限来定义的。
柯西序列(在度量空间中的柯西序列,或者收敛的序列):对于任意正实数值,都存在一个序号,从这个序号开始的序列中的任意两点之间的距离都小于这个正实数值。
根据上确界公理,柯西序列存在极限点。
无理数,或者说无限不循环小数,是可以用有理数的柯西序列的极限来定义的。
sequence ){}i x 都有极限,且极限都在X 内,则称X 为Banach Space 。
Banach Space 实际上是实数或复数域上的完备线性赋范矢量空间。
在现代数学中,泛函分析等于研究巴那赫空间。
最重要的例子是希尔伯特空间,由点积提升为范数。
这是对量子力学数学模型很重要的。
其中重要的研究是巴那赫空间及希尔伯特空间所定义的连续线性算子。
g 度量空间(Metric Space)Metric :A geometric function defined for a coordinate system such that the distance between any two points in that system may be determined from their coordinates.在数学中是指一个集合,并且该集合中的任意元素之间的距离是可定义的。
我们对于现实直观理解的三维欧氏空间是度量空间,其中的欧几里德度量定义两点之间距离为连接这两点的直线的长度。
定义 度量空间M 是一个点集及一个相关距离函数(这里为实数集合)。
对于任意的,该函数必须满足以下条件:♥;♥d(x,y) = 0 当且仅当 x = y;♥d(x,y) = d(y,x) ;♥.g欧几里德空间(Euclidean Space)是对欧几里德所研究的2维和3维空间的一般化,即把欧几里德对于距离以及相关的长度和角度等概念,转换成任意维的坐标系。
欧氏空间是一个的特别的度量空间,它使得我们能够对其的拓扑性质,例如紧性加以研究。
内积空间是对欧氏空间的一般化。
g希尔伯特空间(Hilbert space)是一个完备的内积空间,即定义了元素内积的空间。
它是有限维欧几里得空间向无穷维的推广,也是巴拿赫空间(Banach space)的例子。
描写一个系统的态函数ψ的总体张开一个线性空间,量子力学就是在这个空间里开展活动的。
集合{ψ}不仅是一个一般的线性空间,而且是一个满足平方可积条件和定义了内积的、由复函数构成的线性空间。
在数学上,再加上一些严格规定(如对称性和非负性等)的这样的线性空间,叫做希尔伯特空间。
希尔伯特空间中的每个元素都称为矢量,内积就是矢量的点乘。
3.1.3 基底 (basis )和框架(Frame )研究一个函数空间中的无穷多个元素之间的关系或求其表达式,往往要引入基底和框架的概念。
g基底 basis设是函数空间X 中的一个线性无关的函数序列,若对于任何,都有{()n e x }()g x X ∈()()n n ng x a e x =∑且系数是唯一的,这样称为空间X 的一个基底。
{()n e x }♥ 标准正交基底(an orthonormal basis )若该基底满足()()1, ,,0, n m m n e x e x m n =⎧=⎨≠⎩则称为标准正交基底(an orthonormal basis )。
此时有()()()(),n n ng x g x e x e =∑x 。
这时存在Parseval 等式:n说明标准基底所刻画的信息能量恰好等于2()g x 。
用一个正交基底展开一个函数是数学分析和工程技术应用中的传统做法,但是,正交基底对误差十分敏感,使数值计算不稳定。
引入框架将使基函数中有部分冗余,使基函数之间存在一定的相关性,但可以增加计算的稳定性。
g框架(Frame)设{}n ϕ为希耳伯特空间H 中一个函数序列,对于任何,存在,使得()g x H ∈0A B <≤<∞222,nnA gg B g ϕ≤≤∑则称{}n ϕ为一个框架,,A B 分别为该框架的上界和下界。
If A=B, the frame is said to be tight .可见,这是,由框架所刻画的信息能量并不恰好等于2()g x 。
但是,当A B =并且接近1时,他们是近似相等的。
所以框架可以提供对H 空间的另一种表达方式。
事实上,当A B =时,对于任何,有()g x H ∈22,nng A gϕ=∑由此可以推出n说明: 紧框架一般不是标准正交基,但它可以提供函数一个冗余表示,给出由(),n g x ϕ重构()g x 的一个方法。
例 取H 空间为二维向量空间,现有如下的向量:()1230,1,1,,221,22e e e =⎛⎞=−−⎜⎟⎜⎟⎝⎠⎛⎞=−⎜⎟⎜⎟⎝⎠对于任何向量,有()211,v v v R =∈)23222221213,2n n v e v v v v ==+++=∑说明{}123,,e e e 构成二维向量空间2R 的一个紧框架,这时的框架界32A B ==。
故{}123,,e e e 并不是2R 的正交基。
12001e 2e3e♥ 标准正交基(或规范正交基)若1A B ==时,{}n ϕ就构成H 空间的正交系,再若()1x ϕ=,则{}n ϕ就构成H 的一个标准正交基(或规范正交基)。
事实上,任取{}j n ϕϕ∈,有2222,,jj njj nn jϕϕϕϕϕ≠==+∑∑nϕ显然只能 2,0j n n jϕϕ≠=∑故有,0,j n n ϕϕj =≠。
另外,对于任何,若设()g x H ∈(),0, for any n g x n ϕ=。
这时显然()0g x =。
说明由()()1,n n ng x A g x ϕϕ−=∑表示的系数是唯一的。
故框架{}n ϕ是H 的一个标准正交基。
3.1.4 线性空间与子空间如果线性空间(或称矢量空间)V 有一个有限基底,就称它是一个有限维的空间。
有限维空间的基底的矢量个数称为V 的维数,记做dimV 。
g 线性子空间设S 是域F 上线性空间V 的一个非空子集,若S 对于V 的线性运算也构成线性空间,则称S 为V 的一个线性子空间。
g 子空间的交设S,T 是域F 上线性空间V 的子空间,属于S 又属于T 的V 中的一切矢量所构成的子集成为S 与T 的交(通集),记作。
S T ∩g 子空间的和设S,T 是域F 上线性空间V 的子空间,由能表示成的一切矢量构成的子集称为S 与T 的和(和集),记作( , S αβαβ+∈∈)T () S T S T +∪。
g 子空间的直和设是线性空间V 的子空间,若和k S 12,,...,k S S S 12...S S +++中每个矢量α的分解式()12... 1,2,...,k i i S i k ααααα=+++∈=是唯一的,这个和就称为直和,记作12...k S S S ⊕⊕⊕子空间的直和有以下性质:♥ 和是直和的必要充分条件:12...k S S S +++()12...=0 1,2,...,k i i S i k αααα+++∈=仅当i α全为零矢量时才成立。