basic concepts
Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary第一章
第一章:Basic Concepts of Words and Voculary词的基本知识1.1 What is a wordLinguists: 语言学家a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 单词是最小的自由形式具有给定声音的语言意义和句法功能。
1视觉角度a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper一组有意义的字母打印或者写出来横排在一张纸上2口语角度a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sound which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment一个词被视为一个声音或声音的组合是由人类发声器官自动组合而成的3语义学家a word is a unit of meaning一个词就是一个意义单位4语法学家a word be a free form that can function in sentence一个单词是可以在句子中起到自由形式的作用简答模板or例句(1) man and fine are simple, but they each have sound, meaning and syntactic function, and each can be used alone in a sentence. Naturally they are words.man和fine都很简单,但它们都有发音、意义和句法功能,而且都可以单独用于句子中。
它们自然是文字。
(2) There are words which are complex such as misfortune and management. Both are polysyllabic words and can function as subject object and predictive in a sentence.有些词很复杂如“misfortune”和“management”。
Basic concepts(基础概念)
Basic conceptsImmune:our bodies recognize the non-self antigens then remove these antigens through the process called immune reaction.Innate immune: the immune system we have inborn and it comprises some barrier structures such as skin and blood-brain barrier. Some cellular components like macrophage and NK cells are also composed. The innate immune responds to infectious microbes without specificity and memory.Adoptive immune: it is also called specific immune and acquired after the presentation of antigens. It comprises two ways, antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity, to eliminate antigens, which has specificity and memory.The immune system is composed of three parts: immune organs, immune cells, and immune molecules.Function of the immune system: immune defence---infectionsImmune homeostasis---autoimmune diseasesImmune surveillance--- tumorigenesisImmune response: serial processes that antigen-specific lymphocytes recognize antigens then undergo proliferation and differentiation and finally exert immune effects. It is characterized by specificity, memory, and tolerance.MHC limit: when T cells recognize antigen presented by presentation cells, it requires the identity of MHC on presentation cells, in other words, TCR needs to recognize the MHC first.Superantigen: the term for a group of molecules that have in common an extremely potentstimulatory activity for T lymphocytes of several species.T cell priming needs three signals: TCR recognizes pMHC;Co-stimulating receptor binds to ligand(CD28---B7)CytokineThe mechanism of CTL killing effect:producing enzymatic molecules that are capable of damaging membrane of target cells.( Granzyme and perforin)Expressing pro-apoptosis signals that induce apoptosis of target cells.(Fas/FasL)MDSC: a group of immunosuppressing cells derived from myeloid which is immaturely differentiated. They exert inhibitory effect mainly through ARG and iNOS pathway.Macrophage: the progenitor stem cells develop in bone marrow and differentiate into mature monocytes then enter the cycle system and deliver to specific organs with the blood flow, finally they undergo morphologically changes to the different monocytic macrophages.。
材料科学专业英语词汇(整理版)
材料科学专业英语词汇(整理版)1. Introduction2. Basic Concepts3. Materials Classification4. Materials Properties5. Materials Testing6. Materials Processing7. Materials Characterization Techniques8. Materials Applications1. Introduction- Materials science: 材料科学- Field of study: 研究领域- Engineering materials: 工程材料- Physical properties: 物理特性- Chemical properties: 化学特性- Mechanical properties: 机械特性2. Basic Concepts- Atoms: 原子- Molecules: 分子- Electrons: 电子- Protons: 质子- Neutrons: 中子- Crystalline structure: 晶体结构- Amorphous structure: 非晶结构- Bonds: 键3. Materials Classification - Metals: 金属- Polymers: 聚合物- Ceramics: 陶瓷4. Materials Properties- Density: 密度- Hardness: 硬度- Strength: 强度- Heat resistance: 耐热性- Conductivity: 导电性- Insulation: 绝缘性- Corrosion resistance: 耐腐蚀性5. Materials Testing- Tensile test: 拉伸试验- Hardness test: 硬度测试- Impact test: 冲击试验- Fatigue test: 疲劳试验6. Materials Processing- Casting: 铸造- Forming: 成型- Machining: 机加工- Welding: 焊接- Heat treatment: 热处理7. Materials Characterization Techniques - Microscopy: 显微镜技术- X-ray diffraction: X射线衍射- Scanning electron microscopy: 扫描电子显微镜- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: 傅里叶红外光谱8. Materials Applications- Automotive: 汽车工业- Aerospace: 航空航天- Electronics: 电子工业- Construction: 建筑业- Biomedical: 生物医学以上是材料科学专业英语词汇的一些基本内容,供参考之用。
工程力学双语chBasicConcepts
What is Mechanics?
1.1 Introduction
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Mechanics is fully connected with our daily life…
Statics (静力学)Equilibrium(平衡)
1.1 Introduction
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1.2-1.4 Units ant Conversion of it
Length1 in.=25.40mm1 in.=0.02540m1 ft.=0.3048mForce1 lb=4.448N1 kip=4.448kN
1mm=0.03937 in.1m=39.37 in.1m=3.281 ft1N=0.2248 lb1kN=0.2248kip
1.1 Introduction
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Dose the shoe smell ok?
1.1 Introduction
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1.1 Introduction
1. About Static. Static is the branch of mechanics which studies the laws of equilibrium of bodies under the action of force systems. It mainly studies simplifications and equilibrium conditions of force systems and applications of the corresponding results.2. About Strength/Mechanics of materials.3. About the study of this course.
Chapter 1 English Words and Lexicology--Basic Concepts
1.1.1 The Physical Structure of the Word
By the physical structure of a word, we mean the word’s external structure from a morphological point of view.
Think about it?
A word may have more than one denotation, and we often call the first and most commonly used meaning its basic meaning. Are the other denotations related or unrelated to its basic meaning?
How do you understand this story? What can you learn from the story?
In a sense, all words are magic, and like the treasure in Ali Baba’s cave, a good vocabulary including the usage of words— their forms, pronunciation, histories, meanings, etc. can be an “open sesame” to success in education, professional work, and social life.
Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 英语词汇详细知识点
Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyWhat is lexicology?☐Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能,能独立运用的最小的语言单位。
What is vocabulary?➢The total number of the words in a language.➢All the words used in a particular historical period.➢All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Vocabulary Size⏹Speaking vocabulary----active vocabulary⏹writing vocabulary------active vocabulary⏹reading vocabulary------passive vocabulary⏹guess vocabulary--------passive vocabulary⏹Language can be defined as “an arbitrary vocal system used for human communication”. By system we mean that the elements in a language are arranged according to certain rules, but not at random. Elements at a lower level are combined according to certain rules to form elements at a higher level.⏹Specially, Language presents itself as a hierarchy in different aspects. As is shown in the following hierarchical rank scale, language rises form morpheme at the bottom up to the sentence at the top in terms of lexicography. (词典编纂)2.1 Morpheme⏹1.What is a morpheme(词素)?The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.⏹What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:⏹One morpheme---nation⏹Two morphemes---nation-al⏹Three morphemes---nation-al-ize⏹Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize(使…非国有化)⏹More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-iz-ation⏹So we can define morpheme in this way:the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression andcontent, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. ■A morpheme is a two-facet language unit in that it possesses both sound and meaning.A morpheme vs. A wordMorphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words. They can not be used independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme. Nor are morphemes divisible into smaller meaningful units. That is why the morpheme may be defined as the minimum meaningful language unit.2. Allomorph (形位变体,词[语]素变体)⏹Sometimes a morpheme may have two or more different morphological forms or phonetic forms, depending on the context in which it occurs.⏹For example, the prefix sub can be realized as sub as in subway, sup as in support and suppress, suc as in succeed, and sus as in sustain. That is, when sub occurs before a root beginning with the sound /p/ it is realized as sup and when it is added a root with a beginning sound /k/ and a beginning letter c it is realized as suc.⏹These different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme.Allomorphs(词素变体):⏹An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For example☐ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.☐Verbs ending with the sound /t/usually take –ion (as in invent, invention);☐verds ending with consonants other than /t/ take –tion (as in describe, description);☐verbs ending in –ify and –ize take –ation(as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization);☐verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take –sion (as in expansion, decision, omission); there are exceptions: attend, attention; convert, conversion, etc.Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added.e.g.im- before p,b, or m, imperfect, imbalance, immobile;ir- before r, irresponsible, irregular;il- before l, illegal, illogical;in- before all other consonants and vowels, inflexible, inexcusable; im-,ir-, and il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme, in-.2.2 Classification of Morpheme1.Free morphemes and bound morphemesFree morphemes(自由词素):Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, in the traditional sense.e.g. man, faith, read, write, redBound morphemes(粘附词素): morphemes that can not occur as separate words. It can not stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning or grammatical meaning.e .g. -ly , re- , -ed, -sBound morpheme can change the meaning or word class of a word, e.g. fit and unfit, broad and braoden;It can also have grammatical function, e.g. book and books.2. Root and affix⏹Alternatively, morphemes may be divided into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes).⏹a. Free root: In English many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, moon, walk, black ( i.e. they can stand alone as words).⏹⏹ A word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme) is a simple words. Free roots, just like simple words, belong to the basic word-stock, and have the fundamental features of the basic word-stock . Free roots provide the English language with basis for the formation of new words.b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes.A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.Notice what the following words have in common:e.g. -tain contain, detain retain-viv/vit revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid例词基本第一种第二种意义单位符号(词) 符号(词根)⏹人man anthro⏹花flower anth(o)⏹时time chron⏹色colour chrom⏹水water hydr(o)⏹石stone lite(o)⏹牙tooth dent(i)⏹头head cephal⏹脚foot ped⏹音sound phon⏹日sun sol⏹月moon lun⏹星star astro(er)⏹世界world cosm(o)⏹生命life bi(o)⏹中心center center☐Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.⏹Inflectional affixes (inflectional morphemes): Affix attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The inflectional affix does not form a new word with a new lexical meaning when it is added toanother word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is affixed. It just adds some grammatical information to the word. It serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.Plural markers: -s, -es, -en, feet, sheepGenitive case: -’sVerbal endings: -ing, -(e)d, irregular verbs,Comparative and superlative degrees: -er, -estThe number of inflectional affixes are small and fixed; no new ones have bee added since 1500.Derivational affixes (derivational morphemes): They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they "derive" a new word. If a morpheme can change the meaning or the word class, or both the meaning and word class of a word, it is a derivational morpheme.e.g. re+write,mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, mean+ness, work+er.⏹Many derivational affixes have a specific lexical meaning, for instance: -ism means “doctrine or point of view” as in socialism.⏹Quite a number of other derivational affixes have more than one meaning.⏹e.g. de- 1. to undo what has been done, to reverse the action ofdecentralize, decode⏹ 2. to remove: to debone⏹ 3. to reduce: devalue⏹ 4. (esp. in grammar) coming from sth. else: a deverbal nounDerivational affixes do not only have independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning.e.g. prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo--- pejorativesuffix: -ling -- derogatory : hireling, weakling-ish, -- "of the nature of," -- derogatory: bookish uppish. derivational affixes which can be attached to words of different words-classes:e.g. -able -- verbs -- washable-- nouns -- marriageable;The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes. New ones are coined from time to time.e.g. Russian: sputnik (1957),-nik beatnik, peacenik computernikDerivational morphemes or derivational affixes are commonly subdivided into prefixes and suffixes. Affixes before the word are called prefixes (as in supermarket) those after are called suffixes ( as in friendship).⏹Both prefixes and suffixes may be grouped according to:⏹(1) Their linguistic origin:⏹OE affixes: un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, and -er. ⏹Foreign affixes: ab-(L), bi- (L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo(GK), poly(GK), mal-(F),-able(F), -ism(GK), -ic(GK).⏹(2) Their productivity:⏹Affixes (such as re-, un-, -able, -ize) are called productive or living when they can be used to form new words. Those that are no longer used to form new words are termed dead or unproductive.⏹e.g. for- forgets, forgive, forbid-with withdraw, withhold, withstandRoot, stem, baseAs defined by Bauer:" A root (词根) is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is that part of a word-from that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme." (Bauer 1983:20)e.g. un touch able sgreenhouse-- green houseBauer defines "stem" as follows:" A stem (词干)is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. ... Only Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it: it is the part of the word-form which remains when all the inflectional affixes have been removed,“ A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.e.g. friends, friendships, greenhousesA base (词基)is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added; it may also be defined as "a form to which a rule of word formation is applied."⏹From the definitions of the three terms, we can see that any root or stem can be termed a base. But a base is different from the root in that the former is (sometimes) derivationally analyzable while the later is derivationally unanalyzable. A base is also different from a stem in that both derivational and inflectional affixes can be attached to a base but only inflectional affixes can be attached to a stem.⏹e.g. disagreements, disagreement, disagree3. Lexeme, word form, lexical entry, word⏹1) Lexeme:⏹Lexeme an abstract vocabulary item with a common core of meaning. It can be realized by different word forms. Put it in another way, lexeme is a set of linguistic signs which share the same lexical meaningsbut different in their grammatical, meanings. Fro example, dies,died, dying, die belong to the same lexeme DIE. Man and men are varying forms of the same lexeme MAN.⏹Some set expressions such as bury the hatchet, give up and ups and downs would be each considered a single lexeme.⏹2) Word form (词形):⏹Word form is the realization (representation or manifestation) of the lexeme. Equivalently, it is the inflected forms of a lexeme.An illustration of the relationship between lexeme and word form:⏹word-forms lexeme⏹See, seeing, saw, seen SEE⏹Sleeps, sleeping, slept SLEEP⏹Catch, catches, catching, caught CATCH⏹Jump, jumps, jumped, jumping JUMP⏹Tall, taller, tallest TALL⏹Boy, boys BOY⏹Woman, women WOMAN3)Lexical entry(词条):⏹Lexical entry is the specification of the information of a lexeme in dictionary or the representation of the idiosyncratic information of a lexeme, including (i) its pronunciation, (ii) syntactic properties and (iii)meaning. For example, the lexical entry swim:⏹PHONOLOGY /swim/⏹SYNTAX intransitive verb⏹SEMANTICS [SWIM]⏹MORPHOLOGY Past swamPast Participle swum4)WordHow to define a word?⏹A word can be defined the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used independently. Knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation (sound) and meaning, whose relationship is arbitrary. A word can be defined from the following aspects:⏹1) Orthographically speaking, a word is a unit which, in print, is bounded by spaces on both sides. It is a physically definable unit. But there is a problem with this definition: should we count it as two words or one word when two words are contracted as one orthographic unit.⏹a. I am a good cook.⏹b.I’ve been a good cook.⏹2) Morph-syntactically speaking, word has four characteristics: (i) syntactic independence, (ii) positional mobility, (iii) uninterruptibility, (vi) Internal stability.⏹Syntactic independence means that nothing smaller than a word cannormally form a sentence on its own. That is to say, word is the smallest independent unit in a language. It is the smallest unit which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance.⏹Positional mobility means that the word-forms as a whole can be moved relatively easily within the sentence, such as “This we must se e” and “Plums I love”.⏹Uninterruptability means that extraneous material cannot be inserted into a word form even there are several parts in a word, such as the contrast between nationalism vs. *national-anti-lism.⏹Internal stability means that internal morpheme or letters are fixed / stabilized, i.e., the ordering of items within the word-form is usually fixed and non-contrastive, as opposed to the ordering of word-forms within the sentence, as is the case with * ly-sudden⏹Part of Speech / Word Class:⏹Part of Speech are the categories into which the words of a language can be classified either according to their syntactic functions or according to their morphological structure.⏹There are traditionally nine word classes in English: noun, verb (transitive and intransitive), adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, article, conjunction, interjection. There are still some new categories introduced recently into linguistic analysis. They are particles, auxiliaries (助动词) and pro-forms(代词形式).⏹Particles include the infinitive marker “to”, the negative marker “not” and the subordinate elements in phrasal verbs, such as “up” in look up, break up and do up, and “at” in look at and arrive at.⏹Pro-form is a collective term for the set of items which can be used to substitute for other items or construction. They are always neglected.e.g.⏹Do you need a lift? If so, I will drive you to the destination.⏹Do you think your little brother study hard enough? Yes, he does.⏹I know him more than I did.⏹I would have never believed it. She has readily accepted his proposal.⏹The dog is hiding there, under the table.⏹Different ways of classifying words:⏹1) Open-class words and closed-class words⏹Open-class words include nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs. They are so called because their membership is not fixed or limited. With the emergency of new ideas and inventions, new expressions are continually being added to the lexicon. The other six word classes are called closed-class words because their membership is relatively fixed.⏹2) Grammatical (function) words and lexical(content) words⏹Grammatical words are also called function words, whose role is largely or wholly grammatical. They include link verb “be”,prepositions, conjunctions and determiners, ect. Lexical words carry the semantic meaning. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and most adverbs are lexical words.⏹3) Variable words and invariable words⏹Variable words are those that have ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms. Invariable words are those that remain relatively constant.⏹Token(标记) and Type(类型)⏹In linguistics, a distinction is always made between classes of linguistic items (e.g. phonemes, words, utterances) and actual utterances in speech or writing of examples of such classes. The class of linguistic units is called a type and examples of individual members of the class are called tokens.⏹In mathematic linguistics the total number of words in a text may be referred to as the number of text tokens, and the number of different words as the number of text types. The ratio of different words in a text to the total words in the text is known as the lexical density or Type-Token ratio for that text.⏹Paradigm⏹A paradigm is a list or pattern showing the forms which a word can have in a grammatical s ystem.. It typically shows a word’s inflections rather than derivatives. It is the set of all the inflected forms which anindividual word assumes or the full set of words realizing a particular lexeme.⏹For example: Boy, {boy, boys}⏹DO, {do, does, did, doing, done}⏹Summary:⏹1.Words are composed of morphemes. A morpheme, the minimal meaningful unit of the English language, possesses both sound and meaning. An allomorph is any of variant forms of a morpheme.⏹2. Morphemes may be classified as free or bound. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance, while a bound morpheme cannot exist on its own; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.⏹3. Morphemes can also be classified into roots and affixes. A root carries the main component of meaning in a word. Roots can be free or bound morphemes. Free roots can stand alone as words and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words. Bound roots cannot appear as words in modern English, although they were once words, nor can they be used to form new words.⏹4. Affixes are bound morphemes, because they are used only when added to other morphemes. Affixes are classified into inflectional and derivational affixes. The former are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, whichare related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes and suffixesare the building blocks with which words are formed.⏹5. On morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complexand compound words, according to the number and type ofmorphemes they are composed of.⏹6. Morphemes are important in the word-building process becausethe two most central and productive word-formation process,compounding and affixation, are related to morphemes: the former is acombination of free morphemes, the latter is the addition of boundmorphemes to free ones.English LexicologyUnit 3Word formation 2Contents⏹Abbreviation (shortening)❑Clipping❑Initialism❑Acronym❑Blending❑Aphesis⏹Back-formation⏹Onomatopoeia⏹Words from Proper Names⏹ExercisesClipping(shortening a word or words by leaving out letters or syllables)⏹apocope (back clipped)❑dorm(itory), disco(theque), expo(sition), gas(oline), hi(gh)-fi(delity), memo(randum), rep(resentative),⏹aphaeresis (front clipped)❑(violon)cello, bus, cab, phone,⏹front and back clipped❑flu, fridge⏹syncope (middle clipped, contraction)❑fossil(iz)ation, pacif(ic)ist❑gov't (government), can’tClipping⏹Clipping in phrases:❑daily (paper), finals (final examinations)❑IOU (I owe you),⏹Clipping in style❑informal⏹Changes needed in clipping for the sake of sound❑bike (bicycle), coke (Coca-Cola),Initialism—General(the use of initialization in words where each letter is pronounced)CPPCC (the Chi nese People’s Political Consultative Conference) D.J. (disc jockey)GDP (Gross Domestic Product)GNP (Gross National Product)CPI (consumer price index)IOC (International Olympic Committee)BBC, ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN, APc/o =care ofP.S. =postscriptRSVP=Re ponde s’il vous plaitInitialism—ITAGP ←Accelerate Graphics ProcessorAI ←Artificial IntelligenceBBS ←Bulletin Board SystemCAD ←Computer-Aided DesignCAI ←Computer-Assisted InstructionCD ←Compact DiskCPU ←Central Processing UnitDPI ←Dots Per InchFTP ←File Transfer ProtocolHTTP ←Hypertext Transfer ProtocolIC ←Integrate circuitIP ←Internet ProtocolLCD ←Liquid Crystal DisplayLED ←light-emitting diode OS ←Operating System PPM ←Pages Per Minute USB ←Universal Serial Bus VGA ←Video Graphics Array Initialism—Web-chatting ASAPAAMOF (as a matter of fact) BTWBBL (be back later)BRB (be right back)CU (see you)CUL (see you later)FE (for example)FTF (face to face)FYI (for your information)IC (I see)IMO (in my opinion)IOW (in other words)LOL (laughing out loudly)OIC (Oh, I see)TIA (Thanks in advance) TTUL (Talk to you later)TY (Thank you)VG (very good)Initialism—Compound⏹E-school = electronic school(网络学校)⏹E-tail = electronic retail(电子零售);⏹H-bomb = hydrogen bomb(氢弹)⏹V-day = victory day(胜利日)⏹U-boat = undersea boat(潜艇)Acronym(words derived from the initials of several words, pronounced as a word, not as a list of letters)❑APEC ←Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (亚太经济合作组织)❑ASEAN ←the Association for South-East Asian Nations(东南亚国家联盟)❑NATO ←the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (北大西洋公约组织)❑UNESCO ←the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization(联合国教科文组织)❑laser ←light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation(激光)❑ROM ←read only memory(只读内存)Acronym-Intentional coincidence⏹近年来,首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象,人们有意或无意地把首字母英语词汇学拼音词拼写成与现存的词相同的样子,并借用其读音。
1第一章:Basic Concepts of Words and Voculary
第一章:Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary注释:选择填空重点名词解释简答题(第0~5讲)1.1 What is a word【名词解释】词的概念a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 单词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能并能够自由运用的最小语言单位【填空】词的特点1)a minimal free form of a language 一个语言的最小自由形式2)a sound unity 一个音的单位3)a unit of meaning 一个意义单位4)a form that can function alone in sentence 可以在句子中单独发挥作用的形式1)in visual terms 视觉角度一组有意义的字母打印或者写出来横排在一张纸上a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper2)in terms of spoken language 口语角度a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sound which are made voluntarily withhuman vocal equipment 一个词被视为一个声音或声音的组合是由人类发声器官自动组合而成的3)semanticists 语义学家a word is a unit of meaning 一个词就是一个意义单位4)grammarians 语法学家a word be a free form that can function in sentence 一个单词是可以在句子中起到自由形式的作用【例子】书本第5页(重要)简答的时候加上例子好得分1.2 Sound and meaning【填空】声音与意义之间的关系1)there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself 代表事物或思想的声音与实际事物和思想本身之间没有逻辑关系2)the symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary声音和意义之间的联系几乎是任意性3)The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is convention单词的发音和意思之间的关系是约定俗称的4)woman, for example, become ‘femme’ in French and become ‘funu’ in Chinese1.3 Sound and form【简答】读音与拼写不一致的原因:1)more phonemes than letters in English 英语中音位数比字母数多The English alphabet was adopted form the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination 英语字母表是从罗马人那里继承来的,罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个音,所以有些字母必须有双重功能或组合在一起2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years 发音比拼写变化得快3)some of the differences were created by the early scribes 有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的1. Deliberately changed spelling of words either to make a line even or for easier recognition人们故意改变单词的拼写方式,或者是为了使单词排成一行,或者是为了更容易识别2. handwriting caused misunderstanding. To solve the problem in part, they changed theletter u to o when it came before m, n, or v. 笔迹造成误解。
Chapter1 Basic Concepts Words and Vocabulary
第一章 单词和词汇的基本概念
1.1 What Is a Word 单词是什么
1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音和意义
1.3 Sound and Form 声音和形式
1.4 Vocabulary 词汇
1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed Words 本土词汇与外来词汇
Native words (本族语词) : known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks). 安格鲁撒克逊单词比较出名,是从5 世纪的德国部落借入英国的。 (是基础词汇的主要成分)
1.5 Classification of Words 词汇的分类
1.1 What Is a Word 单词是什么
Word(词的定义): A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 单词是语言的最小自由体,它具备一个已知的声音、意义和句法 功能。 Four points:四个特点 (1)a minimal free form of a language 语言的最小自由形式 (2)a sound unity一个声音的整体
The reasons of the difference between sound and form
BasicConceptsofMedicalInstrumentation医疗器械的基本概念-46
Measurand: Physical quantity
• Biopotential • Pressure • Flow • Dimensions (imaging) • Displacement (velocity, acceleration, force) • Impedance • Temperature • Chemical Concentration
Medical Research Studies
- Observational: Characteristics of patients are observed
and recorded -Case-series: describe characteristic of group -Case-control: observe group that have some disease -Cross-sectional: Analyze characteristics of patients -Cohort: determine if a particular characteristic is a precursor for a disease.
be less sensitive to interference. (preferred) 1. Adding new components designed to offset the
undesired inputs.
1.7 Compensation Techniques
• Inherent Insensitive
1.3 Sampling and Continuous Modes
• Sampling and collecting data will depend on the following:
Basic Concepts.ppt
Chapter One —Nature and Terminology
On the contract’s breach (a breach of contract occurs when a contractual promises is not fulfilled), the breaching party may be subject to sanctions. These sanctions may include a payment of money (damages) to the nonbreaching party for the failure to perform. Under such circumstances, the breaching party may be required to render the performance promised in the contract.
The Function of Contract
Contract law is necessary to ensure compliance with a promise or to entitle a nonbreaching party to some form of relief when a contract is breached. By providing procedures for enforcing private agreements, contract law provides an essential condition for the existence of a market economy. Without a legal framework within which to plan, businessmen would be able to rely only on the good faith of others. Duty and good faith are usually sufficient, and most contractual promises are kept simply because keeping them is in the mutual selfinterest of the promiser and the promisee. But when price changes or adverse economic factors make it costly for one of the parties to comply with a promise, duty or good faith alone may not be enough.
Layout design
价 值 流 程 图
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Metals of China
2. Layout设计的一般流程 Layout design basic procedure
Layout设计
最终建筑布局计划
头脑风暴
12
Metals of China
2. Layout设计的一般流程 Layout design basic procedure
3. 布局设计 Layout design
功能模块面积确认
找出各区域要求条件
-高度:设备/材料/人搬运设备的安装,运转的条件 -基础:设备或设施所要求的支持力,防震的要求
-照明:为减轻作业的疲劳的照明及提高自然光的利用率
-温度及换气:各构成要素的期待温度及通风/换气/湿度等空调设施的要求 -供排水及电力供给:有效的使用量及使用频率,供给方式的要求
布局设计 Layout design
1
第一部分:基本概念 Part1:Basic concepts
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J 2ohnson Controls PowerPoint Guidelines | February 8, 2008
1. 基本概念 Basic concepts
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
工厂布局(Plant layout) :
6. 员工操作安全 方便 舒适(内部) 7. 生产现场简洁 美观 透明(外部)
5
Metals of China
1. 基本概念 Basic concepts
Layout设计的类别
1. 新工厂或厂房建设:限制条件较少 2. 新产品及新生产线 :考虑新产品本身以及与现有布置间的关系 3. 现有产品变化:对付变化的消极活动(设计/产量/工艺要求 ) 4. 降低成本改善活动:原工厂布局的合理化
欧洲最新流体力学课件第一章
Dimensions and Units
Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions. The magnitudes assigned to dimensions are called units. Primary dimensions include: mass m, length L, time t, and temperature T. Secondary dimensions can be expressed in terms of primary dimensions and include: velocity V, energy E, and volume V. Unit systems include English system and the metric SI (International System). We'll use only the SI system. Dimensional homogeneity is a valuable tool in checking for errors. Make sure every term in an equation has the same units.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I
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Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
System and Control Volume
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. A closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass. An open system, or control volume, is a properly selected region in space. We'll discuss control volumes in more detail in Chapter 6.
2k-Basic Concepts-Human Motion08
课程目标:修习本课后, 学生应可1. 指出人体的动作平面、动作轴心、2. 使用人体动作学的词汇描述动作3. 了解位移、速度、加速度间的相关性,及对动作的意义4. 分辨直线运动与角动运动间的差别及人体动作之归属Readings:Orientation of the Body身体的方位A. Reference planes of the body1. definition: to describe planes of human motion in the context of a person standing in theanatomical positionA.人体的面1.定义:基于解剖学姿势下描述人体运动的平面。
Location 位置bisecting the body into 将身体分为sagittal plane (median plane) 矢状面vertically from front to back与地面垂直由前向后right/ left 右/左frontal plane (coronal plane)额状面vertically from side to side与地面垂直从一边到另一边anterior/ posterior前/后transverse plane (horizontal plane) 水平面horizontal to the body身体的水平面upper/ lower上/下2. cardinal plane: the plane where the center of mass (COM) passes through when an individual stands in the anatomic position基本平面: 当个人站在解剖位置时其重心穿过的面B. Axes of rotation旋转轴1. definition: the pivot point for an angular motion, usually located through the convex memberof the joint角运动的轴心,通常通过关节凸面。
会计入门基础概念(Basicconceptsofaccounting)
会计入门基础概念(Basic concepts of accounting)Accounting elements:1, assets: the past transactions, matters formed and owned or controlled by the enterprise resources, the resource is expected to bring economic benefits to enterprises. Is the flow of funds into the enterprise.(may be tangible, intangible, mobile, non current, monetary and non monetary)Contractual rights of cash held by enterprises, equity instruments, investments, cash and other financial assets received from other unitsSo the bank's sources of funding:Investors raise (owner's equity)Creditors raise (liabilities)Assets are derived from liabilities and owner's equity.Owner's equity: the economic interest enjoyed by the owner in the assets of an enterprise. It is the balance between assets and liabilities and is understood to be the net assets of the owner.(raising funds to investors, forming all rights and interests, such as the right of a shareholder to receive a regular return on investment)The main contents are: paid in capital, capital surplus, surplus reserve and undistributed profitLiabilities, contrary to assets, would cause economic profits to flow out of the business. Funds raised to creditors form liabilities, and creditors have the right to recover principal and periodic interest at maturityYou deposit a fixed deposit in a bank. An enterprise is a bank, and you are a creditor of this deposit. You have the right to recover principal and interest at maturity. The bank is an enterprise. It is the outflow of economic interests here.Subject:Asset class:Monetary, non monetary, tangible, intangible, liquid assets (short-term assets) and long-term assets. Balance in debitSubjects include: cash subjectsPrecious metals subjectsDeposit other financial institutions and accounts within the systemThe lending funds accountVarious types of loans, overdrafts, discountsVarious investment subjectsFixed assets accountAccounts receivableLiabilities class:Current liabilities (short-term liabilities)Long-term liabilitiesOther liabilitiesSubjects include:Deposit accountAgency assetsLiabilities formed in settlementAccounts payableThe account for the interbank amount is 112, which is an asset classDeposits in interbank deposits refer to deposits held by commercial banks in other banksThe subjects for interbank deposits are 232, which are debt subjectsInterbank deposit means that other banks have their own depositsThat is, banks own money deposited in other financial institutions and other financial institutions (including other banks, securities companies, trust companies, insurance companies, etc.) funds deposited in the bank.Owner equity:Reflect the ownership of an investor's net assets of an investor.The main things to remember are capital input, capital reserves, surplus reserves and undistributed profitsInvested capitalRefers to the actual capital invested by the owner within the scope of the enterprise's registered capital.The term "registered capital" refers to the total amount of capital registered by the administrative department for Industry and commerce at the time of establishment, that is, the sum of the capital contributions set by all the investors.The input capital, according to the nature of the owner, can be divided into the state invested capital, the legal personinvested capital, the individual invested capital and the foreign invested capital.Capital surplusThe net assets increased by non operating profits of enterprises, including all kinds of property and materials received from donations, legal assets, revaluation, capital exchange rate, translation difference and capital premium.Surplus reserveRefers to the accumulation of funds from the enterprise after tax net profit. Surplus reserves may be used to make up for the losses of enterprises and may also increase capital in accordance with legal procedures. The statutory provident fund extraction rate was 10%.Undistributed profitThis is the profit remaining after the profit has been allocated for the year and will be allocated later.If undistributed profits appear negative, that is, the end of the year does not make up for the loss, should be later year's profits or surplus reserves to make up.Profit and loss account (income, expenditure)Main records of the financial income, financial expenditure and operating results of the accounting subjects.Income:Interest incomeIncome from financial institutionsFee incomeOther business incomeAggregate incomeNon operating incomeExpenditure:Interest expenseExpenditure on financial institutionsCommission expenseOperating expenses (wages, welfare, insurance, education, travel expenses and educational expenses)Exchange lossOther business expensesNon operating expensesAccount:With an account, you have an account, but they are two different concepts, both related and differentiated.Connection and difference:The name of accounting account, and the account is in accordance with the provisions of accounting subjects, the subjects account for accounting and record content, reflect the occurrence of economic operation, it is just a name, there is no specific structure, while the account has a specific structure, to record the six accounting elements and specific changes changes.Account structure:Is the T word structure. No matter what bookkeeping method is used, regardless of the nature of the account, changes in accounting elements caused by all economic transactions are nothing more than increasing and decreasing.The "T" structure explains this very well. The basic structure is to divide the two parties into account. The number of entries increases and the number of squares decreases. How to remember, which side increases, which side subtraction, specific account nature decision.Account classification:Divided by the extent of the detailed accounting indicators provided1 general ledger:According to the content of accounting elements, make a general accounting.The main basis for checking accounts and preparing accounting reports.Common accounts are:Daily statement of accountGeneral ledgerDaily schedule2, subsidiary ledger:Carry out detailed accounting according to the content of accounting elements.Common accounts are:Household ledger (main accounting books for detailed accounting)Register bookBalance sheetCash journalAccounting method:Double entry bookkeeping is also called debit accounting (any double entry accounting for changes in the subject's account)Single entry bookkeeping (off balance sheet itemsGrasp the three elements:1, accounting principles, both the accounting balance formula, assets = Liabilities + owner's equity. The formula, in any case, reflects a quantitative balance between the total assets of the bank and the liabilities and the total interest of the owner.2, "borrow" and "credit" as accounting symbols to reflect the increase and decrease of funds, changes and results.3, accounting rules4 trial balanceThe amount of debit balance of each subject = the balance of the amount of debit and credit of each subjectDebit balance of each subject = total credit balance of each subjectMaster this accounting method,We can do it:Trial balanceTotal score balanceBalance sheetIncome statementStatement of cash flowCash journalDaily statement of accountFill in accounting vouchersRecord general ledger and household ledgerEntries:Give an example again:1, agricultural bank to the people's bank deposit cash 80000 yuanAnalysis:The business involves two assets, namely, cash and central bank reserve. First, the amount of cash in cash is reduced; it is an asset class subject to the credit of the asset class; on the other hand, the central bank reserve requirement is added to the debit of the asset class.Reserve 80000 of the central bank reserveCash 800002, Yaguang group bank loans to 100000 yuan, into the deposit account.Analysis: bank loans, loans increased (short-term loans), should be recorded in the assets of the borrower; on the other hand the money into a savings account, deposit account is a liability account, increases the liabilities recorded in the credit.By: Short-term Loans - Yaguang group company loan households 100000Credit: unit deposit account - Yaguang group company deposit 100000Summarize the practical application of debit accounting:How does an economic transaction manifest itself?.From small to large to reflect. One principle is that when there is borrowing, there must be loans, and the loans must be equal"1, think of the contents of the subject2. How to record entries properly?3, fill in accounting vouchers4, record all kinds of cash receipts and disbursements, daily accounts, household accounts, registration books5, daily account statement6 、 statistics various financial statements, cycle reportsVoucher:To prove the contents and amount of the business after the occurrence of the business, and to sign on the voucher. According to these vouchers to keep an account, go to the registration book.Important checks are important during the supervision process. Such as billing, clearing out the relevant documents for account check.(date, name, account number, the drawee bank, lender, subject, amount, business, voucher number, the personnel records certificate seal)Accounting: (Accounting)I. detailed accounting (statistical work for daily accounts)1, ledger (tatsudo, according to the unit or the nature of the funds is a detailed record of each subject. Register progressively according to the certificate, concretely reflect the change or increase of the funds of each account.What subjects are involved in each account, the amount of credit incurred by these subjects, and the balance?2. Register book3. Balance sheet (the function is to check whether the ledger and the balance of the ledger are consistent and to calculate the interest of the instrument)The balance of interest (table number interest) and general balance sheet4 cash receipts and cash disbursements journalTwo, comprehensive accounting1, daily account statementAccording to the borrower's attribute of the subject, statistics the sum of the debit and credit and the number of the summons in each day.At the end of each day, according to various subpoenas (cash disbursements, cash receipts, transfers, debits, debits,credits, respectively, statistics), the total amount of the loan and credit is equal to that of the lender and the lender.2, general ledger (total score check, statistics households)Is also a daily count, is a summary record of all subjects. With a daily statement, we can do a good job with the total amount of each subject, and balance it. According to the statistics of every ten days, it is convenient for the end of the year statistics.3, daily schedule (rolling account)The balance and balance of the debit and credit of all subjects are counted and balanced respectively.Accounts processing overview:When an economic transaction takes place: 1, the subjects concerned2, how to account (household, registration book)?3, detailed accountingAccording to each economic business to determine subjects, determine entries, the preparation of various documentsAccording to these vouchers, we go to register each household account (register book), cash receipts, pay diaryDraw up balance sheet according to household ledger4, comprehensive accountingAccording to various subpoenas, we draw up daily account statements according to subjects, and roll down the debit and credit amounts of all subjects per dayRegister the ledger according to the daily statementDraw up the daily schedule according to the general ledgerInterest rates and interestPublished at 21:06 on April 11, 2007 topic: 12 years of bank deposit and loan interest rates in detail--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The people's Bank of China announced on 18, since 19, the benchmark interest rate for Renminbi deposits and loans of financial institutions. The one-year deposit and lending rate by 0.27 percentage points, this is for the first time since October 29, 2004 the central bank raised interest rates for deposits and loans is 12 years since 1994 to second interest rates for bank deposits and loans. From 1996 to 2002, China has cut bank interest rates for the 8 time in a row, the magnitude of the large number of times, the history of rare.In the past 12 years, the adjustment of bank deposit and lendingrates in China is as follows:Since May 15, 1993, the demand deposits of urban and rural residents and enterprises and institutions have been raised from 1.8% to 2.16%. The average annual interest rate for fixed term deposits has increased by 2.18 percentage points on average;Since July 11, 1993, the interest rate for Renminbi deposits and loans has been raised, and the value of the savings deposits for more than three years has been maintained;Since January 1, 1995, the loan interest rate for financial institutions has been raised, and the annual interest rate for loans to financial institutions will be increased by an average of 0.24 percentage points on the basis of the current interest rate;Since May 1, 1996, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. Deposit interest rates fell by an average of 0.98 percentage points, lending rates fell by an average of 0.75 percentage points;Since August 23, 1996, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. Deposit interest rates fell by an average of 1.5 percentage points, lending rates fell by an average of 1.2 percentage points;Since October 23, 1997, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. After adjustment, the average annual interest rate of all deposits fell by 1.1percentage points, and the average annual interest rate of loans fell by 1.5 percentage points;Since March 25, 1998, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. The average annual interest rate for deposits fell by 0.16 percentage points, and the average annual interest rate of loans from financial institutions was down by 0.6 percentage points;Since July 1, 1998, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. The average deposit interest rate of financial institutions has dropped by 0.49 percentage points, and the average lending rate has been lowered by 1.12 percentage points;Since December 7, 1998, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. The average annual interest rate for financial institutions decreased by 0.5 percentage points;Since June 10, 1999, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. The average annual interest rate of the financial institutions decreased by 1 percentage points, and the average annual interest rate of loans decreased by 0.75 percentage points;Since February 21, 2002, the savings and loan interest rates of financial institutions have been lowered. Deposit interest rates fell by an average of 0.25 percentage points, lending rates fell by an average of 0.5 percentage points;Since October 29, 2004, the interest rates on deposits and loans of financial institutions have been raised. Financial institutions one-year deposit interest rate increased by 0.27 percentage points, personal housing loans for more than 5 years, interest rates increased by 0.27 percentage points, personal housing accumulation fund loans for more than 5 years, interest rates increased by 0.18 percentage points.Required reserve ratio:A financial institution must deposit part of the deposit in the central bank, which is called the reserve fund. The ratio of the deposit reserve to the total amount of the deposit of the financial institution is called the reserve requirement ratio.Deposit rates (personal and public)Loan interest rate (normal lending rate, overdue interest rate, discount interest rate, transfer discount rate, rediscount interest rate, rollover interest rate)Basic product:MortgageGuaranteed loanCredit loanSecured loanBank lending rates in China are generally divided into four categories:1, the statutory interest rate, that is, the State Council approved the interest rate established by the people's Bank of china;2, differential interest rates, that is, for different periods, different industries, different regions of the different interest rates;3, preferential interest rates, that is, in accordance with the relevant state policy requirements, the object of support for the construction of lower than the statutory rate of interest rates;4, floating interest rates, that is, the financial institutions within the floating rate set by the head office of the people's Bank of China, the interest rate is determined on the basis of the interest rate determined.Characteristic:1, flexible interest rates2, complex calculation3, floating larger。
学乐系列经典英语材料Scholastic Success with Basic Concepts
6–10 objects).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 A Sea of Numbers (Identifying numerals
Table of Contents
Color Train (Identifying colors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Clowning Around (Identifying colors).. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Rolling Through the Hills (Identifying colors). . . . . . 7 Shape Match-Up (Recognizing shapes). . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A Shapely Castle (Recognizing shapes).. . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Shapely Sets (Identifying groups of
lowercase letters).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Batter Up! (Alphabet sequencing).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Hop to It! (Recognizing letters and sounds).. . . . . . . 36 Letter Flags (Recognizing letters and sounds).. . . . . 38 Out of This World (Alphabet sequencing).. . . . . . . . 40 Play the Day Away (Alphabet sequencing). . . . . . . . 41 Speedy Work (Alphabet recognition a–h). . . . . . . . . 42 Mitten Matches (Alphabet recognition i–o). . . . . . . 43 Letter Scoops (Alphabet recognition p–u).. . . . . . . . 44 King or Queen for a Day (Alphabet recognition