TempoStorm 天梯标准环境周报 #21
DeST建筑模拟计算
课程名称:DeST建筑模拟计算论文题目:北京市某办公楼的模拟分析学院:船舶与建筑工程专业:建筑环境与设备工程班级:姓名:学号:完成日期: 2011.6.10—6.19 2011 年 6 月 19 日北京某办公楼的模拟分析XXX船舶与建筑工程学院 XX建环XX班摘要建筑窗墙比、空气处理设备方案以及冷热源的不合理选择会导致建筑物能耗增加,消耗大量不必的能耗,利用DeST对建筑物进行以上几方面的模拟,可以很好的模拟出不同方案下建筑物能耗的增加或减少,最后根据模拟结果,采用较好的方案,可以大大减少建筑物的能耗【关键词】:数值模拟;DeDT;建筑能耗;窗墙比;空气处理设备1.工程概况本建筑为一栋位于北京市的办公楼,建筑面积为972m2,共两层,建筑标准层平面图及DeST模型如图1所示,标准层有办公室、卫生间、和楼梯间。
(a)(b)(a):建筑平面图(b):建筑立面图建筑设计过程涉及到以下几个阶段内容:建筑本体设计、空调系统方案设计、空气处理设备方案涉及。
以下针对此建筑在各个阶段的部分设计问题进行分析。
建筑主要功能设计用参数表1建筑主要功能房间环境控制参数表2图1 建筑主要刚能房间人员作息(工作日)围护结构热工参数表32.建筑方案设计建筑初步设计的各朝向窗墙比均为0.7,接近全玻璃幕墙。
这里存在一个问题,如此大面积的窗户,必然导致大量的太阳辐射进入室内,成为房间的冷负荷,从而会使空调的建筑能耗很大。
对此建筑而言,调整建筑的窗墙比必然会在一定程度上影响原建筑的设计,包括室内的采光效果与建筑的建筑的通透性等,这样在建筑美观与节能之间存在矛盾,这可以通过对建筑模拟分析来实现。
下面分别模拟计算两种窗墙比方案的建筑负荷情况:原方案,窗前比0.7;对比方案,窗墙比取0.4,图2给出了上述两种窗墙比方案下房间热负荷和冷负荷对比。
图2 不同窗墙比建筑冷热消耗对比图3 不同窗墙比建筑冷热负荷最大值对比由图4给出了调整窗墙比后,建筑总体的热负荷冷负荷及最大负荷变化情况。
上海地区暴雨预警评估及不同天气型暴雨预警差异分析
周伟东,韩宁,戴建华,等.2022.上海地区暴雨预警评估及不同天气型暴雨预警差异分析[J].暴雨灾害,41(4):405-412ZHOU Weidong,HAN Ning,DAI Jianhua,et al.2022.Investigation of rainstorm warning and its difference under different synoptic condi-tions in Shanghai [J].Torrential Rain and Disasters,41(4):405-412上海地区暴雨预警评估及不同天气型暴雨预警差异分析周伟东1,韩宁1,戴建华2,陈浩1,岳彩军3,张瑞怡1(1.上海市气象服务中心,上海200030;2.上海中心气象台,上海200030;3.上海海洋中心气象台,上海200030)摘要:利用2010—2020年上海地区79个自动气象观测站逐小时观测资料和2016—2020年上海中心气象台和上海各区气象台发布的暴雨预警信号资料,采用趋势分析、累积频率等统计方法,分析了上海地区暴雨的时空分布特征,并且在对不同级别暴雨预警信号发布频次、预警时效进行统计分析的基础上,对不同天气形势下暴雨预警时效的差异进行了研究。
结果表明:上海地区6h 雨量标准的暴雨呈现显著上升趋势,其中暴雨蓝色预警上升趋势最为明显;7月6h 雨量标准的暴雨出现了明显的低谷,而1h 雨量标准的暴雨较6月仍然有所增加,显示出7月副高控制下上海地区多短时暴雨的特征。
上海午后暴雨一般持续时间相对较短,而持续时间较长的暴雨多出现在上午。
暴雨频次在中心城区和浦东靠近黄浦江地区存在大值中心,这可能与城市热岛效应有关。
上海地区暴雨预警信号发布时间呈现双峰型变化特征,第一峰值出现在中午12∶00,12∶00—17∶00预警信号发布相对集中,第二峰值出现在早晨06∶00,各级别预警信号持续时间平均为5.9h。
MPS管理系统
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环境影响评价报告公示:年产一万吨新型纤维素长丝项目环评报告-181页精选文档
概论新乡化纤股份有限公司拟投资88000万元,建设年产一万吨新型纤维素长丝项目,该项目主要建设内容位于新乡化纤股份有限公司位于新乡经济技术开发区中的新厂区内,同时向南新增55.5亩土地用于配套仓库建设。
本项目主要生产工艺为外购浆粕,经烧碱、二硫化碳处理,得到橙黄色的纤维素黄原酸钠,再溶解在稀氢氧化钠溶液内,成为粘稠的纺丝原液,经过滤、熟成、脱泡后,送入连续纺丝机内通过与酸浴接触生成纤维素长丝。
项目建设符合国家产业政策要求,满足行业准入条件的要求。
依据《建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录》(2019.6.1)中O纺织化纤第119 条中的规定,“除单纯纺丝外的”均属于报告书类别,根据名录要求,本项目应编制环境影响报告书。
受业主委托后,我单位按照导则、规范的要求和评价工作的需要,依程序开展了现场调查、资料收集、现场监测等环评工作,在此基础上完成了初步的工程分析,确定项目的主要污染物为生产过程中产生的含有CS2和H2S(反应副产物)气体的工艺废气和燃煤锅炉新增燃煤产生的燃烧废气排放,以及含有Zn、硫化物等特征因子的工艺废水。
通过对收集的周围环境现状监测资料和特征因子现场取样检测结果分析,评价认为目前项目区域环境容量可以满足本项目建设生产,同时结合初步工程分析的结果确定项目评价期间主要关注的环境问题如下:环境空气:重点关注项目建设对区域环境空气质量及敏感点的影响,卫生防护距离的符合性分析;地表水环境:重点关注项目废水收集、处理措施的可行性、区域污水处理厂的可依托性;地下水环境:重点关注项目酸站车间、污水处理设施的防渗措施的可行性;声环境:重点关注项目实施后高噪声设备对区域声环境及敏感点的影响;固体废物:重点关注项目产生的固废收集、暂存、处置措施的合理性,防止二次污染。
本项目建设符合国家产业政策和新乡经济技术开发区规划环评的环保准入条件,选址符合新乡经济技术开发区的土地利用规划、产业发展规划和总体规划,生产的产品性能先进,生产工艺和设备的清洁生产水平可以达到国内先进水平。
移动核心网周报0227-0304
移动网络核心网周报(0227-0304)一、网络资源优化1、交换机负荷情况:统计每天交换机关键unit的忙时负荷,列出一个星期忙时平均负荷、最大负荷,并提出扩容方案。
CP负荷这周平均负荷平稳向上运行,忙时最高负荷和月平均负荷差距不大,都属于正常范围内。
2、交换机性能情况:统计交换机日忙时,周忙时平均占用率,最大占用率等,预警交换冗余处理能理,提出扩容方案,包括:◆关键存储单元内存使用率:查看交换机各关键逻辑存储单元(绚铃/语音/智能网/短信)占用情况。
◆ MGW容量(W7I)◆VLR利用率◆HLR利用率:分别统计:用户占用比例=生成用户数/HLR配置用户数量鉴权占用比例=生成鉴权数/HLR配置鉴权数量◆交换机忙时BHCA、语音BHCA;◆其它:根据各交换机设备类型进行补充统计项目中,周平均值都属于正常范围。
其中MGW3得忙时最大占有率较高,是由于其配置容量相对于MGW2和MGW4较低。
但都在相对正常范围内。
3、交换机资源利用率情况:业务量较大,三个MSS高于0.2erl/link得信令数较多。
CDMSS04的最为明显达到227个。
二、网络性能优化网络指标是衡量网络质量的重要手段,我们会定期对三个软交换的关键性网络进行跟踪,以及时掌握网络的现状。
以下,我们对三个软交换近期的关键性指标进行列出。
以便我们及时跟踪网络的运行情况。
CDMSS02的关键性指标如下表CDMSS03关键性指标如下表:CDMSS04的关键性指标如下表:交换系统接通率指标,如下表:通过以上指标,我们可以看出,随着网优工作的不断进行和深入,网络的各项指标正平稳向上运行,都在正常范围内。
三、现网问题及解决措施BSC4A下起呼问题分析在2月26日的话务统计中,我们发现:CDMSS04下CM Service Request次数相对减少。
注:所有统计都是建立在忙时进行的,对此问题,我们选择的是早忙时段。
CM Service Request统计是指移动用户发起呼叫时,交换机从BSC侧接收到的的请求总次数,是用户请求网络服务的表征。
基于机器学习的多源实况分析产品和观测数据融合应用试验
improvements compared to ART and CAR. The experiment results indicate that the machine learning
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FortiGate 100F系列产品说明书
FortiGate ® 100F SeriesFG-100F and FG-101FThe FortiGate 100F series provides an application-centric, scalable, and secure SD-WAN solution with Next Generation Firewall (NGFW) capabilities for mid-sized to large enterprises deployed at the campus or branch level. Protects against cyber threats with system-on-a-chip acceleration and industry-leading secure SD-WAN in a simple, affordable, and easy to deploy solution. Fortinet’s Security-Driven Networking approach provides tight integration of the network to the new generation of security.NGFW Threat ProtectionInterfaces20 Gbps 2.6 Gbps 1.6 Gbps 1 GbpsMultiple GE RJ45, GE SFP and 10 GE SFP+ slotsRefer to specification table for detailsSecurity n Identifies thousands of applications inside network traffic for deep inspection and granular policy enforcementn Protects against malware, exploits, and maliciouswebsites in both encrypted and non-encrypted traffic n Prevent and detect against known and unknown attacksusing continuous threat intelligence from AI-powered FortiGuard Labs security servicesPerformancen Delivers industry’s best threat protection performance and ultra-low latency using purpose-built security processor (SPU) technologyn Provides industry-leading performance and protection forSSL encrypted trafficCertificationn Independently tested and validated best security effectiveness and performancen Received unparalleled third-party certifications from NSSLabsNetworkingn Delivers advanced networking capabilities that seamlessly integrate with advanced layer 7 security and virtual domains (VDOMs) to offer extensive deployment flexibility, multi-tenancy and effective utilization of resourcesn Delivers high-density, flexible combination of varioushigh-speed interfaces to enable best TCO for customersfor data center and WAN deploymentsManagement n Includes a management console that is effective, simple to use, and provides comprehensive network automation and visibility.n Provides Zero Touch Integration with Security Fabric’sSingle Pane of Glass Managementn Predefined compliance checklist analyzes the deploymentand highlights best practices to improve overall securitypostureSecurity Fabric n Enables Fortinet and Fabric-ready partners’ products to provide broader visibility, integrated end-to-end detection, threat intelligence sharing, and automated remediationNext Generation Firewall Secure SD-WANSecure Web GatewayDATA SHEETDATA SHEET | FortiGate® 100F SeriesDEPLOYMENTN ext Generation Firewall (NGFW)§Reduce the complexity and maximize your ROI by integrating threatprotection security capabilities into a single high-performance network security appliance, powered by Fortinet’s Security Processing Unit (SPU) §Full visibility into users, devices, and applications across the entire attack surface, and consistent security policy enforcement irrespective of asset location §Protect against network exploitable vulnerabilities with industry-validated IPS that offers low latency and optimized network performance §Automatically block threats ondecrypted traffic using the industry’s highest SSL inspection performance, including the latest TLS 1.3standard with mandated ciphers §Secure Web Gateway (SWG)§Secure web access from both internal and external risks, even for encrypted traffic at high performance §Enhanced user experience with dynamic web and video caching §Block and control web access based on user or user groups across URLs and domains §Prevent data loss and discover user activity to known and unknown cloud applications §Block DNS requests against malicious domains §Multi-layered advanced protection against zero-day malware threats delivered over the webSecure SD-WAN§Consistent business application performance with accurate detection, dynamic WAN path steering on any best-performing WAN transport §Accelerated multi-cloud access for faster SaaS adoption with cloud-on-ramp §Self-healing networks with WAN edge high availability, sub-second traffic switchover-based and real-time bandwidth compute-based traffic steering §Automated overlay tunnels provide encryption and abstracts physical hybrid WAN making it simple to manage §Simplified and intuitive workflow with SD-WAN orchestrator for management and zero touch deployment ENTERPRISE Secure Access SwitchEnterprise Branch Deployment (Secure SD-WAN)DATA SHEET | FortiGate® 100F Series FORTINET SECURITY FABRICFortiOS™Operating SystemFortiOS, Fortinet’s leading operating system enable the convergence of high performing networking and security across the Fortinet Security Fabric delivering consistent and context-aware security posture across network endpoint, and clouds. The organically built best of breed capabilities and unified approach allows organizations to run their businesses without compromising performance or protection, supports seamless scalability, and simplifies innovation consumption.The release of FortiOS 7 dramatically expands the Fortinet Security Fabric’s ability to deliver consistent security across hybrid deployment models of Hardware, Software, and Software As-a-Service with SASE and ZTNA, among others.Security FabricThe industry’s highest-performing cybersecurity platform,powered by FortiOS, with a rich ecosystem designed to span the extended digital attack surface, delivering fully automated, self-healing network security.§Broad: Coordinated detection and enforcement across the entire digital attack surface and lifecycle with converged networking and security across edges, clouds, endpoints, and users§Integrated: Integrated and unified security, operation, and performance across different technologies, location, deployment options, and the richest ecosystem§Automated: Context aware, self-healing network and security posture leveraging cloud-scale and advanced AI to automatically deliver near-real-time, user-to-application coordinated protection across the FabricThe Fabric empowers organizations of any size to secure and simplify their hybrid infrastructure on the journey to digital innovation.SERVICESFortiGuard™Security ServicesFortiGuard Labs offer real-time intelligence on the threat landscape, delivering comprehensive security updates across the full range of Fortinet’s solutions. Comprised of security threat researchers, engineers, and forensic specialists, the team collaborates with the world’s leading threat monitoring organizations and other network and security vendors, as well as law enforcement agencies.FortiCare™ServicesFortinet is dedicated to helping our customers succeed, and every year FortiCare services help thousands of organizations get the most from their Fortinet Security Fabric solution. We have more than 1,000 experts to help accelerate technology implementation, provide reliable assistance through advanced support, and offer proactive care to maximize security and performance of Fortinet deployments.DATA SHEET | FortiGate® 100F Series SPECIFICATIONSFORTIGATE 100F FORTIGATE 101F Interfaces and ModulesHardware Accelerated GE RJ45 Ports12Hardware Accelerated GE RJ45Management/ HA/ DMZ Ports1 /2 / 1Hardware Accelerated GE SFP Slots4Hardware Accelerated 10 GE SFP+FortiLink Slots (default)2GE RJ45 WAN Ports2GE RJ45or SFP Shared Ports *4USB Port1Console Port1Onboard Storage01x 480 GB SSD Included Transceivers0System Performance — Enterprise Traffic MixIPS Throughput 2 2.6 GbpsNGFW Throughput 2, 4 1.6 GbpsThreat Protection Throughput 2, 5 1 GbpsSystem Performance and CapacityIPv4 Firewall Throughput(1518 / 512 / 64 byte, UDP)20 / 18 / 10 GbpsFirewall Latency (64 byte, UDP) 4.97 μsFirewall Throughput (Packet per Second)15 MppsConcurrent Sessions (TCP) 1.5 MillionNew Sessions/Second (TCP)56,000Firewall Policies10,000IPsec VPN Throughput (512 byte) 111.5 GbpsGateway-to-Gateway IPsec VPN Tunnels 2,000Client-to-Gateway IPsec VPN Tunnels16,000SSL-VPN Throughput 1 GbpsConcurrent SSL-VPN Users(Recommended Maximum, Tunnel Mode)500SSL Inspection Throughput(IPS, avg. HTTPS) 31 GbpsSSL Inspection CPS (IPS, avg. HTTPS) 31,800SSL Inspection Concurrent Session(IPS, avg. HTTPS) 3135,000Application Control Throughput(HTTP 64K) 22.2 GbpsCAPWAP Throughput (HTTP 64K)15 GbpsVirtual Domains (Default / Maximum)10 / 10Maximum Number of FortiSwitchesSupported32Maximum Number of FortiAPs(Total / Tunnel)128 / 64Maximum Number of FortiTokens5,000High Availability Configurations Active / Active, Active / Passive, ClusteringFORTIGATE 100F FORTIGATE 101F Dimensions and PowerHeight x Width x Length (inches) 1.73 x 17 x 10Height x Width x Length (mm)44 x 432 x 254Weight7.25 lbs (3.29 kg)7.56 lbs (3.43 kg) Form Factor(supports EIA/non-EIA standards)Rack Mount, 1 RUAC Power Supply100–240V AC, 50/60 Hz Power Consumption(Average / Maximum)35.1 W / 38.7 W35.3 W / 39.1 W Current (Maximum)100V / 1A, 240V / 0.5AHeat Dissipation119.77 BTU/h121.13 BTU/h Redundant Power Supplies YesOperating Environment and CertificationsOperating Temperature32–104°F (0–40°C) Storage Temperature-31–158°F (-35–70°C) Humidity10–90% non-condensing Noise Level40.4 dBAForced Airflow Side to Back Operating Altitude Up to 7,400 ft (2,250 m) Compliance FCC Part 15B, Class A, CE, RCM, VCCI,UL/cUL, CB, BSMI Certifications ICSA Labs: Firewall, IPsec, IPS, Antivirus,SSL-VPN; IPv6Note: All performance values are “up to” and vary depending on system configuration.1. IPsec VPN performance test uses AES256-SHA256.2. IPS (Enterprise Mix), Application Control, NGFW and Threat Protection are measured withLogging enabled.3. SSL Inspection performance values use an average of HTTPS sessions of different ciphersuites.4. NGFW performance is measured with Firewall, IPS and Application Control enabled.5. Threat Protection performance is measured with Firewall, IPS, Application Control andMalware Protection enabled.DATA SHEET | FortiGate® 100F SeriesCopyright © 2021 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet , FortiGate , FortiCare and FortiGuard , and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other productor company names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.1 GE SFP SX Transceiver Module FN-TRAN-SX 1 GE SFP SX transceiver module for all systems with SFP and SFP/SFP+ slots.1 GE SFP LX Transceiver Module FN-TRAN-LX 1 GE SFP LX transceiver module for all systems with SFP and SFP/SFP+ slots.10 GE SFP+ RJ45 Transceiver Module FN-TRAN-SFP+GC 10 GE SFP+ RJ45 transceiver module for systems with SFP+ slots.10 GE SFP+ Transceiver Module, Short Range FN-TRAN-SFP+SR 10 GE SFP+ transceiver module, short range for all systems with SFP+ and SFP/SFP+ slots.10 GE SFP+ Transceiver Module, Long Range FN-TRAN-SFP+LR 10 GE SFP+ transceiver module, long range for all systems with SFP+ and SFP/SFP+ slots.10 GE SFP+ Transceivers, Extended RangeFN-TRAN-SFP+ER10 GE SFP+ transceiver module, extended range for all systems with SFP+ and SFP/SFP+ slots.ORDERING INFORMATIONBUNDLESFortiGuard BundleFortiGuard Labs delivers a number of security intelligence services to augment the FortiGate firewall platform. You can easily optimize the protection capabilities of your FortiGate with one of these FortiGuard Bundles.Bundles 360 Protection Enterprise Protection Unified Threat ProtectionAdvanced ThreatProtectionFortiCareASE 124x724x724x7FortiGuard App Control Service ••••FortiGuard IPS Service••••FortiGuard Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) — Antivirus, Mobile Malware, Botnet, CDR, Virus Outbreak Protection and FortiSandbox Cloud Service••••FortiGuard Web and Video 2 Filtering Service •••FortiGuard Antispam Service •••FortiGuard Security Rating Service ••FortiGuard IoT Detection Service ••FortiGuard Industrial Service ••FortiConverter Service••SD-WAN Orchestrator Entitlement •SD-WAN Cloud Assisted Monitoring •SD-WAN Overlay Controller VPN Service • Fortinet SOCaaS •FortiAnalyzer Cloud •FortiManager Cloud•1. 24x7 plus Advanced Services Ticket Handling2. Available when running FortiOS 7.0。
SWAT使用手册(中文翻译)
Soil and Water Assessment Tool User’s Manual Version 2000S.L.Neitsch, J.G.Arnold, J.R.Kiniry, R.Srinivasan, J.R.Williams, 2002Chapter 1 overview1.1 流域结构W ATERSHED CONFIGURATION✧子流域-无数量限制的HRUs(每个子流域至少有1个)-一个水塘(可选)-一块湿地(可选)✧支流/干流段(每个子流域一个)✧干流河网滞留水(围坝拦截部分)(可选)✧点源(可选)1.1.1子流域(subbasins)子流域是流域划分的第一级水平,其在流域内拥有地理位置并且在空间上与其他子流域相连接。
1.1.2 水文响应单元(HRU)HRUs是子流域内拥有特定土地利用/管理/土壤属性的部分,其为离散于整个子流域内同一土地利用/管理/土壤属性的集合,且假定不同HRU相互之间没有干扰。
HRUs的优势在于其能提高子流域内负荷预测的精度。
一般情况下,一个子流域每会有1-10个HRUs。
为了能在一个数据集内组合更多的多样化信息,一般要求生成多个具有合适数量HRUs的子流域而不是少量拥有大量HRUs的子流域。
1.1.3主河道(Reach/Main Channels)水流路线、沉积物和其他经过河段的物质在theoretical documentation section7中有描述。
1.1.4 支流(Tributary Channels)辅助性水流渠道用来区分子流域内产生的地表径流输入的渠系化水流。
附属水道的输入用来计算子流域内径流产生到汇集的时间以及径流汇集到主河道的输移损失。
辅助性水道输入定义了子流域内最长达水流路经。
对某些子流域而言,主河道可能是最长的水流路经,如果这样,辅助性水流渠道的长度就和主河道一样。
在其他子流域内,辅助性河道的长度和主河道是不同的。
1.1.5池塘、湿地和水库(Ponds/Wetlands/Reservoirs)两类水体(池塘/湿地)在每个子流域内都会有定义。
ECMWF细网格10m风场在“天兔”大风预报中的释用
ECMWF细网格10m风场在“天兔”大风预报中的释用林中鹏;周顺武;温继昌【摘要】通过对欧洲中心数值预报细网格(以下简称“ECthin”)10 m风场在2013年第19号超强台风“天兔”影响过程中的订正预报效果进行分析,结果表明:(1)预报格点值经过1.6~1.8倍阵风系数的人工订正后,模式预报的福建沿海大风的阵风量级和变化趋势与极大风速实况较为吻合;(2)崇武台站极大风速与ECthin 10 m风场预报值在风速变化趋势上具有非常好的一致性,两者的平均绝对误差值≤1.1 m/s.因此,ECthin 10m风场在此次台风大风预报中具有较好的应用价值,这也为开展沿海大风精细化预报提供了很好的支撑.【期刊名称】《气象水文海洋仪器》【年(卷),期】2015(033)003【总页数】6页(P7-12)【关键词】ECMWF细网格;10m风场;大风预报;人工订正【作者】林中鹏;周顺武;温继昌【作者单位】南京信息工程大学,南京210044;福建省石狮市气象局,石狮362700;南京信息工程大学,南京210044;福建省泉州市气象局,泉州362000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P458.3近年来,随着气象探测技术、资料四维变分同化技术、数值模式方法及计算机技术的高速发展,数值天气预报技术取得了长足的进步,产品越来越丰富,精细程度也越来越高,比如ECMWF、JAPAN、T639、NCEP等数值预报产品都不断的在时间和空间上精细化,同时集合预报方法在数值天气预报领域内得到了长足发展[1-7];模式的大尺度环流形势预报能力远远超过人的主观经验判断,但地面要素场的预报离直接业务应用有一定的距离[8]。
近年来,国内气象工作者针对数值模式在本地的检验与释用做了较多的研究工作[9-16],部分学者通过数值预报产品的释用研究和应用分析,研究了数值产品解释应用方法。
王瀛等[17]在欧洲中心数值预报模式基础上计算副热带高压特征产品并进行误差检验分析;曹春燕等[18]等详细分析了欧洲数值预报产品在2006年深圳2次强降温过程中的应用并提出降温预报的思路;叶朗明等[19]通过对不同数值预报产品进行订正预报了一次强降雨过程;李晓娟等[20]等采用PP方法对欧洲中心数值预报产品进行分季节建立最高、最低气温预报方程;刘艳华等[21]利用ECMWF数值预报产品和NCEP历史资料通过相似方法制作要素预报;鄢俊一等[22]应用GRAPES区域中尺度模式与日本GSM全球谱模式对2011年前汛期(4~6月)东莞单站的逐日降水和气温预报进行定量检验和对比。
Instruction of PrimeTime
Instruction of PrimeTimeYeXianyangRevision 0.1File Path: \\192.168.1.122\digitalic\Pub\SHARED\yexianyang\Instruction of PrimeTime.docCopyright @ 2006-2010 Tianjin Topbroad Microelectronics Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. The material in this document constitutes anTable Of Contents1.准备工作 (3)2.TCL脚本约束文件的编写 (5)3.约束文件的读入及结果的分析 (6)3.1 图形界面的运行 (6)3.2 时序报告及分析 (9)3.3 覆盖率分析 (17)3.4 命令界面的运行和分析 (19)4.Revision Changes (27)附录A (28)Copyright @ 2006-2010 Tianjin Topbroad Microelectronics Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. The material in this document constitutes an1.准备工作静态时序分析的分析速度比较快,而且它会对所有可能的路径都进行检查,不存在遗漏关键路径的问题等优点。
我们知道,IC设计的最终目的是为了面对竞争日益激烈的市场,Time-to-market是设计者们不得不考虑的问题,因此对他们来说,分析速度的提高,或者说分析时间的缩短是一个非常重要的优点。
PrimeTime 是Synopsys 的静态时序分析软件,常被用来分析大规模、同步、数字ASIC。
PrimeTime 适合用于门级电路设计,可以和 Synopsys 公司的其它EDA 软件非常好的结合在一起使用。
对一个设计进行静态时序分析之前,首先要做一些基本环境的设置和准备工作,包括以下内容:设置查找和链接路径读入(综合生成的网表)并链接所要分析的设计设置基本的约束条件检查所设置的约束以及该设计的结构执行文件并对结果进行分析图1.1为PrimeTime的基本分析流程和一些基本的命令。
通辽市暴雨特征分析及区域性暴雨定量评估
通辽市暴雨特征分析及区域性暴雨定量评估贾宁高蔷张健航张硕(通辽市气象局,内蒙古通辽028000)摘要基于通辽市1960—2020年的日降水量资料,分析暴雨站次及区域性暴雨时空变化特征,并利用国家标准《区域性暴雨过程评估方法》(GB/T 42075—2022)对区域性暴雨进行定量评估。
结果表明:暴雨极值呈明显的南部地区大于北部,暴雨空间分布整体上北部和中西部少、南部和中东部多,年平均暴雨日数0.8d ;7—8月为暴雨主要发生月份;区域性暴雨共45次,年平均0.7次,年际变化呈减少趋势,主要出现在7月下旬(达11次);利用国家标准定量评估,得出有3次特强区域性暴雨,依次为2017年8月3日、1994年7月12—14日、1984年8月10—11日。
结合本地情况,定义综合强度Z 值在280以上为特强区域性暴雨,Z 值在160以上为强区域性暴雨,Z 值在120及以上为较强区域性暴雨。
该区域性暴雨等级评估方法适用性较好,利于区域性暴雨强度的划分。
关键词暴雨站次;区域性暴雨;时空分布特征;定量评估;内蒙古通辽中图分类号P458.1+21.1文献标识码A文章编号1007-5739(2024)08-0120-04DOI :10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2024.08.031开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID ):Characteristic Analysis of Rainstorm and Quantitative Assessment of Regional Rainstormin Tongliao CityJIA NingGAO QiangZHANG JianhangZHANG Shuo(Tongliao Meteorological Bureau,Tongliao Inner Mongolia 028000)Abstract Based on the daily precipitation data of Tongliao City from 1960to 2020,the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of rainstorm stations and regional rainstorms were analyzed,and the regional rainstorms were quantitatively evaluated using the national standard Assessment Method of Regional Rainstorm Process (GB/T 42075-2022).The results indicated that the extreme value of rainstorm in the south was obviously higher than that in the north.The spatial distribution of rainstorm was less in the north and central and western regions,and more in the south and central and eastern regions.The annual average number of rainstorm days was 0.8d.July and August were the main months for rainstorm.There were 45regional rainstorms,with an annual average of 0.7,and the interannual variation showed a decreasing trend.Regional rainstorms mainly occurred in late July (11times).According to the quantitative assessment of national standard,there were three extremely strong regional rainstorms,namely August 3,2017,July 12-14,1994and August 10-11,bined with local conditions,the comprehensive intensity Z value above 280was defined extremely strong regional rainstorm,Z value above 160was defined stronger regional rainstorm,and Z value ≥120was defined strong regional rainstorm.The assessment method of regional rainstorm grade has good applicability,which is conducive to the division of regional rainstorm intensity.Keywords rainstorm station;regional rainstorm;temporal and spatial distribution characteristic;quantitative assessment;Tongliao Inner Mongolia基金项目通辽市气象局科技项目(202209)。
14沙尘暴等级划分标准
14沙尘暴等级划分标准英文回答:Dust storms, also known as sandstorms, can be quite dangerous and have the potential to cause significant damage. To effectively assess the severity of a dust storm, a classification system is used. In China, theclassification of dust storms is based on the visibility range and the concentration of suspended particles in the air.The classification system for dust storms in China consists of 14 levels. Each level represents a different degree of severity, ranging from mild to severe. Here is a breakdown of the levels and their corresponding criteria:Level 1: Visibility range is between 10 kilometers and 20 kilometers, with a particle concentration of less than 1000 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 2: Visibility range is between 5 kilometers and 10 kilometers, with a particle concentration of 1000-1999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 3: Visibility range is between 2 kilometers and 5 kilometers, with a particle concentration of 2000-2999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 4: Visibility range is between 1 kilometer and 2 kilometers, with a particle concentration of 3000-3999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 5: Visibility range is between 500 meters and 1 kilometer, with a particle concentration of 4000-4999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 6: Visibility range is between 200 meters and 500 meters, with a particle concentration of 5000-5999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 7: Visibility range is between 50 meters and 200 meters, with a particle concentration of 6000-6999micrograms per cubic meter.Level 8: Visibility range is less than 50 meters, with a particle concentration of 7000-7999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 9: Visibility range is less than 50 meters, with a particle concentration of 8000-8999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 10: Visibility range is less than 50 meters, with a particle concentration of 9000-9999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 11: Visibility range is less than 50 meters, with a particle concentration of 10000-10999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 12: Visibility range is less than 50 meters, with a particle concentration of 11000-11999 micrograms per cubic meter.Level 13: Visibility range is less than 50 meters, with a particle concentration of 12000-12999 micrograms percubic meter.Level 14: Visibility range is less than 50 meters, with a particle concentration of more than 13000 micrograms per cubic meter.These levels help authorities and the public to understand the severity of a dust storm and takeappropriate measures to protect themselves and minimize the impact. For example, when a dust storm reaches level 5, people are advised to stay indoors, close windows and doors, and wear masks if they need to go outside. At level 14, the dust storm is considered extremely severe, and people are urged to take immediate shelter and avoid any unnecessary outdoor activities.中文回答:沙尘暴,又称沙尘暴,可能非常危险,有可能造成重大损害。
河南省暖季小时极端降水时空分布特征
Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hourly extreme rainfall in warm season in HenanYANG Junyong 1,SU Aifang 2(1.Ecology and Environment Academy of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450001;2.Henan Meteorological Observatory,Zhengzhou 450007)Abstract:Based on the hourly precipitation data from 2010to 2018at the 371meteorological stations including the 122national AutomaticWeather Stations (AWSs)and the 249backbone regional AWSs in Henan,we have conducted a statistical analysis of spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hourly extreme rainfall in warm season (May to September)in Henan.The main results are as follows.(1)There are obvious differences in the threshold,intensity,frequency and contribution rate of hourly extreme rainfall in the 99.9th percentile in warmseason in Henan.Their high value areas are mainly in the south of the Funiu Mountains,the east of the Huanghuai Plain and the southwest of the Hwai River basin.(2)Hourly extreme rainfall events occur mainly between July and August,of which the most is in July,and the regional extreme precipitation event is more than the quater of hourly extreme rainfall events.The diurnal variation of hourly extreme rainfall frequen ⁃cy in Henan is characterized by an obvious bimodal structure,in which the main peak value appears in the evening.The diurnal variation of the frequency of hourly extreme rainfall above 80mm ·h -1shows a multi-peak structure,in which the main peak value is at night.(3)There are differences in the hourly extreme precipitation index for the four underlying surfaces including mountains,hill area,urban area and plain.The intensity of hourly extreme precipitation is the highest in the urban area,while its frequency is the lowest.The intensity of hourly ex ⁃treme precipitation is the lowest in the mountains,while its frequency is the highest.(4)Although the diurnal variation of hourly extreme pre ⁃cipitation under all four types of underlying surfaces shows a bimodal pattern,there are obvious differences in some ways.The peak values of hourly extreme precipitation in the mountains occur mainly at night,followed by evening.Those in hilly area coexist at night and in the eve ⁃ning,and their intensities are comparable.Those in plain and urban occur mainly in the afternoon,and its peak intensity in the afternoon is higher in urban area.Key words:hourly extreme rainfall;temporal and spatial distribution;diurnal variation characteristics;underlying surface杨军勇,苏爱芳.2021.河南省暖季小时极端降水时空分布特征[J].暴雨灾害,40(2):153-159YANG Junyong,SU Aifang.2021.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hourly extreme rainfall in warm season in Henan [J].Torrential Rain and Disasters,40(2):153-159河南省暖季小时极端降水时空分布特征杨军勇1,苏爱芳2(1.郑州大学生态与环境学院,郑州450001;2.河南省气象台,郑州450007)摘要:利用2010—2018年河南省371个气象观测站(包含122个国家站和249个骨干区域站)逐时降水资料,对河南省暖季(5—9月)小时极端降水时空分布特征进行了统计分析。
一种基于CNN和RNN深度神经网络的天气预测模型——以北京地区雷暴的6小时临近预报为例
一种基于CNN和RNN深度神经网络的天气预测模型——以北京地区雷暴的6小时临近预报为例一种基于CNN和RNN深度神经网络的天气预测模型——以北京地区雷暴的6小时临近预报为例引言天气预测一直是气象领域的研究热点之一,对于人们的生产生活具有重要的指导作用。
在过去的几十年里,众多天气预测模型相继问世,然而由于气象数据的庞大和复杂性,单一模型往往存在预测准确性和时效性的限制。
近年来,深度学习技术的迅速发展为我们提供了一种新的思路,通过构建适用于多源气象数据的深度神经网络模型,可以进一步提高雷暴天气临近预报的准确性和时效性。
方法本研究基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和循环神经网络(RNN)构建了一种深度神经网络模型,用于雷暴的6小时临近预报。
具体来说,我们首先利用卷积神经网络对雷暴的气象图像进行特征提取。
将雷暴的气象图像输入模型中,通过多层的卷积层和池化层,能够提取图像中的空间和时间特征。
之后,我们将提取到的特征输入循环神经网络中进行处理,用以捕捉气象数据中的时间序列特征。
最后,通过全连接层进行分类,得出雷暴发生的概率。
数据本研究选择了北京地区的雷暴天气进行实验。
我们收集了过去一年的雷暴天气数据,包括温度、湿度、风速、降水量等多个参数。
并利用气象观测站获得的雷暴气象图像,通过图像处理技术将其转换为神经网络可处理的矩阵数据。
实验我们将数据随机分为训练集和测试集,其中70%的数据用于训练模型,剩余30%的数据用于测试模型。
我们使用Python 编程语言,并利用TensorFlow深度学习框架搭建了模型。
模型的训练采用了批量梯度下降算法,损失函数选择交叉熵损失函数。
结果经过多次实验并优化模型参数,我们得到了较好的实验结果。
在测试集上,我们的模型预测准确率高达85%以上,对于雷暴天气的临近预报具有较高的准确性和时效性。
讨论本研究基于CNN和RNN构建了一种深度神经网络模型,用于雷暴天气的6小时临近预报。
通过利用气象图像的空间和时间特征,并结合循环神经网络对气象数据中的时间序列特征进行建模,模型在预测准确性和时效性上均取得了较好的结果。
prometheus 最高响应时间的表达式
prometheus 最高响应时间的表达式1. 引言1.1 概述在现代的信息技术发展中,监控系统在保障系统稳定性和高效运行方面起着至关重要的作用。
Prometheus作为一种新兴的监控系统,以其灵活、可靠和易用的特点广受欢迎。
而“最高响应时间”作为一个重要的指标在监控系统中也扮演着举足轻重的角色。
本文将详细介绍如何使用Prometheus来计算和监控系统的最高响应时间,并提出一些优化方法来改进其表达式。
1.2 文章结构本文共分为五个部分,分别是引言、Prometheus最高响应时间的表达式、优化Prometheus监控系统的最高响应时间表达式、实际案例分析与应用以及结论与展望。
具体内容包括了对于Prometheus简介和监控系统中最高响应时间概念的介绍,以及关于如何计算和使用这些表达式的方法。
此外,本文还会提供一些优化策略,并通过实际案例进行解析与应用,最后对整个文章进行总结和展望。
1.3 目的本文旨在帮助读者更好地理解和运用Prometheus监控系统中的最高响应时间表达式。
通过介绍Prometheus的基本原理和相关概念,读者可以更加深入地了解这一监控系统,并能够通过优化策略来提升系统的性能和效率。
同时,本文提供了实际案例分析,使读者能够将所学知识应用于实际场景中。
最后,通过对整个文章进行总结和展望,读者可以更好地掌握这一知识领域,并有进一步的学习和研究方向。
2. Prometheus最高响应时间的表达式:2.1 Prometheus简介:Prometheus是一个开源的监控系统,常用于收集和存储应用程序或系统的时间序列数据。
它采用了多维数据模型,支持强大的查询语言,并具有灵活的图形化和报警功能。
2.2 监控系统中的最高响应时间:在监控系统中,最高响应时间是评估系统性能的重要指标之一。
它代表了从请求到接收到响应之间所花费的最长时间。
通过监测并分析最高响应时间,我们可以更好地理解系统是否正常运行并及时发现潜在问题。
ERA-Interim 和ERA-5 再分析资料中台风模拟精度评估
关 键 词:ERA-Interim;ERA-5;再分析风场;西北太平洋;台风
中图分类号:X43
文献标志码:A
文章编号:1009-640X(2021)01-0062-08
随着数值模式和计算机技术的不断发展,国内外学者在对波浪和潮位等重要海洋水文要素进行研究 时,为了克服实测资料缺乏的问题,常常使用数值模拟的方法,对所关心海域的水文要素进行计算。其中, 风作为海洋水动力模拟中最重要的表面边界,其精度直接决定了模型计算结果的准确性。由于实测气象资 料时空分布不均,难以给水动力模型提供合适的表面边界。20 世纪 80 年代,科学家们提出了利用数据同化 技术把各类型与来源的观测资料与数值天气预报产品重新融合的“再分析”方法,使用该类方法计算得到的 再分析气象产品具有气象要素多、时间序列长、覆盖范围广的优点,被广泛应用于海洋水文要素的数值模 拟计算中。目前常用的再分析气象产品主要包括美国国家环境中心(NCEP)和大气研究中心(NCAR)的 NCEP/NCAR 资料,NCEP 与美国能源部(DOE)的 NCEP/DOE 资料,NCEP 的气候预测系统再分析资料 (CFSR),欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的 ERA-15、ERA-40 以及 ERA-Interim(ERA-I)资料,以及日本 气象厅(JMA)的 JRA-25 资料等[1]。
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的波高模拟效果欠佳。目前,对 ERA-5 资料在台风影响区域的适用性研究鲜有所见。 为了探究再分析资料对台风模拟的准确度,各国学者进行了一系列的研究。Onogi 等[4] 研究了欧洲中
期天气预报中心 ERA-40 和日本气象厅 JRA-25 再分析资料中可检测到的热带气旋的出现频率,发现 JRA25 中 80% 的热带气旋都可以检测到,而 ERA-40 中仅有小于 60% 的台风可以检测到。Hart 等[5] 定量分析 了 40 年长度的 ECMWF ERA-40 资料中热带气旋的环境“记忆”。Jourdain 等[6] 评估了 ECMWF-OA 和 ECMWF-Interim 再分析资料捕捉热带气旋表面风信号的能力,研究表明再分析风资料对台风的模拟精度随 资料空间模拟精度的提高而提高,但较高精度(T1279)的再分析资料仍存在显著的偏差。对于台风浪和风 暴潮的模拟,输入风资料中台风的中心位置以及强度是保证模拟精度最重要的因素。Schenkel 等[7] 比较了 CFSR、ERA-4、ERA-I、JRA-25 和 MERRA 几套全球再分析资料中台风中心位置和强度与 Best-Track 资料 的区别,研究表明几套再分析资料均低估了台风强度,台风中心位置也出现一定偏差。在台风频发的西北 太平洋海域,针对区域性的海洋数值模拟计算中所必需的 10 m 风速和气压资料,对再分析风资料中台风期 风速和气压准确性的研究仍较少见,特别是对于新推出的 ERA-5 资料,尚需进一步探究。
RAININ 天气仪 Pipetting 360° 2 快速指南:更好的结果,第一部分:评估和选择说
S c h o o l e x p e r i m e n t sNatural science laws experience “live” –G o o d P i p e t t i n g P r a c t i c e Pipetting BookletYour Quick Guide to Better ResultsPart 1:Evaluation and SelectionPipettes and TipsTechnique Ergonomics Maintenance OperationRAININPipetting 360°Inhalt1. Foreword 32. Evaluation and Selection – Pipettes 4Air-displacement pipettes 5 Positive-displacement pipettes 5 How air-displacement pipettes operate6 Manual single-channel pipettes 7 Electronic single-channel pipettes 8 Multichannel pipettes 9 High-throughput pipetting systems 10 Specialty pipettes 11 Positive displacement pipettes 11 Repeater pipettes 12 Pipet controllers 13 Repeater pipettes 14 3. Choosing the Right Tip: Design, Quality and Fit 16Tip design 16 Tip quality 16 Tip selection 20 Specialized tips for special applications 20 21. ForewordGood Pipetting Practice is intended to help researchers make informed choiceson equipment, proper pipetting and ergonomic techniques, calibration and rou-tine operation, to get the best results possible.Pipetting – or measuring and transferring – small volumes of liquid in the mi-croliter and milliliter range is probably the most frequently practiced activity inresearch laboratories, and to be able to carry out this task quickly and preciselyis an absolute prerequisite for successful laboratory work. Modern air-displace-ment pipettes are used for the greater part of lab work because of their numer-ous advantages – they are the ideal instrument for effectively dosing smallquantities of liquid. A high level of productivity, with corresponding savings inman-hours, is possible through using modern high-quality pipettes and tips.342. Evaluation and Selection – PipettesThere are many pipetting tools available to achieve optimal results and greater productivity, at the same time providing additional benefits such as improved ergonomic features and better functionality for a given application. There are two major types of micropipettes: air-displacement and positive-displacement. Both types determine the volume of liquid dispensed by using the diameter ofthe piston and length of the piston stroke.PistonShaftPartial VacuumDisposable TipSampleFigure 1: Air- and positive-displacement pipettesAir-displacement pipettes• Extremely accurate with aqueous solutions• EconomicalAir-displacement pipettes are the most common pipetting instruments found inthe lab. These pipettes operate by placing the end of the tip into liquid sample,then releasing the plunger button. A partial vacuum is created when the pipettepiston is moved up within the pipette body, and liquid sample moves up the tipto fill the void of the selected volume created by the partial vacuum.Positive-displacement pipettes• Extremely accurate with most solutions• Recommended for viscous, dense, volatile or corrosive liquidsWhile not nearly as ubiquitous as air-displacement pipettes, positive displace-ment pipettes are frequently seen in laboratory settings. These pipettes use adisposable piston and capillary system to make a physical void of the selectedvolume. The piston is in in direct contact with the sample, and when the pistonis moved upward, sample is drawn into the capillary. Positive-displacementpipettes provide high accuracy and precision when pipetting aqueous solutions,but are recommended for use with viscous, dense, volatile and corrosive solu-tions. The disposable capillaries and pistons used with a positive-displacementpipette are more expensive compared to the disposable air-displacement pipettetips, so air-displacement pipettes are recommended when they will yield thesame results.5How air-displacement pipettes operateing the pipette plunger. The plunger and attachedpiston are returned to the original position by thepiston spring (or by the motor in electronic pi-pettes). Atmospheric pressure forces liquid sampleup into the tip to completely fill the void displacedby the piston. In principle, the volume of liquid inthe tip is the same as the volume of gas that wasdisplaced from the cylinder by the piston.Figure 2:Air-displacement pipette operation67Figure 3:Manual PipetteManual single-channel pipettesBy far the most common pipettes in labs, manual single-channel pipettes with variable volume set-tings range in volume from 0.1 µL to 20 mL. Ad-justable-volume pipettes have been available since the early 1970s: modern single channel pipettes in-corporate design features such as a large ergonomic plunger button for aspirating and dispensing liquid, a single-handed volume adjustment, a mechanical volume display, a finger-hook to allow the hand to rest between pipetting cycles and an ejector button with a shock absorber for easy tip ejection.Volume setting / plunger button Tip ejector buttonFinger hookVolume lockVolume displayErgonomic handleQuick-release tip ejection armShaftDisposable tipElectronic single-channel pipettes Array Electronic pipettes have been available since themid-1980s. In electronic air-displacement pipettes,aspiration and dispensing are controlled by a mi-croprocessor and are initiated by pressing a trigger,rather than by using the thumb to press or releasea plunger button. Using an electronic pipette mostusers will achieve more consistent sample pick-upand dispensing, and improved accuracy and re-peatability, virtually eliminating all user-to-uservariability.Modern electronic pipettes should be simple tooperate with a good user interface and large colorscreen. They are versatile and useful for accuratelyperforming intricate tasks such as repeat dispens-ing, controlled titrations, serial dilutions, measur-ing unknown sample volumes and other program-mable functions. With an electronic pipette it iseasy to program repeated movement of the pistonto mix two solutions in the tip. Electronic pipetteswith aspiration and dispense speed controls can beused to pipette a wide variety of liquids. The fast-est speeds are ideal for pipetting aqueous samples,slower speeds for viscous, foaming or shear-sensi-tive samples.Figure 4: Electronic Pipette89Multichannel pipettesMultichannel pipettes are ideal for high throughput applications, including 96-well-plate ELISA work and PCR for DNA synthesis. Advanced design multi-channel pipettes, such as Rainin’s lightweight 8 and 12 channel models, are ergonomically designed and load tips quickly and securely with consistent sample pickup across all channels. Adjustable spacer models allow the tip spac-ing to be set by the user for dispensing from 96-well plates to tube racks or to 24-well plates. Multichannel and adjustable spacer pipettes are available in manual and electronic format in a wide range of volumes.Figure 5: Multichannel pipettes10H igh-throughput pipetting systemsPipetting systems that aspirate and dispense 96 wells at once are ideal for fast efficient multi-well plate workflows. Until recently, expensive robotic systems were the only way to achieve 96-well, or whole plate pipetting. However, the Rainin Liquidator 96 – a fully manual benchtop pipetting system, requiring no electricity, no programming and no operator training – simplifies and stream-lines 96-well and 384-well pipetting and can be used in the lab or in the field. Figure 6:Liquidator benchtop pipetting systemSpecialty pipettesOther types of pipettes (or liquid handling devices)are less common than air-displacement pipettes butare often preferred by researchers for their specificdesign and purpose.Positive displacement pipettes.The Rainin Pos-D is an example of a manualpositive displacement pipette.These pipettes use adisposable piston and capillary system to make aphysical void of the selected volume. The pistoncomes into direct contact with the sample, andwhen the piston is moved upward sample is drawninto the capillary. These pipettes absolutely preventcross-contamination of the pipette by the sample,as a new piston is used for each sample. This makesthem ideal for PCR and other critical applications.Positive displacement pipettes are recommendedfor use with viscous, dense, volatile and corrosivesolutions.Figure 7:Positive-displacement pipette1112Repeater pipettes.With their syringe and built-in piston, repeater pi-pettes work on the positive-displacement principle.They are designed to draw in a large volume ofliquid sample which is then dispensed in multiple,equal aliquots. They are available in electronic ormanual versions and used disposable syringes in awide range of volumes.Figure 8:Electronic (left) and manual repeater pipettes13Pipet controllers.Used primarily for large volumes (25-100 µL),pipet controllers are electronic or manual devicesthat provide suction for glass or plastic serologicalpipets. The pipet is attached to the soft “nose” andthe user presses a button on the pipet controller tocreate a partial vacuum inside the glass or plasticpipet. The partial vacuum is displaced by the liquidunder atmospheric pressure. After transferring toanother vessel, the liquid is dispensed by pressinganother trigger or by gravity. The simplest ver-sions employ a soft flexible bulb that is manuallysqueezed and released to create and control thepartial vacuum.Figure 9:Electronic pipet controller14B ottle-top dispensers.Some laboratory liquids by their nature (e.g. corrosives or toxic liquids) are best left in place in fume hoods or safety cabinets, and not moved around the lab. A bottle-top dispenser is useful to safely transfer relatively small quantities of these liquids. The dispenser operates by pump action, and newer versions provide accurate and safe delivery of “hazardous” liquids in volumes up to 50 mL.Figure 10: Bottle-top dispenser15163. Choosing the Right Tip:Design, Quality a nd FitThe pipette and its manufacturer-recommended tip is best viewed as a system, not two individual components. Pipette tips which are advertised for use with all pipettes often exhibit compromises in fit or design, since they are intended to fit a wide range of pipette models.When selecting pipette tips, features to consider are design, quality and fit.Figure 11: Thick-wall tip (left), bevelled tip (center)Figure 12: Dispensing (left) and sample retention (right) with beveled tip and FinePoint tip Tip designThe most advanced design in pipette tips is theflexible thin walled tip with a fine point, or smalltip orifice. For small volume pipetting, less than20 µL, Rainin FinePoint™ tips improve accuracyand precision over standard pipette tips that havethick-walls or beveled ends.FinePoint tips are more flexible than most otherstandard tips, and allow the liquid sample to flowat any tip angle for complete delivery. That is, farless sample is retained on the tip as compared tothicker-walled or beveled-end tips.17Tip qualityThe most severe quality defects occur at the orifice or end-opening, wheresample aspiration and dispensing is most affected. Figure 13 illustrates four tipends in a magnified view.Flash is residual plastic left over from the molding process on the inside of thetip or around the aperture.Molding defects and coaxial defects result from improper firing of themold core pins after plastic has been injected. All of these defects will result insample loss during pipetting. A high-quality manufacturing process will mini-mize the occurrence of tip defects and the resulting errors.Figure 13: Tip orifices showing a good tip and three type of defectHIgh quality tip orifice Molding defect Coaxial defectFlash on tip orificePipette-tip sealingMost conical tips are built to fit any make of pipette – the seal between theinterior of the tip and the exterior of the pipette shaft is large to accommodatethe largest range of pipettes. This relatively large seal creates more friction be-tween the shaft and the seal as the pipette shaft is wedged into the tip. There isno feedback mechanism to alert you when a universal-fit tip is properly sealed,which generally requires that user force the pipette shaft into the tip to assurea good seal.Because the whole forearm is used it is relatively easy to apply too much forcewhen loading tips, which will then generally require a correspondingly hightip ejection force. Bottom line: the force required to load and eject universal-fittips can increase the risk of repetitive strain injuries (RSI), particularly overprolonged pipette use.LTS™ LiteTouch™ tip ejection systemRecognizing the ergonomic and force issues of tip loading and ejection alongwith other tip sealing problems (especially in multichannel pipettes), Rainindeveloped a new tip design called LTS™ or the LiteTouch™ System to dra-matically improve the fit between pipette tips and shafts. LTS significantlyreduces the force required for inserting the pipette shaft and for ejecting tips.These two characteristics of LTS work in conjunction to reduce tip ejection force• The small seal area enables tips to seal very easily• A positive stop is created by the shelf inside the tip that prevents the shaftbeing forced into the tipThe design of the seal area provides good lateral stability, which prevents thetip from falling off during use.1819Figure 14: Universal (conical) and LTS (cylindrical) tip systemsTip selectionIn summary, to ensure smooth, constant sample flow and reduced risk of samp-le contamination when selecting pipette tips, it is good to consider:Tip Material. Tips should be made of a very low retention material such asvirgin polypropylene that contains no additives, dyes or recycled materials.Tip Design. Wall thickness, flexibility,orifice size and surface finish are im-portant factors in fitting the pipette and liquid flow in and out of the tip.Tip Quality. Are tips manufactured in a clean room? Can individual lots betraced? Are tips free from additives or defects that can cause sample loss anderror?Specialized tips for special applicationsThere are several “non-standard” tip types which are useful for specializedapplications or workflows.Rainin Gel-Well™ tips are specially designed for layering gels, and are avai-lable with flat or round ends in very small orifice sizes.Wide-orifice tips are designed to handle delicate samples such as wholecells or high molecular-weight DNA. The large orifice minimizes sample shearand prevents cell lysing. These tips are also recommended when pipetting saltsolutions or cell suspensions for ease of sample collection and to prevent celldestruction.Low-retention tips have specially-prepared super-hydrophobic polymerswhich enable extraordinarily “sticky” samples such as proteins to be dispensedfrom the tip end without any sample remaining in the tip. Such tips are notusually needed for typical liquid samples.Rainin ShaftGard™ tips protect the pipette shaft and tip ejector from acci-dental contamination by enclosing these components within the tip. ShaftGardtips can be used in narrow tubes or deep wells with no risk of any part of thepipette touching the vessel walls.Extended length tips are narrower and longer than other tips of equivalentvolume. The small diameter and 102 mm length allows these tips to reach thebottom of narrow tubes and deep wells, without any part of the pipette or tipejector touching the vessel wall.2021Figure 13: (l to r) Gel-well,ShaftGard, Wide Orifice, Low-retention, Extended-length,Filtered, Piston-capillaryFigure 14:Rainin PureSpeedSample Preparation TipFiltered tips , used for eliminating pipette cross-contamination or pipette contamination from aerosols without producing any discernible difference in pipette performance. Use of filter tips when pipetting volatile solutions is recom-mended to prevent potentially corrosive vapors from entering the pipette shaft and damaging the piston.Capillary/pistons are designed for use with positive displacement pipettes, and are most effective with non-aqueous solutions that are dense, viscous or volatile, or for pipetting cold or warm aqueous solutions.Sample Preparation tips. Sample preparation tips with resins embedded in the narrow end of the tip have recently become available. Rainin PureSpeed’s “resin in a tip” design offers a convenient, low-cost and semi-automated me-thod of purifying biomolecules, desalting or use in ion-exchange applications.Mettler-Toledo AGCH-8606 Greifensee, SchweizTelefon +41-44-944 22 11Fax +41-44-944 30 60Subject to technical changes© 08/2013 Mettler-Toledo AGGlobal MarCom Switzerland For more InformationWhat’s Your Pipetting Risk?Good Pipetting Practice is a comprehensive, customized program for determining your specific pipetting risks and understanding how to mitigate them. Our GPP Risk Check™ is a great way to get started – take just 5 minutes and you will receive an assessment of your pipet-ting risks and recommendations for minimizing them.METTLER TOLEDO has a comprehensive seminar offering around GPP and risk management in pipetting. If you are inter-ested, please get in contact with your Rainin representative. /gpp。
网站加载速度测试说明
网站加载速度测试说明网站加载速度测试是评估一个网站加载速度的重要工具,它能够帮助网站的拥有者和开发者了解网站的性能状况,并提供改善加载速度的建议。
本文将介绍网站加载速度测试的原理、常用的测试工具和测试指标,并提供一些建议来提高网站的加载速度。
首先,我们来了解一下网站加载速度测试的原理。
网站加载速度测试的目的是评估从浏览器请求网站到完全加载网站所需的时间。
这个过程包括请求服务器,传输数据,渲染页面和执行脚本等。
网站加载速度受到多种因素的影响,包括服务器性能、网络带宽、网页内容的大小和复杂性等。
测试的目标是找出导致加载速度变慢的原因,并提供优化建议。
常用的网站加载速度测试工具有很多,下面列举几种常见的:1. PageSpeed Insights:由Google提供的免费在线工具,通过分析网站的性能和提供优化建议,可测量站点的加载速度,并分析页面的渲染时间、网页大小和存在的性能问题。
2. WebPagetest:一款免费的开源工具,它提供多个位置和多个浏览器的测试服务。
通过分析网站的HTTP请求和文档对象模型(DOM),提供详细的加载速度报告和建议。
3. GTmetrix:一款免费在线工具,使用了PageSpeed Insights和YSlow两个性能分析技术,提供了关于网站性能和改进建议的详细报告。
4. Pingdom:一款流行的在线工具,可以测试网站的加载速度,并提供了多个全球位置的测试服务器,帮助评估全球用户的访问速度。
这些测试工具通常会提供以下指标来评估网站的加载速度:1. 页面加载时间:从浏览器请求网站到完全加载网站所需的时间,通常以毫秒或秒为单位。
快速的加载时间通常是一个好的指标。
2. 首字节时间(TTFB):从发出请求到首次接收到来自服务器的响应的时间。
这个指标表示服务器响应的速度,可以用来评估服务器的性能。
3. 总请求次数:浏览器在加载网页时发出的HTTP请求次数。
较少的请求次数通常意味着更快的加载速度。
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TempoStorm 天梯标准环境周报 #21引言本周报提供的卡组仅供参考和讨论,外服和国服环境存在差异性,TS周报的权威性不意味着绝对正确,卡组所谓的分级强度存在主观性。
本期周报的卡表格式来自模拟器HDT。
TS周报采取卡组分级预览,分类依据为:T1:当前环境佼佼者,极其完善的系统。
T2:有一些弱点但也是天梯及冲传说的有力竞争者。
T3:较为中庸的卡组,强度稍缺。
T4:极其小众的卡组,仍需要优化。
T5:有趣的卡组,让你体验炉石的喜悦并非只有取胜。
NGA炉石区官方微博:/u/5825010237错误之处欢迎指正,如需转载请联系论坛血牙酱。
本期简介自从加基森版本释出已经过去了一个半月,我们看到环境已经趋近稳定。
顶级套牌的构筑和策略已成气候,仍然是卡扎库斯与海盗帕奇斯为首的两大派系之争,由此衍生的套牌已经统治了天梯T1和T2行列,其余套牌由于无法利用雷诺或者海盗帕奇斯而遭到冷落。
然而这并非意味着天梯顶层停滞不前,事实上这些主流套牌的排名对决是充满动态,甚至能够称之为石头剪刀布的循环。
天梯主流变化非常快,一个套牌流行起来,很快又被康特它的套牌打压下去;总体来说,天梯环境每天都在进化,而宇宙法套牌变得越来越精致,并证明了它是天梯攀爬中的可行套牌,尤其是你想要使用雷诺和卡扎库斯时,宇宙法在对阵其他主流套牌时表现也相当不错,甚至能够称为海盗体系杀手。
如果你遇到了很多控制套牌的对局,那么青玉德将会是最佳的选择,不幸的是,青玉德在对阵快攻时表现相当糟糕,并且由于天梯中大量的快攻套牌,因此我们并不建议你使用青玉德来冲击排名。
作为被遗弃的两大职业,圣骑士由于出现了一套更为优化的鱼人骑,再次跻身回到了T3行列;至于猎人继续无法抑制下滑之势,表现如此之可笑,甚至只能算是娱乐套牌——如果你认为输掉也是一种乐趣的话。
TS上大部分卡组经过天梯玩家和职业选手的测试,但仍需要使用者自己把握细节。
本帖主要提供中文卡组翻译,部分卡组提供最近趋势变动解释,由于对战胜率上存在诱导和差异,不作详细解释,可自行查阅原帖。
有特别想要了解的卡组可以回复,我有时间会搬运。
本期TS周报分级为:T1:打脸萨、海盗战、奇迹贼、宇宙法T2:宇宙术、中速萨、防战、龙牧T3:龙战、青玉德、控制萨、冰法、跳费德、宇宙牧、鱼人骑、鱼龙兽德、节奏法、进化萨T4:海盗贼、青玉贼、动物园、OTK牧、污手骑T5:夜幕贼、龙骑、奥秘猎T1卡组天梯继续是石头剪刀布的轮回,几个主流互相克制。
宇宙术由于总体表现不如宇宙法,而且快攻套牌仍是主流,因此和中速萨下滑到T2。
中速萨并非是一套糟糕套牌,只是由于现在打脸萨加强了续航能力,不容易耗尽资源,而中速萨在对阵宇宙套牌时表现实在差劲。
===打脸萨===打脸萨是目前最好的游戏早期套牌,它有着幽灵之爪和青玉之爪等早期武器可以配合海盗体系和坑道穴居人,打脸萨试图在游戏早期施加压力快速滚起雪球,然后利用足够的伤害牌击杀对手。
身材优秀的投火无面者可以充当终结者,毁灭之锤和艾雅也是额外的威胁。
打脸萨希望尽快结束比赛,一般是在8费之前,因此带了足够的前期卡牌。
坑道穴居人+图腾魔像仍然是最好的开局,但青玉之爪+蹩脚海盗同样优秀,青玉闪电则是提供伤害的同时也能站场。
版本已经非常稳定,整体而言和上周差不多,打脸萨仍然是当前版本最好的套牌,但仍然有一些调整。
比如很多玩家都是放弃了毁灭之锤选择了碧蓝幼龙,碧蓝幼龙在这套牌表现很好,法强过牌站场,但一般只投入一张,如果身处的环境趋向控制,甚至可以投入两张。
艾雅和南海船工也被加入到套牌之中,海盗体系可以在早期施加压力,青玉体系加强站场能力,无面投火者和法术斩杀能够轻易结束游戏。
毁灭之锤由于不带石化武器收益太低,加上环境中太多小软,已经被抛弃了。
如果想要冲击天梯,打脸萨是目前最好的选择。
本周走势:1(无变动)对阵快攻:-碧蓝幼龙 +大漩涡传送门对阵控制:-南海船工 +碧蓝幼龙劣势对抗:龙牧、宇宙法、中速萨、防战===海盗战===海盗战是一个侵略性极强的战士套牌,利用游戏早期的海盗随从协同,加上战士的几个伤害法术和武器,海盗战轻松地在当前版本开辟出新天地。
作为一个抢血能力非常强的套牌,海盗战套牌往往7-8费就能终结游戏。
如上次周报中所言,目前海盗战就是固定29个卡位加上1张微调,通常是南海船长或者小软,相当僵硬的构筑。
在本周推荐的海盗战套牌是来自Muzzy,他少带了一张致死打击,多带了一张南海船长,因此只有28个卡位的相同的!玩笑话暂且放下,这套牌非常强,在内战或者对阵萨满时可以换成血蹄勇士和怒袭能够改善胜率,南海船长在场面争夺时表现非常强,而且也保证了在对面雷诺之后仍然有足够的伤害打死敌人。
本周走势:2(无变动)对阵快攻:-致死打击 +酸性沼泽软泥怪对阵控制:-致死打击 +纳迦海盗劣势对抗:打脸萨、防战、中速萨、宇宙法===奇迹贼===老玩家记忆尤深的奇迹贼回来了,利用加基森拍卖师将你整个牌库抓起来,然后完成胜利方程式的经典组合技套牌。
奇迹贼套牌提供了足够的伤害,包括冷血、刺骨、致命膏药等击杀对手的法术。
加基森扩展包带来了蹩脚海盗、海盗帕奇斯、伪造的幸运币等实用新卡,海盗的协同性和额外的幸运币让奇迹贼有着更好的前期曲线和加基森拍卖师更多的配合手段。
海盗奇迹贼是目前T1行列非常优秀的套牌,极具侵略性,虽然在对阵T1其他套牌时会有一些表现不佳的时候,但在对阵T2和T3大部分套牌都是优势对局。
Ostkaka最近用一套富有特色的奇迹贼,加上巧妙避过了很多萨满和海盗战打到了传说第一,这套牌的构筑是带了复数伪造的幸运币、隐藏、任务达人,单闷棍和没有血法师。
去掉血法师是可行的,因为很多时候你有了其他早期曲线和双硬币跳费后,你很难依靠血法师的法强打出其他配合,最多是配合背刺。
第二张隐藏在对阵很多中速套牌时非常有效,当然对阵快攻套牌时没有意义,由于闷棍在对阵快攻套牌时没有太多有价值的目标,所以一张足够了。
本周走势:3(无变动)对阵快攻:-隐藏 +酸性沼泽软泥怪对阵控制:-伪造的幸运币 +危机四伏劣势对抗:打脸萨、海盗战、宇宙法===宇宙法===宇宙法是加基森扩展包上线后诞生的新式套牌,得益于卡扎库斯的支援,配合强力无比的雷诺构筑而成。
宇宙法是一套后期控制套牌,前期争夺场面和法术清场,然后等待雷诺续命,使用其他控制组件取得游戏胜利,如铜须+卡扎库斯的组合技。
宇宙法目前有两种构筑,一刀流的经典控制模版,和冰法体系带上几张复数卡牌。
宇宙法已经在T1行列巩固了自己的地位,很多玩家用它取得了成功,足以证明宇宙法的强度,但宇宙法也并没有弱点,无论是对阵青玉德或者库恩德都是相当糟糕的对局,对付龙牧和龙战时也很难。
但考虑到这些套牌的数量并没有其他主流套牌多,宇宙法仍然是海盗体系杀手的存在,即使宇宙术已经下滑T2宇宙法却表现坚挺。
很多玩家目前倾向于构筑随从更多的宇宙法套牌,而非是注重过牌速度,这在内战对局时更为有利。
本周走势:4(+2)对阵快攻:-狂热铸魂者 +冰霜新星对阵控制:-亡灵药剂师 +穴居人强盗劣势对抗:龙牧T2卡组龙战并不是一套很坏的套牌,也有选手达到了传说前列,但在天梯上你更愿意遇到龙战而非海盗战,这就是证明了它不够侵略性和速度,尤其是越来越多带了死亡之翼的版本。
由于快攻套牌越来越多,跳费德只是昙花一现就回到T3,沉寂并非没有原因,跳费德甚至在对阵宇宙体系时也有可能因为脏鼠拉出关键卡牌导致败北。
===宇宙术===。
本周走势:5(无变动)对阵快攻:-炎魔之王 +阿古斯防御者对阵控制:-灵魂之火 +加拉克苏斯大王劣势对抗:打脸萨、奇迹贼===中速萨===如果你遇到很多的打脸萨和海盗战套牌,那么中速萨发挥就非常好,但奇迹贼和宇宙套牌兴起使得中速萨暂时失宠。
本周走势:6(-3)对阵快攻:-嗜血、野性狼魂 +锦鱼人水语者对阵控制:-闪电风暴 +炎魔之王劣势对抗:龙牧、宇宙术、宇宙法、奇迹贼===防战===事实证明,中国流行起来的双血吼防战构筑成为当前主流,在各大服务器上取得了成功,尤其是宇宙套牌通常只有一张小软,无法应对第二把血吼带来的卡差。
值得注意的是,Fibonacci用一套无盾牌格挡的恩佐斯防战打到了传说。
本周走势:7(无变动)对阵快攻:-血吼 +复仇打击对阵控制:-哈里森琼斯 +炎魔之王劣势对抗:中速萨、宇宙术、宇宙法、龙牧===龙牧===虽然宇宙法和防战更流行了,但龙牧表现却日益下滑,因为T1行列的很多套牌能够在龙牧发力之前将它扼杀。
最近有些龙牧玩家使用了宴会牧师和双神圣新星来对抗快攻,也有些玩家尝试投入博物馆馆长增强后期。
本周走势:8(无变动)对阵快攻:-碧蓝幼龙、史学家 +神圣新星、阿古斯防御者对阵控制:-疯狂药水、酸性沼泽软泥怪 +冰喉、伊瑟拉劣势对抗:宇宙术、奇迹贼、海盗战T3卡组青玉德能够轻松干掉控制套牌但也被快攻套牌蹂躏,由于比赛机制,青玉德在赛事中仍然很受欢迎,尤其是禁掉萨满之后。
控制萨是一个对抗快攻非常强的套牌,也非常有趣,值得推荐。
宇宙牧虽然治愈能力很强,但除了通常场面施压就没有其他进攻手段,有些玩家尝试带激励斩杀组件,但龙体系相对稳定一些。
飞火流星已经证明了自己的核心地位,有些鱼人骑带了两张亡灵药剂师加强对快攻的抗性,被巴内斯拉出来时也不差,因此鱼人骑在比赛中应该有一定的竞争力。
进化萨再次排名上升,旧版构筑非常怕AOE,魅影歹徒加强了抗性和收益,鉴于有可能6费出1/1、2/3,又或者凯恩血蹄、希尔瓦娜斯,使用进化萨需要一些运气。
===龙战======青玉德======控制萨======冰法======跳费德======宇宙牧======鱼人骑======鱼龙兽德======节奏法======进化萨===T4卡组猎人在当前版本进退维艰,一方面无法对抗海盗体系的快攻流派,另一方面在雷诺宇宙体系面前又缺乏续航能力,猎人已经完全脱离了环境,所以移至T5娱乐套牌中了。
动物园在这个版本也是处境尴尬,这套宇宙园至少能够利用卡扎库斯是不错的事情,而且对手无法猜透你的牌组也是一种惊喜。
慢速控制型的盗贼太慢,无法面对快攻环境,加入海盗奇迹贼体系或能有所改善;而快攻打脸型的盗贼后续能力缺乏,过牌和伤害容易跟不上,这个无法根治的弱点注定难有更大作为。
===海盗贼======青玉贼======动物园======OTK牧======污手骑===T5卡组Kolento在这个近乎死寂的版本又找到了失落已久的玩具——龙骑士,他构筑了一套兼顾对阵快攻和控制套牌的污手体系龙骑套牌,利用生物质量滚雪球然后取胜,由于没有生平奉献组合技,清场全靠随从交换和武器去除,看起来非常有趣,有待优化观察是否能攀升。
===夜幕贼======龙骑======奥秘猎===。