200804A
2008年大学英语四级考试AB卷真题及答案（三）
听⼒Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) 25%Section A 5%（10×0.5%）Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are requested to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three month of travel though Europe's had been aboard a couple of times, but I could hardly claim to know my way around the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was limited to a little college French.I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, totally unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up interviews and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable news. I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, thought ran through my mind: you can't learn if you don't try. So I accepted the assignment.There were some bad moments. But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places, without guides or even advanced bookings, confident that somehow I will manage.The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition scary. But ach time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you.I've learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a balloon. And I know I'll go on doing such things. It's not because I'm braver or more daring than others. I'm not, but I'll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can accomplish wonders.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。
2008年TOYOTA自动变速箱配件目录说明书
402A070034311530510520179209211022046500555229337336965975879565ForwardPlanetSun GearV.B.Parts741765992446995777778#1 Sprag036779940030Bushing Kit006Master W/Steels Kit 004Master L/Steels Kit002OHK Kit4032008 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION KIT & COMPONENTS CATALOG©2008 PARKER HANNIFIN CORP . ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDCD964974122564332333972124100144873888665654888584251246594604889894795207263268710268898590184580216661650694867120100039O.Dr. Cover7967122812806996966818950757350752********PinionFE077725290289720716847292076Differential Diff.Parts717G730715O.Dr. Direct Drum9352692693752917862886982008 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION KIT & COMPONENTS CATALOG©2008 PARKER HANNIFIN CORP. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED *Prefix Letter ‘T’ denotes Toledo-Trans Kit (TTK) Brand Transmission Kits*Prefix Letter ‘B’ denotes Bryco Brand Transmission Kits002.............T87002A........Overhaul Kit, A540E 1988-93.....................................................................................................1..........002.............B87002A.......Overhaul Kit, A540E 1988-93.....................................................................................................1..........002.............TF87002A......Overhaul Kit, A540E 1988-93 (Fiber Pan Gasket).....................................................................1..........002.............T87002AB.....Overhaul Kit, A540H (Camry AWD & RAV-4 4x4) 1989-Up......................................................1..........002.............B87002AB.....Overhaul Kit, A540H (Camry AWD & RAV-4 4x4) 1989-Up......................................................1..........002.............T87002B........Overhaul Kit, A541E 1994-Up....................................................................................................1..........002.............TF87002B......Overhaul Kit, A541E 1994-Up (Fiber Pan Gasket).....................................................................1..........002.............B87000B........Overhaul Kit, A541E 1994-Up....................................................................................................1..........004.............B87004A.......Master L/Steels Kit, A540E 1988-5/1991...................................................................................1..........004.............B87004A.......Master L/Steels Kit, A540E 6/1991-1993...................................................................................1..........004.............B87004B........Master L/Steels Kit, A541E 1994-Up..........................................................................................1..........006.............B87006AA.....Master W/Steels Kit, A540E 1988-5/1991..................................................................................1..........006.............B87006AA.....Master W/Steels Kit, A540E 6/1991-1993..................................................................................1..........008.............B87008A.......Super Kit, A540E 1988-91..........................................................................................................1..........E300...........24009T..........Gasket, A540 Oil Pan..................................................................................................................1..........35168-32020 E300...........24018............Gasket, A540 Oil Pan ( Fiber).....................................................................................................1..........(35168-32020) E300...........24009AT........Gasket, A541E Oil Pan 1994-Up.................................................................................................1..........35168-33010 E300...........24018A..........Gasket, A541E Oil Pan 1994-Up (Fiber).....................................................................................1..........(35168-33010) C302...........24097482......Gasket, A540 Top Cover............................................................................................................1..........35153-33010 G304..........24097481......Gasket, A540E/A540H Overdrive Cover (Rear Cover) 1988-Up..............................................1..........34112-32040 A311...........1994536........O-Ring, A540 Pump 1988-Up.....................................................................................................1..........90301-99024 E326...........24006............Gasket, A540 Filter 1988-Up......................................................................................................1..........35339-32020 E362...........1994137........O-Ring, A540 Servo Cover 1988-93..........................................................................................2..........90301-52003 E362...........1994132........O-Ring, A540 Servo Cover 1994-Up.........................................................................................2..........90301-43005 ...................1994584........O-Ring, A540 Filler Tube 1988-Up.............................................................................................1..........90301-09173 ...................1995509........O-Ring, A540 Speed meter Shaft 1988-Up................................................................................1..........96711-24030175.............6142..............Ring Kit, A540 (2 Metal, 8 PTFE).................................................................................................1..........175.............6142OS.........Ring Kit, A540 (2 Metal, 8 PTFE).................................................................................................1..........A177..........30528............Ring, A540 Forward Clutch (PTFE)............................................................................................3..........35712-32010 A179..........TAW-1344.....Ring, A540 Direct Clutch (Metal)................................................................................................2..........35617-16010 E184...........30524............Ring, A540 Intermediate Shaft (PTFE)........................................................................................1..........35748-32010 G185..........30526............Ring, A540 Overdrive Direct Clutch (PTFE)...............................................................................2..........35617-32011 E195...........30537............Ring, A540 2nd Coast Servo (PTFE) 1988-Up...........................................................................1..........35865-32020 E195...........30527............Ring, A541 2nd Coast Servo (PTFE) 1994-Up...........................................................................1..........35865-33010404B100...........24020............Friction, A540 Reverse Clutch (.059") 33 Teeth (5.60"OD)......................................................6-7........35677-32060B100...........24020A..........Friction, A541A Reverse Clutch (.063") 36 Teeth (5.59 OD) 1994-Up.....................................6-7........35677-33040B100...........240022R........Friction, A540 2nd Brake Clutch (.075") 33 Teeth (5.60"OD) 1992-Up.....................................3..........A106..........24026A..........Friction, A540 Forward Clutch (.060") 40 Teeth (5.00"OD) 1992-Up.......................................5..........35633-33010B106...........24028............Friction, A540 Direct Clutch (.083") 40 Teeth (5.20"OD) 1992-Up............................................3..........35633-20010 119.............24080R..........Friction Module A540E 188-91...................................................................................................1.......... 119.............24080............Friction Module A540E 188-91...................................................................................................1.......... 119.............24080AR.......Friction Module A540E 1991-93.................................................................................................1.......... 119.............24080AT........Friction Module A540E 1991-93.................................................................................................1.......... 119.............24080CR........Friction Module, A540H AWD 1989-Up......................................................................................1.......... 119.............24080C..........Friction Module, A540H AWD 1989-Up......................................................................................1.......... 119.............24080BR........Friction Module, A541E 1994-Up................................................................................................1..........A122..........25821C..........Steel, A540 Forward Clutch (.071") 4.10"ID (8 Teeth) 1988-91................................................4..........35634-12040A122..........25821A..........Steel, A540 Forward Clutch (.063") 8 Teeth (4.10"ID) 1992-Up...............................................4..........35634-33010A122..........25821B..........Steel, A540 Forward Clutch (.055") 8 Teeth (4.10"ID) 1992-Up..............................................1-5........35634-33020A122..........24027............Steel, A540 Direct Clutch (.071") 6 Notched Teeth (4.10"ID) 1988-91......................................1..........35634-32020A122..........24027A..........Steel, A540 Direct Clutch (.055") 6 Teeth (4.10"ID) 1992-Up....................................................1..........35634-33030A122..........24027B..........Steel, A540 Direct Clutch (.079") 6 Teeth (3 Teeth Are Notched) 4.10"ID................................2-3........35647-33020F122...........24021............Steel, A540 Overdrive Direct Clutch (.118") 4.10"ID (24 Teeth) 1989-93.................................2..........34615-20010F122...........24021A..........Steel, A541E Overdrive Direct Clutch (.071") 24 Teeth (4.10"ID) 1994-Up...............................2..........34615-33030 ...................25829............Steel, A540 Differential Clutch (.063") 3.60"ID (30 Teeth) 1988-Up..........................................11.........41474-32011B124...........24029............Steel, A540 2nd Brake Clutch (.071") 12 Teeth (4.60"ID) 1988-Up...........................................3..........35648-32030B124...........24025A..........Steel, A541E 2nd Brake Clutch (.071") 10 Teeth (4.86"ID) 1994-Up (Wide Splined)................4..........35648-33010C130...........24029A..........Steel, A541E Reverse Clutch (.063") 10 Teeth (4.86"ID) 1994-Up (Narrow Spline).................6..........35648-33020 139.............24081............Steel Module, A540E 1988-91....................................................................................................1.......... 139.............24081A..........Steel Module, A540E 1991-93....................................................................................................1.......... 139.............24081C..........Steel Module, A540H AWD 1989-Up..........................................................................................1.......... 139.............24081B..........Steel Module, A541E 1994-Up....................................................................................................1..........E010...........25842B..........Filter, A540E/A540H 1988-Up.....................................................................................................1..........E010...........24040B..........Filter, A541E 1994-96.................................................................................................................1..........011.............24041............Filter Kit, A540E/A540H 1988-94................................................................................................1.......... 011.............24041A..........Filter Kit, A540E/A540H 1988-94 (Fiber Pan Gasket)................................................................1.......... 011.............24043............Filter Kit, A541E 1994-Up...........................................................................................................1..........G039..........24033............Bushing, A540 Overdrive Direct Drum (Rear)...........................................................................1..........A046..........24032............Bushing, A540 Direct Drum........................................................................................................1..........B050...........24035............Bushing, A540 Input Hub............................................................................................................1..........B052...........24031............Bushing, A540 Sun Gear...........................................................................................................2..........2008 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION KIT & COMPONENTS CATALOG©2008 PARKER HANNIFIN CORP. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED4054062008 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION KIT & COMPONENTS CATALOG ©2008 PARKER HANNIFIN CORP. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDE216...........24073............Washer, A540 Overdrive Planet To Overdrive Drum.................................................................1..........34737-3310...................24074............Washer, A540E Planetary Carrier Sun Gear 1988-93...............................................................1..........35739-32020...................24074A..........Washer, A541E Planet Carrier #3 1994-Up................................................................................1..........35739-33010...................24072............Washer, A540E Planetary Carrier Front 1988-93......................................................................1..........35738-32020...................24072A..........Washer, A541E Planetary# 2 1994-Up ......................................................................................1..........35738-33020...................24071............Washer,A540E Planetary Carrier Rear 1988-93.......................................................................1..........35738-32030...................24071A..........Washer, A541E Planetary# 3 1994-Up ......................................................................................1..........35738-33010E425...........S-151.............Solenoid, A540 Lock-Up 1988-..................................................................................................1..........85420-32110E425...........89758............Solenoid, A540E, A540H Lock Up 1989-Up ...............................................................................1..........85420-32110E425...........S-118.............Solenoid, A541E Lock-Up 1994-04 OEM....................................................................................1..........35240-33010E420...........S-152.............Solenoid, A540E Shift 1, 2 1988-...............................................................................................1..........85420-32091E420...........89757............Solenoid, A540E, A540H Shift 1988-93.....................................................................................1..........85420-32091E420...........S-110.............Solenoid, A541E Shift 1, 2 1994- OEM.......................................................................................1..........85420-33010E420...........89757A..........Solenoid, A541E Shift 1994-Up ..................................................................................................1..........85420-33010B642...........24085............Sprag Assembly, A540 (4 1/2"OD).............................................................................................1..........35790-320312008 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION KIT & COMPONENTS CATALOG©2008 PARKER HANNIFIN CORP. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED407。
兔产品市场行情：(采价时间：2008年4月20日)
四川省草 原科学 研 究院副 院长 、家兔 ”项 目首席 “ 专 家 刘汉 中研 究 员汇 报 了 ２０ ０ ７年 度项 目总 体 进 展情
国 家公益性行业（ 科研专项“ ’ 农业） 家兔’ 项目 工 报与 验交 会 都 开 作汇 经 流 在成 召
由四川省草原科学研究院主持 的国家公益性行业 （ 农业） 科研专项“ 肉兔高效饲养技术研究与示范” 目 项 工作 汇报 与 经验交 流会 ， ２０ 于 ０ ８年 ３月 ２ —０日在成 ８３ 都召开 ，全 国 １ 家科研院所和高校的项 目 ２ 首席专家、 项 目管理部 门的领导及特邀专家共 ３ ０余人出席 了会
构建背景 、０ １ 个试点体系的建设思路以及行业科研专 项 的立 项背 景 ，就项 目执 行过 程 中科学 研 究 与成果 转
化、 队伍 建设 和 人 才培 养 、 费管 理 等提 出 了要求 ． 经 对 项 目实 施进 展情 况给 予 了肯定 ，并 希望 通 过项 目的实
施加快我国现代家兔产业 的健康发展。要求项 目 组把 握 项 目重 点 ， 即发 现 、 究 、 决 产业 中存 在 的突 出 问 研 解
题 ， 出技 术解 决方 案 ， 为本 行业 新项 目的立 项 提供 提 并
依 据 ； 目要 服务 于 产业 、 务 于大 局 ， 强 项 目实施 项 服 加
产 地 剪毛统 货 粗毛 兔绒 产 地 剪毛统货
过 程 中 的协 作 ；要 以产 业技 术为 核心 ．将 现 有技 术集 成 、转化 和创 新 ．在全 国形 成优 势互 补 的兔业 科 研 队 伍 ； 业专 家要 想 在 同行 前 面 ， 行 做在 同行 前 面 ， 时监 适
况 ， 署 了 ２０ 部 ０ ８年 的研 究 工 作 ， 求 各课 题 组 加 强 沟 要 通 ， 合攻 关 ， 格 按照 专 项 经 费 管理 办 法 使用 经 费 ， 联 严 保质 保量 完成 项 目任务 。项 目各 参 加单位 首 席 专家 分 别介 绍 了各课 题 的进展 情况 和 ２０ ０ ８年 的研究 计划 。 应 邀 出席 会 议 的 农 业 部 科 教 司政 体 处 张 国 良处 长 、徐 利群 副处 长先后 介 绍 了现代 产业 创新 技 术体 系
长江连接器A2008系列
Reference Informations: *Used in CJT A2008HA series Single Row Housing
2.30±0.25 SEC: A-A 1.20±0.10 0.90 A B B A 4.80±0.25 1.30±0.25 SEC: B-B
0.20
2.30±0.25
Dimensions A B
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 9.10 11.10 13.10 15.10 17.10 19.10 21.10 23.10 25.10 27.10 29.10 31.10 33.10 35.10 37.10 39.10 41.10 Unit: mm
B±0.25 0.50
2.90±0.25
7.80±0.25
6.20±0.25
CHANGJIANG CONNECTORS
A-138
A2008 SERIES
2.00mm pitch wire to board connector
A2008HA A2008-T
2.00mm pitch Housing
Reference Informations: *Material:Nylon 66,UL94V-0 *Suitable CJT A2008-T-B series Terminal *Mates with CJT A2008WVA series Wafer *Color:Ivory
A2008-T-A
5.00±0.20
2.00mm pitch Dual Row Crimp Terminal
CGA G-4-2008
CGA G-4—2008OXYGENTENTH EDITIONCOMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.4221 Walney Road, 5th FloorChantilly, VA 20151Phone: 703-788-2700Fax: 703-961-1831E-mail: cga@P AGE ii C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. CGA G-4—2008PLEASE NOTE:The information contained in this document was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and is based on technical information and experience currently available from members of the Compressed Gas Association, Inc. and others. However, the Association or its members, jointly or severally, make no guarantee of the results and assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the information or suggestions herein contained. Moreover, it should not be assumed that every acceptable commodity grade, test or safety procedure or method, precaution, equipment or device is contained within, or that abnormal or unusual circumstances may not warrant or suggest further requirements or additional procedure.This document is subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest edition. The Associa-tion invites comments and suggestions for consideration. In connection with such review, any such comments or suggestions will be fully reviewed by the Association after giving the party, upon request, a reasonable op-portunity to be heard. Proposed changes may be submitted via the Internet at our web site, . This document should not be confused with federal, state, provincial, or municipal specifications or regulations; insurance requirements; or national safety codes. While the Association recommends reference to or use of this document by government agencies and others, this document is purely voluntary and not binding unless adopted by reference in regulations.A listing of all publications, audiovisual programs, safety and technical bulletins, and safety posters is available via the Internet at our website at . For more information contact CGA at Phone: 703-788-2700, ext. 799. E-mail: customerservice@.Work Item 06-063Atmospheric Gases and Equipment Committee NOTE—Technical changes from the previous edition are underlined.TENTH EDITION: 2008REAFFIRMED: 2002NINTH EDITION: 1996EIGHTH EDITION:1987SEVENTH EDITION:1980© 2008 The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. All rights reserved.All materials contained in this work are protected by United States and international copyright laws. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any informa-tion storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. All requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be directed to The Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 4221 Walney Road, Suite 500, Chantilly VA 20151. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from this work.CGA G-4—2008 C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. P AGE iiiContents Page 1Introduction (1)2Scope (1)3What is oxygen? (1)3.1Physical and chemical properties (1)3.2Manufacture (1)3.3Commercial uses (2)4Oxygen containers (3)4.1Federal regulations applying to containers (3)4.2Cylinders (3)4.3Tank cars (6)4.4Highway vehicles (6)5High pressure oxygen cylinders (7)5.1General (7)5.2Guidelines for safe storage (7)5.3Guidelines for safe handling (8)5.4Guidelines for safe use (9)5.5Procedure for withdrawing oxygen from cylinders (9)5.6Disposition of empty cylinders (10)6Estimating amount of oxygen in a cylinder (10)7Liquid oxygen (10)7.1Guidelines for safe storage, handling, and use (10)7.2Handling liquid oxygen in transfer systems or in open containers (12)8Storing, handling, and using liquid oxygen cylinders (12)8.1General (12)8.2Filling (12)8.3Moving cylinders (13)8.4Storage and use of cylinders (13)8.5Disposition of empty cylinders (14)9Oxygen piping and manifold systems (15)10Bulk oxygen systems (15)11Oxygen mixtures (15)12References (15)TableTable 1—Physical constants of oxygen (2)This page is intentionally blank.CGA G-4—2008 C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. P AGE 11 IntroductionThis publication is one of a series of publications compiled by the Compressed Gas Association, Inc. (CGA) to satisfy the demand for information concerning the transportation, handling, and storage of compressed gases.2 ScopeThis publication provides general information regarding the characteristics and safe handling of oxygen. Re-quests for specialized technical information should be directed to any one of the manufacturers of this gas. This publication is intended primarily for users of oxygen and some of the requirements do not apply to manufactur-ers or distributors of this gas.3 What is oxygen?3.1 Physical and chemical propertiesOxygen is an element that exists at atmospheric temperatures and pressures as a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. About one-fifth of the atmosphere is oxygen (20.95% by volume).The outstanding property of oxygen is its ability to sustain life and to support combustion. Although oxygen is nonflammable, materials that normally do not burn in air can burn in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Materials that burn in air will burn more vigorously and at a higher temperature in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Some combustibles, such as oil, burn in oxygen with near explosive violence if ignited by flame, impact, or some other energy source. As a result of these properties, caution should be exercised and special precautions taken when entering areas or confined spaces where an oxygen-enriched atmosphere can exist. Refer to CGA P-39, Oxygen-Rich Atmospheres and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 53 Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres,for more information regarding the hazards of oxygen-enriched atmospheres [1, 2].1As a gas, oxygen is 1.1 times heavier than air. It may be cooled and compressed to a pale blue liquid that, un-der atmospheric pressure, boils at –297.3 °F (–182.9 °C). As a liquid (at normal boiling point) oxygen is 1.14 times heavier than water. When heated above its critical temperature of –181.4 °F (–118.6 °C) oxygen can exist only as a gas, regardless of the pressure that may be exerted upon it.Oxygen is denoted according to type and grade or quality verification level (QVL). Gaseous oxygen is denoted as Type I and liquefied oxygen as Type II. The QVLs specify the maximum amount of various impurities (also termed limiting characteristics) that may be present. Further details are given in CGA G-4.3, Commodity Speci-fication for Oxygen [3].Some of the physical constants of oxygen are listed in Table 1.3.2 ManufactureBy far the primary method of manufacturing oxygen is by fractional distillation after the liquefaction of air. Liquid air is essentially a mixture of approximately one-fifth oxygen and four-fifths nitrogen. Nitrogen, having a lower boiling point, is allowed to volatilize, leaving oxygen in liquid form, which then can be further purified. Improved efficiency in utilization has led to a generally recognized industry standard of purity which exceeds the 99% required by the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP–NF)[4]. Oxygen of lower purity may be used in some chemical and metallurgical processes. Other methods of manufacturing oxygen include pres-sure swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, membrane separation, electrolysis, and chemical reaction. These processes produce oxygen at lower purities than that obtained by fractional distillation at cryogenic tem-peratures.1 References are shown by bracketed numbers and are listed in order of appearance in the reference section.P AGE 2 C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. CGA G-4—2008Table 1—Physical constants of oxygen 2U.S. Units SI UnitsInternational symbol 1)O2O231.9988 Molecular weight 1) 31.9988At 70 °F (21.1 °C) and 1 atm: 2)kg/m3Density of gas 0.083 lb/ft3 1.329Specific gravity of gas 1.10 1.10m3/kgSpecific volume of gas 12.05 ft3/lb 0.752At 59 °F (15 °C) and 1 atm (101.325 kPa (abs): 2)kg/m3Density of gas 0.085 lb/ft3 1.362Specific gravity of gas 1.10 1.10m3/kgSpecific volume of gas 11.76 ft3/lb 0.734Boiling point at 1 atm 2)−297.3 °F –182.9 °CFreezing point at 1 atm 2)−361.1 °F –218.4 °CCritical temperature 2)−181.4 °F –118.6 °CCritical pressure 2)731.4 psia 5043 kPa, abskg/m3lb/ft3 436.1Critical density 2) 27.23Triple point 3)–361.8 °F at 0.0216 psia –218.8 °C at 0.1489 kPa, absLatent heat of vaporization at boiling point and 1 atm 4)91.7 Btu/lb 213 kJ/kgSpecific heat of gas at 70 °F (21.1 °C) and 1 atm: 2)C p0.220 Btu/lb (°F) 0.917 kJ/kg (°C)C v0.157 Btu/lb (°F) 0.653 kJ/kg (°C)Ratio of specific heat 1.40 1.40Solubility in water, vol/vol at 32 °F (0 °C) 1) 0.0489 0.0489Weight of liquid at boiling point 2)9.52 lb/gal 1141 kg/m31)Weast, R.C., Editor, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 66th Edition, p. B–121.2)Younglove, B.A., “Interactive Fortran Program to Calculate Thermophysical Properties of Six Fluids.” National Bureauof Standards (U.S.), Tech. Note 1048 (July 1982).3)McCarty, R.D., “Interactive Fortran IV Computer Programs for the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Se-lected Cryogens (Fluid Pack).” National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), Tech. Note 1025 (October 1980).4)Snell, F.D. and Ettre, L.S., Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis. Vol. 16, Table 3, page 517 (1972).uses3.3 CommercialThe principal uses of oxygen stem from the life-sustaining and combustion-supporting properties of the gas.Oxygen is extensively used for respiratory therapy purposes, for resuscitation in asphyxia, and in conjunctionwith other gases in anesthesia. For further information on the medical applications of oxygen and other gases,see CGA P-2, Characteristics and Safe Handling of Medical Gases [6]. Oxygen is also used to sustain life inhigh altitude aviation, deep sea diving, and similar applications.The industrial uses of oxygen include its use with acetylene or other fuel gases in such processes as metal cut-ting, welding, hardening, scarfing, cleaning, and dehydrating. Oxygen is also used in the manufacture of steeland in various chemical processes and as an oxidizer for fuels in rockets and missiles.2 kPa shall indicate gauge pressure unless otherwise noted as (kPa, abs) for absolute pressure or (kPa, differential) for dif-ferential pressure. All kPa values are rounded off per CGA P-11, Metric Practice Guide for the Compressed Gas Industry [5].CGA G-4—2008 C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. P AGE 34 Oxygen containers4.1 Federal regulations applying to containersOxygen is classified by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and by Transport Canada (TC) as a non-flammable, oxidizing gas. If it is shipped in containers at a pressure exceeding 40.6 psia (280 kPa, abs) at 68 °F (20 °C), it shall be shipped in containers that meet DOT or TC specifications. DOT regulations are con-tained in Title 49 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR), Parts 100-180. TC regulations are con-tained in the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Regulations that refers to Canadian Standards Asso-ciation (CSA) B339, Cylinders, Spheres, and Tubes for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods and CSA B340, Selection and Use of Cylinders, Spheres, Tubes and Other Containers for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Class 2 [7, 8, 9, 10]. Current authorizing agencies are DOT and TC while previous authorizing agencies included the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in the United States and the Canadian Transport Com-mission (CTC), the Board of Trade Commissioners for Canada (BTC), and the Canadian Railway Commission (CRC) in Canada.Cylinders stamped with current or previous authorizing agency stampings may continue to be used provided they otherwise meet all qualifications for continued service.Cylinder specifications in the United States and Canada require, among other things, that the metal used in oxygen containers meet certain chemical and physical requirements, that the containers pass certain periodic requalification tests, and that the containers be protected by adequate pressure relief devices (PRDs). For oxy-gen containers authorized under DOT special permits/exemptions, the manufacturing, periodic requalifications, and PRD requirements are specified in the special permit/exemption paperwork. Specifications, as well as regulations governing maintenance, requalification, and testing are published by federal authorities of the DOT and TC.DOT specifications and regulations applying to the shipment of compressed gases are published in 49 CFR [7]. Canadian cylinder specifications and regulations applying to the shipment of compressed gases are published in Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, which in turn refer to CSA B339 and CSA B340 [8, 9,10].4.2 Cylinders4.2.1 GeneralGaseous oxygen is commonly shipped in seamless steel cylinders constructed to TC/DOT specifications 3A or 3AA, with nominal capacities of up to 330 standard ft3 (9.34 m3). Higher pressure steel cylinders with greater capacities are also available. Oxygen may also be shipped in disposable (specification 39) or aluminum (speci-fication 3AL) cylinders.Liquid oxygen may be shipped in TC/DOT-4L insulated cylinders (commonly called liquid cylinders). A com-monly used specification 4L cylinder has an approximate equivalent capacity of 5000 ft3 (142 m3) of gaseous oxygen. Specification 4L cylinders having greater capacity are available.Liquid oxygen for home care medical applications is also shipped in smaller liquid cylinders. If the pressure dur-ing transportation does not exceed 25.3 psig (174 kPa), they are not required to meet DOT/TC specifications. See 49 CFR 173.320 for specific exceptions.In addition, oxygen may be shipped in cylinders made to a DOT special permit/exemption or TC special permit, if the exemption or permit allows this.4.2.2 Valve outlet connectionsContainer valve connections that do not fit must not be forced. Threads on regulator connections or other auxil-iary requirements must match those on the container valve outlet. The valve outlet connection should conform to recognized standards such as CGA V-1, Standard for Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Con-nections [11]. However, it must be acknowledged that connections other than those found in CGA V-1 may ex-ist. If a user chooses such a connection, extreme care must be taken to ensure that such connections do not cross-connect with existing connections in CGA V-1, and that they have been properly engineered for the in-P AGE 4 C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. CGA G-4—2008 tended gas service and pressure. The threads on a cylinder valve outlet, as well as on regulators and other ancillary equipment, should be examined at frequent intervals to ensure they are clean and undamaged.4.2.3 Pressure relief devicesWith few exceptions, oxygen cylinders are required by federal regulations to be equipped with PRDs. These devices consist of a frangible disk designed to burst under excessive pressure, or a combination disk backed with fusible metal with a low melting point designed to melt and release the gas in case of fire. Cryogenic ves-sels may be equipped with spring-loaded pressure relief valves that reseat when the pressure drops to a pre-selected value. These devices are approved with respect to type and location by the federal authorities. See CGA S-1.1, Pressure Relief Device Standards–Part 1–Cylinders for Compressed Gase s[12].limits4.2.4 FillingBecause of the characteristics of any gas confined in a closed container to increase in pressure with rising temperature, the possibility always exists that a cylinder charged with gas at a safe pressure at normal tem-perature could reach a dangerously high pressure at high temperatures. To prevent this with normal usage, federal regulations limit the amount of gas that may be charged into a cylinder.TC/DOT-3A, TC/DOT-3AA and TC/DOT-3AL and TC/DOT-39 cylinders shall not be filled to a pressure higher than the stamped service pressure at 70 °F (21.1 °C). TC/DOT-3A and TC/DOT-3AA cylinders stamped with a plus mark (+) after the last test date may be filled to a pressure 10% higher than the stamped service pres-sure under conditions described in 49 CFR 173.302a [7]. This also applies to cylinders stamped ICC, CTC, BTC, and RTC.Metricated TC-3A and TC-3AA cylinders, identified by the letter M stamped at then end of the specification des-ignation and not stamped with a K after the service pressure, have the 10% overfill included in the stamped service pressure and may be filled to that pressure at 59 °F (15 °C), if equipped with a PRD(s) of the rupture disk type without fusible metal backing. If a K is stamped after the service pressure, the cylinder shall be filled to only 90% of the stamped service pressure. (See CSA B340) [10].Note that metricated TC cylinders have their service pressure stamped in bar. One bar is equal to 100 kPa, or approximately 14.5 psi.If the liquid container pressure is equal to or less than 25.3 psig (174 kPa), TC/DOT-4L container filling opera-tion is not regulated (see 49 CFR 173.320). Above 25.3 psig (174 kPa), TC/DOT-4L cylinders must be filled by weight in accordance with regulations. DOT and TC regulations prescribe permissible fill rates in 49 CFR 173.316 and CSA B340 [7, 10].4.2.5 RetestingIn addition to the hydrostatic testing of cylinders at the time of manufacture, federal regulations provide that specification 3A, 3AA, and 3AL cylinders shall be periodically retested. When using hydrostatic testing methods for retesting, DOT, CTC, ICC, BTC, and CRC cylinders are tested at 5/3 of their stamped service pressure, while metricated TC cylinders are tested at 3/2 of their stamped service pressure. See 49 CFR Part 180 Sub-part C [7]. Specification 3A, 3AA and 3AL cylinders shall be hydrostatically retested at 5-year intervals. Under certain conditions prescribed in federal regulations, the interval may be 10 years for 3A and 3AA cylinders. Such cylinders are stamped with a 5-pointed star following the last test date. Retesting of 4L liquid cylinders is not required. Specification 39 cylinders may not be refilled and hence require no retest. Retesting of 3E cylin-ders is not required.In the United States, specification 3A and 3AA cylinders that have been in a fire shall be removed from service and cannot be returned to service until they meet the requirements of 49 CFR 180.212. Specification 3AL cyl-inders that are exposed to fire or temperatures in excess of 350 °F (177 °C) shall be removed from service and condemned. Specification 4L cylinders that are in a fire shall be removed from service until meet the require-ments of 49 CFR 180.211.If a specification 3A, 3AA, or 3AL cylinder leaks, shows evidence of damage that can weaken it appreciably, or shows a permanent expansion that exceeds 10% of the total expansion in the retest, it shall be condemned.CGA G-4—2008 C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. P AGE 5 See 49 CFR 180.205. Cylinders condemned because of excessive permanent expansion may be rebuilt in ac-cordance with 49 CFR 180.211 and 49 CFR 180.212.Specification 3A and 3AA cylinders to be charged to a pressure 10% in excess of the marked service pressure shall be retested in accordance with conditions prescribed in federal regulations and shall be marked with a plus sign (+) following the last test. See 49 CFR 180.213. Aluminum cylinders may not be charged to a pres-sure 10% in excess of the marked service pressure.Records shall be kept giving data showing the results of the tests made on all cylinders, and each cylinder passing the test shall be plainly and permanently stamped with the month and year of the test as well as the retester’s identification number. Dates of previous tests shall not be obliterated.4.2.6 Marking and labeling4.2.6.1 Department of Transportation and Transport Canada required markingsThe following marks are required by DOT and TC to be plainly and permanently stamped on the shoulder, top, head, or neck of all cylinders:–The authorizing agency abbreviation, followed by the specification and service pressure. For example, a high pressure cylinder may be stamped CTC/DOT-3AA2265 or a metricated TC cylinder may be stamped TC-3AAM 184 where the M denotes that it is a metricated cylinder. On liquid cylinders the stamping is gen-erally on a plate affixed to the container and may be CTC/DOT-4L200 or TC-4LM29;– A serial number and identifying symbol of the cylinder manufacturer. The symbol shall be registered in ac-cordance with federal regulations;–The inspector’s official mark and date of the test to which the cylinder was subjected in manufacture. The word SPUN shall be added when an end closure is made by the spinning process; the word PLUG shall be added when an end closure is effected by plugging; and–All subsequent retest dates, including the registered symbol of the authorized retester.The required markings on cylinders shall not be changed except as provided in federal regulations.4.2.6.2 ShippingPrior to shipment, each cylinder shall be legibly marked in accordance with DOT and TC regulations. Each DOT/TC label shall include the proper shipping name of the contained material, the hazard symbol, and the corresponding identification number. See 49 CFR 172.101 [7]. Such marking shall be by means of stenciling, stamping, or labeling, and shall not be readily removable. See CGA C-7, Guide to the Preparation of Precau-tionary Labeling and Marking of Compressed Gas Containers, for suggested precautionary warning on labels [13].In Canada the set of regulations collectively known as Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) requires that precautionary labels in a prescribed format shall be applied to all cylinders destined for use in a workplace.4.2.6.3 LabelsDOT regulations require that in addition to marking of the proper shipping name and identification number on a cylinder, a 100 mm (3.9-in) diamond (square-on-point) green label (designating a nonflammable gas) having the number 2 in the lower corner plus a 100 mm (3.9-in) diamond (square-on-point) yellow label (designating a subsidiary risk as an oxidizer) having a 5.1 in the lower corner be attached to each cylinder containing oxygen when transported by common carrier. In lieu of using the two 100 mm (3.9-in) diamond (square-on-point) la-bels, DOT authorizes the use of a single 100 mm (3.9-in) diamond (square-on-point) yellow label (designating an oxidizer) having the number 2 in the lower corner and having the mandatory word OXYGEN printed on it. Alternately, DOT regulations allow the use of 30 mm (1.25-in) square-on-point labels as long as the cylinder(s) is not over packed and are durably and legibly marked in accordance with CGA C-7, Appendix A [13]. See 49 CFR 172.400a(1).P AGE 6 C OMPRESSED G AS A SSOCIATION,I NC. CGA G-4—2008 In Canada one diamond-shaped label is required. The label shall be yellow, have the oxidizer symbol on it, and have a 2 at the bottom corner. In Canada, hazard class wording is not allowed on labels; whereas, in the United States it is optional.In Canada, the general requirement is for each side of a label to be at least 100 mm in length with a line run-ning 5 mm inside the edge. However, if that size label, together with the shipping name, technical name, and UN number, cannot be displayed because of the irregular shape or size of the small means of containment, each side of the label may be reduced in length by the same amount to the point where the label, together with the shipping name, technical name, and UN number, will fit that small means of containment, but must not be reduced to less than 30 mm.The proper shipping name for gaseous oxygen and product identification number is Oxygen, UN 1072. For liq-uid oxygen it is Oxygen, Refrigerated Liquid, UN 1073.4.2.6.4 FillingFederal regulations forbid the shipment of cylinders containing oxygen unless they were charged by or with the consent of the cylinder owner. If this consent should be granted, the recharging of cylinders shall comply in every respect with federal regulations.4.3 Tank carsHigh pressure, gaseous oxygen may be transported in tank cars complying with DOT specification 107A. Such cars are constructed of a number of seamless steel containers (tubes) permanently mounted on a special rail car frame. Regulations for tank cars are found in 49 CFR in the United States and Canadian General Stan-dards Board (CGSB) Standard 43.147, Construction, Modification, Qualification, Maintenance and Selection and Use of Means of Containment for the Handling, Offering for Transport, or Transporting of Dangerous Goods by Rail [7, 14].Liquid oxygen is transported in vacuum insulated tank cars at pressures below 25.3 psig (174 kPa). DOT/TC regulations include requirements that apply to shipping papers, marking the container with the proper DOT/TC identification number, placarding, and incident reporting. Although marking the container with the proper DOT/TC shipping name is not required, it is recommended since the proper shipping name is a cross reference to the emergency response guidebook information. It is prudent, however, to mark tank cars transporting liquid oxygen on each side with the words LIQUID OXYGEN. DOT and TC regulations should be consulted for mark-ing and documentation requirements.4.4 Highway vehiclesFederal regulations authorize the transportation of high pressure, gaseous oxygen in truck trailers. These trail-ers have large tubes permanently installed upon them. These tubes are constructed to TC/DOT specification 3A, 3AA, 3AX, 3T or 3AAX and are manifolded together to a common header. Such trailers are usually towed to the point of use by a truck tractor. The applicable standards for this mode of transport are in 49 CFR in the United States and CSA B339 and B340 in Canada [7, 9, 10].Bulk liquid oxygen is usually transported in vacuum-insulated cargo tanks at pressures below 25.3 psig (174 kPa). Both DOT and TC regulations include requirements that apply to the shipping papers, marking, placarding, and incident reporting.Cargo tanks that operate at an over-the-road pressure below 25.3 psig (174 kPa) are exempted from many requirements of the DOT regulations in the United States, although they are usually manufactured in accor-dance with the CGA 341 specification [15]. See 49 CFR 173.320 for specific exceptions. In Canada, TC 341 specification highway tanks are used to transport bulk liquid oxygen at an over-the-road pressure at or below 175 kPa (25.3 psig), in accordance with CSA B620, Highway Tanks and Portable Tanks for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods and CSA B622, Selection and Use of Highway Tanks, Multi-Unit Tank Car Tanks, and Portable Tanks for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Class 2 [16, 17]. CSA B622 also grandfathers CGA 341 specification cargo tanks manufactured prior to January 1, 2003 and permits their use as a substitute for TC 341 specification highway tanks.Cargo tanks that operate at an over-the-road pressure above 25.3 psig (174 kPa) shall be constructed in ac-cordance with the TC/MC-338 specification covered in 49 CFR, CSA B620, and CSA B622 [7, 16, 17].The applicable standards are found in 49 CFR, CSA B620, and CSA B622 [7, 16, 17].5 High pressure oxygen cylinders5.1 GeneralOxygen cylinder users should comply with all federal, state, provincial, territorial, and local regulations.5.2 Guidelines for safe storageThe following are guidelines for safe storage:–Cylinders should be stored in a definitely assigned location;–Do not place cylinders near flammable material, especially oil, grease, or any other readily combustible substance;–Do not allow oxygen cylinders to stand under places where oil can drip on the cylinder, its valve, or other attachments;–Cylinders shall not be stored in an acetylene generator room or in close proximity to cylinders containing acetylene or other flammable gases. Unless separated by a distance of 20 ft (6.1 m), there shall be a non-combustible barrier at least 5 ft (1.5 m) high with a fire-resistance rating of at least 1/2 hour between the oxygen cylinders and the acetylene or other flammable gas cylinders;–Cylinders should not be stored above 125°F (51.7 °C) or used above 120 °F (48.9 °C). Cylinders should never be allowed to reach a temperature exceeding 125 °F (51.7 °C) because of the rise in pressure in the cylinder with increasing temperature. Therefore, cylinders should never be placed near furnaces, radiators, or any other source of heat;–Cylinders should be protected from abnormal mechanical shock, which is liable to damage the cylinder, valve, or PRD;–Do not place cylinders near elevators, gangways, or in locations where heavy moving objects can strike them or fall on them;–Cylinders in service or in storage shall be stored standing upright where they are not likely to be knocked over, or the cylinders shall be secured;–Small cylinders may be stored and used in a horizontal position if the cylinder is installed in a holder or cradle designed to secure the cylinder and protect the valve and regulator;–Valve protection caps, when provided, shall be in place and fastened hand-tight, except when cylinders are in use or connected for use;–Cylinders should be protected from tampering;–Storage should be planned so cylinders can be used in the order they are received from the supplier;–Empty and full cylinders should be stored separately and empty cylinders should be marked to avoid con-fusion;–Cylinders should be stored in dry, well-ventilated locations in such a manner as to prevent accidental movement;–Cylinders should not be exposed to continuous dampness and should not be stored near salt or other cor-rosive chemicals or fumes. Rusting will damage the cylinders and can cause the valve protection caps to stick;–Cylinders should be stored on a suitable foundation such as concrete or steel grating; and。
2008 Honda Accord In-line 4-Cylinder Engine 1799cc
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WindowsServer20085种不同版本解析
由于WindowsServer2008R2完全架构于64位平台，故而处理器只支持x64架构处理器，这一点和WindowsServer2008是不同的，在安装的时候需要注意。
WindowsServer2008R2版本WindowsServer2008R2版本共有6个：基础版、标准版、企业版、数据中心版、Web版和安腾版，目前在微软官网可以看到这些版本的简介和区别：基础版(Foundation):是一个廉价的入门级版本，支持单路处理器，提供了中小企业应用最多的文件与打印共享、远程访问、目录服务等，并且在安全性上没有缩水。
适合作为中小企业文件打印服务器、文件共享服务器、用于网络基础架构管理的域控制器和终端服务器等等。
不过基础版并不单独发售，是随同OEM的单路服务器一同提供给用户。
WindowsServer2008R2标准版特性标准版(Standard):提供了基础的Web、虚拟化、安全性、可靠性和生产特性，并平衡了成本。
最高支持4颗x64处理器、32GB内存、最大支持250个网络访问连接、集成Hyper-v、IIS7.5、远程桌面服务、具备ServerCore模式，支持Powershell2.0。
WindowsServer2008R2企业版特性企业版(Enterprise):提供了强大的可靠性和可扩展性，相对标准版功能更加全面，如最大支持2TB内存，最大支持8颗x64处理器，也不再有连接数的限制，具有更加丰富的管理功能和特性如ADRMS、DirectAccess 等，此外具有丰富的容错选项，支持16节点的容错群集，具有同步内存容错功能等等，是一个强大的企业管理平台WindowsServer2008R2数据中心版特性数据中心版(Datacenter):数据中心版是Win2008R2中的最高级版本，提供了高扩展性、可靠性和可用性，适合大规模的虚拟化应用，以及大型的关键应用，如ERP、数据库等商业应用。
和企业版相比，数据中心版更适合大规模的虚拟化应用，消除了虚拟化使用限制，具有快速迁移等特性，具有更佳的可用性。
2008年6月月大学英语四级考试试卷、答案
声明：本资料由考试吧（）收集整理，转载请注明出自服务：面向较高学历人群，提供计算机类，外语类，学历类，资格类，会计类，工程类，医学类等七大类考试的全套考试信息服务及考前培训.2008年6月大学英语四级考试A卷真题三.听力部分(10：00-10：35)Section A11. A) Give his ankle a good rest.B) Treat his injury immediately.C) Continue his regular activities.D) Be careful when climbing steps.12. A) On a train.B) On a plane.C) In a theater.D) In a restaurant.13. A) A tragic accident.B) A fad occasionC) Smith's unusual life story.D) Smith's sleeping problem.14. A) Review the details of all her lessons.B) Compare notes with his classmates.C)Talk with her about his learning problems.D) Focus on the main points of her lectures.15. A) The man blamed the woman for being careless.B)The man misunderstood the woman's apology.C) The woman offered to pay for the man's coffee.D)The woman spilt coffee on the man's jacket.16. A) Extremely tedious.B) Hard to understand.C) Lacking a goot plot.D) Not worth seeing twice.17. A) Attending every lecture.B) Doing losts of homework.C) Reading very extensively.D) Using test-taking strategies.18. A)The digital TV system will offer different programs.B)He is eager to see what the new system is like.C)He thinks it unrealistic to have 500 channels.D)The new TV system may not provide anything better.Question 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.a)a notice by the electricity board.b)ads promoting electric appliances.c)the description of a thief in disguise.d)a new policy on pensioners'welfare.20.a)speaking with a proper accent.b)wearing an official uniform.c)making friends with themd)showing them his ID.21.a)to be on the alert when being followed.b)not to leave senior citizens alone at home.c)not to let anyone in without an appointment.d)to watch out for those from the electricity board.22.a)she was robbed near the parking lot.b)all her money in the bank disappeared.c)the pension she had just drawn was stolen.d)she was knocked down in the post office.Question 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23.a)marketing consultancy.b)Professional accountancy.c)luxury hotel management.d)business conference organization24.a)having a good knowledge of its customs.b)knowing some key people in tourism.c)having been to the country before.d)being able to speak japanese.25.a)it will bring her potential into full play.b)it will involve lots of train travel.c)it will enable her to improve her chinese.d)it will give her more chances to visit japan.Section BPassage OneQuestion 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26.a) The lack of timeb) The quality of life.c) The frustrations at work.d) The pressure on working families.27.a)They were just as busy as people of today.b)They saw the importance of collective efforts.c)They didn't complain as much as modern man.d)They lived a hard life by hunting and gathering.28.a)To look for creative ideas of awarding employees.b)To explore strategies for lowering production costs.c)To seek new approaches to dealing with complaints.d)To find effective ways to give employees flexibility. Passage TwoQuestion 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29.a)family violence.b)his children's efforts.c)her father's disloyalty.d)his second wife's positive influence.30.a)his advanced age.b)his children's efforts.c) his improved financial condition.d)his second wife's positive influence.31.a)love is blind.b)love breeds love.c)divorce often has disastrous consequences.d)happiness is hard to find in blended families.Passage ThreeQuestion 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32.a) it was located in a parkb) its owner died of a heart attackc) it went bankrupt all of sudden.d) its potted plants were for lease only.33.a)planting some trees in the greenhouseb)writing a want ad to a local newspaperc)putting up a going out of business signd)helping a customer select some purchases34.a)opening an offive in the new office parkb)keeping better relations with her companyc)developing fresh business opportunitiesd)building a big greenhouse of his own35.a)owning the greenhouse one dayb)securing a job at the office parkc)cultivating more potted plants.d)finding customers out of townSection C注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
解读GBT5013--2008标准
附注a. IE4绝缘应带导体或取走不超过30%的铜丝进行老化
从上表可以看出这两种材料有本质的区别，对于新版
标准中的60245IEC 53（YZ）、 60245IEC 57 （YZW）、
60245IEC 66 （YCW）、60245IEC 58（YS）和 60245IEC
58f （YSB）产品来讲，绝缘材料要进行根本的改变。无论 是哪个具体的企业还是整个行业来看，将IE4绝缘代替IE1 绝缘都是一个不小的变化，如何充分执行新标准都要承受 现实的考验。另外，试验人员必须严格遵守表中附注a.的 规定，否则你的试验会被视为违规。
7.4 施加电压的变化
软缆芯数 二芯 GB5013.2-1997 GB/T5013.2-2008 差异 电压增 加了
1.接线方式为二导体间； 1.接线方式为二导体间； 2.施加电压为交流220V。 2.施加电压为交流230V。 1.接线方式为在三根导体
三芯及以 上芯数
1.接线方式为在三根导体 1.接线 上，而且规定为三根相邻 方式有 上； 的线芯，如果是两层结构， 明确的 应在外层进行试验。施加 2.施加电压为交流约380V。 规定； 的电压和负载电流应为相 同的线芯。 2.电压 2.施加电压为交流约400V。 增加
橡皮混合物（特有组分为 橡皮混合物（特有组分为橡皮/ 天然橡皮/或合成弹性体 或合成弹性体混合物) 混合物) 氯丁胶混合物（PCP）或 其他相当的合成弹性体 氯丁胶混合物（PCP）或其他 相当的合成弹性体
乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯橡皮混 合物（EVA）或其他相当 的合成弹性体
乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯橡皮混合物 （EVA）或其他相当的合成弹 性体
CB体系产品型式试验报告互认的产品之一，因此了解和掌握新、
老标准的差异，准确领会新版标准的内容是非常有必要的。
市场分析(2008)
市场分析技术用在哪？适用范围：此项技术适用于电信、电力、金融、铁路、广电、IT、UPS、航空、军事、汽车、电动车等行业所有进口、国产铅酸蓄电池（包括普通电池和免维护电池）。
只要是铅酸蓄电池，无论是普通的还是免维护的，无论是富液型的还是贫液型的，只要经检测属硫化现象报废，没有物理损坏并符合我们的再生复原要求的，均可维护和再生，并可达到良好的效果。
在失效报废的铅酸蓄电池中，只要是正规厂家按标准生产的、非物理损坏的（如极板脱落、内部断路、短路等），利用再生复原技术均可再生如初。
在电力、电信、大型UPS 系统内，因物理损坏而不能恢复的铅酸蓄电池只占10%以下，大部分在正常使用情况下因硫化而报废的蓄电池都可以有效地恢复。
为什么要做蓄电池的修复呢？世界难题通信用阀控式铅酸蓄电池设计浮充寿命为8-10年，但3-5年就已彻底报废；电动车电池设计使用寿命2-3年，但往往半年就濒临报废边沿；无论任何铅酸蓄电池（包括国产、进口），在使用中总逃脱不了提前报废的怪圈。
这就是铅酸蓄电池发明140多年来，举世公认的世界性难题——铅酸蓄电池“不可逆硫化”，是它导致了蓄电池使用寿命的大幅度降低，而使电池提前报废。
污染魁首一节1号电池烂在地里，能使1平方米的土壤永久失去利用价值；一粒纽扣电池可使600吨水受到污染，相当于一个人一生的饮水量！在环保日益成为一个全球化问题的今天，废旧电池所带来的环境污染问题显得非常突出，而在“电池污染”中，占二次电池70%的铅酸蓄电池又尤其显眼。
大量的硫酸被小商贩任意倒置，废铅也常常因为处理不当而严重污染土壤和水源，并直接危害人体健康，是最危险的固体废弃物之一. 铅酸蓄电池作为稳定电源和主要的直流电源，使用广泛。
中国每年铅酸蓄电池产量高达3500万kw·h、销售额高达100亿元，年报废量>8000万只，且年增长率达30%，在电信、金融、UPS、广电、电力、汽车、铁道、太阳能、风能等行业普遍应用。
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IEC60034-30 2008 Chinese
目录前言简介标准要求1.范围2.涉及标准3.术语、定义、符号3.1 术语、定义3.2 符号4.应用领域(文献摘要)5.功效5.1 鉴定5.1.1 概要5.1.2 额定电压、频率和输出功率5.1.3 辅助设备5.2 额定5.3 分类和标示5.3.1 概要5.3.2 功效分类5.3.3 低于标准功效的电机5.3.4 铭牌标示5.4 公称功效界限5.4.1 功效修正系数5.4.2 标准功效的公称界限5.4.3 高功效的公称界限5.4.4 更高功效的公称界限参考标准国际电工委员会旋转电动机械第30部分：无变速电机、三相电机、笼型感应电机功效等级（IE—代码）前言1）IEC（国际电工委员会）是由所有国家的电工委员会（IEC国家委员会）组成的世界范围内的标准化组织。
IEC的宗旨就是促进各国在电气和电子标准化领域的全面合作。
基于以上的目的并考虑到其他活动的需要，IEC还出版国际标准、技术说明、技术报告、公认的规范和指导。
整个制定工作由技术委员会完成，任何对此技术感兴趣的IEC国家委员会都可以参加制定工作，与国际电工委员会有联系的国际、政府及非政府组织也可参加这项工作。
根据IEC和ISO两组织达成的协议，他们在工作上有着密切的协作关系。
2）IEC有关技术问题的决议或协议是由所有对此感兴趣的IEC国家委员会参加的技术委员会制定的，并尽可能表述对所涉及的问题在国际上的一致意见。
3）IEC所出版的决议或协议是推荐给各国使用，并在此意义上被IEC国家委员会所认可。
尽管尽了最大的努力让其精确，但是IEC对各国使用方式或者任何最终使用者的任何曲解不负任何责任。
4）为了促进国际上的统一，IEC希望各国委员会在本国情况允许的范围内采用IEC标准的内容作为他们国家的标准。
IEC与相应的国家标准或地区标准有差异，应尽可能在本国或本地区的标准中指明。
5）IEC规定了标示其认可的无标志程序，但并不表示对某一设备声称符合某一标准承担责任。
R404A安全技术说明书
致冷剂R404A安全技术说明书企业名称：浙江衢州联州致冷剂有限公司地址：浙江省衢州市柯城区联系电话：生效日期：2013年1月1日第一部分化学品及企业标识化学品中文名称：致冷剂R404A化学品英文名称：Refrigerant R404A化学品俗名或商品名：致冷剂R404A企业名称：浙江衢州联州致冷剂有限公司地址：浙江省衢州市巨化厂前路95号邮编：324004联系电话：企业应急咨询电话：全国通用消防电话：119传真号码：电子邮件地址：hca@SDS编码：SDS/LZ 01-2013首次编制日期: 2013年1月1日修订日期：2013年1月1日主要用途：可用于替代R22，主要用于低中温制冷系统限制用途：无资料。
第二部分危险性概述标签要素和警示性说明：象形图：信号词：危险危险性说明：在空气中不发生燃烧爆炸。
含压力下气体，如受加热可爆炸。
防范说明【预防措施】•戴防护手套•.作业后彻底清洗手等可能接触部位•禁止在工作场所内吸烟。
【事故响应】•皮肤接触：脱去污染衣着，用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤至少15分钟。
如有冻伤，则必用温水擦洗。
若当时没有水，则在冻伤皮肤上敷上干净柔软的毛巾或其类似的东西。
一旦无好转，就医。
•火灾时：使用雾状水、大量水。
•食入：由于本物质之物理特性，一般不存在人体食入本物质的可能，即便发生对人体没有危险。
除非医生的指导下催食入者呕吐外，不得采用该措施。
•吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处，保持呼吸道通畅。
如果呼吸困难，给输氧；如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。
立即呼叫就医。
•眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。
就医【安全储存】•储存于阴凉、通风的库房。
远离火种、热源，禁止阳光直射。
库温不宜超过30℃，应与氧化剂、易燃物或可燃物分开存放，切忌混储。
【废弃处置】•根据国家和地方有关法规的要求处置或与厂商或制造商联系，确定处置方法。
•根据国家有关法规控制排放。
主要症状：冻伤，皮肤会发红，严重时会起泡。
sae-j442-2008
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright © 2008 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerService@ SAE WEB ADDRESS: h ttp:// Issued Revised 2008-11Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot PeeningRATIONALESection 6.4 – The flatness of the zero block should be changed to ±0.005 mm flatness from ±0.001 mm flatness because this degree of precision is not warranted for the measurement ranges required (0-0.610 mm range).Section 7.3 – Note added to indicate that all dimensions are in millimeters (mm) unless otherwise specified.1. SCOPEThis SAE Standard defines requirements for equipment/supplies to be used in measuring shot peening intensity. Guidelines for the use of these articles (test strip, holding fixture, and gage) are also included. 2. REFERENCES2.1 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this specification. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), .SAE J443Procedures for Using Standard Shot Peening Test Strip SAE AMS-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts2.1.2 AST M PublicationAvailable from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, .ASTM E 18 Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials3. OUTLINE OF METHOD OF CONTROLThe control of a peening machine operation is primarily a matter of the control of the properties of a stream of shot in relation to the work being peened. The basis of measurement of these properties is as follows:If a flat piece of steel (the test strip) is clamped to a solid block (the test strip holder) and then exposed to a stream of shot, it will be curved upon removal from the block. The curvature is due to residual compressive stresses induced by the shot impacts, causing the peened face to be convex. The curvature serves as a means of measuring the effect of the shot stream. The degree of the curvature depends upon the properties of the shot stream, the properties and mounting of the test strip, and the exposure condition.3.1 PropertiesStream3.1.1 ShotThe properties of the shot stream are: shot material (includes chemical and physical characteristics), size, shape, velocity, directional consistency, and shot flow rate.Strip3.1.2 TestThe properties of the test strip are: material (includes chemical and physical properties), hardness, physical dimensions, and the extent of any internal stresses. The properties of the test strip mounting are flatness, rigidity, and the location and force of the holding means.3.1.3 ExposureThe properties of exposure to the blast stream are length of time, angle of impact, and the degree of uniformity and consistency of the geometric relationship between the shot stream and test strip.3.2 StandardsBased on these principles, the SAE has adopted the following standards: test strips, holding block, and gage. Specifications for these parts, the method of use, and a standard designation are presented herein.4. SPECIFICATIONS OF INTENSITY MEASURING EQUIPMENT4.1 Test Strips and Holding FixtureStandard test strips, N, A, and C are shown in Figure 1 and test strip holder is shown in Figure 2. The approximate relationships between readings of test strips N, A, and C (for conditions of identical blast and exposure) are as follows:C strip reading x 3.5 = A strip readingA strip reading x 3.0 = N strip reading4.2 GageThe gage (Almen gage) for determining the curvature of the test strip must incorporate the elements shown in Figure 3. Curvature of the test strip is determined by a measurement of the height of the combined longitudinal and transverse arc across standard chords. This arc height is obtained by measuring the displacement of a central point on the nonpeened surface from the plane of four balls forming the corners of a particular rectangle. To use this gage, the test strip is located so that the indicator spindle bears against the center of the NONPEENED surface, one long edge of the strip bearing against the two back stops. The test strip is then centered by placing the ends even with the edges of the base, or by resting the ends against built-in end stop(s).--`,,```,,````,5. DESIGNATION STANDARD OF INTENSITY MEASUREMENT5.1 Primary StandardThe standard designation of intensity measurement includes the gage reading and the test strip used. It may be explained by the example shown in Figure 4.5.2 Transition StandardGages utilizing the inch-pound system (English units) may be encountered during the period of transition to SI. The designation of intensity measurement in this temporary alternate is explained in the example shown in Figure 5.6. MAINTENANCE, CALIBRATION AND USE6.1 Test StripsAfter removal from the test strip holder, test strips should not be replaced, re-used, or shot peened for any additional time.6.2 Holding FixtureThe test strip contact area of the holding fixture shall be checked for flatness on a periodic basis. Flatness of the test strip contact area shall not exceed 0.1 mm. In addition to a dimensional check for flatness, holding fixtures shall be checked visually for the following characteristics:a. Burrs or raised material that can be caused by damage or excessive peening (particularly on the holding fixture endfaces).b. Particles of shot or beads that could become trapped under the test strip during installation.c. Damage to threads that may prevent one or more screws from adequately holding the test strip in place.6.3 GageLocating balls and indicator tip shall be checked periodically for wear. Any visual signs of wear or flat spots on the ball greater than 1.0 mm (.039 inch) shall be cause for repair of the gage such that new round surfaces are in contact with the test strip. Posts should be inspected for grooves that may interfere with proper seating of the test strip on the 4-ball platform and, if necessary, replaced. The indicator shall be calibrated periodically over the range used for measuring test strips. The calibration tolerance for the indicator shall not exceed 0.005 mm. The use of calibration blocks, either flat, curved, or equipped with steps, is recommended.6.4 Zero BlockA zero block, approximately the size of an Almen strip in length and width or large enough to contact the Almen gage 4-balls and indicator tip, with a minimum thickness of 5 mm shall be used to set the zero datum of the Almen gage. Flatness of the zero blocks shall be within ±.005 mm. Lapping the surface to achieve flatness is recommended.FIGURE 1 - TEST STRIP SPECIFICATIONSFIGURE 2 - ASSEMBLED TEST STRIP AND HOLDER--`,,```,,````,`,``,,,,,`````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---FIGURE 3 - ALMEN GAGEFIGURE 4 - EXAMPLE OF STANDARD DESIGNATION OF INTENSITY MEASUREMENTFIGURE 5 - EXAMPLE OF DESIGNATION OF INTENSITY MEASUREMENT IN TEMPORARY ALTERNATE7. NOTES7.1 Superseded Gage DesignationTwo types of gages were formerly used to measure the arc height of test strips. The number 1 gage, which is obsolete, employed two knife edges to support the test strip; the number 2 gage (developed in 1943) uses four balls to locate the test strip in relation to the indicator stem. Some engineering criteria may continue to show the numeral “2” after the test strip letter, designating the use of a number 2 gage. This designation (such as A2) is neither required nor recommended. The gage defined by this SAE Standard uses the same locating scheme as the number 2 gage, and therefore will yield an equivalent reading.7.2 Superseded Intensity DesignationThe prior “dimensionless” value relating to the number of graduations read on the dial indicator has been discontinued in favor of direct reading in millimeters (inches).7.3 DimensionsUnless otherwise indicated all dimensions are in millimeters (mm).7.4 M arginal IndiciaA change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only.PREPARED BY THE SAE SURFACE ENHANCEMENT DIVISIONOF THE SAE FATIGUE, DESIGN, AND EVALUATION COMMITTEE--`,,```,,````,`,``,,,,,`````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---。
Audi A4 Avant 2008 顶部边缘耳朵供应量8K9.071.640.A (部件标识：8K
Instrucciones de montaje Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Alerón del borde del techopara volumen de suministro 8K9.071.640.A (identificación de pieza: 8K9.827.933.A) Accesorios Originales AudiEdición 08/2012ServicioServicio Posventa. Información técnicaÍndice1Notas generales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12¡Leer detenidamente antes de empezar! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22.1Directriz de pintura para piezas de PC/PET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22.2Instrucciones para la aplicación del pegamento de montaje . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Descripción general de las piezas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Secuencia de operaciones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64.1Preparativos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64.2Montaje del alerón del borde del techo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Anexos: certificados, peritajes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ServicioEste Manual está protegido por la legislación sobre los derechos de autor.Queda prohibida su utilización, bajo cualquier forma, sin el permiso del autor.Copyright © 2012 Audi AG, IngolstadtImpreso en Alemania1Notas generalesAntes de llevar a cabo trabajos de mantenimiento o reparación,lea y tenga siempre presentes las siguientes descripciones so-bre las advertencias: ATENCIÓN, precaución y aviso.¡ATENCIÓN!Los textos con este símbolo contienen información para su seguridad y llaman su atención sobre posibles peligros de accidente y de lesiones. ¡Atención!Los textos señalados con este símbolo le informan sobre posibles daños en el vehículo.AvisoLos textos con este símbolo contienen informaciones adiciona-les.–Los textos con este símbolo describen una instrucción de trabajo (instrucción de actuación).◆Los textos con este símbolo señalan una lista.Para el montaje se necesitan herramientas especiales. Unmontaje inadecuado puede provocar daños en el vehículo o en las piezas adosadas.AUDI AG no asume ninguna responsabilidad en caso de que no se respeten estas instrucciones de montaje.Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/20121 Notas generales12¡Leer detenidamente antes de empezar!2.1Directriz de pintura para piezas de PC/PETLijado:en húmedo P 600Pintura de base:Calidad Herberts: Equivale a:pintura previa LMT 626 / ALD 626 UNI pintura previa LMT 845 / ALD 645 metalizadapintura previa LPC 045 / ALD 045 PerlcolorViscosidad:20 s Pasadas de pulverización:2Espesor de capa:aprox. 20 µm Tiempo de aireación:10 min Tiempo de aireación final:15 minPistola de pintado:Devilbiss GTI 1,4 mm Pintura transparente:Calidad Herberts: Equivale a:pintura transparente de 2 componentes MS nue-vaL2K 769 011 + 10% ablandador2 : 1 + 10% diluyenteViscosidad:18 s Pasadas de pulverización:2Espesor de capa:aprox. 50 µm Tiempo de aireación:10 minSecado:Durante la noche a 20 °C Pistola de pintado:Devilbiss GTI 1,4 mm¡Atención!El pintado de las piezas adosadas debe realizarse siempre de conformidad con las directrices del “Manual de pintura Audi”.A diferencia de lo indicado allí, las piezas adosadas no de-ben calentarse para el secado, sino que deben dejarse se-car durante la noche a 20 °C. ¡Peligro de deformación!Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/201222 ¡Leer detenidamente antes de empezar!2.2Instrucciones para la aplicación del pe-gamento de montajeAdecuado para piezas adosadas de:◆PUR ◆PUR-RIM◆Espuma dura integral de PU ◆ABS ◆PC/PETCondiciones de procesamiento◆La temperatura de aplicación recomendada para el pega-mento de montaje / cinta adhesiva de doble cara y material (vehículo y componentes) es de entre 15 °C y 25 °C.◆El proceso de montaje debe finalizar en el transcurso de 45 minutos tras abrir el pegamento de montaje.◆Las superficies de pegado de la carrocería y de la pieza adosada deben estar totalmente secas, limpias y libres de cera y grasa.◆Retirar los restos de cera con bencina. La bencina es “gra-sienta”, por lo que, a continuación, deben limpiarse las su-perficies de pegado con isopropanol.◆Limpiar las superficies de pegado con isopropanol inmedia-tamente antes de aplicar el pegamento de montaje.◆Tener en cuenta las indicaciones del prospecto del envase del juego de pegado.Proceso básico–Limpiar las superficies de pegado con isopropanol.–Aplicar el pegamento de montaje.–Presionar la pieza adosada en la posición final y fijarla.–Retirar minuciosamente los restos del pegamento de monta-je con la espátula suministrada, un paño de algodón e iso-propanol.¡Atención!El proceso de montaje completo debe finalizar en el trans-curso de 45 minutos después de abrir el pegamento de montaje; en el prospecto adjunto se indica el tiempo de reacción del pegamento de montaje.Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/20122 ¡Leer detenidamente antes de empezar!3Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/20124 2 ¡Leer detenidamente antes de empezar!3Descripción general de las pie-zasComponentes requeridos:Juego de montaje 8K9.071.640 ACompuesto de:Cantidad Número de pieza Descripción1Alerón del borde del techo (identificación de pieza: 8K9.827.933A)1Instrucciones de montajeAdemás necesitará:Cantidad Número de pieza Descripción18K9.067.545.A Juego de cinta adhesiva para alerón del borde del techoA4 B8 Avant1)1 D.172.090.A2Terostat MS 9301 D.009.200.02Imprimación de vidrio/de pintura1)El juego de cinta adhesiva para alerón del borde del techo A4 B8 Avant 8K9.067.545.A consta de los siguientes componentes:Cantidad Descripción Utilización1Cinta adhesiva 1.000 x15 x 3,2 mmSuperficie de pegado -1- ⇒ f ig. página 61Cinta adhesiva 1.000 x15 x 2,0 mmSuperficie de pegado -3- ⇒ f ig. página 62Pieza de molde de lámi-nas adhesivas 1,5 mmSuperficie de pegado -2- ⇒ f ig. página 62Pieza de molde de espu-ma autoadhesiva 15 x15 mm Superficie de pegado -5- ⇒ f ig. página 6Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/20123 Descripción general de las piezas54Secuencia de operaciones4.1PreparativosAvisoLas piezas adosadas se han mecanizado con precisión de ajuste y ya están imprimadas. No obstante, antes del pintado debe realizarse un montaje de prueba según estas instruccio-nes de montaje.Superficies de pegado del alerón del borde del techo –Pintar el alerón del borde del techo, incluidas las superficies de pegado -1- a -5- ⇒ “Directriz de pintura para piezas de PC/PET” página 2.–Limpiar a fondo con isopropanol las superficies de pegado-1-, -2-, -3- y -5- del alerón del borde del techo.–Aplicar a las superficies de pegado -1-, -2-, -3- y -5- una ca-pa fina de imprimación de vidrio/de pintura y dejarlas airear,como mínimo, durante 10 minutos.–Abrir el juego de cinta adhesiva para alerón del borde del te-cho A4 B8 Avant 8K9.067.545.A.¡Atención!La cinta adhesiva no debe quitarse después de que entre en contacto con la imprimación de vidrio/de pintura.–Pegar la cinta adhesiva de 3,2 mm sobre la superficie de pe-gado -1- y presionar fuertemente con un rodillo para papel pintado.–Pegar la cinta adhesiva de 2,0 mm sobre la superficie de pe-gado -3- y presionar fuertemente con un rodillo para papel pintado.Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/201264 Secuencia de operaciones–Pegar la pieza de molde de láminas adhesivas sobre la su-perficie de pegado -2- y presionarla fuertemente.–Pegar las piezas de molde de espuma -5- a la izquierda y a la derecha.–Colocar el alerón del borde del techo sobre el portón trasero y centrarlo a modo de prueba.–Alinear el alerón del borde del techo con la junta del techo y la luz superior del freno, y comprobar que esté bien coloca-do.AvisoAl comprobar la posición, tener en cuenta la forma en que el alerón del borde del techo se puede colocar y alinear. Durante el montaje, la cinta adhesiva de doble cara se adhiere al primer contacto con el vehículo.–Retirar el alerón del borde del techo.4.2Montaje del alerón del borde del techo–Limpiar las superficies de pegado del vehículo con isopropa-nol.–Limpiar con isopropanol la superficie de pegado -4- del ale-rón del borde de techo.–Aplicar a la superficie de pegado -4- una capa fina de impri-mación de vidrio/de pintura y dejar airear, como mínimo, du-rante 10 minutos.–Aplicar un cordón uniforme de 4 ± 2 mm ∅ de Terostat MS 930 D.172.090.A2 sobre la línea de posicionamiento -4-.¡Atención!El pegado del alerón del borde del techo debe concluir en el transcurso de 15 minutos.–Retirar la lámina protectora de la cinta adhesiva trasera -1-.–Retirar la lámina protectora de la cinta adhesiva delantera -3- solo unos 5 cm de cada lado y doblarla hacia fuera -fle-cha-.–Retirar la lámina protectora de la cinta adhesiva lateral -2-solo unos 5 cm de cada lado y doblarla hacia fuera -flecha-.¡Atención!El alerón debe estar bien centrado.La posición del alerón del borde del techo ya no se puedecambiar después de presionarlo.Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/20124 Secuencia de operaciones7Aviso◆La cinta adhesiva de doble cara se adhiere al primer contac-to con el vehículo.◆Para colocar el alerón del borde del techo se necesita un se-gundo montador.–Colocar el alerón del borde del techo con el canto delantero centrado sobre el portón trasero -flecha 1- y centrarlo.–Colocar el alerón del borde del techo sobre el canto trasero haciendo una ligera presión hacia adelante -flecha 2-; no se debe ejercer mucha presión.–Alinear la posición del alerón del borde del techo con la jun-ta del techo y la luz superior del freno.–Presionar firmemente el alerón del borde del techo desde el centro hacia afuera sobre el portón trasero, en el área de la -flecha 2-.–Retirar las láminas protectoras de las restantes cintas adhe-sivas.–Presionar firmemente el alerón del borde del techo desde el centro hacia afuera sobre el portón trasero, en el área de la -flecha 1-.–Presionar firmemente el alerón del borde del techo en los la-terales del portón trasero.¡Atención!Tras el montaje, el pegado debe fraguar, como mínimo, du-rante 3,5 horas a la temperatura ambiente de la nave.Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/201284 Secuencia de operaciones5Anexos: certificados, peritajes Acompañando a las instrucciones de montaje encontrará lo si-guiente:◆el certificado de fabricante de AUDI AG◆un extracto de la autorización de la CE expedido por el Mi-nisterio de Transporte de la República Federal de Alemania ◆el peritaje de SGS-TÜV Saar GmbH (Asociación de Supervi-sión Técnica)AvisoAdjuntar a la documentación del vehículo los documentos ne-cesarios del anexo según los requisitos del país, para que se entreguen a la persona pertinente si se solicitan.Instrucciones de montaje - Audi A4 Avant 2008 ▶Edición 08/20125 Anexos: certificados, peritajes 9。
解读GBT5013--2008标准-文档资料
7.3.2负载电流的变化
截面 GB5013.2-1997
0.75 mm2
9A
GB/T5013.2-2008 6A
1 mm2
11A
10A
1.5 mm2
14A
14A
2.5 mm2
20A
20A
4 mm2
25A
25A
差异 变小 变小 不变 不变 不变
7.4 施加电压的变化
软缆芯数
GB5013.2-1997
解读GB/T5013-2008标准
金标义 2008年7月
前言
2008年1月22日发布了新版GB/T5013-2008《额定电压450/750V及 以下橡皮绝缘电缆》产品标准。
2008年9月1日将开始实施新版GB/T5013-2008《额定电压450/750V 及以下橡皮绝缘电缆》产品标准。
额定电压450/750V及以下橡皮绝缘电缆产品在我国是中国质量认 证中心（CQC）实施强制认证的基本产品之一，同时也是IECEE CB体系产品型式试验报告互认的产品之一，因此了解和掌握新、 老标准的差异，准确领会新版标准的内容是非常有必要的。
4 绝缘材料的差异
内容
GB5013.1-1997
GB/T5013.1-2008
差异
普通橡皮混合物绝缘的电缆 -IE1型
/
绝
在新版中 取消了
缘 硅橡胶绝缘的电缆-IE2型 硅橡胶绝缘的电缆-IE2型
相同
材
料 乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯橡皮混合 乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯橡皮混合物
物或相当材料绝缘的电缆
或相当材料绝缘的电缆
8 GB/T5013.2-2008标准中新增加了三轮曲挠试验和扭绞试验
由于IEC245标准内容的增加，国家标准也增加了该部分的内容， 即GB/T5013.8《特软电线》，在GB/T5013.2-2008标准中新增加了三 轮曲挠试验和扭绞试验，也就是针对GB/T5013.8特软电线的性能试验 要求的。