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码头附属设施技术规范(JTS 169—2017)

目㊀㊀次目㊀㊀次１㊀总则(１)……………………………………………………………………………………２㊀术语(２)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………３㊀基本规定(３)４㊀系船设施(４)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………㊀４.１㊀一般规定(４)………………………………………………………………………㊀４.２㊀系船柱布置(４)………………………………………………………………㊀４.３㊀系船柱结构和材料(４)㊀４.４㊀系船环(７)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………㊀４.５㊀快速脱缆钩(８)…………………………………………………………………………㊀４.６㊀绞缆装置(８)……………………………………………………………………………………５㊀护舷(９)…………………………………………………………………………㊀５.１㊀一般规定(９)………………………………………………………………………㊀５.２㊀选型和布置(９)………………………………………………………………………㊀５.３㊀橡胶护舷(１０)………………………………………………………㊀５.４㊀聚氨酯护舷和轮胎护舷(１１)…………………………………………………………………６㊀钢轨㊁车挡及预埋件(１２)………………………………………………………………………㊀６.１㊀一般规定(１２)…………………………………………………………………㊀６.２㊀钢轨及联结件(１２)……………………………………………………………………………㊀６.３㊀车挡(１３)………………………………………………………………………㊀６.４㊀顶升埋件(１４)………………………………………………………………………㊀６.５㊀防风装置(１４)…………………………………………………………………７㊀登船梯㊁爬梯和阶梯(１６)…………………………………………………………………………㊀７.１㊀登船梯(１６)……………………………………………………………………………㊀７.２㊀爬梯(１６)……………………………………………………………………………㊀７.３㊀阶梯(１７)………………………………………………………………８㊀护轮槛㊁系网环和护栏(１８)…………………………………………………………………………㊀８.１㊀护轮槛(１８)…………………………………………………………………………㊀８.２㊀系网环(１８)……………………………………………………………………………㊀８.３㊀护栏(１９)………………………………………………………………９㊀辅助系统和监测系统(２０)…………………………………………………………………㊀９.１㊀靠泊辅助系统(２０)１码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)㊀９.２㊀风浪流监测系统(２０)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………㊀９.３㊀缆绳张力监测系统(２０)………………………………………………………………………１０㊀其他附属设施(２２)…………………………………………附录Ａ㊀系船柱系列和主要外形尺寸参考表(２３)…………………………………………附录Ｂ㊀快速脱缆钩常用类型㊁规格和参数(２５)………………………………………………附录Ｃ㊀常用橡胶护舷类型㊁性能特点(２９)………………………………………………附录Ｄ㊀钢轨标准断面和主要特征尺寸(３２)附录Ｅ㊀标志标识(３４)………………………………………………………………………附录Ｆ㊀本规范用词说明(３７)………………………………………………………………引用标准名录(３８)……………………………………………………………………………附加说明㊀本规范主编单位㊁参编单位㊁主要起草人㊁主要审查人㊁………………………………………………总校人员和管理组人员名单(３９)«码头附属设施技术规范»(ＪＴＪ２９７２００１)主编单位㊁参编单位㊁主要起草人名单(４１)……………………………………………………………条文说明(４３)…………………………………………………………………………………２１㊀总㊀㊀则１㊀总㊀㊀则１.０.１㊀为统一码头附属设施设计与安装的技术要求ꎬ提高码头附属设施的安全性㊁适用性㊁耐久性和经济合理性ꎬ制定本规范ꎮ１.０.２㊀本规范适用于码头前方作业地带附属设施的设计与安装ꎻ不适用于游艇码头附属设施的设计与安装ꎮ１.０.３㊀码头附属设施的设计与安装ꎬ除应符合本规范的规定外ꎬ尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定ꎮ１码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)２㊀术㊀㊀语２.０.１㊀系船柱㊀Ｂｏｌｌａｒｄ供船舶靠泊㊁离泊和停泊码头时ꎬ栓系缆绳用的柱状设施ꎮ２.０.２㊀快速脱缆钩㊀ＱｕｉｃｋＲｅｌｅａｓｅＨｏｏｋ(ＱＲＨ)安装在码头上用于船舶快速㊁方便解缆的专用设备ꎮ２.０.３㊀护舷㊀Ｆｅｎｄｅｒ安装在码头前沿ꎬ具有吸能功能并起隔离作用的防冲装置ꎮ２.０.４㊀登船梯㊀Ｇａｎｇｗａｙ可以适应水位和船舶吃水变化ꎬ连接船舶与码头泊位ꎬ供人员上下船舶的设备ꎮ２.０.５㊀激光靠泊系统㊀ＬａｓｅｒＤｏｃｋｉｎｇＡｉｄＳｙｓｔｅｍ(ＬＤＡＳ)利用激光测距技术㊁计算机软件㊁无线数字传输等技术的综合测控系统ꎬ用于引导船舶安全靠泊港口ꎬ避免冲撞码头造成损坏ꎮ２.０.６㊀缆绳张力监测系统㊀ＭｏｏｒｉｎｇＬｏａｄＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍ(ＭＬＭＳ)通过传感器对船舶缆绳张力进行监测ꎬ以确保系泊安全的系统ꎮ２３　基本规定３㊀基本规定３.０.１㊀码头附属设施主要包括系船设施ꎬ护舷ꎬ装卸机械轨道钢轨㊁车挡ꎬ登船梯㊁爬梯和阶梯ꎬ护轮槛㊁系网环和护栏ꎬ靠泊辅助系统㊁风浪流监测系统和缆绳张力监测系统ꎬ安全标志等ꎮ３.０.２㊀码头附属设施的设计使用年限应根据码头主体结构的设计使用年限㊁附属设施类别及其设施更换和维护的难易程度确定ꎬ并应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀３.０.２.１㊀对于设计使用年限为５０年的码头ꎬ系船柱柱壳的设计使用年限不应低于２５年ꎬ用于固定系船柱的锚杆等的设计使用年限应与码头主体结构相同ꎮ㊀３.０.２.２㊀对于设计使用年限为５０年的码头ꎬ橡胶护舷的设计使用年限不应低于１０年ꎬ用于固定橡胶护舷的螺栓㊁埋件等的设计使用年限应与码头主体结构相同ꎮ㊀３.０.２.３㊀对于临时码头的系船柱㊁橡胶护舷及其埋件ꎬ其设计使用年限应与码头主体结构相同ꎮ３.０.３㊀码头附属设施中的钢结构应根据其设计使用年限进行耐久性设计ꎮ３码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)４㊀系船设施４.１㊀一般规定４.１.１㊀系船设施应根据泊位功能㊁码头结构型式㊁设计船型㊁水位和风㊁浪㊁流等情况进行设计ꎮ４.１.２㊀系船设施应满足船舶靠离码头㊁停泊㊁移泊和掉头等系泊作业安全可靠和使用方便的要求ꎮ４.１.３㊀系船设施的布置应避免对码头作业产生干扰ꎮ４.２㊀系船柱布置４.２.１㊀系船柱可分为普通系船柱和风暴系船柱ꎮ４.２.２㊀普通系船柱的布置应结合泊位功能㊁码头结构型式及结构分段等综合考虑ꎬ并应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀４.２.２.１㊀连片式码头系船柱布置间距应满足船舶系泊作业需要ꎬ最大间距不宜超过表４.２.２中的数值ꎬ泊位端部应设置系船柱ꎮ表４.２.２㊀普通系船柱间距船舶总长(ｍ)<１００１００~１５０>１５０系船柱间距(ｍ)２０２５３０㊀４.２.２.２㊀连片式码头系船柱中心至码头前沿线的距离宜为５００ｍｍ~１２００ｍｍꎮ㊀４.２.２.３㊀墩式码头的系船柱布置应根据使用要求确定ꎮ㊀４.２.２.４㊀邮轮码头和滚装码头系船柱的布置应根据使用要求确定ꎮ㊀４.２.２.５㊀当需要分层设置系船柱时ꎬ分层高度应根据使用要求确定ꎬ内河直立式码头可取３ｍ~４ｍꎮ４.２.３㊀风暴系船柱的设置不应影响码头装卸作业ꎮ４.２.４㊀系船柱底盘的上表面可与码头面或护轮槛顶面齐平ꎮ４.３㊀系船柱结构和材料４.３.１㊀系船柱由柱壳㊁锚杆㊁锚杆定位板㊁螺母㊁垫圈㊁锚板和柱心填料组成ꎬ如图４.３.１所示ꎮ４.３.２㊀系船柱可根据使用要求选用直柱型㊁双柱型或曲柱型ꎬ柱头型式可选用单挡檐型㊁羊角型㊁全挡檐型或其他型式ꎮ４图４.３.１㊀系船柱的组成示意图(ａ)锚杆下端采用锚板式ꎻ(ｂ)锚杆下端采用弯钩式１￣柱壳ꎻ２￣锚杆ꎻ３￣螺母ꎻ４￣垫圈ꎻ５￣螺母孔填料ꎻ６￣定位板ꎻ７￣柱心填料ꎻ８￣锚板４.３.３㊀系船柱的材料和形状应根据系缆力标准值按附录Ａ表Ａ.０.１选定ꎮ初定系船柱主要外形尺寸时ꎬ可参照附录Ａ表Ａ.０.２ꎮ４.３.４㊀系船柱檐宽及颈高应满足方便带缆和解缆作业要求ꎮ４.３.５㊀系船柱柱壳可采用铸铁或铸钢ꎬ当系缆力较大时宜采用铸钢ꎮ柱壳宜采用ＨＴ２００铸铁或ＺＧ２３０~ＺＧ４５０铸钢ꎮ锚杆宜采用Ｑ２３５钢材ꎮ各构件材料及强度取值应符合表４.３.５的规定ꎮ表４.３.５㊀材料强度取值构㊀件材㊀㊀料强度取值(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)柱壳铸铁ＨＴ２００容许弯曲拉应力[σ]＝４５容许剪应力[τ]＝３５铸钢ＺＧ２３０~ＺＧ４５０抗拉㊁抗压㊁抗弯强度设计值ｆ＝１８０抗剪强度设计值ｆｖ＝１０５锚杆钢材Ｑ２３５抗拉强度设计值ｆｔ＝１４０柱心填料ȡＣ２０素混凝土或沥青混凝土４.３.６㊀系船柱柱颈壁厚ꎬ除应满足强度要求外ꎬ尚应考虑铸造工艺要求㊁磨损和锈蚀厚度等因素ꎮ４.３.７㊀系船柱柱颈截面的确定应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀４.３.７.１㊀系船柱柱壳为铸铁材料时ꎬ柱颈截面应满足下列公式要求:ＮＺＡ＋ＭＷɤσ[](４.３.７￣１)ＮｍａｘＡɤτ[](４.３.７￣２)式中㊀ＮＺ系缆力垂直分力(Ｎ)ꎻ５４　系船设施Ａ柱颈计算圆环形截面面积(ｍｍ２)ꎻＭ水平系缆力对柱颈产生的最大弯矩(Ｎｍｍ)ꎻＷ柱颈计算圆环形抵抗矩(ｍｍ３)ꎻ[σ] 铸铁容许弯曲拉应力(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)ꎬ取４５Ｎ/ｍｍ２ꎻＮｍａｘ最大水平系缆力(Ｎ)ꎻ[τ] 铸铁容许剪应力(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)ꎬ取３５Ｎ/ｍｍ２ꎮ㊀４.３.７.２㊀系船柱柱壳为铸钢材料时ꎬ柱颈截面应满足下列公式要求:γＱＱｍａｘＳｍａｘＩｂɤｆＶγｄＺ(４.３.７￣３)γＱＮＺＡ＋ＭＷæèçöø÷ɤｆγｄσ(４.３.７￣４)式中㊀γＱ系缆力分项系数ꎬ取１.４ꎻＱｍａｘ系缆力标准值的水平分力(Ｎ)ꎻＳｍａｘ半圆环形截面对通过圆心的中和轴的面积矩(ｍｍ３)ꎻＩ圆环形截面对通过圆心的中和轴的惯性矩(ｍｍ４)ꎻｂ圆环形截面在通过圆心的中和轴处的宽度(ｍｍ)ꎬ取２倍壁厚ꎻｆＶ铸钢抗剪强度设计值(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)ꎬ取１０５Ｎ/ｍｍ２ꎻγｄＺ抗剪调整系数ꎬ取２.０ꎻＮＺ系缆力垂直分力(Ｎ)ꎻＡ柱颈计算圆环形截面面积(ｍｍ２)ꎻＭ水平系缆力对柱颈产生的最大弯矩(Ｎｍｍ)ꎻＷ柱颈计算圆环形抵抗矩(ｍｍ３)ꎻｆ铸钢抗拉㊁抗弯强度设计值(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)ꎬ取１８０Ｎ/ｍｍ２ꎻγｄσ 抗拉㊁抗弯调整系数ꎬ取１.０ꎮ４.３.８㊀系船柱锚杆应进行抗剪和抗拉计算ꎮ其截面抗拉强度的确定应满足下式要求:ＡｍｆｔȡＲｍａｘ(４.３.８)式中㊀Ａｍ一根锚杆的螺纹部分横截面面积(ｍｍ２)ꎻｆｔ锚杆材料抗拉强度设计值(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)ꎬ取１４０Ｎ/ｍｍ２ꎻＲｍａｘ单根锚杆的最大拉力设计值(Ｎ)ꎮ４.３.９㊀锚杆最大拉力值应按底盘混凝土基础受拉区锚杆承受全部拉力ꎬ受压区混凝土承受全部压力的原则进行计算ꎬ同时应对底盘基础受压区混凝土进行承载力验算(图４.３.９)ꎮ４.３.１０㊀锚杆下端锚固型式及尺寸和埋入深度应满足下列要求ꎮ㊀４.３.１０.１㊀当锚杆直径不大于３６ｍｍ时ꎬ下端采用弯钩式ꎻ当直径大于３６ｍｍ时ꎬ下端宜采用锚板式ꎻ当水工结构允许埋深不满足弯钩型式的埋深要求时ꎬ宜采用锚板式ꎮ㊀４.３.１０.２㊀当采用弯钩锚杆时ꎬ埋入深度应根据现行行业标准«水运工程混凝土结构设计规范»(ＪＴＳ１５１)的有关规定计算确定ꎮ６码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)图４.３.９㊀系船柱柱颈计算示意图(ａ)方底盘计算示意图ꎻ(ｂ)圆底盘计算示意图㊀４.３.１０.３㊀当采用锚板锚杆时ꎬ锚板边长㊁厚度和锚杆埋入深度应根据现行行业标准«水运工程混凝土结构设计规范»(ＪＴＳ１５１)的有关规定确定ꎮ４.３.１１㊀锚板与锚杆应采用等强度焊接ꎮ４.３.１２㊀大型系船柱宜采用钢定位板ꎬ其厚度宜为６ｍｍ~８ｍｍꎮ当定位板兼作垫板时ꎬ其平面尺寸应与系船柱底盘相同ꎬ且应与锚杆焊接ꎮ４.４㊀系㊀船㊀环４.４.１㊀系船环系缆力应按使用要求确定ꎬ系船环可通过锚筋或型钢与基础相连ꎮ４.４.２㊀停靠小型船舶的直立式岸壁码头ꎬ可在码头顶面设置系船环ꎬ亦可在码头岸壁的直立面上设一排或多排系船环ꎮ当码头岸壁的直立面上设系船环时ꎬ上排宜设在码头顶面以下１ｍ~２ｍ处ꎬ上㊁下排竖向间距宜取１.５ｍ~２.０ｍꎬ系船环水平间距可取１０ｍ~１５ｍꎮ斜坡式码头和其他专设系船地牛的码头ꎬ系船环间距应根据使用要求确定ꎮ４.４.３㊀系船环宜龛入码头顶面㊁直立墙面或坡面内ꎮ４.４.４㊀系船环可采用铸钢㊁Ｑ２３５Ｂ㊁Ｑ３４５Ｂ钢或ＨＰＢ３００钢筋ꎬ并应进行抗拉㊁抗剪强度验算ꎮ４.４.５㊀系船环宜采用整体制作ꎬ当焊接成型时ꎬ应采取坡口焊ꎬ且不宜采用铸钢ꎮ４.４.６㊀系船环内径㊁锚筋外露高度及环内径均应满足使用要求ꎮ系船环内径不应小于１００ｍｍꎬ当采用Ｑ２３５Ｂ钢㊁ＨＰＢ３００钢筋时ꎬ内径不应小于３倍材料直径ꎻ当采用Ｑ３４５Ｂ钢时ꎬ内径不应小于５倍材料直径ꎻ锚筋外露高度及环内径不应小于６０ｍｍ和４倍材料直径ꎮ４.４.７㊀锚筋宜采用ＨＰＢ３００㊁ＨＲＢ３３５钢筋ꎬ亦可采用Ｑ２３５Ｂ㊁Ｑ３４５Ｂ等型钢ꎬ并应进行强度验算和锚固长度计算ꎮ４.４.８㊀系船环㊁锚筋当采用单根不能满足要求时ꎬ可采用２根成束布置ꎮ采用成束布置时ꎬ系船环应双面满焊ꎬ锚筋外露部分应至少单面满焊ꎮ７４　系船设施码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)４.５㊀快速脱缆钩４.５.１㊀装卸甲㊁乙类油气化工品防火等级为特级的码头应设置快速脱缆钩ꎻ防火等级为一级的码头宜设置快速脱缆钩ꎮ大型散货码头宜设置快速脱缆钩ꎮ４.５.２㊀快速脱缆钩的类型和数量ꎬ应根据设计船型㊁带缆方式㊁系缆力大小和缆绳数量确定ꎮ４.５.３㊀快速脱缆钩最外边缘与码头结构边缘的距离应满足安全作业需要ꎮ对于开敞式独立系缆墩不宜小于１.５ｍꎮ４.５.４㊀快速脱缆钩的钩头旋转范围ꎬ在布置上应与系缆方向适应ꎮ４.５.５㊀遥控操作的快速脱缆钩ꎬ运动部分应装设适当的安全防护装置ꎮ４.５.６㊀快速脱缆钩的常用类型㊁规格和参数可见附录Ｂꎮ４.５.７㊀绞盘马达和控制器应根据危险区域等级ꎬ采取相应的防爆㊁防火措施ꎮ４.５.８㊀绞盘的底面应高于码头面ꎮ４.６㊀绞缆装置４.６.１㊀大㊁中型码头应根据需要设置绞缆装置ꎬ绞缆装置包括绞盘㊁绞车等ꎮ４.６.２㊀绞缆装置的规格㊁型式应根据设计船型㊁码头型式和功能要求等选定ꎮ４.６.３㊀辅助系缆用绞缆装置可采用立式电动绞盘ꎬ移船用绞缆装置可采用卧式电动绞车ꎮ４.６.４㊀绞缆装置具体位置应根据码头上部结构和安全使用要求确定ꎮ液体散货码头的绞缆装置应布置在接驳口水平距离１５ｍ外ꎮ在爆炸和火灾危险环境内ꎬ应根据危险区域等级ꎬ采取相应的防爆㊁防火措施ꎮ４.６.５㊀绞缆装置宜选用２~３倍拖缆力的变速绞缆机ꎮ牵引速度可为１０ｍ/ｍｉｎ~３０ｍ/ｍｉｎꎮ４.６.６㊀绞缆装置受力方向应与牵引力方向一致ꎮ８５㊀护㊀㊀舷５.１㊀一般规定５.１.１㊀码头应设置护舷ꎬ护舷设置应根据码头结构型式㊁靠泊船型和靠泊方式及安装㊁使用和维修等要求ꎬ通过技术经济比较后确定ꎮ５.１.２㊀根据使用要求ꎬ护舷可采用固定式㊁浮式㊁转动式或平行移动式护舷ꎮ护舷按材料可分为橡胶护舷㊁聚氨酯护舷㊁木护舷和钢护舷等ꎮ５.２㊀选型和布置５.２.１㊀橡胶护舷可用于各种结构型式㊁船舶吨级的码头ꎬ其中模块护舷宜用于墩柱结构㊁大型船舶㊁渡轮等码头ꎻ聚氨酯护舷可作为浮式护舷用于大水位差或有漂浮要求的码头ꎻ木护舷和钢护舷可用于特定条件下的码头ꎮ５.２.２㊀护舷选型应考虑下列因素:(１)船舶靠泊时对护舷的撞击作用ꎻ(２)系泊船舶在波浪作用下对护舷的撞击作用ꎻ(３)船舶三维运动对护舷产生的剪切㊁弯扭和挤压作用ꎻ(４)恶劣条件下波浪对护舷的作用ꎮ５.２.３㊀护舷的布置应综合考虑靠泊船舶的类型和尺度㊁安全靠离泊和系泊方式㊁码头结构型式㊁水位和使用要求等因素ꎬ并应满足下列要求ꎮ㊀５.２.３.１㊀护舷的布置应保证船舶在设计高低水位和不同吃水条件下的安全停靠ꎮ㊀５.２.３.２㊀护舷竖向间隔布置时ꎬ应采取避免卡船措施ꎻ对水位变幅大㊁设置多层系靠船结构的码头ꎬ宜分层布置ꎻ根据使用要求ꎬ亦可设置浮式护舷ꎮ㊀５.２.３.３㊀护舷水平向布置时ꎬ岸壁式码头宜等间距布置ꎬ高桩码头宜在对应于排架的位置上布置ꎬ墩式码头宜在靠船墩上对称布置ꎮ㊀５.２.３.４㊀护舷的水平间距ꎬ应保证护舷达到设计压缩变形量时ꎬ船舶靠离不会撞到相邻护舷间的码头结构物ꎮ连片式码头最大护舷水平间距可按式(５.２.３￣１)和式(５.２.３￣２)计算ꎬ详见图５.２.３ꎮ特殊情况经论证后护舷间距可适当增大ꎮｓɤ２Ｒ２Ｂ－(ＲＢ－ｈ＋Ｃ)２(５.２.３￣１)ＲＢʈ１２Ｂ２＋Ｌ２８Ｂæèçöø÷(５.２.３￣２)式中㊀ｓ护舷间距(ｍ)ꎻ５㊀护㊀㊀舷ＲＢ船首曲率半径(ｍ)ꎻｈ受压时ꎬ在护舷中心线测得的护舷突起(ｍ)ꎻＣ船舶和码头之间的间距(ｍ)ꎬ取未变形护舷高度的５％~１５％ꎬ其中包括防冲板ꎬ通常不低于０.３ｍꎻＢ船舶宽度(ｍ)ꎻＬ船舶总长(ｍ)ꎮ图５.２.３㊀计算示意图５.２.４㊀根据需要码头端部宜设置防护设施ꎮ５.３㊀橡胶护舷５.３.１㊀橡胶护舷设计应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀５.３.１.１㊀对于吸能量主要由护舷吸收的码头ꎬ护舷设计吸能量应大于船舶有效撞击能量ꎮ㊀５.３.１.２㊀橡胶护舷或防冲板的压强应小于船体舷侧板的容许压强ꎮ㊀５.３.１.３㊀橡胶护舷应满足抗剪切要求ꎮ㊀５.３.１.４㊀对压缩型橡胶护舷ꎬ应根据靠船角度ꎬ对护舷的吸能量和反力进行折减ꎮ５.３.２㊀根据使用要求ꎬ橡胶护舷可选用压缩型㊁充气型或充填泡沫型ꎮ橡胶护舷常用类型㊁性能特点可参见附录Ｃꎮ５.３.３㊀根据使用要求ꎬ模块护舷可选用ＭＶ护舷㊁Ｖ型护舷㊁ＭＩ护舷等型号ꎮ模块护舷常用类型㊁性能特点可参见附录Ｃꎮ㊀５.３.３.１㊀模块护舷的选型㊁布置应符合第５.２节的有关规定ꎮ㊀５.３.３.２㊀模块护舷的安装和附属配件设置应符合第５.３.６条的规定ꎮ５.３.４㊀船体舷侧板的容许压强宜根据船舶结构确定ꎮ当缺乏资料时ꎬ可参考表５.３.４ꎮ码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)表５.３.４㊀船体舷侧板容许压强一览表序㊀号船舶类型等㊀㊀级船体舷侧板容许压强(ｋＮ/ｍ２)１集装箱船<１０００ＴＥＵ<４００<３０００ＴＥＵ<３００<８０００ＴＥＵ<２５０>８０００ＴＥＵ<２００２普通货船ɤ２００００ＤＷＴ４００~７００>２００００ＤＷＴ<４００３油轮ɤ２００００ＤＷＴ<２５０ɤ６００００ＤＷＴ<３００>６００００ＤＷＴ１５０~２００４液化天然气船/液化石油气船<２００５散货船 <２００５.３.５㊀当护舷面压力或剪切力较大时ꎬ可在护舷外表面加设防冲板和贴面板ꎮ５.３.６㊀橡胶护舷附属配件的设置应满足下列要求:(１)护舷的附属配件不触及靠泊船舶ꎻ(２)护舷锚固和吊架系统结构简单㊁坚固ꎻ(３)护舷锚固和吊架系统构件耐腐蚀㊁易维护和便于更换ꎻ５.３.７㊀与护舷配套的螺栓㊁螺母㊁链索㊁卡具和铁件ꎬ宜采用不锈钢材质ꎬ其规格满足使用要求ꎮ５.３.８㊀橡胶护舷安装应满足下列要求ꎮ㊀５.３.８.１㊀固定式护舷的底面与码头结构面紧密接触ꎬ螺母满扣拧紧ꎻ浮式护舷在靠泊或系泊船舶作用下ꎬ应始终处于码头的前沿立面ꎮ㊀５.３.８.２㊀充气型橡胶护舷在安装前应进行气密性试验ꎮ㊀５.３.８.３㊀护舷预埋件宜采用定位板施工ꎮ５.４㊀聚氨酯护舷和轮胎护舷５.４.１㊀聚氨酯护舷可用于有景观需求的码头ꎮ５.４.２㊀漂浮式聚氨酯护舷根据外部组装形式可分为护套式㊁无护套式和旋转吊耳式ꎮ５.４.３㊀轮胎护舷布置和安装应满足下列要求ꎮ㊀５.４.３.１㊀轮胎护舷可单层布置ꎻ对水位变幅大的码头ꎬ亦可多层布置ꎮ㊀５.４.３.２㊀轮胎护舷可采用单轮胎螺栓垫板固定法㊁单轮胎锚链固定法和多轮胎锚链悬挂法等方式进行安装ꎮ㊀５.４.３.３㊀轮胎护舷的预埋锚链拉环不应突出码头前沿ꎬ预埋锚筋的直径不应小于３０ｍｍꎬ锚链链径不应小于９ｍｍꎮ㊀５.４.３.４㊀轮胎护舷内的填料应具有韧性㊁环保性和耐腐蚀性ꎮ㊀５.４.３.５㊀固定螺栓应避免碰撞船舶ꎮ轮胎护舷的安装和附属配件应符合本规范第５.３.６条的规定ꎮ５㊀护㊀㊀舷码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)６㊀钢轨㊁车挡及预埋件６.１㊀一般规定６.１.１㊀岸边装卸机械的轨道钢轨㊁车挡及预埋件ꎬ应按装卸机械有关要求设计ꎮ６.１.２㊀预埋件的布置应结合码头平面㊁结构及排水系统设计确定ꎬ并应满足使用方便㊁流动机械和行人行走便利的要求ꎮ６.２㊀钢轨及联结件６.２.１㊀装卸机械轨道钢轨的轨距㊁类型及型号ꎬ应根据机型或缆车型式㊁使用要求和作业特点等因素确定ꎬ可选用起重机钢轨或铁路钢轨ꎮ对吨级大㊁作业要求高的码头ꎬ宜采用全长淬火钢轨ꎮ钢轨的标准断面和主要特征尺寸见附录Ｄꎮ６.２.２㊀钢轨联结可采用焊接ꎬ也可使用夹板连接ꎮ采用焊接时ꎬ焊接方式可采用铝热焊或手工焊ꎮ采用夹板连接时ꎬ接头位置应离码头伸缩缝不小于３ｍꎮ两条平行轨道的接头应错开布置ꎬ其距离不小于６００ｍｍꎬ并不得与装卸机械的轮距相等ꎮ６.２.３㊀钢轨接头联结件和钢轨与轨道基础联结件ꎬ应根据钢轨型号和轨道基础型式参照现行国家通用建筑标准设计图集«吊车轨道联结及车挡(适用于混凝土结构)»(Ｇ３２５)和«吊车轨道联结及车挡(适用于钢吊车梁)»(Ｇ５２５)以及国家现行有关标准的要求配置ꎮ６.２.４㊀当采用现行国家通用建筑标准设计图集«吊车轨道联结及车挡(适用于混凝土结构)»(０４Ｇ３２５)中的钢轨与轨道基础联结件时ꎬ联结件螺栓埋深应按现行行业标准«水运工程混凝土结构设计规范»(ＪＴＳ１５１)的相关规定确定ꎬ轨道槽的垫层应采用水泥基或环氧树脂基胶泥ꎮ６.２.５㊀钢轨安装时应选择合适的锁定温度ꎬ锁定温度可按下式计算:Ｔｅ＝Ｔｍａｘ＋Ｔｍｉｎ２＋１０(６.２.５)式中㊀Ｔｅ锁定温度(ħ)ꎬ实际锁定作业温度允许波动范围宜为ʃ５ħꎻＴｍａｘ钢轨工作地区历年最高气温(ħ)ꎻＴｍｉｎ钢轨工作地区历年最低气温(ħ)ꎮ６.２.６㊀钢轨安装在钢结构轨道梁上时ꎬ轨道固定件可采用焊接或螺栓联结ꎻ安装在钢筋混凝土轨枕或轨道梁上时ꎬ联结螺栓可采用预埋式或后埋式ꎬ后埋式安装孔应采用高强黏结材料填充ꎮ６.２.７㊀钢轨安装采用暗轨时ꎬ钢轨顶面高程宜与码头面齐平ꎮ６.２.８㊀暗轨的凹槽应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀６.２.８.１㊀轨道凹槽宽度应满足起重机行走㊁轨道施工安装和维护调整需要ꎮ㊀６.２.８.２㊀轨道凹槽外露边角宜设置护边角钢ꎮ６.２.９㊀轨道凹槽槽侧底部应设排水孔ꎬ排水孔的直径㊁间距和形状根据需要确定ꎮ６.２.１０㊀钢轨工作一段时间后ꎬ应再次检查㊁调整相应部件ꎬ待变形稳定后凹槽内可填充轨道专用沥青或其他填料ꎬ填入高度不应影响装卸机械行走ꎮ６.３㊀车㊀㊀挡６.３.１㊀轨道式起重装卸机械轨道的两端和斜坡码头缆车道底端应设置车挡ꎮ６.３.２㊀车挡结构应按机械配套要求进行设计㊁制作与安装ꎮ６.３.３㊀车挡结构可采用直立式或弯曲式ꎮ直接承受水平力作用的部分宜设置橡胶垫板ꎬ且装卸机械缓冲器应与前后轨车挡接触面在同一平面内ꎮ６.３.４㊀车挡应验算其结构强度ꎮ６.３.５㊀车挡应安装在混凝土基座上ꎬ对小型装卸机械车挡或临时车挡也可安装在钢轨上ꎮ６.３.６㊀车挡安装在钢轨上时ꎬ可采用焊接或螺栓联结ꎮ６.３.７㊀车挡安装在混凝土基座上时ꎬ应进行下列计算:(１)锚固螺栓直径和锚固长度计算ꎻ(２)受剪螺栓数目计算ꎻ(３)独立混凝土基座抗滑㊁抗倾稳定性和地基承载力验算ꎮ６.３.８㊀锚栓直径应按机械配套选用ꎬ当无具体规定时ꎬ直立式车挡可按式(６.３.８)计算ꎬ计算示意图见图６.３.８ꎮ锚栓材料宜选用Ｑ２３５Ｂ钢材或ＨＰＢ３００钢筋ꎮ图６.３.８㊀车挡计算示意图(ａ)未设置受剪螺栓的直立式车挡ꎻ(ｂ)设置受剪螺栓的直立式车挡１￣车挡ꎻ２￣锚栓ꎻ３￣定位板ꎻ４￣橡胶板ꎻ５￣受剪螺栓ꎻ６￣混凝土基座ｄ＝２γｄＦＬＨｈｙｍａｘπｆｔðｙ２ｉ(６.３.８)式中㊀ｄ锚栓直径(ｍｍ)ꎻ６　钢轨、车挡及预埋件γｄ结构分项系数ꎬ取１.０５ꎻＦＬＨ作用于车挡的水平力设计值(Ｎ)ꎬ见图６.３.８ꎻｈ水平力ＦＬＨ至车挡底的高度(ｍｍ)ꎬ见图６.３.８ꎻｙｍａｘ锚栓至车挡后趾的最远距离(ｍｍ)ꎻｆｔ锚栓抗拉强度设计值(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)ꎬ取１４０Ｎ/ｍｍ２ꎻｙｉ第ｉ根锚栓至车挡后趾的距离(ｍｍ)ꎮ６.３.９㊀设置受剪螺栓时(图６.３.８ｂ)ꎬ螺栓数目可按下式计算:ｎＨ＝γｄ４ＦＬＨｆｖｄ２π(６.３.９)式中㊀ｎＨ受剪螺栓数目(个)ꎻγｄ结构分项系数ꎬ取１.０５ꎻＦＬＨ作用于车挡的水平力设计值(Ｎ)ꎬ见图６.３.８ꎻｆｖ受剪螺栓的抗剪强度设计值(Ｎ/ｍｍ２)ꎻｄ受剪螺栓直径(ｍｍ)ꎮ６.３.１０㊀车挡安装于轨道梁上时ꎬ轨道梁的设计应计入车挡作用ꎮ６.４㊀顶升埋件６.４.１㊀岸边装卸机械应根据需要设置顶升埋件ꎬ顶升埋件的位置应根据装卸机械维修㊁船舶装卸作业㊁码头结构受力和锚碇防风拉索布置等因素确定ꎬ顶升埋件设置的套数不宜少于装卸机械设备数ꎮ小型码头可采用临时垫板代替顶升埋件ꎮ６.４.２㊀顶升埋件对桩基梁板式码头宜设在梁系上ꎻ重力式码头宜设于轨道梁上ꎻ轨道基础为轨枕道砟时ꎬ顶升埋件应做独立的混凝土基础ꎮ６.４.３㊀顶升埋件应采用锚筋或锚板锚固于基础上ꎬ按«水运工程混凝土结构设计规范»(ＪＴＳ１５１)设计ꎮ６.４.４㊀横梁排架或轨道梁上的顶升埋件ꎬ计算码头结构内力时ꎬ作用组合应考虑顶升反力影响ꎮ６.４.５㊀顶升埋件设独立基础时ꎬ应对基础进行局部承压和地基承载力验算ꎬ混凝土强度等级不应低于码头面层强度ꎮ６.５㊀防风装置６.５.１㊀有防风要求时ꎬ码头上应设置装卸机械防风系拉装置和锚碇装置ꎮ６.５.２㊀防风系拉装置应与装卸机械设备配套设计与安装ꎮ防风系拉装置每组不应少于４个ꎮ有条件时可预留防风系拉装置ꎮ６.５.３㊀锚碇装置应根据装卸机械要求配置ꎮ６.５.４㊀防风系拉装置配置组数应按下列要求布置ꎮ㊀６.５.４.１㊀防风系拉装置宜沿装卸机械设备纵横向对称布置ꎮ㊀６.５.４.２㊀岸桥㊁卸船机和装船机等大型设备ꎬ防风系拉装置宜采用绞轴ꎻ对门机等设码头附属设施技术规范(ＪＴＳ１６９２０１７)６　钢轨、车挡及预埋件备ꎬ防风系拉装置可采用拉索ꎬ拉索在码头面上的投影与轨道的夹角宜为４５ʎꎬ与码头面的夹角宜为４５ʎ~６０ʎꎮ６.５.５㊀防风系拉与锚碇装置具体位置应根据码头结构特点确定ꎬ并应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀６.５.５.１㊀对高桩码头ꎬ防风系拉与锚碇装置宜设在梁系上ꎬ并可根据需要局部扩大或加设基桩ꎮ㊀６.５.５.２㊀对重力式码头ꎬ前轨一侧防风系拉与锚碇装置宜设在胸墙上ꎬ并可根据需要局部扩大ꎮ㊀６.５.５.３㊀重力式码头和板桩码头轨道采用轨枕道砟基础时ꎬ应设置独立的防风系拉和锚碇基础ꎮ６.５.６㊀防风系拉装置的计算应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀６.５.６.１㊀系拉拉力应按重现期５０年的最大风速和装卸机械非工作条件下稳定的要求确定ꎬ计算风速取３ｓ时距的平均瞬时风速ꎬ并不得小于５５ｍ/ｓꎮ㊀６.５.６.２㊀防风系拉座结构应进行锚固计算ꎮ㊀６.５.６.３㊀独立混凝土基础应进行稳定性计算㊁锚固螺栓直径和锚固长度计算㊁受剪螺栓数目计算ꎮ㊀６.５.６.４㊀焊接构件应进行焊缝强度验算ꎮ６.５.７㊀锚碇基础的设计应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀６.５.７.１㊀插锚碇板的坑基础应进行下列计算和验算:(１)坑槽口处混凝土的抗剪强度与局部抗压强度ꎻ(２)独立锚碇基础的稳定性ꎮ㊀６.５.７.２㊀插锚碇销的坑基础应进行下列计算和验算:(１)焊接构件的焊缝强度ꎻ(２)独立锚碇基础的稳定性ꎮ６.５.８㊀系缆座设在梁系上时ꎬ梁系设计应计入系缆的上拔力作用ꎮ６.５.９㊀预埋件设置应符合下列规定ꎮ㊀６.５.９.１㊀预埋件不宜高出码头面ꎮ㊀６.５.９.２㊀坑槽口四周无钢板护壁时ꎬ混凝土外露边角宜设置护边角钢ꎮ㊀６.５.９.３㊀坑槽内应设排水孔ꎬ排水孔直径不宜小于５０ｍｍꎬ排水出口宜与轨道排水系统统一设计ꎮ㊀６.５.９.４㊀坑槽口宜设置盖板ꎮ。

hp LaserJet 3380 说明书

停止或取消打印作业 ................................................................................................................ 19 打印机驱动程序 .......................................................................................................................20
目录
ZHCN
Байду номын сангаас
1 初步了解设备
识别 HP LaserJet 3380 all-in-one .............................................................................................2 包装箱物品 .......................................................................................................................... 2
3 打印
使用手动进纸打印 ................................................................................................................... 18 使用手动进纸打印 .............................................................................................................18

惠普彩色激光打印机 Pro M454 和惠普彩色激光多功能一体机 Pro M479 维修手册说明书

Table -1 Revision history Revision number 1
Revision date 6/2019
Revision notes HP LaserJet Pro M454 HP LaserJet Pro MFP M479 Repair manual initial release
Additional service and support for HP internal personnel HP internal personnel, go to one of the following Web-based Interactive Search Engine (WISE) sites: Americas (AMS) – https:///wise/home/ams-enWISE - English – https:///wise/home/ams-esWISE - Spanish – https:///wise/home/ams-ptWISE - Portuguese – https:///wise/home/ams-frWISE - French Asia Pacific / Japan (APJ) ○ https:///wise/home/apj-enWISE - English ○ https:///wise/home/apj-jaWISE - Japanese ○ https:///wise/home/apj-koWISE - Korean ○ https:///wise/home/apj-zh-HansWISE - Chinese (simplified)
Find information about the following topics ● Service manuals ● Service advisories ● Up-to-date control panel message (CPMD) troubleshooting ● Install and configure ● Printer specifications ● Solutions for printer issues and emerging issues ● Remove and replace part instructions and videos ● Warranty and regulatory information

LASER新手指南

一．基本配置SER 软件下载及更新地址：/home/software.htmSER下载及安装之后，双击桌面上的LASER图标，进入如下界面。

依次在USER ID 和PASSWORD中输入帐号和密码切记：键盘状态为小写。

3. 点击确认OK前点击SETUP如图：更改EXECUTOR端口按照公司要求例如改为15905回车确定进入LASER.4.登入LASER界面后：快捷键图标和OFFICE差不多，FLIE下面的按钮依次是第一个打开（LAYOUT），安装目录下有几个随软件带的LAYOUT，大家可以根据自己的需要进行调整和保存。

第二个保存当前（LAYOUT），接着连续3个是不常用的。

第六个感叹号是LEVEL2买和卖的锁；鼠标激活LEVEL2点击这个按钮后，股票名字变为灰色，此时的买和卖的命令都被禁止。

再点下这个按钮，恢复正常交易。

如图：QQQQ 的背景为灰色的，此时买和卖的命令都不会执行。

第七个是对号是调整和刷新数据的，不常用。

接着两个箭头方向依次是：向二侧，和向中间的。

分别是调整蜡烛图的粗和细的。

鼠标激活CHART，点箭头向两侧的按钮，此时CHART变粗；点箭头向中间的按钮，CHART变细。

yout的打开及保存：选择菜单栏上的File下面的Local Layout，其中Open是打开你要用的layout，Save是保存你目前的设置在layout中，Save As是保存你目前的设置到另一个新的layout中。

如图二．基本应用1. CHART的调出：View—>Chart→Stock chartLevel2的调出：View→Level2Time&sell的调出：View→Time&Sell(All,ECN,Plus)Pending order的调出：View→Pending order Activity log的调出：View→Activity logBlotter的调出：View Blotter 按成交量排列股票：2.框图大小及位置的调整：鼠标点击所选框图，其边框便会出现红色的线条，鼠标放上红色的线条之上，会出现相应的方向键，按住鼠标不放拖动鼠标便可调整其大小。

Submachine4攻略

Submachine4 攻略*游戏包含21个蓝色小球作为隐藏关卡.初始阶段（实验室顶棚）1.按提示向右走,找到锤子.2.向左2次,向下,向右.用锤子砸开门上的锁.进入阁楼.3.向下,在挂着的衣服口袋里找到萘(像药丸一样的东西).4.向右,在梁上取得橡皮管.5.向右,在墙角处取得烟囱刷,在椅子上取得小球1.6.走出阁楼.将烟囱刷伸入烟囱里.7.返回阁楼,找到烟囱底部,取得灰堆上的淡蓝色钥匙.8.向左走,在挂钩上取得黄色钥匙.9.向左,在桌子左下角取得黄色把手.10.用淡蓝色钥匙开门,进入.11.向下,在画面右下角取得小球2.12.向下,进入Laboratory.Laboratory（实验室）1.向左,点电脑.点右下方的键,不停点,与电脑进行对话.直到听到打印声.(或者点到只出现(@lab):root.ping//144.235.182.100为止,这条信息没什么用.)2.退出电脑界面.取得打印机上的纸条.可以看到是一份提示(提示1里包含了几个空间的坐标,之后有用).3.在桌脚废纸箱边取得小球3.4.走到右边,在窗台上取得打火机.5.返回,向下走.在画面左下角取得烧杯.6.向下,在倒下的椅子上取得小球4,收集桌上的2张纸.7.去左边的浴室,将烧杯放在地上的排水口处,用锤子敲掉上方管道的铁盖子.8.在左边水管下方取得小球5,在洗脸台上取得肥皂.9.退出浴室.向右走,在桌上拿到CD.10.上梯子,在试管架上取左数第二支试管.11.向右,在实验台上取得螺丝刀,在管道右下方取得小球6.12.用橡皮管连接煤气灯和煤气管道,将黄色把手安装在管道上.转动把手和煤气灯开关,用打火机点燃煤气灯.13.快速返回直至室外.在最左边找到一个阀门.用螺丝刀拧下螺丝,取得阀门.14.回到浴室,将阀门装在左边管道上.转动阀门,让烧杯盛满水.15.走到煤气灯处,将盛水的烧杯放在煤气灯上,依次放入肥皂,试管中液体和萘.16.取烧杯和空试管回到浴室.用同样的方法在试管里盛满水.17.向右到底,用黄色钥匙打开门.点钟.18.将烧杯内液体倒入控制板,破坏它.可看到右边的铁栅栏上升.19.向右,取地上的纸片.看提示1,得知当前所在空间为Laboratory,坐标为0,0,1.而下一步应进入坐标为1,0,4的Ancient Section.20.把时空机上数字点成1,0,4.点开关,转换空间进入Ancient Section.Ancient Section（古老的部分）1.向右,观察所有的石板图案.参考下方的"/","|","-","\"4个开关可知,开关组合出相应图形即能打开对应石板下的门.由此可以取得2块三角板,一个圆形石块和一个方形石块.*注意在右边某石板处取得一把黄色的小刀,在其左边有钟,点一下.而在图形为"+"的石板界面内,左下角可取得小球7.2.向上走,将圆形和方形石块插入对应的缺口处,可使新的阶梯出现.3.向上,用锤子打破马雕像下方已有裂缝的石板,取得小球8.4.向上,看到新的石板图案.用同样的方法取得该石板门下的三角板3.5.向上,用小刀割断绳子,走到下面拿到三角板4.6.向下,在狗雕像的眼睛处取得小球9.7.将4块三角板插到墙上对应的洞口里.可以看到中间出现一个按钮,点它.8.回到时空机界面,可以看到出现了新的石梯,上梯子.取得机器上像罩子一样的能量装置.9.向左走,捡起地上的纸片.10.回到时空机,根据提示1,输入6,9,0.点开关,进入Looping Traps.Looping Traps（循环陷阱）1.向右,向下,拿到地上的纸片.2.向左,在地板上拿到小球10.3.向左,向上,可以看到坐标器.推理可知时空机坐标为(0,0).左右分别是横坐标和纵坐标.则其他几个封闭的机器坐标分别为(0,1),(1,1),(-1,-1),(1,0).4.点坐标器,调成相应坐标后点按钮,去到对应的机器处.点机器,使灯变绿.5.将4个机器全部调整完毕后,进到坐标器的上方.点开机器的罩子,取得蓝色的碟片.6.回到时空机,根据提示1,输入5,2,9.点开关,进入Basement SectionBasement Section（地下室部分）1.向右2次,将能量装置置于充电装置上充电.在右边插头下方取得小球11.2.取充好电的能量装置.向左,向下,向左.插入机器,点拉杆,给机器供电.取空了的能量装置和画面右下角的纸片.3.向右,在主机器的右下角(电线下)取得小球12.4.用同样的方法在能量装置充电后给右边的机器供电.退出后点击主机器,看到有激光射出.5.向上,把CD放在钩子上,使激光弯折.6.向右,把蓝色碟片放在柱子上,用激光击碎它.得到银色钥匙.房间左下角拿纸片7.再给能量装置充一次电后,回到时光机界面.8.根据提示7,输入5,5,1.(此时不能根据提示1直接进入4,6,2.否则进去后除了捡小球什么事也干不了.)5,5,1 空间（水管控制室）1.捡右边地上的小球13.2.向左,捡起地上的纸片.把水的开关关掉.3.回时光机,现在可以根据提示1输入4,6,2.点开关,进入Lighthouse Digouts.Lighthouse Digouts（灯塔地下掩体）1. 向右,取得地上小球14.2. 向右,用锤子敲击锁4下.打开门,取得涡轮。

哈工大博士学位论文模板

1.3
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第 2 章基本使用 ..................................................................................... 3
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3.2 学
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第 1 章绪论 ............................................................................................ 1
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LATEX TEMPLATE FOR MASTER/DOCTOR THESIS/DISSERTATION OF HARBIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Candidate: Supervisor: Academic Degree Applied for: Specialty: Affiliation: Date of Defense: Degree-Conferring-Institution:

Glider Flying Handbook说明书

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

《城市轨道交通供电系统工程施工质量验收规范》标准全文

中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司杭州市地铁集团有限责任公司宁波市轨道交通集团有限公司中铁十一局集团电务工程有限公司中铁一局集团电务工程有限公司浙江丽水宏瑜建设有限公司浙江德光建筑工程有限公司浙江瓯立园林建设有限公司纳琦绿能工程有限公司浙江鸿旭园林建设有限公司浙江罗邦建设有限公司丽水市金丰建筑工程有限公司丽水市鼎旺建设工程有限公司浙江瓯业园林建设有限公司丽水市汇桦市政园林有限公司浙江屹立建设有限公司浙江华歌建设有限公司本规范主要起草人
量安全监督总站负责技术内容的解释。执行过程中，请各有关单位结合实际，不断总结经验，
并将发现的问题、意见和建议函告杭州市建设工程质量安全监督总站[地址：莫干山路 100 号耀江国际大厦 A 座 12 楼，邮政编码：311005]，以供修订时参考。
本规范主编单位、参编单位、主要起草人和主要审查人：本规范主编单位：杭州市建设工程质量安全监督总站
本规范共分 10 章，主要技术内容包括：1 总则；2 术语；3 基本规定；4 牵引及降压变电所；5 刚性架空接触网；6 柔性架空接触网；7 接触轨；8 杂散电流腐蚀防护系统；9 可视化接地系统；10 电力监控与电能质量管理系统。
本规范由浙江省住房和城乡建设厅负责管理和对强制条文的解释，由杭州市建设工程质
浙江省工程建设标准
城市轨道交通供电系统施工质量验收规范
Code for acceptance of construction quality of power supply system engineering of urban rail transit
DB33/T ××/××××-201×
主编单位：杭州市建设工程质量安全监督总站中铁电气化局集团有限公司中铁二局集团有限公司
中铁电气化局集团有限公司中铁二局集团有限公司本规范参编单位：中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司杭州市地铁集团有限责任公司宁波市轨道交通集团有限公司中铁十一局集团电务工程有限公司中铁一局集团电务工程有限公司浙江丽水宏瑜建设有限公司浙江德光建筑工程有限公司浙江瓯立园林建设有限公司纳琦绿能工程有限公司浙江鸿旭园林建设有限公司浙江罗邦建设有限公司丽水市金丰建筑工程有限公司丽水市鼎旺建设工程有限公司浙江瓯业园林建设有限公司丽水市汇桦市政园林有限公司浙江屹立建设有限公司浙江华歌建设有限公司本规范主要起草人：史文杰周静增肖国军雷鸣蔡佳旻周军施云琼王祥涛于镇川郭润桥唐兆军孙海东王海涛左传文郭忠叶波涛徐俊吴赟胤王存建王波朱智文赵加建范卿韩明学陈俊卿周洪波何贵龙黄美香潘国平蒋真本规范主要审查人：石西全赵宇宏戴新国游劲秋张燕袁林刘伟洪秀敏

Silverlight4 最新资料(1)

Silverlight 4 Overview Technical Feature OverviewContentsCredits (6)Introduction (7)Enabling Business Application Development (8)Printing (8)Localization with Bi-Directional and Script-Based Text and Right-to-Left Support (8)Extended Language Support (9)RichTextBox Control (9)Text Input (11)Viewbox Control (11)Auto-Sizing Columns and Copy from DataGrid (12)Navigation Page Loading Extensibility (13)Command Property on ButtonBase and Hyperlink (13)SelectedValue and SelectedValuePath on the Selector (13)Support for Referer Header (15)UDP Multicast Client Support (15)Networking Enhancements (15)WCF TCP-based Binding (15)WCF PollingDuplex Improvements (16)Authentication Support with ClientHttpWebRequest (16)IDataErrorInfo (16)INotifyDataErrorInfo (19)Grouping on CollectionViewSource (20)Editable CollectionView IEditableCollectionView (20)Binding to String Indexers (20)TargetNullValue (21)StringFormat (21)FallbackValue (22)Databinding Support for Dependency Objects (22)XPath Support for XML (23)ObservableCollection<T>Constructor Accepts IList and IEnumerable (23)Isolated Storage Enhancements (23)Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF) (23)SDK Enhancements (25)Silverlight Toolkit (25)BusyIndicator (25)ContextMenu (27)Microsoft Silverlight 4 Tools for Visual Studio 2010 (27)WCF RIA Services Support (28)Automatic Layout (29)Enhanced Property Editing (30)Styling and Resources (31)WCF RIA Services (33)Overview of WCF RIA Services in Silverlight 4 (33)Key Problems Solved (33)Key Classes: DomainService and DomainContext (33)DomainService Operations (34)Endpoints (34)DomainContext Generation (34)Authentication and Authorization (35)Validation and MetaData (35)DomainDataSource (35)WCF RIA Services Toolkit (35)Performance and Reliability (35)Notes (36)Empowering Richer Experiences (37)Hardware Accelerated PlaneProjection (37)Word Based Text Trimming (trailing ellipses) (37)Implicit Styles (37)MouseWheel Support (38)Right Mouse Click (38)Programmatic Clipboard Access (39)Silverlight as a Drop Target (40)Handle Drag-and-Drop Events for Macintosh (41)Webcam and Microphone Support (42)Webcam and Microphone Permissions (45)CompositeTransform (45)Support for all PNG Formats (46)Offline Digital Rights Management (46)MP4 Playback Protected DRM (47)WMS Multicast (47)Output Protection (47)Parser Enhancements (47)Deep Zoom (48)Google Chrome Support (48)Private Mode Browsing (48)Pinned Full-Screen Mode on Secondary Display (48)Media Updates (48)Key Expression Blend Features (50)Interoperability with Visual Studio 2010 (50)PathListBox Control (50)Transition Effects (51)Conditional Behaviors (52)Bindable Properties (52)New Behaviors (52)MVVM Project and Item Templates (54)Design-time data from CLR types (54)Design-time ViewModels (54)Moving Beyond the Browser – Sandboxed Applications (55)Out-of-Browser Windowing Updates (55)Hosting Web Content within Silverlight Applications (55)WebBrowserBrush (56)Notifications (Toast) (57)Window Closing Event (58)Moving Beyond the Browser – Elevated Trust Applications (59)Native Integration (60)File System Access (60)Cross-Domain Networking Access (61)Full File Path on Open and Save Dialogs (61)Sockets Security (61)XAP Signing (61)Silent Install with SLLauncher.exe (65)Custom Window Chrome (65)Full Keyboard in Full Screen Mode (66)Silverlight 4 Resources (68)Tools (68)Training Kit (68)Screencasts (68)Blogs (68)Twitter (69)Key Links (69)CreditsThis document was written in collaboration with many people including most of the Microsoft Silverlight product team, the WCF RIA Services team, and the Expression Blend team. Their help in providing resources, content, and feedback was invaluable.Special thanks to Adam Kinney who authored the Expression Blend content, which is a selected excerpt from the full Expression Blend Technical Whitepaper found at this link/fwlink/?linkid=186042.If you have any feedback on this document, contact:∙John Papa - jopapa@∙Adam Kinney - adkinn@IntroductionSilverlight 4 enhancesthebuilding of business applications, media applications, and applications that reach beyond the browser. New features include printing support, significant enhancements for using forms over data, support for several new languages, full support in the Google Chrome web browser, WCF RIA Services, modular development with MEF, full support in Visual Studio 2010, bi-directional text, web camera and microphone support, rich text editing, improved data binding features, HTML support, MVVM and commanding support, new capabilities for local desktop integration running in the new “Trusted Application” mode such as COM automation and local file access.This document explains the new features in Silverlight, where you can find learning materials, and identifies additional resources.Figure 1Silverlight 4 Multi Touch Puzzle Using the New Trusted Application, WebBrowser Control, and WebBrowserBrush FeaturesEnabling Business Application DevelopmentPrintingSilverlight adds printing support that allows developers to control whether their Silverlightapplication can print itself, how the content is formatted when printed, and determine the content that will appear. For example, you could add a print button to your Silverlight application that opens the Print dialog allows the user to choose the printer, and then prints the Silverlight content.You can print content by first creating an instance of the PrintDocument class, then specifying the content to print, and finally writing code to handle the PrintPage event. You can print the entire Silverlight control by setting PrintPageEventArgs.PageVisual to the layout root of the Silverlight content. Alternatively, you can print a portion of the Silverlight content by settingPrintPageEventArgs.PageVisualto the named UIElement you wish to print. The following code sample prints all content within the UIElement named in the Silverlight application.C#PrintDocument pd = new PrintDocument();pd.PrintPage += (s, args) =>{args.PageVisual = LayoutRoot;};pd.Print();After the PrintPage event occurs, the content from the PageVisual is sent to the selected printer to be printed. Content that is too large to fit in to the PrintableAreawill be clipped. If HasMorePages is true, PrintPage occurs multiple times until HasMorePages is false. If you require customized printing options, you can write code forthe StartPrintand EndPrint events to perform special handling.You can print content that is notin the live visual tree. This allows you to make your printed content look different from your onscreen content. To do this,set PageVisual to a UIElement created in the PrintPage event without adding it to the live visual tree. Another tip to print elements which are not in the live tree is to explicitly run layout on them by calling measure and arrange.Localization with Bi-Directional and Script-Based Text and Right-to-Left SupportSilverlight introduces support for shaped and script languages that flow right to left, such as Arabic and Hebrew. The ability to change the direction of the flow is available to all Silverlight UI elements by setting the FlowDirection property to LeftToRight or RightToLeft. The default bi-directional (Bi-Di) FlowDirection property is from LeftToRight. Setting FlowDirection to RightToLeft on any element sets the alignment to the right, the reading order to right-to-left, and the layout of the control to flow fromthe right to the left. Most UIElement controls inherit the FlowDirection from their parent; however Image, MediaElement, MultiScaleImage, and Popup do not and remain LeftToRight unless overridden explicitly. When brushes and effects are applied to elements whose FlowDirection property is set RightToLeft, the result is flipped horizontally.Extended Language SupportSilverlight 4 now supports several new languages including Thai and Vietnamese as well as multiple Indic scripts both for rendering and input. The following Indic scripts are now supported:RichTextBox ControlSilverlight adds the new RichTextBox control to the standard controls offered by Silverlight. Through the FlowDirection property, the RichTextBoxhas Bi-Directional (Bi-Di) support on content including Runs. It also allows hyperlinks, XAML content, embedding of images, changing the font size, foreground color, and making text bold, italicized, and underlined as well as many other rich text features.The RichTextBox supports the “format then type” feature. For example, with this feature you can choose a format, such as bold or font color of green, and when you start typing the formatting selections you made are appliedto the text you type. Text position and selection APIs are also supported.Another feature of the RichTextBox control is paragraph blocks, which allows different formatting of blocks of text. Built-in keyboard commands can be used to allow shortcuts for clipboard and undo operations. The RichTextBox also supports mouse events, XAML to clipboard features, undo, and language localization.The following image shows the RichTextBox control using the FlowDirection = RightToLeft and displaying Hebrew text.Figure 2RichTextBoxwith FlowDirection of RightToLeftThe following image shows a sample application with a RichTextBox control containing several different types of content, including embedded images, an embedded Silverlight DataGrid, different font sizes, different fonts, foreground colors, bold, and italics.Figure 3RichTextBox ControlThe RichTextBox has a Xaml property that supports serializing text content. You can get the Xaml from the RochTextBox’s Xaml property and save it to isolated storage or perhaps send it to a web service. Youcan also set the content of the RichTextBox control by setting the Xaml property. You can clear the content of a RichTextBox by calling the Blocks property’s Clear method.Text InputSilverlight now enhances its support for IME (Input Method Editors), which is a part of text input used when there are more glyphs than keyboard keys (as with East Asian languages). Enhancements include getting and setting IME conversion modes as well as getting and setting IME active state. In addition,the TextInputStart, TextInputUpdate, and TextInput events have been added to the UIElement controls. These events are effective at determining the text that users input when using IME.Silverlight also has additional event handling for text input via the TextInput event. The TextInput event allows you to get an event from key press generated characters. This includes getting characters that require multiple keyboard presses in order to be entered, such as the “è” in the name “Claudè”.Viewbox ControlSilverlight adds the Viewbox to its list of layout containers. The Viewbox allows precise positioning and flexible resizing support that stretches or scales a single child element to fit the available space. A Viewbox can only contain a single element.The Viewbox’s StretchDirection property determines how to scale its contents. I t prevents the contents of the Viewbox from being scaled to a smaller or larger dimension than the original. Possible values are UpOnly, DownOnly andViewbox Control Both. The Stretch property determines how the content of the Viewbox will be stretched to fill the Viewbox. Possible values are None, Fill, Uniform, and UniformToFill.The example below shows a Viewbox control with the default settings of Stretch=Uniform and StretchDirection=Both. The image inside the Viewbox is 200x200 pixels and will be stretched uniformly to fill the entire smaller Viewbox.XAML<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="Red" Width="100"Height="100" ><Viewbox Margin="5"><Image Source="sl4 image.png"/></Viewbox></Grid>Figure 4Viewbox with Default SettingsIf you set the StretchDirection to UpOnly, then the image will only stretch up in size. Since the container is smaller than the image, the image will not stretch and only the upper portion of the image will be visible.Figure 5Viewbox with StretchDirection = UpOnlyAuto-Sizing Columns and Copy from DataGridSilverlight added several new features to the DataGrid control. Through auto-sizing columns, the DataGrid in Silverlightnow has the ability to allow columns to share the remaining width of a DataGrid. This feature makes it easy to define specific widths for some columns in a DataGrid while allowing the other columns to share the remaining width of the DataGrid. For example, you might want to have fixed widths for columns for City, State, and the Postal Code. However, you may want the Name column to use 1/3 of the remaining space and the Address column to use 2/3 of it. The following code would accomplish this using * column widths:XAMLXAML<data:DataGrid AutoGenerateColumns="False" x:Name="dataGrid2"HeadersVisibility="All"><data:DataGrid.Columns><data:DataGridTextColumn Header="Name" Binding="{Binding Name}" Width="*"/><data:DataGridTextColumn Header="Address"Binding="{Binding Address}"Width="2*"/><data:DataGridTextColumn Header="City" Binding="{Binding City}" Width="100"/><data:DataGridTextColumn Header="State" Binding="{Binding State}"Width="50" /><data:DataGridTextColumn Header="Postal Code" Binding="{Binding PostalCode}"Width="80"/></data:DataGrid.Columns></data:DataGrid>Figure 6DataGrid with Auto Sizing ColumnsThe DataGrid now supports MouseWheel scrolling and the FlowDirection property. In addition, DataGrid supports row level copy. This means you can copy a row of a DataGrid to the clipboard and then paste it to another program.Navigation Page Loading ExtensibilitySilverlight 3 introduced page navigation that resolves URIs into pages. Every page had to have an associated XAML and navigating to that page required URIs with paths to those XAML files based upon your project’s file structure. Silverlight4 adds a public ContentLoader property to the Frame control and the INavigationContentLoader interface. Together, these changes allow the developer to generate and initialize instances of pages from URIs using their own scheme, and enable scenarios such as authentication redirects, error pages, and MVC-style navigation.Command Property on ButtonBase and HyperlinkSilverlight adds commanding support commonly used in the Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) pattern, which provides separation between the View (the Silverlight user control) and the ViewModel (the logic and bindings for the View). Silverlight adds support for commanding on controls that inherit from ButtonBase and Hyperlink. The Command and CommandParameter are exposed to allow binding from a View to a ViewModel without the need for code in the codebehind. You can implement a command by first creating your own DelegateCommand and binding to it from the XAML.For example, a ViewModel may contain a LoadProducts command, which implements the ICommand interface. The LoadProductsCommand accepts a parameter that filters the products that start with a specific letter(s). The following XAML shows how a Button’s Command property could be bound to the LoadProductsCommand and how its CommandParameter property could be bound to a TextBox’s Text property.XAML<UserControl.Resources><local:ProductViewModel x:Key="vm"/></UserControl.Resources><Grid DataContext="{StaticResource vm}" Name="LayoutRoot"><TextBoxx:Name="MyFilterTextBox"/><Button Content="Load" Width="120"Command="{Binding LoadProductsCommand}"CommandParameter="{Binding Path=Text, ElementName=MyFilterTextBox}"/>This XAML binds the Button to the LoadProductsCommand in the ViewModel. You can enable or disable the Button depending on the Boolean return value from the command’s CanExecute method.SelectedValue and SelectedValuePath on the SelectorThese properties enable the use of ComboBox as a look up table. When combining DisplayMemberPath with these you can display one thing but bind to another. All controls that inherit from the Selector class now have SelectedValue and SelectedValuePath properties. You can now set the SelectedValuePathproperty to the string name of the property of the SelectedItem. When this is set, the SelectedValue property will return the SelectedItem’s property with the matching name of the SelectedValuePath.For example, you have a control that derives from Selector (such as the ComboBox control) and it is bound to a collection of Product classes. The Product class has ProductName and ProductId properties. If the SelectedValuePath is set to ProductName , when an item in the Selector control is selected, the SelectedValue property will return the value for the ProductName of the SelectedItem. The following XAML demonstrates this example.XAML<UserControl.Resources><local:ProductViewModel x:Key="vm"/><DataTemplate x:Key="ProductDataTemplate"><Grid><TextBlock TextWrapping="Wrap" Text="{Binding Path=ProductName}" /></Grid></DataTemplate></UserControl.Resources><StackPanel x:Name="LayoutRoot"Background="White" DataContext="{StaticResource vm}"Orientation="Vertical" Margin="10"><ComboBox Height="23" Name="ProductComboBox" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="120" SelectedValuePath="ProductName"ItemsSource="{Binding Path=Products}"ItemTemplate="{StaticResource ProductDataTemplate}" /><TextBlock Height="23" HorizontalAlignment="Left"Name="SelectedPathTextBlock" Text="{Binding Path=SelectedValue,ElementName=ProductComboBox}" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="120" /></StackPanel>The result of this XAML is that when you select a product, such as Strawberry, the ProductName of the SelectedItem is displayed in the TextBlock, as shown below.Figure 7TextBlock Bound to SelectedValue of a ComboBoxAnother valuable scenario is when a class, for example a Customer class, has a public string StateId {get;set;} which takes the value “WA” or “NV” etc. You want to display a picker that displays the full state name but when you pick a value pushes the short name into Customer.StateId. You can create a State object with LongName and ShortName and a collection of all the States called StatesCollection. Then you bind ComboBox.ItemsSource to StatesCollection with DisplayMemberPath=LongName, SelectedValuePath=ShortName and bind SelectedValue to the current Customer StateId property. In the end, you will display “Washington” but SelectedValue is “WA” and so Customer.StateId gets set to “WA”XAML<StackPanel x:Name="LayoutRoot"Background="White" DataContext="{StaticResource customerVM}"Orientation="Vertical" Margin="10"><ComboBox Height="23" Name="ProductComboBox" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="120"SelectedValue=”StateId”DisplayMemberPath=”LongName” SelectedValuePath="ShortName"ItemsSource="{Binding Source="{StaticResource statesCollection}}"ItemTemplate="{StaticResource ProductDataTemplate}" /></StackPanel>Support for Referer HeaderSilverlight allows the Referer request header for both in-browser and out-of-browser scenarios on all networking requests used by WebClient and HttpWebRequest when they use the Client networking stack. This enables services like Live Mesh to determine where the requests originated. The Referer header is a request header field that is automatically set to the base URI of the client from which the Request-URI was obtained. The Referer request header allows a server to generate lists of back links to resources for logging and caching optimization.UDP Multicast Client SupportSilverlight enables UDP multicast for one-to-many communication over an IP infrastructure. This efficiently scales to a large receiver population. There are two key shapes for multicast groups:∙Single Source Multicast (one-to-many).Sockets.UdpSingleSourceMulticastClient∙Any Source Multicast (many-to-many).Sockets.UdpAnySourceMulticastClientTo make multicast group accessible to Silverlight, you need to expose a policy responder (just like Sockets and HTTP).Networking EnhancementsSilverlight 4 adds the following features to the networking stack:∙UploadProgress support on the client networking stack now exists. This allows you to be notified as content is being uploaded so you can notify the user.∙Caching support on the client networking stack has been added.∙Sockets policy file retrieval via HTTP is also new.∙Accept-Language header has been added.WCF TCP-based BindingWCF in Silverlight now offers a TCP-based binding, which enables communicating with WCF services configured with NetTcpBinding. Note that no security is supported in this release.WCF PollingDuplex ImprovementsPollingDuplex now supports a new “multiple messages per poll” mode, where HTTP chunking is used to stream many messages in response to a client poll.Authentication Support with ClientHttpWebRequestSilverlight adds the ability to pass user credentials from the application to the server to support NTLM, Basic, and Digest authentication. This allows Silverlight applications to pass user credentials for authentication by services such as Data Services or Live Mesh.A Silverlight application can now set the Credentials API with a username and password when Websites require the authorization request header to be sent with a network request to properly authorize users. When a user has already logged in to the machine and the credentials have been saved to the OS, the client may use these default credentials to authenticate when making a client networking request. This makes the most sense in scenarios (such as SharePoint ) that use NTLM authentication.The code below demonstrates how to pass network credentials using the new APIs. Notice that the UseDefaultCredentials property is set to false. When UseDefaultCredentials is set to true, the Credentials property is ignored and the credentials are retrieved from the local m achine’s session. In the code above, the credentials are supplied in code, so the UseDefaultCredentials must be set to false.C#var username = "myTwitterId";var password = "myTwitterPassword";var twitterUri =@"/statuses/friends_timeline/{0}.xml?count=50";var uriString = string.Format(twitterUri, username);WebClient request = new WebClient();WebRequest.RegisterPrefix("http://", WebRequestCreator.ClientHttp);eDefaultCredentials = false;request.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(username, password);request.DownloadStringCompleted += newDownloadStringCompletedEventHandler(client_DownloadStringCompleted);request.DownloadStringAsync(new Uri(uriString));Custom authentication is now supported for in browser and out of browser applications through programmatic access to the Authorization header via the Headers collection on WebRequest. Also, you will need the clientaccesspolicy.xml file to opt-in to the Authorization header being sent.IDataErrorInfoSilverlight adds the IDataErrorInfo interface enables the reporting of validation errors that a user interface can bind to. When an entity implements this interface and the entity is involved in a bindingoperation, it invokes the indexer to validate the properties. The bound target properties in the UI will receive the error messages and display the validation states if the ValidatesOnDataErrors property is set to true.The IDataErrorInfo interface exposes an Error property and a string indexer. The Error property should return an error message explaining the error with the object. The indexer should return the error message for the property with the given name passed to the indexer.C#publicinterface IDataErrorInfo{string Error { get; }stringthis[string columnName] { get; }}You can implement validation by executing the IDataErrorInfo interface on an entity model as shown in the code sample below on the Employee. The Employee has custom validation rules that execute when changes occur in the bound UI elements that have ValidatesOnDataErrors set to true.C#publicclass Employee : INotifyPropertyChanged, IDataErrorInfo{private ValidationHandler validationHandler = new ValidationHandler();privatestring _FirstName;publicstring FirstName{get { return _FirstName; }set{_FirstName = value;NotifyPropertyChanged("FirstName");bool valid = validationHandler.ValidateRule("FirstName","First Name must be at least 5 letters!",() => (value.Length >= 5));}}privatefloat _TaxPercent;publicfloat TaxPercent{get { return _TaxPercent; }set{if (_TaxPercent != value){if (value>= 1)value /= 100;_TaxPercent = value;NotifyPropertyChanged("TaxPercent");bool valid = validationHandler.ValidateRule("TaxPercent", "The tax has to be positive!",() => (value> 0));}}}protectedvoid NotifyPropertyChanged(string PropertyName){if (null != PropertyChanged)PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(PropertyName)); }publicevent PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;publicstring Error{get { returnnull; }}publicstringthis[string columnName]{get{if (this.validationHandler.BrokenRuleExists(columnName)){returnthis.validationHandler[columnName];}returnnull;}}}publicclass ValidationHandler{private Dictionary<string, string> BrokenRules { get; set; }public ValidationHandler(){BrokenRules = new Dictionary<string, string>();}publicstringthis[string property]{get{returnthis.BrokenRules[property];}}publicbool BrokenRuleExists(string property){return BrokenRules.ContainsKey(property);}publicbool ValidateRule(string property,string message, Func<bool> ruleCheck){if (!ruleCheck()){this.BrokenRules.Add(property, message);returnfalse;}else{RemoveBrokenRule(property);returntrue;}}publicvoid RemoveBrokenRule(string property){if (this.BrokenRules.ContainsKey(property)){this.BrokenRules.Remove(property);}}}The XAML for these UI elements is shown below.XAML<TextBox x:Name="FirstNameTextBox"Text="{Binding Path=FirstName, Mode=TwoWay,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" /><TextBox x:Name="TaxPercentTextBox"Text="{Binding Path=TaxPercent, Mode=TwoWay,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" />When invalid values are entered into these controls, the validation kicks in and displays to the user as shown below.Figure 8Data Validation using IDataErrorInfoINotifyDataErrorInfoIDataErrorInfo is limited to validating on a per property basis. However, Silverlight4 also adds the INotifyDataErrorInfo interface that allows validation across properties of an entity. It also allows entity objects to enable notification of data errors in the UI. INotifyDataErrorInfo allows developers to provide custom, asynchronous validation support to access server-side validation logic. It exposes a HasErrors property to indicate if there are any errors and has a GetErrors method to retrieve the errors. The ErrorsChanged event is raised when new errors are added. If the binding property ValidatesOnNotifyDataErrors is set to true and the source object implements the interface, the binding。

DocuPrint P115 b维修手册(第一版)无密码

4.6 Laser Unit问题故障排除 ...................................................... 1-31 4.6.1 Laser unit故障 ...................................................... 1-31
1-23 1-24 1-24 1-24 1-25 1-25 1-26 1-26
4.2.20 重影 ................................................................ 1-26 4.2.21 图像模糊 ............................................................ 1-27
4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6
Drum错误 ............................................................ 1-29 无法检测到Drum unit ................................................. 1-30 更换Drum unit （更换新Drum unit后，LED显示仍提示更换Toner cartridge）... 1-30
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在得知备用零件号码的变更及规格调整等重要的变更信息后，须立即反映在本维修手册内的相应页面。

小学上册D卷英语第1单元期末试卷(含答案)

小学上册英语第1单元期末试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is ______.2.The study of earthquakes involves measuring their ______.3.Plants can be ______ (装饰) in homes.4.ts can grow high in _____ (山上). Some pla5.The periodic table organizes elements by their __________.6.I have a pet _____ (金鱼) in a bowl at home.7. A _____ is a large, flowing body of fresh water.8.The Great Lakes are located in ________ America.9.The chocolates are ______ (delicious) and rich.10.ts can ______ (用作) natural fertilizers. Some pla11.I enjoy drawing and coloring pictures of my ________ (梦想) and interests.12.What is the color of grass?A. BlueB. GreenC. YellowD. Brown答案:B13.h Revolution led to the rise of ________ (民主). The Fren14.My mom enjoys __________ (做饭) for the family.15.I need to ________ my room.16.The Kuiper Belt is located beyond the orbit of ______.17.The _______ provides food for many species.18. (Aboriginal) Peoples of Australia have a rich cultural heritage. The ____19.My little brother always wants to _______ (动词) with me. 我觉得他很 _______ (形容词).20.My ________ (玩具名称) helps me understand feelings better.21.We have _____ (很多) fun games.22.The cat chases _______ (光点) from a laser.23.The teacher is ______ us a new topic. (introducing)24.Matter is anything that has mass and takes up _____.25.The Earth's mantle is mostly made up of ______ rock.26.The trees in the _______ provide shade and a comfortable place to relax.27.What is the chemical symbol for gold?A. AuB. AgC. PbD. Fe答案:A.Au28.Energy can be transformed from one form to ______ (another).29. A __________ (长时间的照顾) is needed for a healthy garden.30.The chemical symbol for tungsten is ________.31.My brother likes to learn about ____ (history).32.I saw a _______ (小猴子) swinging in the trees.33.__________ (物质状态) can change with temperature and pressure.34.The process of fermentation can produce __________ and alcohol.35.An astronaut experiences weightlessness in ______ (space).36.They are _____ (friends).37.My favorite character is __________ (动画片中的角色) from my favorite show.38.What do we call a story that is not real?A. Non-fictionB. BiographyC. FictionD. History答案:C39.I can ______ (适应) to new situations easily.40.The chemical property of a substance describes its ability to ______ with other substances.41.What is the main ingredient in soup?A. WaterB. BreadC. RiceD. Meat答案: A42.The discovery of ________ has changed the course of technology.43.We are going to _____ a movie tonight. (watch)44.My favorite drink is _______.45.The _______ of light can create various effects in photography.46.My sister enjoys _______ (画画).47.The __________ in spring brings new growth to the garden. (雨水)48.The __________ (国际关系) shape global interactions.49.The ______ (老虎) has powerful jaws and sharp claws.50.The flowers are ________ in the garden.51.My friend is very ________.52.The _______ can symbolize hope and renewal.53.What do you call the person who leads an orchestra?A. ComposerB. ConductorC. PianistD. Violinist答案:B54.ts are ________ (有毒) if eaten. Some pla55.My dad likes to _______ (动词) on weekends. 他觉得这个活动很 _______ (形容词).56.What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. AkureyriC. EgilsstaðirD. Ísafjörður答案: A57.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)58.affordable housing) addresses housing shortages. The ____59.The _____ (fauna) interacts with plant life.60.Some _______ like to grow in water.61.The chemical symbol for platinum is _____.62.I have a special ______ (相册) filled with memories from my travels.63.My sister loves to ________ (跳舞).64.I like to _____ (参观) art galleries.65.The ______ (小鹿) grazes quietly in the ______ (草地).66.The cake is _____ (delicious/yummy).67.The ancient Egyptians constructed ______ (神庙) for worship.68.The chemical formula for -decanoic acid is ______.69.The __________ (古罗马) used aqueducts to transport water.70.The ______ (果蔬) are fresh from the garden.71. A supernova is an explosion of a dying _____.72.The ________ (detective) solves mysteries.73.At school, my favorite subject is __________ because I like __________.74.My little brother loves his new ____. (玩具类型)75.When it rains, I like to __________. It’s cozy to stay inside and __________ with my family. We sometimes watch movies or play __________ together.76.Metals can be found on the ______ side of the periodic table.77.What is the term for a baby hamster?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Chick答案:a78. A __________ is a geological feature that provides habitats for wildlife.79.The __________ (历史的演变) is ongoing.80.The ancient Greeks used _______ in their architecture. (柱子)81. A bumblebee's wings move very ________________ (快).82.I have a toy _______ that can change its shape.83.The __________ in the summer is often very hot. (气温)84.I will _____ (帮助) you with homework.85.Chemical reactions can be classified as ______ or exothermic.86.My dad loves __________ (历史) and shares stories with us.87.The ______ is a talented public speaker.88. A ____ is a small animal that loves to dig tunnels.89.What do we call a person who studies the impact of climate on society?A. ClimatologistB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. Environmental Scientist答案: A90.What color is a banana?A. BlueB. YellowC. RedD. Green答案:B91. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called an ______ reaction.92.The flowers attract _______ (蜜蜂).93. A _______ is a chemical reaction that changes the physical state of a substance.94.The boat is ___ (sailing) in the sea.95.What is the capital of Kenya?A. NairobiB. KampalaC. Addis AbabaD. Kigali答案: A. Nairobi96.I enjoy ______ (与) my friends at school.97.What is the capital of the Pitcairn Islands?A. AdamstownB. Bounty BayC. Down RopeD. Garrison答案:a98.I remember to greet my grandparents with "Hello, ." (我记得用“你好，”来问候我的祖父母。

小学上册第9次英语第四单元真题试卷(有答案)

小学上册英语第四单元真题试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Which season comes after winter?A. FallB. SummerC. SpringD. Autumn答案:C2.The _____ (rainbow/umbrella) is colorful.3.What is the term for a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. BiologistD. Astronomer答案: A4.Fruits provide essential ______ for our bodies. (水果为我们的身体提供必需的营养。

)5.The grass is _______ (wet) from the rain.6.The kids are _____ in the park. (running)7.The chemical formula for glucose is ______.8.I enjoy ______ (与) my friends at school.9.The antelope can run away from _______ (捕食者).10.The chemical formula for strontium carbonate is ______.11.Many plants have ______ (刺) for protection.12.Acids can react with metals to produce ______.13.We traded our ________ (玩具) during recess. It’s fun to try something ________ (新的).14.She is wearing a ______ dress. (red)15.I play with my _______ every day (我每天都和我的_______玩).16.ts can be ______, meaning they can grow back after being cut. (有些植物是多年生的，意味着它们在被割后可以重新生长。

辐射4神秘

辐射4神秘
辐射4（Fallout 4）是由Bethesda Game Studios开发并发行的
一款角色扮演类游戏，于2015年11月发布。

《辐射4》是著
名的辐射系列游戏的第四部作品，背景设定在一个后启示录的世界，玩家扮演主角从第三人称视角探索游戏中的广阔世界，并展开各种任务和冒险。

神秘是指游戏中一个重要的角色，他是游戏的主要反派之一。

神秘是一个神秘的、神秘的组织的领导者，他的目标是利用辐射后的世界的资源来实现自己的目的。

他通常穿着一套黑色西装和一顶黑色的帽子，并用一个伪装的面具隐藏了自己的真实面目。

神秘是一个聪明、冷酷和权术高手的角色，他往往在游戏中扮演着不同角色的形象，以达到自己的目的。

神秘在游戏中的出现会引发一系列的任务和冲突，玩家可以选择和他合作，或者对抗他。

神秘的行为和目的往往是游戏的重要推动力，也是游戏剧情的关键点之一。

辐射4的剧情世界广阔而复杂，充满了各种不同的角色和组织。

神秘作为一个重要的反派角色，给游戏增加了更多的戏剧性和挑战性，也为玩家提供了更多选择和决策的机会。

小学上册第八次英语第1单元期末试卷(含答案)

小学上册英语第1单元期末试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do you call a person who studies the past?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. Sociologist答案: A2.The _____ (fruit/vegetable) is fresh.3.My friend is a great __________ (舞者).4.The __________ (历史的争论) often leads to new insights.5.The country known for its traditional dances is ________ (印度).6.We are learning about ___. (space)7.I love to ______ (进行) volunteer work.8.multimodal transport) integrates different travel methods. The ____9.The cat is very _________ (可爱).10.Chemical changes often involve the formation of ________.11.He is a _____ (工程师) who builds bridges.12.What do we call the process of water moving through the ground?A. InfiltrationB. EvaporationC. PercolationD. Transpiration答案:A. Infiltration13. A rabbit's fur can be very ______ (温暖).14.The tree is _______ (full) of leaves.15.Many _______ have interesting facts and histories.16.The first successful human flight in space occurred in ________.17.Which of these is a cold-blooded animal?A. HumanB. SharkC. SnakeD. Bird答案:C18.The __________ is a major geographical feature in Europe. (阿尔卑斯山)19.What do we call a scientist who studies the relationship between living organisms and their environment?A. EcologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. Geologist答案: A20.My ______ is a talented musician.21.What do we call the part of the plant that provides support?A. LeafB. RootC. StemD. Flower答案:C22. A __________ (抗氧化剂) helps prevent oxidation in substances.23.I enjoy taking care of my ________ (玩具名) and keeping them clean.24.The country known for the Colosseum is ________ (意大利).25.We have ______ (家人) gatherings on holidays.26.I want to ___ (learn/know) more about it.27.She is ___ a story. (reading)28.What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. SugarD. Wax答案:B29.I like to go ________ (骑马) during summer.30.The __________ is a continent that is surrounded by water.31.What is the name of the famous American monument in Washington, D.C.?A. Lincoln MemorialB. Washington MonumentC. Jefferson MemorialD. Vietnam Veterans Memorial答案:B32.In spring, flowers start to __________ as the weather gets warmer. (盛开)33.I want to _______ (成为) a scientist.34. A __________ is formed through the accumulation of volcanic ash over time.35.The Earth's crust is made of __________ and minerals.36. Colosseum was used for ________ (竞技). The Roma37.I want to _______ (参观) a museum.38.The Earth's surface is shaped by both ______ and geological processes.39. A solubility curve shows how much solute can dissolve at a ______.40. A _______ is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger areas.41.The kittens are _______ (playing) together.42.barometer) measures atmospheric pressure. The ____43.The __________ can affect the growth of plants.44.We have a ________ (presentation) tomorrow.45.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is ______.46.Many _______ are easy to grow and maintain.47.I like to _____ (travel/stay) at home.48.I like to _______ (看电影) with my family.49.The teacher promotes _____ (积极的态度) in the classroom.50.I love to take ______ (照片) of beautiful landscapes during my travels.51.The __________ (历史的修正) corrects misconceptions.52.sh Armada was defeated by the ________ (英国海军). The Span53.The __________ is a famous landmark in the United States. (自由女神像)54.What do we call the part of the plant that grows underground?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. Flower答案:c55.I can solve problems with my ________ (玩具类型).56.The boiling point of water is __________ degrees Celsius.57.Read and colour.(看词涂色.)58.I love to watch my _________ (玩具火车) go around the track.59. A _____ (章鱼) can fit through small openings.60. A catalyst helps a reaction occur at a ________ rate.61.ts can grow in __________ (贫瘠的土壤). Some pla62.The _____ (fruit) of the apple tree is delicious.63.The squirrel has a bushy ______ (尾巴) for balance.64.The ______ helps with the filtration of water in plants.65.What do you call the story of someone's life?A. BiographyB. NovelC. PoemD. Article答案:A66.The dog plays with a ______ (ball).67.What type of animal is a parrot?A. FishB. MammalC. BirdD. Reptile答案:C68.What is the name of the famous scientist who developed the theory of relativity?A. NewtonB. CurieC. EinsteinD. Galileo答案: C69.The chemical symbol for strontium is ______.70. A common indicator of pH is ______ paper.71.I enjoy taking walks in the _____ (公园) to see the flowers.72.The chemical formula for ethanol is __________.73. A chemical reaction can produce gases, solids, or ______.74.The chameleon can change colors to _________ (伪装).75._____ (护林员) protect forests and their ecosystems.76.What do we call the device used to take pictures?A. CameraB. PhoneC. TabletD. Computer答案: A77.I want to ________ (visit) the zoo.78.What do you call the place where people go to watch movies?A. TheaterB. CinemaC. StudioD. Gallery答案: B79. A balanced chemical equation shows that mass is ______.80.I see many ______ (雪花) falling from the sky.81.My _____ (花坛) is full of blooming flowers.82.My sister loves to play with her __________. (玩具)83. A reaction that absorbs heat is called an ______ reaction.84.I like to ___ (explore/discover) new things.85.The ________ is very important.86.The cat chases _______ (光点) from a laser.87.The puppy is ___ with a toy. (playing)88.What is the opposite of "fast"?A. SlowB. QuickC. SpeedyD. Rapid答案:A89.On weekends, my family and I often go to the ________ (公园). We have a picnic and ________ (玩游戏).90. Fire of London led to the reconstruction of ________ (城市). The Grea91.The __________ (历史的时空交错) illustrate connections.92.The ice cream is ___ (melting) in the sun.93.His favorite movie is a ________.94.What do we call the act of gathering information?A. ResearchB. InquiryC. InvestigationD. All of the above答案: D95.Ferrous metals are prone to ______.96. A shark is a powerful ________________ (捕食者).97.小驴) brays loudly in the stable. The ___98.Which of these is a cold beverage?A. TeaB. CocoaC. LemonadeD. Coffee答案:C99.For my birthday, I received a ________ (玩具名). I was so ________ (形容词) when I saw it! It was the best gift ever.100.I have a collection of ________.。

小学上册D卷英语第3单元真题试卷(有答案)

小学上册英语第3单元真题试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The tarantula is a large _________ (蜘蛛).2.I like to go ______ (露营) with my friends to enjoy nature.3.The ________ was a famous explorer who sailed across the Atlantic.4.The clouds are ________ today.5.My best friend is _______ (我最好的朋友是_______).6.n Basin covers parts of ________ (多个国家). The Amaz7.The Doppler effect explains how sound changes as an object ______.8.The ancient Egyptians built ________ as tombs for their pharaohs.9.Electricity can flow through a _______.10.The three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and _____.11. A __________ is a cold-blooded vertebrate.12.The discovery of ________ led to significant scientific advancements.13.看一看，选一选。

14.It is ___ (raining/sunny) outside.15.Did you ever watch a _______ (小蜥蜴) in the sun?16.I have a _________ (魔法玩具) that changes colors when you touch it.17.What do we call a scientist who studies the relationships between living things and their environment?A. EcologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. Geologist答案: A18.Metals conduct __________ well.19.What do we call the sweet substance produced by bees?A. HoneyB. SyrupC. JamD. Marmalade答案: A20.When I grow up, I want to travel around the _______ (世界). There’s so much to see.21.My sister is a great __________ (编程员).22.The kitten is ___ in the box. (sleeping)23.The _______ of sound can be measured using a sound level meter.24.The ________ has many colors.25.I love the sound of ______ (音乐) while studying. It helps me focus and feel ______ (轻松).26.The concept of a multiverse suggests there may be multiple ______.27. A chicken lays ______.28.The dog barks _______ (很大声).29.The _____ (carnivorous) plants trap insects for nutrients.30. A ____ is a gentle creature that enjoys being around people.31.What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter答案:B32.The rabbit is ______ in the grass. (hiding)33.I like to ___ (play/read) stories.34.The _____ (植物维护) requires knowledge and dedication.35.What do you call the center of an atom?A. NeutronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. Electron答案:C36.I need to ______ my teeth after eating. (brush)37.The ant carries food much larger than its ______ (身体).38.The ______ helps us learn about different languages.39.We play _____ (games/sports) in the evening.40.The butterfly has colorful ______.41.What do we use to keep our food cold?A. OvenB. StoveC. RefrigeratorD. Microwave答案: C42.The ______ is a great storyteller.43.The chemical symbol for tellurium is ____.44.I love to eat ______ (水果沙拉).45.The country famous for its tea is ________ (中国).46.The tree is ___ (green/brown).47.My cousin is really into _______ (名词). 她每天都 _______ (动词).48.n Tea Party was a protest against _____. The Bost49. A __________ is a type of reaction that occurs in the presence of oxygen.50.The chemical symbol for europium is ______.51.The flower blooms in bright ______.52.The chemical symbol for chlorine is ______.53.My mom helps me with my __________. (学习)54.I enjoy _______ (参加) science clubs.55.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is ______.56.We have a picnic at the ______ (公园).57.What is 18 9?A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 11答案: B58.My favorite animal to see at the zoo is the ________ (大象).59.The _____ (颜色) of flowers can impact moods.60.I love to ______ (与朋友一起) watch movies.61.What is the weather like when it snows?A. HotB. ColdC. WarmD. Rainy答案: B62.I admire my grandma for her __________ (智慧).63.The ________ (荫凉) under a tree is refreshing.64.Recognizing different plant ______ can enhance your gardening skills. (识别不同植物的特征可以提升你的园艺技能。

异形4模板

今天咱们一起看《异形》系列的第四部，在一架宇宙飞船上的实验室的内，一众研究人员围观着一个，皮肤姣好的秃子，这个秃子就是瑞普丽，上一部结尾的瑞普丽跳进了熔炉中，我们现在看到的这个，是人们用瑞普丽的血液做出来的克隆体，一群穿着白大褂的实验人员解剖了她，并在她的肚子中取出一只小异形，缝合完伤口，她被扔到了一个空荡荡的房间中，醒来之后，赫然发现自己的左手上有个日字，克隆瑞普丽性格十分暴躁，动不动就打人，难不成这个字就是研究人员的报复，克隆瑞普丽的学习能力很强，很快就掌握了很多知识，当她看到小女孩儿的图片时，却有一股莫名的悲伤，可见她拥有一部分瑞普丽的记忆，将军得知她有过去的记忆十分愤怒，他害怕瑞普丽会记得除掉异形的任务，从而杀掉自己费尽心力捉回来的异形，他来到储存母体的屋子，哈~”，口臭级别10，系统已瘫痪，母体在这里被好吃好喝地伺候，发育得十分顺利，，，这里的人们之所以培养异形，是因为他们异想天开地，想将异形驯化再加以利用，那么如果想让异形孵化，就要有足够的被寄生体，一群特殊的商人应运而生，他们是专卖休眠仓的人，卖一波休眠仓获得的钱，足以在我们县城买一套精装修复式楼房，外加娶媳妇的彩礼钱，这一次的交易，商人们不光想要钱，还想在这里休息两天，将军同意了，但是要遵守两条规矩，第一不允许接近禁区，第二，不允许在这里打架、惹是生非，休眠仓顺利拉八基地并投入使用，这群可怜的休眠者就这样，一个个被抱脸虫寄生，一个闲的浑身哪儿都疼的科研人员，在玻璃前面嘲讽异形，模仿也就算了，他还隔空非礼异形，异形隔着玻璃进攻他，科研人员便用冷冻喷雾喷它，当异形再一次准备攻击时，他便将手放在冷冻喷雾的开关上，异形见状立刻就停止了自己的行为，木有错，这个人是在训练它们，通过训练让它们慢慢形成条件反射，新加八商队的柯尔假装喝多打翻了酒杯，，，趁机走出屋并前往关押瑞普丽的禁区，她用早已准备好的将军口水，打开了口臭识别门禁，柯尔走进屋告诉瑞普丽，你是克隆体，你的本体200年前就死了，异形已经在你身体里被孵化出来了，你干脆让我一刀帮你解决痛苦得了，瑞普丽让她的匕首穿过右手，匕首被血液腐蚀了，瑞普丽不光有血液腐蚀的能力，还能感知异形女王的一举一动，柯尔想让她帮忙杀掉异形女王，但瑞普丽没有正面回答，只是告诉柯尔赶快离开，柯尔从屋里出来之后被博士擒获，博士将商队定义为恐怖分子，并准备命令部队执行枪决，这商队也不是吃素的，在我们死之前，你们必须先走一程，经过一番混战之后，除了博士(口误)之外，部队其他人员全部阵亡，这期间脏辫哥还使用了一套很神奇的三连击，弹弹弹，弹你脑瓜仁，与此同时，在观察室中的三只异形打了起来，它们杀掉了最弱的一只，并使用它的血液腐蚀了地板，实验人员惊呆了，赶紧过去释放冷冻喷雾，然而喷雾释放之时异形早已钻进洞里，，，实验人员查看洞穴，被异形拽了下去，之后保安赶来并守住洞穴，一只异形偷偷潜八实验室，用冷冻喷雾把他冻得人枪分离，部队听到了系统发出的警报，根本没决定反抗，而是直接成批次地坐小火箭撤退，最后飞船中只剩下商队以及瑞普丽，瑞普丽的大门被疯狂的冲撞，她预感事情不妙，果断用自己的血液腐蚀了电线，破坏门禁系统的供电并逃了出去，商队这边一脸蒙圈，出来时发现飞船上空无一人，不知道具体发生了什么事，头目脱离了队伍，在侦查的途中被异形拽到了地下，异形抓住他之后，用舌头戳断了他的腰间盘，队友赶过来时，异形已爬上地面正面向他们走来，他们转身就跑，异形刚要追，被头目尸体这边的震动声所吸引，回过头去查看，尸体下伸出一把枪，将异形头里的柠檬汁打得洒了一地，商队过来一看，原来是瑞普丽干的，从博士的口中大家得知，这里一共有12只异形，，，这数量简直不要太恐怖，大家一合计，如果想活命，还是得乘坐贝蒂号飞船离开这里，人们在去往贝蒂号的路上，路过一个特殊的房间，门上写着1-7，瑞普丽看了看自己的胳膊，原来这不是中文，而是数字&，她打开门走了进去，里边都是一些实验失败的克隆体，瑞普丽一气之下含泪放火烧了这些“自己，众人继续前行，在路上他们解救了一个被异形寄生，但还没有被破体的并夕夕版乔布斯，人们商量了一下，决定带上(冷冻) 他，等回到地球再想办法解决他肚子里的异形，他们跳进了一条被水淹没的通遒，每人憋了一口气便沉了下去，大家采取的游泳姿势有蛙泳、狗刨，爬泳和仰泳，游着游着，两只异形尾随而来，队员向它们发射一枚榴弹干掉了一只，但剩余的一只抓住了一名女队员，给我回家当媳妇)，救命!，人们游到尽头戳坏了一层薄膜，而外边则早已摆好了抱脸虫的蛋，这是异形早已设计好的陷阱，就等这些人一露头便寄生他们，，，瑞普丽被一只抱脸虫糊到了脸上，人们见势不妙，深吸一口气再次潜八水底，脏辫哥举起枪向空中发射了几枚榴弹，榴弹打到房顶反弹到地面炸毁了地上的蛋，瑞普丽也好不容易挣脱了抱脸虫，众人则再次走到地面，博士和柯尔最先爬到顶端，博士声称需要用枪砸开大门开关，柯尔便扔给了他一把，他接过枪便射击了柯尔的肚子，柯尔掉进水中，博士趁机逃跑，水下的异形一看人们毁了蛋十分愤怒，便追上去准备报仇，队友用一个十分优美的姿势射死了，抓住脏粹哥脚丫子的异形，异形虽然挂了，但依然拽着脏辫哥的鞋子不放手，为了不拖累队友，脏辫哥切断皮带自我放弃，逝者已逝，生者还需前行，这时柯尔从另外一侧打开了大门，瑞普丽看了一眼她的伤口，她是雪花膏机器人，柯尔接通了飞船的控制系统，打开了所有去往太空梭的需要穿过的铁门，启动了母船的自毁装置以及贝蒂号的电源，还通过广播告知异形去一楼攻击博士，这下好多了前方的路现在是一马平川，瑞普丽走到半路突然像是着了魔一样，她说自己感受到异形母体就在这里，，，母体现在十分痛苦，紧接着她就被异形母体拽了下去，并且慢慢在人们的视野中消失，商队跑上了贝蒂号，早已在此埋伏的博士绑架了柯尔，这时候小眼镜胸口一顿阵痛，上去要揍博士，博士向他身上开了数枪，可小眼镜在异形破体之前，有短暂的无敌时间，他一拳揍倒博士，接着给博士来了个磕头三连，之后他用破体而出的小异形穿透了博士，我爱黎明!，惊讶的队员们乱枪解决了它，当瑞普丽醒来时，她躺在怀孕的异形女王旁边，这个异形女王不再下蛋，而是进化成了胎生，片刻之后，一只皮肤刷白的异形诞生，比较有趣的是这个小白异形，第一眼看到的是瑞普丽，便把她当成了自己的妈妈，它回头一看，这个比我还丑的怪物是谁，一巴掌下去，异形女王被打得到处喷橙汁，它走向瑞普丽并且叫着，“妈妈2?，闭嘴，我是你姥姥，，，瑞普丽趁着它去吃旁边科研人员的时候，爬上梯子疯狂地逃跑，总算是赶在了贝蒂号起飞之前跑上了船，当大家准备起飞时，发现舱门没关严，柯尔起身去关舱门，她这小体格子根本搬不动，这时候小白走了过来帮她关好了门，柯尔吓了一跳钻进了一条缝里，小白则边卖萌边够她，“来玩嘛，小姐姐，飞船顺利起飞并脱离母船，瑞普丽感觉不太对劲，柯尔这半天还没回来，便起身前去查看，这时候小白正在，抠柯尔的雪花膏试图变得更香更白，瑞普丽赶过来命令小白把柯尔放下，小白走乖乖放开柯尔，并走过来向瑞普丽示好，瑞普丽用它的牙齿割破自己的手掌，向玻璃上甩出一摊血，“妈妈，玻璃漏洞了，瑞普丽转身抓住绳子，小白则在一脸迷茫中便被吸到玻璃处，真空的吸力地将它的，盲肠、十二指肠和刚刚吃完的鸡肉肠，全都被吸到宇宙中自由飞翔，它只是个听话的孩子，它并没有做错什么，说实话我是真心觉得它挺可怜的，异形所在的母船在太空中爆炸，，，而贝蒂号也穿过大气层进八地球，窗外，是那许久未曾见过的晚霞，原来回到地球的感觉是如此美好，人们看着晚霞心里感到无比的平静，尽管地球现在已经残破不堪，但是这里让人们脚踏实地，她们再也不是那宇宙中漂泊无定的尘埃，电影到这里也就结束了，《异形4》上映于1977年，这一部的特效真是无话可说，就一个字：，厉害!，看完整个异形系列，我深深感到咱们的科幻片，和国外比起来真的还有几十年的差距，希望国产电影能够能，把资金投入到好故事上，而不是投入到流量小生的身上，只有相信观众的审美能力，制片方才能越来越有信心，才能慢慢使中国电影业越来越有活力，衷心希望国内可以拍摄出，更多有故事、有内涵，有创意、有特效的科幻片，加了个油，《异形》系列到这里也就做完了，感谢小伙伴们一直以来的支持和陪伴，好了，今天的节目就到这里，。

辐射4米勒

辐射4米勒
《辐射4》（Fallout 4）是一款由Bethesda Game Studios开发并由Bethesda Softworks发行的开放世界角色扮演游戏。

游戏于2015年11月10日发布，可在Microsoft Windows、PlayStation 4和Xbox One上进行游戏。

《辐射4》是辐射系列游戏的第四部作品，游戏设定在一个末日后的废土世界，这是由一场大规模的核战争所引发的后果。

玩家在游戏中扮演一名幸存者，穿梭于各种废弃的遗迹中，寻找资源并与各类敌对势力展开战斗。

玩家还可以与其他幸存者建立联系并展开任务，探索游戏中丰富的剧情和任务线。

《辐射4》采用了第三人称视角，玩家可以自由探索废土的大地图。

游戏还引入了一种称为S.P.E.C.I.A.L.的技能系统，玩家可以通过提升自己的特殊属性来改善角色的能力。

《辐射4》获得了广泛的好评，游戏的故事情节、世界设定和游戏机制都受到了玩家和评论家的赞赏。

这款游戏也产生了多个扩展包和DLC，为玩家提供更多的内容和任务。

不思议迷宫惑星活动变异体4号副本通关攻略

不思议迷宫-惑星活动变异体4号副本通关攻略
不思议迷宫惑星⾛私集团活动变异体3号b o s s可以获取变异体3号碎⽚，总的来看，变异体3号副本难度不⾼，不思议迷宫惑星变异体4号副本怎么打?来看下详细攻略。

不思议迷宫变异体4号副本通关打法攻略
4号粉碎球-替代主炮攻击，禁疗状态1回合-回复战⼒秘宝⽆效
超级粉碎球-追加攻击，禁疗状态1回合
变异体装甲-回复30,000战⼒
变异体4号(战⽃系)
2星天赋：掠夺遗迹时，提升1000战⼒，装甲2
1LV专属技能：每层累积能量可使⽤粉碎球，跟23号变异体连结技能会变动
逗游⽹——中国2亿游戏⽤户⼀致选择的”⼀站式“游戏服务平台。