AS12038
AS3901中文资料
AS3901ISM 433/315 MHz FSK/ASK Transmitter Data SheetRev. 06, August 2000Key Features•Supports the European 433 MHz ISM band.•No frequency pulling by (antenna) load variation due to PLL synthesizer.•Designed to be conform to EN 300 220-1 requirements.•Supports FSK (data rates 0…32 kb/s) or ASK modulation (data rates 0…20kb/s)•No data synchronization for FSK or ASK needed.•Supports clock and reset signals for the external µC.•Supports different power down modes, one without any running XTAL oscillator.•Wide supply range between 2.7 V to 5 V.•Only one XTAL and very few external elements required.•Wide operating temperature range from –40 C to +85 C.•Low TX current, typical 7 mA.General DescriptionThe AS3901 is a low power FSK/ (ASK) transmitter intended for the European 433 MHz and the US 315 MHz ISM band application. It uses a PLL stabilized oscillator whichavoids frequency pulling by approaching the antenna with objects as it occurs at SAW resonator based transmitters.FSK modulation is performed by an I/Q-based continuous phase FSK modulator with a well defined frequency deviation of 16 kHz. The FSK modulator is operating completely asynchronous to the TX data stream and therefore needs no data clock or other possible by switching the driving amplifier and FSK modulator on and off by an applied transmit data stream.The µC clock frequency and the FSK frequency deviation can be kept almost constant for both frequency bands by selecting the correct scaling factors by the 433/315 pin. As external components the AS3901 needs only a reference XTAL and 5 capacitors.Applications•Short range radio data transmission.•Remote keyless entry systems.•Security applications and alarm systems.•Domestic and consumer remote control units.•Remote metering.•Low power telemetry.This document contains information on products under development. Austria Mikro Systeme International AG reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without notice.1F u n c t i o n a l D e s c r i p t i o nThe AS3901 consists of a reference XTAL oscillator, a single channel RF- synthesizer, an I/Q based asynchronous continuos phase FSK modulator, a driving amplifier and a µC interface, including µC clock divider, and a power management circuitry.Figure 1: Block diagram of the AS3901.1.1RF SynthesizerThe RF synthesizer is a fully integrated single channel device with internal loop filter,generating the 433 MHz or 315 MHz transmit carrier frequency f RF by a fix, 32 times,multiplication of the reference XTAL frequency f XTAL.1.2Microprocessor ClockThe microprocesor clock frequency f CLK is generated by dividing the XTAL frequency f XTAL by 3 or 4, dependent on the 433/315 MHz selection pin to keep the µC clock frequencyf CLK almost constant for European and US applications.1.3ModulationThe FSK modulator is an I/Q modulator based continuos phase FSK modulator. Themodulating NRZ data may be in the range of 0 up to 32 kbit/s. The FSK frequencydeviation ∆f is ≈16 kHz, independent of the data rate. It is also kept almost constant for both transmit frequency bands by selecting proper frequency deviation multiplicationfactors of the XTAL reference frequency by the 433/315 MHz selection pin.The processing clock of the data source can be different from the AS3901 referenceXTAL or µC clock f CLK and no data synchronization of the FSK modulator is required.1.4Driving AmplifierThe driving amplifier has a differential open collector output optimized for driving ofsmall, symmetrical high-impedance loop antennas. The amplifier drives a nominal RFcurrent of 0.7 mA rms.The maximal differential voltage swing is about 4 V PP. Therefore the output power ist a function of the connected load impedance. With a 2 kΩ differentialload a nominal peak output power (to the antenna) of ≈1 mW is obtained. Please notethat the finally radiated power (from antenna) is lower and strongly dependent on theefficiency (function of the size) of the antenna to be used.1.5ASK ModulationASK modulation with a date rate upt to 20 kbits/s can be achieved by turning the driving amplifier and the FSK modulator by the TX/ASK pin on and off, where a TX/ASK = …H“means a turned on state.1.6Power Management and Operation ModesFor normal operation the switching between different operation modes follows a Grey-coded scheme to avoid unwanted switching between operation modes due to inaccurate occurrence of edges of STDBY and TX/ASK.Mode STDBY TX/ASK FunctionStandby11All OffClock generator operation10XTAL oscillator on and CLOCK outputactive.Transmit operation01XTAL oscillator, PLL, FSK modulatorrunning, (FSK operation or …H“transmittedat ASK).Turned off power00XTAL oscillator and PLL running, outputamplifier and FSK modulator off, (…L“transmitted at ASK).1.7µC Interface and TimingThe AS3901 contains a direct interface to a microcontroller (µC). The µC interface of the AS3901 consists of three input and two outputs pins:…Standby input“(STDBY).…Transmit / ASK input“(TX/ASK).…µC reset output (Active …L“)“(NRES).…µC clock output“(CLK).…FSK data input“(DATA).These lines support the µC with the required reset, clock and data signals. Lines 1 to 4 control the AS3901 internal power on/off circuit which wakes up and shuts down thewhole transmitter consisting of the AS3901 and the µC.Figure 2 shows a typical interconnection of the AS3901 with a typical µC. Figure 3presents a related timing for power up and down of the transmitter.AS3901STDBY DATA TX/ASK RESET NRES TX/ASK uCswitchSTDBY DATA CLKCLKFigure 2:Interconnection of the AS3901 with a typical µC.Note:At room temperature, resistor values of ≈10 k Ω are suggested for the µC interface.For other temperatures to be calculated from figure 5.TX/ASK CLK NRES STDBYFigure 3: µC interface timing for a transmission cycle.Note:Activating the transmit switch results in a …weak L state“ at TX/ASK. It can be overridden by the microcontroller so that the transmission cycle remains unaffected by the duration the switch is pressed. The STDBY and TX/ASK inputs have internal pullup resistors of ~100k Ω1.7.1Interface DescriptionWake-up sequence:TX/ASK=H, STDBY=H: Standby. All off low current state.TX/ASK→L, STDBY=H; → XTAL oscillator starts up. NRES goes L, resetting (starting) the µC for tXTON plus 3 clock cycles.NRES returns to H, µC initializes.After µC is initialized, it sets STDBY→L; PLL is turned on, after t PLLon a stable RF carrier is generated.TX/ASK→H, STDBY=L; →TX is turned on, t TXON later the RF signal is available and data can be transmitted.To switch the AS3901 …on“a …push button“with series resistance ~10-20 kΩ can beused to make TX/ASK = …L“. The …push-button“must be pushed long enough (typ. >3ms) for the µC to reset and sustain the TX/ASK …L“state.Standby procedure (for sleep-mode ( IDD1 <1µA):The µC outputs a …H“to TX/ASK and STDBY. After minimal 3 CLK cycles the XTALoscillator will be switched off. The pull-up resistors at the AS3901 TX/ASK and STDBY inputs will sustain the sleep mode.Note: Multiple …push buttons“for different functions can be used.2Electrical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s2.1Absolute Maximum Ratings (non operating)Symbol Parameter Min Max Units Note VDD Positive supply voltage-0.57VGND Negative supply voltage00VV IN Voltage on input pins-0.5VDD+0.5VESD Electrostatic discharge1000V1) T STG Storage temperature-55125°CT LEAD Lead temperature260°C2) Note:1) HBM: R = 1.5 kΩ, C = 100 pF. The pins ANT1, ANT2, XTAL1 and XTAL2 have 500 V ESD protection.2) 260°C for 10 s (reflow and wave soldering), 360 °C for 3 s (manual soldering).2.2Operating ConditionsSymbol Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Note VDD Positive supply voltage 2.7 3.0 5.0VGND Negative supply voltage000V1µA1) IDD1Supply current,STDBY = ”H”, TX/ASK = ”H”IDD2Supply current,350850µA2) STDBY = ”H”, TX/ASK = ”L”79mA3) IDD3Supply current,STDBY = ”L”, TX/ASK = ”H”3.54.5mA4) IDD4Supply current,STDBY = ”L”, TX/ASK = ”L”T AMB Ambient temperature range-40+85°CNote:1) Standby:T AMB = 23 °C, Synthesizer and driving amplifier are turned off.2) Clock generator operation:T AMB = 23 °C XTAL oscillator and µC clock divider on. RF driving amplifier and PLL off, noexternal load connected to CLK pin.3)Transmit operation:T AMB = 23 °C, Synthesizer and driving amplifier are turned on.4)Turned off TX power:T AMB = 23 °C, XTAL oscillator and µC clock divider and PLL on RF driving amplifier off.2.3Transmit OperationT AMB = 23 °C, VDD = 3.0 V, unless specified otherwise.Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Note f RF, EU Transmit frequency (Europe)f XTAL = 13.560 MHz433.920MHz1) f RF, US Transmit frequency (US)f XTAL = 9.84375 MHz315.000MHz1) f offset Frequency tolerance After t TXON, no XTALtolerance.2kHzf CLK, EUµC clock frequency (Europe)f XTAL = 13.560 MHz 3.390MHzf CLK, USµC clock frequency (US)f XTAL = 9.84375 MHz 3.28125MHzt TXon Transmitter turn on time FSK modulator anddriver amplifier20µst PLLon PLL turn on time t.b.d.msT XTon XTAL oscillator turn on time5msNote:1) XTAL tolerances will slightly change the typical transmit frequency.2.3.1 ASK OperationT AMB = 23 °C, VDD = 3.0 V, unless specified otherwise.Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units NoteP OUT,H Available peak outputpower In 2 kΩ, STDBY = ”L”,TX/ASK = ”H”-1.50 1.5dB m1) 3)P OUT,L Leakage peak outputpower In 2 kΩ, STDBY = ”L”,TX/ASK = ”L”-50dB mP OUT 3rd Radiated third harmonicoutput power Antenna attenuation>20 dB-39dB m2)P SP Spurious power In distance of f CLK orf XTAL from carrier. Noantenna selectivityassumed.-45-25dB C2) 3)R ASK ASK data rate range For a RF packet dutycycle ≥25 %.020Kb/sNote:1) Output power depends on load impedance, differential output current is typical 0.7 mA rms. Maximum differential voltage swingis typical 4 V PP.2) Measurement bandwidth (close to EN 300 220-1) see also figure 10.3) Actual E.R.P. depends on antenna efficiency2.3.2 FSK OperationT AMB = 23 °C, VDD = 3.0 V, unless specified otherwise.Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units NoteP OUT,FSK Available peak outputpower In 2 kΩ, STDBY = ”L”,TX/ASK = ”H”-1.50 1.5dB m1) 3)P OUT 3rd Radiated third harmonicoutput power Antenna and band passfilter attenuation> 20 dB-36dB m2)P SP Spurious power In distance of f CLK orf XTAL from carrier. Noantenna selectivityassumed.-45-25dB C2) 3)R FSK FSK data rate range032kb/s4)∆f FSK frequency deviation16kHzNote:1) Output power depends on load impedance, differential output current is typical 0.7 mA ms. Maximum differential voltageswing is typical 4 V PP.2) Measurement bandwidth (close to EN 300 220-1) see also figure 10.3) Actual E.R.P. depends on antenna efficiency4) Guaranteed by design2.4Digital Pin CharacteristicsT AMB = 23 °C, VDD = 3.0 V, unless specified otherwise. GND is the 0 V reference.Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Note CLK (µC clock output)VOH High level output voltage IOH = -1 mA VDD-0.7-VDD VVOL Low level output voltage IOL = 1 mA GND- 1.2Vtr Rise time CLoad = 10 pF20nstd Fall time CLoad = 10 pF20nsjcc Cycle to cycle jitter+/-5%1) NRES (Inverted reset output)VOH High level output voltage IOH = -1 mA VDD-0.3-VDD VVOL Low level output voltage IOL = 1 mA GND-0.2Vtr Rise time CLoad = 10 pF20nstd Fall time CLoad = 10 pF20nsTX/ASK (Driving amplifier and FSK modulator on/off (ASK) input)VIH High level input voltage VDD-0.5-VDD VVIL Low level input voltage GND-0.3VIIH High level input current VIH = VDD1-40µA IIL Low level input current VIL = 0 V.internal pull-upDATA (FSK data input)VIH High level input voltage VDD-0.5-VDD VVIL Low level input voltage GND-0.3VIIH High level input current VIH = VDD1µAIIL Low level input current VIL = 0 V-1µA433/315 (Band selection (division ratio))VIH High level input voltage VDD-0.5-VDD V VIL Low level input voltage GND-0.3V IIH High level input current VIH = VDD1µA IIL Low level input current VIL = 0 V.-1µA STANDBY (Standby input)VIH High level input voltage VDD-0.5VDD V VIL Low level input voltage GND-0.3V IIH High level input current VIH = VDD1µA-40µA 1IIL Low level input current VIL = 0 V.internal pull-upNotes1) Guaranteed by design3P i n-o u t I n f o r m a t i o nPin #Pin Name Input / Output Description1STDBY Dig. Input, 100 kΩ pull up Power down for all functions 2CLK Dig. Output Clock output (CMOS level)3DATA Dig. Input Transmit data input (CMOS level)4TX/ASKon/off ASK Dig. Input, 100 kΩ pull up Power off for TX (PLL and XTAL working)ASK modulation5GND Power Ground6VDD Power Positive supply (2.7 V-5.0 V)7XTAL2Analog XTAL pin28XTAL1Analog XTAL pin19433/315Dig. Input Selects division factors for constant µCClock frequency and deviation10VDDRF Power Positive supply (2.7 V-5.0 V)11ANT2Analog open collector output To loop antenna12ANT1Analog open collector output To loop antenna13GNDRF Power Ground14NRESET Dig. Output Reset, …L“state resets a microcontroller4A p p l i c a t i o n S c h e m a t i c3PC5Figure 4:Basic application schematic of the AS3901.Figure 5:Pull Up characteristics for the TX/ASK pin.5Typical MeasurementsFigure 6:Narrow band output spectrum of the AS3901 FSK modulated with pseudoclose to the EN 300-220-1 recommendation for wide-band equipment, clause 8.6.Instead of 5 kHz video bandwidth (VBW) 10 kHz was used. The markers were setup to the band edges. (433.050 MHz, 434.790 MHz) The recommendation saysthat the spectrum should be observed at least 1MHz form the ISM band edges, butit was measured with larger frequency span.Figure 8:Modulation bandwidth of the AS3901 in AKS operation at 9.2 kbit/s, measured close to the EN 300-220-1 recommendatio for wide-band equipment, clause 8.6.Instead of 5 kHz video bandwidth (VBW) 10 kHz was used. The markers were setup to the band edges. (433.050 MHz, 434.790 MHz) The recommendation saysthat the spectrum should be observed at least 1 MHz from the ISM band edges,Figure 9:1Recommendation for wide-band equipment, clause 8.7, without modulation. (Onlydifference: 100 kHz RBW was used instead of 120 kHz). From the measurement it can beseen that the main critical spurious emission is generated by the 13.56 MHz clock frequency.The level of CLK spurious is near –48 dBM so the suppression is 45 dB for this component.Figure 10:Typical out spectrum in ASK 9.2 kb/s PRN modulation.Figure 11:Transmission power as function of time at ASK modulation with an 9.2 kbit/s 0101.. data pattern.6P a c k a g e I n f o r m a t i o nFigure 12:Physical dimensions of TSSOP-14.Common DimensionsSymbolMinimal (mm)Nominal (mm)Maximal (mm) A-- 1.20A10.05-0.15b0.19-0.30D 4.90- 5.10e0.65 BSCE- 6.40-E1 4.30- 4.50L0.45-0.75α0°-8°Copyright © 2000, Austria Mikro Systeme International AG, Schloß Premstätten, 8141 Unterpremstätten, Austria.Tel.: +43-(0)3136-500-0, Fax: +43-(0)3136-52501, E-Mail: info@All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing by the copyright holder. To the best of its knowledge, Austria Mikro Systeme International asserts that the information contained in this publication is accurate and correct.。
车辆轴重参数参考表
车辆轴重参数参考表单后轴货车（车型大类编码 01）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------车型序号车型名称前轴重(kN) 后轴重(kN) 后轴数后轴轮组数后轴距(m)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------01 标准轴载BZZ-100 1 2 002 北京BJ130 1 2 003 成都CD130 1 2 004 金杯SY132 1 2 005 金杯SY450 1 2 006 菲亚特50NC-A 1 2 007 跃进NJ131 1 2 008 江淮HF140A 1 2 009 跃进NJ134A 1 2 010 奔驰LPK709 1 2 011 五十铃NPR595G 1 2 012 切贝尔D350 1 2 013 三菱T653B 1 2 014 喀什布阡131 1 2 015 三菱FR415 1 2 016 切贝尔D420 1 2 017 交通SH141 1 2 018 五十铃FSR113N 1 2 019 依维柯7913 1 2 020 解放CA340 1 2 021 雷诺JN75 1 2 022 吉尔130 1 2 023 黄河CA10B 1 2 024 解放DD341 1 2 025 扶桑T653ZD 1 2 026 东风LZ341 1 2 027 东风LZ340 1 2 028 奔驰LPK913 1 2 029 解放SP3101 1 2 030 东风KM340 1 2 031 布切奇5BR2N 1 2 032 东风SP3090 1 2 033 东风DD347 1 2 034 解放DD349 1 2 035 解放CA50 1 2 036 东风AS141DL 1 2 037 解放AS141DL 1 2 038 东风XQD3090 1 2 039 解放CA141 1 2 040 山西SX341 1 2 041 解放CA/CQ340 1 2 042 切贝尔 1 2 043 东风LZ141 1 2 044 东风EQ140 1 2 045 东风KM140C 1 2 046 依发W50L/K3SK5 1 2 047 解放CA390 1 2 048 解放CA15 1 2 049 东风EQ340 1 2 050 东风ZQ3090 1 2 051 解放CA141 1 2 052 依发W50L/K 1 2 053 日野FC164 1 2 054 菲亚特650E 1 2 055 丰田FDA110L 1 2 056 星牌STAR2000 1 2 057 尼桑CK10G 1 2 058 依士兹TD50 1 2 059 依发H6 1 2 060 斯柯达706R 1 2 061 斯柯达706RTS 1 2 062 黄河QD352 1 2 063 江淮HFF3150C07 1 2 064 依士兹TD50D 1 2 065 黄河QD351 1 2 066 江淮HF352 1 2 067 南阳351 1 2 068 黄海DD352 1 2 069 菲亚特682N3 1 2 070 菲亚特68N3 1 2 071 尼桑CK20L 1 2 072 奔驰LN-1514-42 1 2 073 扶桑FP101 1 2 074 切贝尔 1 2 075 延安SX1160 1 2 076 罗曼R10215F 1 2 077 黄河JN151 1 2 078 玛斯200 1 2 079 嘎斯200 1 2 080 江淮HF150 1 2 081 黄河JN150 1 2 082 日野KB222 1 2 083 南阳NY151JC 1 2 084 耶尔奇315MD3 1 2 085 黄河JN163 1 2 086 黄河JN162 1 2 087 黄河JN162A 1 2 088 沃洛沃N8648 1 2 089 斯堪尼亚L760 1 2 090 齐齐哈尔QQ560 1 2 091 黄河JN362 1 2 0--------------------------------------------------------------------------------双后轴货车（车型大类编码 02）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------车型序号车型名称前轴重(kN) 后轴重(kN) 后轴数后轴轮组数后轴距(m)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------01 东风EQ240 2 2 202 星牌660M2 2 2 203 东风EQ245 2 2 204 解放CA30A* 2 2 205 解放CA30A 2 2 206 东风EQ155 2 2 207 黄河JN253 2 2 208 东风EQ144 2 2 209 长征XD250 2 2 210 长征XD980 2 2 211 太脱拉111 2 2 212 尼桑CWA52 2 2 213 太脱拉111R 2 2 214 太脱拉111S 2 2 215 五十铃CXZ187 2 2 216 日野KF300D 2 2 217 太脱拉138 2 2 218 尼桑CD50 2 2 219 长征CA160 2 2 220 扶桑FU102N 2 2 221 长征XD160 2 2 222 红岩CQ261 2 2 223 尼桑6TW(1)13SD 2 2 224 太脱拉130S 2 2 225 太脱拉138S 2 2 226 长征CZ361 2 2 227 延安SX161 2 2 228 贝利埃GCH6×6 2 2 229 尼桑CW(L)40HD 2 2 230 三菱FV413JDL 2 2 231 扶桑FV102N 2 2 232 日野ZM440 2 2 233 大力SH1261 2 2 234 三菱PV413 2 2 235 太脱拉81553 2 2 236 长征T815VE26 2 2 237 黄河JN360 2 2 238 日野ZM4430 2 2 240 红岩CQ30290 2 2 2--------------------------------------------------------------------------------单后轴客车（车型大类编码 03）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------车型序号车型名称前轴重(kN) 后轴重(kN) 后轴数后轴轮组数后轴距(m)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------01 三湘CK6560 1 2 002 江淮AL6600 1 2 003 风潮HDF650 1 2 004 亚洲ZQ6560 1 2 005 亚洲ZQ6600 1 2 006 红旗CA630 1 2 007 四平SPK6650 1 2 008 红桥HQ630 1 2 009 三湘CK6640 1 2 010 会客HK6670 1 2 011 贵州GZ661A 1 2 012 哈尔滨HK384 1 2 013 新疆XJ644 1 2 014 鞍山AK642-11 1 2 016 武汉WH644A 1 2 017 太湖XQ640 1 2 018 豫牌ZQ643T 1 2 019 成都CD644J 1 2 020 会客JT6910 1 2 021 驼铃TLK6900 1 2 022 新疆XJ-662A 1 2 023 驼铃TLK6910A 1 2 024 珠江CZ660 1 2 025 会客JT6912 1 2 026 驼铃TLK6910 1 2 027 太湖XQ641 1 2 028 瓦房店WK340 1 2 029 远征DK6892 1 2 030 武汉WH644B 1 2 031 江淮HK6911 1 2 032 驼铃TLK6930 1 2 033 衡山HS663 1 2 034 三湘CK6891 1 2 035 三湘CK6892 1 2 036 长鹿HB6912 1 2 037 豫牌ZQ643C 1 2 038 黄海DD640 1 2 040 长鹿HB6913 1 2 041 新疆XJ-95DION 1 2 042 瓦房店WK341 1 2 043 四平SPK6970 1 2 044 鞍山AK6980H 1 2 045 沈飞SF662 1 2 046 会客HK6960 1 2 047 三湘CK6960HK 1 2 048 鞍山AK340H 1 2 049 镇江ZJ662 1 2 050 瓦房店WK141 1 2 051 四平SPK6900 1 2 052 太湖XQ643 1 2 053 衡阳HY681 1 2 054 黄海DD650 1 2 055 黄海DD680 1 2 056 衡阳HY680 1 2 057 新疆XJ680 1 2 058 衡阳HY682 1 2 059 黄海DD6111CS 1 2 060 四平SPK6120 1 2 061 北京BK651 1 2 062 四平SPK6100PM 1 2 064 依卡露斯256 1 2 065 黄海DD6113HK 1 2 066 山西JT6121A 1 2 067 长鹿HB6121 1 2 068 依卡露斯266 1 2 0双后轴客车（车型大类编码 04）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------车型序号车型名称前轴重(kN) 后轴重(kN) 后轴数后轴轮组数后轴距(m)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------01 金陵JL6121S 2 2 402 会客JT692A 2 2 403 鞍山AK682 2 2 404 瓦房店WK173A 2 2 405 华龙SK171A 2 2 406 四平SPK6150 2 2 407 瓦房店WK174A 2 2 408 黄海DD690 2 2 4--------------------------------------------------------------------------------拖挂车（车型大类编码 05）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------车型序号车型名称前轴重(kN) 后轴重(kN) 后轴数后轴轮组数后轴距(m)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------01 交通SH-141 2 2 402 东风CS938 2 2 403 东风DEZ-140A 2 2 404 东风SP9135 2 2 405 解放SP9134 2 2 406 东风SP9135B 2 2 407 解放SP9134B 2 2 408 湘江HQP40 2 2 409 东风XQD5170TGC 2 2 410 解放SP9133 2 2 411 东风YCY-900 2 2 412 鞍山AS9170 2 2 413 耶尔奇316 2 2 414 东风EQ140K 2 2 4--------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 汉阳HY480 2 2 2--------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 解放SP9200 3 2 417 五十铃EXR181L 3 2 418 罗曼SQ9251 3 2 419 东风SP9250 3 2 4--------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 尤尼克2766 4 2 2--------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
工业场所有害因素职业接触限值
中华人民共和国国家职业卫生标准（GBZ 2-2002）工作场所有害因素职业接触限值Occupational Exposure Limit for Hazardous Agents in the Workplace说明PC-TWA 时间加权平均容许浓度（8小时）。
PC-MAC 最高容许浓度，指在一个工作日内任何时间都不应超过的浓度。
PC-STEL 短时间接触容许浓度（15分钟）。
* 表1：数值系根据“超限系数”推算；表2：粉尘TWA的接触上限值。
** 表1：“其他粉尘”指不含有石棉且游离SiO2含量低于10%，不含有毒物质，尚未制订专项卫生标准的粉尘。
总粉尘指直径为40mm的滤膜，按标准粉尘测定方法采样所得的粉尘。
呼尘呼吸性粉尘，指按呼吸性粉尘采样方法所采集的可进入肺泡的粉尘粒子，其空气动力学直径均在μｍ以下，空气动力学直径5μｍ粉尘粒子的采样效率为50%。
表1工作场所空气中有毒物质容许浓度(mg/m3)No 中文名（CAS No.）英文名MAC TWA *STEL1. 安妥(86-88-4) Antu -- *2. 氨(7664-41-7) Ammonia -- 20 303. 2-氨基吡啶（皮）（504-29-0）2-Aminopyridine(skin) -- 2 5*4. 氨基磺酸铵（7773-06-0）Ammonium sulfamate -- 6 15*5. 氨基氰（420-04-2）Cyanamide -- 2 5*6. 奥克托今（2691-41-0）Octogen -- 2 47. 巴豆醛（4170-30-3）Crotonaldehyde 12 -- --8. 百菌清（1897-45-6）Chlorothalonile 1 -- --9. 倍硫磷（皮）（55-38-9）Fenthion(skin) --10. 苯（皮）（71-43-2）Benzene(skin) -- 6 1011. 苯胺（皮）（62-53-3）Aniline(skin) -- 3 *12. 苯基醚（二苯醚）（101-84-8）P henyl ether -- 7 1413. 苯硫磷（皮）（2104-64-5）EPN（skin) -- *14. 苯乙烯（皮）（100-42-5）Styene(skin) -- 50 10015. 吡啶（110-86-1）Pyridine -- 4 10*16. 苄基氯（100-44-7）Benzyl chloride 5 -- --17. 丙醇（71-23-8）Propyl alcohol -- 200 30018. 丙酸（70-09-4）Propionic acid -- 30 60*19. 丙酮（67-64-1）Acetone -- 300 45020. 丙酮氰醇（按CN计）（皮）（75-86-5）Acetone cyanohydrin(skin) as CN 3 -- --21. 丙烯醇（皮）（107-18-6）Allyl alcohol(skin) -- 2 322. 丙烯腈（皮）（107-13-1）Acrylonitrile(skin) -- 1 223. 丙烯醛（107-02-8）Acrolein -- --24. 丙烯酸（皮）（79-10-7）Acrylic acid(skin) -- 6 15*25. 丙烯酸甲酯（皮）（96-33-3）M ethyl acrylate(skin) -- 20 40*26. 丙烯酸正丁酯（141-32-2）n-Butyl acrylate -- 25 50*27. 丙烯酰胺（皮）（79-06-1）Acrylamide(skin) -- *28. 草酸（144-62-7）Oxalic acid -- 1 229. 抽余油（60～220℃）Raffinate（60～220℃）-- 300 450*30. 臭氧（10028-15-6）Ozone -- --31. 滴滴涕（DDT）（50-29-3）Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) -- *32. 敌百虫（52-68-6）Trichlorfon -- 133. 敌草隆（330-54-1）Diuron -- 10 25*34. 碲化铋（按Bi2Te3计）（1304-82-1）Bismuth telluride，as Bi2 Te3-- 535. 碘（7553-56-2）Iodine 1 -- --36. 碘仿（75-47-8）Iodoform -- 10 25*37. 碘甲烷（皮）（74-88-4）Methyl iodide(skin) -- 10 25*38. 叠氮酸和叠氮化钠（7782-79-8；26628-22-8）叠氮酸蒸气叠氮化钠Hydrazoic acid and sodium azideHydrazoic acid vaporsodium azide--------39. 丁醇（71-36-3）Butyl alcohol -- 100 200*40. 1,3-丁二烯(106-99-0) 1,3-Butadiene -- 5 *41. 丁醛（123-72-8）Butyladehyde -- 5 1042. 丁酮（78-93-3）Methyl ethyl ketone -- 300 60043. 丁烯（25167-67-3）Butylene -- 100 200*44. 对苯二甲酸（100-21-0）Terephthalic acid -- 8 1545. 对硫磷（皮）（56-38-2）Parathion(skin) --46. 对特丁基甲苯（98-51-1）p-Tert-butyltoluene -- 6 15*47. 对硝基苯胺（皮）（100-01-6）p-Nitroaniline(skin) -- 3 *48. 对硝基氯苯/二硝基氯苯（皮）（100-00-5/25567-67-3）p-Nitrochlorobenzene/Dinitrochlorobenzene(skin)-- *49. 多次甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯（57029-46-6）Polymetyhlene polyphenylisocyanate(PMPPI)--50. 二苯胺（122-39-4）Diphenylamine -- 10 25*51. 二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（101-68-8）Diphenylmethane diisocyanate --52. 二丙二醇甲醚（皮)（34590-94-8）Dipropylene glycolmethyl ether(skin) -- 600 90053. 2-N-二丁氨基乙醇（皮）（102-81-8）2-N-Dibutylaminoethanol(skin) -- 4 10*54. 二恶烷（皮）（123-91-1）1,1,4-Dioxane(skin) -- 70 140*55. 二氟氯甲烷（75-45-6）Chlorodifluoromethane -- 3500 5250*56. 二甲胺（124-40-3）Dimethylamine -- 5 1057. 二甲苯（全部异构体）（1330-20-7；95-47-6；108-38-3）Xylene(all isomers) -- 50 100 58. 二甲苯胺（皮）（121-69-7） Dimethylanilne(skin) -- 5 1059. 1,3-二甲基丁基醋酸酯（仲-乙酸己酯）(108-84-9) 1,3-Dimethylbutylacetate(sec-hexylacetate)-- 300 450*60. 二甲基二氯硅烷（75-78-5）Dimethyl dichlorosilane 2 -- --61. 二甲基甲酰胺（皮）（68-12-2）D imethylformamide(DMF)(skin) -- 20 40*62. 3,3-二甲基联苯胺（皮）（119-93-7）3,3-Dimethylbenzidine(skin) -- --63. 二甲基乙酰胺（皮）（127-19-5）D imethyl acetamide(skin) -- 20 40*64. 二聚环戊二烯（77-73-6）Dicyclopentadiene -- 25 50*65. 二硫化碳（皮）（75-15-0）Carbon disulfide(skin) -- 5 1066. 1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷（594-72-9）1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane -- 12 24*67. 二氯苯对二氯苯（106-46-7）邻二氯苯（95-50-1）Dichlorobenzenep-Dichlorobenzeneo-Dichlorobenzene----30506010068. 1,3-二氯丙醇（皮）（96-23-1）1,3-Dichloropropanol(skin) -- 5 *69. 1,2-二氯丙烷（78-87-5）1,2-Dichloropropane -- 350 50070. 1,3-二氯丙烯（皮）（542-75-6）1,3-Dichloropropene(skin) -- 4 10*71. 二氯代乙炔（7572-29-4）Dichloroacetylene -- --72. 二氯二氟甲烷（75-71-8）Dichlorodifluoromethane -- 5000 7500*73. 二氯甲烷（75-09-2）Dichloromethane -- 200 300*74. 1,2-二氯乙烷（107-06-2）1,2-Dichloroethane -- 7 1575. 1,2-二氯乙烯（540-59-0）1,2-Dichloroethylene -- 800 1200*76. 二缩水甘油醚（2238-07-5）Diglycidyl ether -- *77. 二硝基苯（全部异构体）（皮）（582-29-0；99-65-0；100-25-4）Dinitrobenzene(all isomers)(skin) -- 1 *78. 二硝基甲苯（皮）（25321-14-6）D initrotoluene(skin) -- *79. 4,6-二硝基邻苯甲酚（皮）（534-52-1）4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol(skin) -- *80. 二氧化氮（10102-44-0）Nitrogen dioxide -- 5 1081. 二氧化硫（7446-09-5）Sulfur dioxide -- 5 1082. 二氧化氯（10049-04-4）Chlorine dioxide --83. 二氧化碳（124-38-9）Carbon dioxide -- 9000 1800084. 二氧化锡（按Sn计）（1332-29-2）Tin dioxdie,as Sn -- 2 5*85. 2-二乙氨基乙醇（皮）（100-37-8）2-Diethylaminoethanol(skin) -- 50 100*86. 二乙撑三胺（皮）（111-40-0）D iethylene triamine(skin) -- 4 10*87. 二乙基甲酮（96-22-0）Diethyl ketone -- 700 90088. 二乙烯基苯（1321-740-0）Divinyl benzene -- 50 100*89. 二异丁基甲酮（108-83-8）Diisobutyl ketone -- 145 218*90. 二异氰酸甲苯酯（TDI）（584-84-9）Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate(TDI) --91. 二月桂酸二丁基锡（皮）（77-58-7）Dibutyltin dilaurate(skin) --92. 钒及其化合物（按V计）（7440-62-6）五氧化二钒烟尘钒铁合金尘Vanadium and compounds,as VVanadium pentoxide fume、dustFerrovanadium alloy dust---- 1**93. 呋喃（110-00-9）Furan -- *94. 氟化氢（按F计）（7664-39-3）H ydrogen fluoride,as F 2 -- --95. 氟化物（不含氟化氢）（按F计）Fluorides(except HF),as F -- 2 5*96. 锆及其化合物（按Zr计）（7440-67-7）Zirconium and compounds,as Zr -- 5 1097. 镉及其化合物（按Cd计）（7440-43-9）Cadmium and compounds,as Cd --98. 汞(7439-97-6)金属汞（蒸气） 有机汞化合物（皮）（按Hg 计） MercuryElement mercury(vapor) Mercury organic compounds(skin)as Hg -- --99. 钴及其氧化物（按Co 计）（7440-48-4） Cobalt and oxides,as Co -- 100. 光气（75-44-5）Phosgene-- -- 101. 癸硼烷（皮）（17702-41-9） Decaborane(skin) -- 102. 过氧化苯甲酰（94-36-0） Benzoyl peroxide -- 5 * 103. 过氧化氢（7722-84-1） Hydrogen peroxide -- * 104. 环己胺（108-91-8） Cyclohexylamine -- 10 20 105. 环己醇（皮）（108-93-0） Cyclohexanol(skin) -- 100 200* 106. 环己酮（皮）（108-94-1） Cyclohexanone(skin) -- 50 100* 107. 环己烷（110-82-7） Cyclohexane -- 250 375* 108. 环氧丙烷（75-56-9）Propylene Oxide-- 5 * 109. 环氧氯丙烷（皮）（106-89-8） E pichlorohydrin(skin) -- 1 2 110. 环氧乙烷（75-21-8） Elthylene oxide -- 2 5* 111. 黄磷（7723-14-0） Yellow phosphorus -- 112. 茴香胺（皮）邻茴香胺（皮）（90-04-0） 对茴香胺（皮）（104-94-9） Anisidine(skin)o-Anisidine(skin) p-Anisidine(skin) -- --* * 113. 己二醇（107-41-5）Hexylene glycol100 -- -- 114. 1,6-己二异氰酸酯（822-06-0） H examethylene diisocyanate -- * 115. 己内酰胺（105-60-2） Caprolactam -- 5 * 116. 2-己酮（皮）（591-78-6） 2-Hexanone(skin) -- 20 40 117. 甲醇（皮）（67-56-1） Methanol(skin) -- 25 50 118. 甲拌磷（皮）（298-02-2） Thimet(skin) -- -- 119. 甲苯（皮）（108-88-3）Toluene(skin)-- 50 100 120. N -甲苯胺（皮）（100-61-8） N-Methyl aniline(skin) -- 2 5* 121. 甲酚（皮）（1319-77-3）Cresol(skin)-- 10 25* 122. 甲基丙烯腈（皮）（126-98-7） M ethylacrylonitrile(skin) -- 3 * 123. 甲基丙烯酸（79-41-4）Methacrylic acid-- 70 140* 124. 甲基丙烯酸甲酯（80-62-6） Methyl methacrylate -- 100 200* 125. 甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（106-91-2） Glycidyl methacrylate 5 -- -- 126. 甲基肼（皮）（60-34-4）Methyl hydrazine(skin)-- -- 127. 甲基内吸磷（皮）（8022-00-2） M ethyl demeton(skin)--*128. 18-甲基炔诺酮（炔诺孕酮）（6533-00-2）18-Methyl norgestrel -- 2 129. 甲硫醇（74-93-1）Methyl mercaptan -- 1 * 130. 甲醛（50-00-0）Formaldehyde -- -- 131. 甲酸（64-18-6）Formic acid -- 10 20 132. 甲氧基乙醇（皮）（109-86-4）2-Methoxyethanol(skin) -- 15 30* 133. 甲氧氯（72-43-5）Methoxychlor -- 10 25* 134. 间苯二酚（108-46-3）Resorcinol -- 20 40* 135. 焦炉逸散物（按苯溶物计）Coke oven emissions,as benzene solubematter-- * 136. 肼（皮）（302-01-2）Hydrazine(skin) --137. 久效磷（皮）（6923-32-4）Monocrotophos(skin) -- * 138. 糖醇（98-00-0）Furfuryl alcohol -- 40 60 139. 糖醛（皮）（98-01-1）Furfural(skin) -- 5 * 140. 考的松（53-06-5）Cortisone -- 1 *141. 苛性碱氢氧化钠1310-73-2氢氧化钾1310-58-3 Caustic alcaliSodium hydroxidePotassium hydroxide22--------142. 枯草杆菌蛋白酶Subtilisins -- 15ng/m330ng/m3 143. 苦味酸（88-89-1）Picric acid -- * 144. 乐果（皮）（60-51-5）Rogor(skin) -- 1 * 145. 联苯（92-52-4）Biphenyl -- * 146. 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（84-74-2）D ibutyl phthalate -- * 147. 邻苯二甲酸酐（85-44-9）Phthalic anhydride 1 -- -- 148. 邻氯苯乙烯（2038-87-47）o-Chlorostyrene -- 250 400149. 邻氯苄叉丙二腈（皮）（2698-41-1）o-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile(skin)-- --150. 邻仲丁基苯酚（皮）（89-72-5）o-sec-Butylphenol(skin) -- 30 60* 151. 磷胺（皮）（13171-21-6）Phosphamidon(skin) -- * 152. 磷化氢（7803-51-2）Phosphine -- -- 153. 磷酸（7664-38-2）Phosphoric acid -- 1 3 154. 磷酸二丁基苯酯（皮）（2528-36-1）Dibutyl phenyl phosphate(skin) -- * 155. 硫化氢（7783-06-4）Hydrogen sulfide 10 -- -- 156. 硫酸钡（按Ba计）（7727-06-0）B arium sulfate,as Ba -- 10 25* 157. 硫酸二甲酯（皮）（77-78-1）D imethyl sulfate(skin) -- * 158. 硫酸及三氧化硫（7664-93-9）S ulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide -- 1 2159. 硫酸氟（2699-79-8）Sulfuryl fluoride -- 20 40 160. 六氟丙酮（皮）（684-16-2） Hexafluoroacetone(skin) -- * 161. 六氟丙烯（116-15-4）Hexafluoropropylene -- 4 10* 162. 六氟化硫（2551-62-4）Sulfur hexafluoride -- 6000 9000* 163. 六六六（608-73-1）Hexachlorocyclohexane --164. γ-六六六（58-89-9）γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane --165. 六氯丁二烯（皮）（87-68-3）H exachlorobutadine(skin) -- * 166. 六氯环戊二烯（77-47-4）Hexachlorocyclopentadiene -- * 167. 六氯萘（皮）（1335-87-1）Hexachloronaphthalene(skin) -- * 168. 六氯乙烷（皮）（67-72-1）Hexachloroethane(skin) -- 10 25* 169. 氯（7782-50-5）Chlorine 1 -- -- 170. 氯苯（108-90-7）Chlorobenzene -- 50 100* 171. 氯丙酮（皮）（78-95-5）Chloroacetone(skin) 4 -- -- 172. 氯丙烯（107-05-1）Allyl chloride -- 2 4 173. 氯丁二烯（皮）（126-99-8） Chloroprene(skin) -- 4 10* 174. 氯化铵烟（12125-02-9）Ammonium chloride fume -- 10 20 175. 氯化苦（76-06-2）Chloropicrin 1 -- -- 176. 氯化氢及盐酸（7647-01-0）Hydrogen chloride and chlorhydric acid -- -- 177. 氯化氰（506-77-4）Cyanogen chloride -- -- 178. 氯化锌烟（7646-85-7）Zinc chloride fume -- 1 2 179. 氯甲甲醚（107-30-2）Chloromethyl methyl ether -- -- 180. 氯甲烷（74-87-3）Methyl chloride -- 60 120 181. 氯联苯（54%氯）（皮）（11097-69-1）Chlorodiphenyl (54%Cl)(skin) -- * 182. 氯萘（皮）（90-13-1）Chloronaphthalene(skin) -- * 183. 氯乙醇（皮）（107-07-3）Ethylene chlorohydrin(skin) 2 -- -- 184. 氯乙醛（107-20-0）Chloroacetaldehyde 3 -- -- 185. 氯乙烯（75-01-4) Vinyl chloride -- 10 25* 186. α-氯乙酰苯（532-27-4）α-Chloroacetophenone -- * 187. 氯乙酰氯（皮）（79-04-9）Chloroacetyl chloride(skin) --188. 马拉硫磷（皮）（121-75-5） Malathion(skin) -- 2 5* 189. 马来酸酐（108-31-6）Maleic anhydride -- 1 2 190. 吗啉（皮）（110-91-8）Morpholine(skin) -- 60 120*191. 煤焦油沥青挥发物（按苯溶物计）（65996-93-2）Coal tar pitch volatiles,as Benzenesoluble matters-- *192. 锰及其无机化合物（按MnO 2计） （7439-96-5） Manganese and inorganic compounds,as MnO 2 --* 193. 钼及其化合物（Mo 计）（7439-98-7）钼，不溶性化合物 可溶性化合物Molybdeum and compounds,as Mo Molybdeum and insoluble compounds Soluble compounds-- --6 415* 10*194. 内吸磷（皮）（8065-48-3） Demeton(skin) -- * 195. 萘（91-20-3） Naphthalene -- 50 75 196. 2-萘酚（2814-77-9） 2-Naphthol -- 197. 萘烷（91-17-8） Decalin -- 60 120* 198. 尿素（57-13-6）Urea -- 5 10 199. 镍及其无机化合物（按Ni 计） （7440-02-0）金属镍与难溶性镍化合物可溶性镍化合物 Nickel and inorganic compounds,as NiNickel and isoluble compounds Soluble compounds-- --1* *200. 铍及其化合物（按Be 计）（7440-41-7）Beryllium and compounds,as Be--201. 偏二甲基肼（皮）（57-14-7） U nsymmetric dimethylhydrazine(skin) -- * 202. 铅及无机化合物（按Pb 计）（7439-92-1）铅尘 铅烟Lead and inorganic Compounds,as Pb Lead dust Lead fume-- -- -- -- 203. 氢化锂（7580-67-8） Lithium hydride -- 204. 氢醌（123-31-9） Hydroquinone -- 1 2 205. 氢氧化铯（21351-79-1） Cesium hydroxide -- 2 5* 206. 氰氨化钙（156-62-7） Calcium cyanamide-- 1 3 207. 氰化氢（按CN 计）（皮）（74-90-8） Hydrogen cyanide,as CN(skin) 1 -- -- 208. 氰化物（按CN 计）（皮）（460-19-5）Cyanides,as CN(skin)1 -- -- 209. 氰戊菊酯（皮）（51630-58-1） F envalerate(skin) -- * 210. 全氟异丁烯（382-21-8） Perfluoroisobutylene -- -- 211. 壬烷（11-84-2） Nonane-- 500 750* 212. 溶剂汽油Solvent gasolines -- 300 450* 213. n -乳酸正丁酯（138-22-7）n-Butyl lactate-- 25 50* 214. 三次甲基三硝基胺（黑索今）（121-82-4）Cyclonite(RDX)--*215. 三氟化氯（7790-91-2）Chlorine trifluoride -- -- 216. 三氟化硼（7637-07-2）Boron trifluoride 3 -- -- 217. 三氟甲基次氟酸酯Trifluoromethyl hypofluorite -- -- 218. 三甲苯磷酸酯（皮）（1330-78-5）Tricresyl phosphate(skin) -- *219. 1,2,3-三氯丙烷（皮）（96-18-4）1,2,3-Trichloropropane(skin) -- 60 120* 220. 三氯化磷（7719-12-2）Phosphorus trichloride -- 1 2 221. 三氯甲烷（67-66-3）Trichloromethane -- 20 40* 222. 三氯硫磷（3982-91-0）Phosphorous thiochloride -- -- 223. 三氯氢硅（10025-28-2）Trichlorosilane 3 -- -- 224. 三氯氧磷（10025-87-3）Phosphorus oxychloride --225. 三氯乙醛（75-87-6）Trichloroacetaldehyde 3 -- -- 226. 1,1,1-三氯乙烷（71-55-6）1,1,1-trichloroethane -- 900 1350* 227. 三氯乙烯（79-01-6）Trichloroethylene -- 30 60* 228. 三硝基甲苯（皮）（118-96-7）T rinitrotoluene(skin) --229. 三氧化铬、铬酸盐、重铬酸盐（按Cr计）（7440-47-3）Chromium trioxide、chromate、dichromate,as Cr-- *230. 三乙基氯化锡（皮）（994-31-0）T riethyltin chloride(skin) --231. 杀螟松（皮）（122-14-5）Sumithion(skin) -- 1 2 232. 砷化氢（胂）（7784-42-1）Arsine -- -- 233. 砷及其无机化合物（按As计）(7440-38-2)Arsenic and inoganic compounds,as As --234. 升汞（氯化汞）（7487-94-7）M ercuric chloride -- * 235. 石腊烟（8002-74-2）Paraffin wax fume -- 2 4236. 石油沥青烟（按苯溶物计）（8052-42-4）Asphalt(petroleum)fume,as benzenesoluble matter-- 5 *237. 双（巯基乙酸）二辛基锡（26401-97-8）Bis(marcaptoacetate)dioctyltin --238. 双丙酮醇（123-42-2）Diacetone alcohol -- 240 360* 239. 双硫醒（97-77-8）Disulfiram -- 2 5* 240. 双氯甲醚（542-88-1）Bis(chloromethyl)ether -- -- 241. 四氯化碳（皮）（56-23-5）Carbon tetrachloride(skin) -- 15 25 242. 四氯乙烯（127-18-4）Tetrachloroethylene -- 200 300* 243. 四氢呋喃（109-99-9）Tetrahydrofuran -- 300 450* 244. 四氢化锗（7782-65-2）Germanium tetrahydride -- * 245. 四溴化碳（558-13-4）Carbon tetrabromide -- 4246. 四乙基铅（按Pb 计）（皮）（78-00-2） Tetraethyl lead,as Pb(skin) -- * 247. 松节油（8006-64-2）Turpentine-- 300 450* 248. 铊及其可溶性化合物（按TI 计）（皮）（7440-28-0） Thalium and soluble compounds,asTI(skin) -- -- 249. 钽及其氧化物（按Ta 计）（7440-25-7）Tantalum and oxide,as Ta-- 5 * 250. 碳酸钠（纯碱）（3313-92-6） S odium carbonate -- 3 6 251. 羰基氟（353-50-4）Carbonyl fluoride-- 5 10 252. 羰基镍（按Ni 计）（13463-39-3） N ickel carbonyl,as Ni -- -- 253. 锑及其化合物（按Sb 计）（7440-36-0）Antimony and compounds,as Sb-- * 254. 铜（按Cu 计）（7440-50-8） 铜尘 铜烟Copper,as CuCopper dust Copper fume-- --1 * * 255. 钨及其不溶性化合物(按W 计)（7440-33-7） Tungsten and insoluble compounds,as W --5 10 256. 五氟氯乙烷（76-15-3） Chloropentafluoroethane -- 5000 7500* 257. 五硫化二磷（1314-80-3） Phosphorus pentasulfide -- 1 3 258. 五氯酚及其钠盐（皮）（87-86-5） Pentachlorophenol and sodiumsalts(skin)-- * 259. 五羰基铁（按Fe 计）（13463-40-6） Iron pentacarbonyl,as Fe -- 260. 五氧化二磷（1314-56-3） Phosphorus pentoxide 1 -- -- 261. 戊醇（71-41-0） Amyl alcohol -- 100 200* 262. 戊烷（109-66-0）Pentane-- 500 1000 263. 硒化氢（按Se 计）（7783-07-5） H ydrogen selenide,as Se--264. 硒及其化合物（按Se 计）（除外六氟化硒、硒化氢）（7782-49-2） Selenium and compounds, as Se(except hexafluoride,hydrogen selenide) --*265. 纤维素（9004-34-6）Cellulose-- 10 25* 266. 硝化甘油（皮）（55-63-0） Nitroglycerine(skin) 1 -- -- 267. 硝基苯（皮）（98-95-3） Nitrobenzene(skin) -- 2 5* 268. 1-硝基丙烷(108-03-2) 1-Nitropropane -- 90 180* 269. 2-硝基丙烷（79-46-9）2-Nitropropane-- 30 60* 270. 硝基甲苯（全部异构体）（皮） （88-72-2；99-08-1；99-99-0） Nitrotoluene,(all isomers)(skin)-- 10 25* 271. 硝基甲烷（75-52-5）Nitromethane--50100*272. 硝基乙烷（79-24-3）Nitroethane -- 300 450* 273. 辛烷（111-65-9）Octane -- 500 750* 274. 溴（7726-95-6）Bromine -- 2 275. 溴化氢（10035-10-6）Hydrogen bromide 10 -- -- 276. 溴甲烷（皮）（74-83-9）Methyl bromide(skin) -- 2 5* 277. 溴氰菊酯（52918-63-5）Deltamethrin -- * 278. 氧化钙（1305-78-8）Calcium oxide -- 2 5* 279. 氧化乐果（皮）（1113-02-6）O methoate(skin) -- * 280. 氧化镁烟（1309-48-4）Magnesium oxide fume -- 10 25* 281. 氧化锌（1314-13-2）Zinc oxide -- 3 5 282. 液化石油气（68476-85-7）Liqufied petroleum一甲胺（甲胺）（74-89-5）Monomethylamine -- 5 10 284. 一氧化氮（10102-43-9）Nitric oxide(Nitrogen monooxide) -- 15 30*285. 一氧化碳（630-08-0）非高原高原海拔2000米～海拔>3000米Carbon monoxidenot in high altitude areain high altitude area2000m～>3000m--201520----30----286. 乙胺（75-04-7）Ethylamine -- 9 18 287. 乙苯（100-41-4）Ethyl benzene -- 100 150 288. 乙醇胺（141-43-5）Ethanolamine -- 8 15 289. 乙二胺（皮）（107-15-3）Ethylenediamine(skin) -- 4 10 290. 乙二醇（107-21-1）Ethylene glycol -- 20 40 291. 乙二醇二硝酸酯（皮）（628-96-6）Ethylene glycol dinitrate(skin) -- * 292. 乙酐（108-24-7）Acetic anhydride -- 16 32* 293. N-乙基吗啉（皮）（100-74-3）N-Ethylmorpholine(skin) -- 25 50* 294. 乙基戊基甲酮（541-85-5）Ethyl amyl ketone -- 130 195* 295. 乙腈（75-05-8）Acetonitrile -- 10 25* 296. 乙硫醇（75-08-1）Ethyl mercaptan -- 1 * 297. 乙醚（60-29-7）Ethyl ether -- 300 500 298. 乙硼烷（12987-45-7）Diborane -- * 299. 乙醛（75-07-0）Acetaldehyde 45 -- -- 300. 乙酸（64-19-7）Acetic acid -- 10 20 301. 乙酸（2-甲氧基乙基酯）（皮）（110-49-6）2-Methoxyethyl acetate(skin) -- 20 40*302. 乙酸丙酯（109-60-4）Propyl acetate -- 200 300 303. 乙酸丁酯（123-86-4）Butyl acetate -- 200 300 304. 乙酸甲酯（79-20-9）Methyl acetate -- 100 200Amyl acetate(all isomers) -- 100 200 305. 乙酸戊酯（全部异构体）（628-63-7）306. 乙酸乙烯酯（108-05-4）Vinyl acetate -- 10 15 307. 乙酸乙酯（141-78-6）Ethyl acetate -- 200 300 308. 乙烯酮（463-51-4）Ketene --309. 乙酰甲胺磷（皮）（30560-19-1）A cephate(skin) -- * 310. 乙酰水杨酸（阿司匹林）Acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin) -- 5 * （50-78-2）311. 2-乙氧基乙醇（皮）（110-80-5）2-Ethoxyethanol(skin) -- 18 362-Ethoxyethyl acetate(skin) -- 30 60* 312. 2-乙氧基乙基乙酸酯（皮）（111-15-9）Yttrium and compounds(as Y) -- 1 * 313. 钇及其化合物（按Y计）（7440-65-5）314. 异丙铵（75-31-0）Isopropylamine -- 12 24 315. 异丙醇（67-63-0）Isopropyl alcohol(IPA) -- 350 700 316. N-异丙基苯胺（皮）（768-52-5）N-Isopropylaniline(skin) -- 10 25* 317. 异稻瘟净（皮）（26087-47-8）K itazine o-p(skin) -- 2 5 318. 异佛尔酮（78-59-1）Isophorone 30 -- --Isophorone diisocyante(IPDI) --319. 异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯（4098-71-9）320. 异氰酸甲酯（皮）（624-83-9）M ethyl isocyanate(skin) --321. 异亚丙基丙酮（141-79-7）Mesityl oxide -- 60 100Indium and compounds,as In --322. 铟及其化合物（按In计）（7440-74-6）323. 茚（95-13-6）Indene -- 50 100* 324. 正丁胺（皮）（109-73-9）n-butylamine 15 -- -- 325. 正丁基硫醇（109-79-5）n-butyl mercaptan -- 2 5*n-butyl glycidyl ether -- 60 120* 326. 正丁基缩水甘油醚（2426-08-6）327. 正庚烷（142-82-5）n-Heptane -- 500 1000 328. 正己烷（皮）（110-54-3）n-Hexane(skin) -- 100 180 329. 重氮甲烷（334-88-3）Diazomethane --表2 工作场所空气中粉尘容许浓度（mg/m3）序 号 中文名CAS No.英文名TWA *STEL 1. 白云石粉尘总尘 呼尘Dolomite dust Total dust Respirable dust8 4 10 8 2. 玻璃钢粉尘（总尘） Fiberglass reinforced plasticdust(total) 3 6 3. 茶尘（总尘）Tea dust(total)2 3 4. 沉淀SiO 2(白炭黑）（） （总尘）Precipitated silica dust(total)5105. 大理石粉尘（1317-65-3） 总尘 呼尘Marble dust Total dust Respirable dust 8 4 10 8 6. 电焊烟尘（总尘）Welding fume(total)4 6 7. 二氧化钛粉尘（13463-67-7）（总尘） T itanium dioxide dust(total) 8 10 8. 沸石粉尘（总尘） Zeolite dust(total)510 9. 酚醛树酯粉尘（总尘）Phenolic aldehyde resin dust(total) 610 10. 谷物粉尘（游离SiO 2 含量<10%)(总尘） G rain dust(free SiO 2<10%)(total) 4 8 11. 硅灰石粉尘（13983-17-0）（总尘） Wollastonite dust(total) 5 10 12. 硅藻土粉尘（61790-53-2）游离SiO 2 含量<10%（总尘） Diatomite dust free SiO 2<10%（total) 6 10 13. 滑石粉尘（游离SiO 2 含量<10%)(14807-96-6) 总尘 呼尘Talc dust(free SiO 2<10%)Total dust Respirable dust3 14 2 14. 活性炭粉尘（64365-11-3）（总尘） Active carbon dust(total)5 10 15. 聚丙烯粉尘（总尘） Polypropylene dust(total)510 16. 聚丙烯腈纤维粉尘（总尘）Polyacryonitrile fiber dust(total) 24 17. 聚氯乙烯粉尘（9002-86-2）（总尘） P olyvinyl chloride(PVC)dust(total)5 10 18. 聚乙烯粉尘（9002-88-4）（总尘） Polyethylene dust(total)510 19. 铝、氧化铝、铝合金粉尘（7429-90-5） 铝、铝合金（总尘） 氧化铝（总尘） Dust of aluminium, aluminium oxide and aluminium alloys Aluminium,aluminium alloys(total) Aluminium oxide(total)3 44 620. 麻尘（亚麻、黄麻和苎麻）（游离SiO2含量 <10%)(总尘）亚麻黄麻苎麻Flax,jute and remine dusts(free SiO2 <10%)(total)FlaxJuteRamie2334621. 煤尘（游离SiO2含量<10%)总尘呼尘Coal dust(free SiO2<10%)Total dustRespirable dust4 622. 棉尘（总尘）Cotton dust(total) 1 323. 木粉尘（总尘）Wood dust(total) 3 524. 凝聚SiO2粉尘总尘呼尘Condensed silica dustTotal dustRespirable dust3125. 膨润士粉尘（1302-78-9）（总尘）Bentonite dust(total) 6 1026. 皮毛粉尘（总尘）Fur dust(total) 8 1027. 人造玻璃质纤维玻璃棉棉粉尘（总尘）矿渣棉粉尘（总尘）岩棉粉法（总尘）Man-made vitrious fiberFibrous glass dust(total)Slag wool dust(total)Rock wool dust(total)33355528. 桑蚕丝尘（总尘）Mulberry silk dust(total) 8 1029. 砂轮磨尘（总尘）Grinding wheel dust(total) 8 1030. 石膏粉尘（10101-41-4）总尘呼尘Gypsum dustTotal dustRespirable dust8410831. 石灰石粉尘（1317-65-3）总尘呼尘Limestone dustTotal dustRespirable dust8410832. 石棉纤维及含有10%以上石棉的粉尘（1332-21-4）总尘纤维Asbestos fibre and dustsContaining>10%asbestosTotal dustAsbestos fibre mlml33. 石墨粉尘（7782-42-5）总尘呼尘Graphite dustTotal dustRespirable dust426334. 水泥粉尘（游离SiO2含量<10%)总尘呼尘Cement dust(free SiO2<10%)Total dustRespirable dust4 6235. 炭黑粉尘（1333-86-4）（总尘）Carbon black dust(total) 4 836. 碳化硅粉尘（409-21-2）总尘呼尘Silicon carbide dustTotal dustRespirable dust8410837. 碳纤维粉尘（总尘）Carbon fiber dust(total) 3 638. 矽尘（14808-60-7）总尘含10%～50%游离SiO2的粉尘含10%～80%游离SiO2粉尘含80%以上游离SiO2粉尘呼尘含10%～50%游离SiO2含50%～80%游离SiO2含80%以上游离SiO2Silica dustTotal dustContaining 10%～50% free SiO2Containing 50%～80% free SiO2Containing >80% free SiO2Respirable dustContaining 10%～50% free SiO2Containing 50%～80% free SiO2Containing >80% free SiO21 239. 稀土粉尘（游离SiO2 含量 <10%)（总尘）Rare-earth dust (freeSiO2<10%)(total)540. 洗衣粉混合尘Detergent mixed dust 1 241. 烟草尘（总尘）Tobacco dust (total) 2 342. 萤石混合性粉尘（总尘）Fluorspar mixed dust (total) 1 243. 云母粉尘（12001-26-2）总尘呼尘Mica dustTotal dustRespirable dust2 4344. 珍珠岩粉尘（93763-70-3）总尘呼尘Perlite dustTotal dustRespirable dust8410845. 蛭石粉尘（总尘）Vermiculite dust(total) 3 546. 重晶石粉尘（7727-43-7）（总尘）Barite dust (total) 5 1047. ** 其他粉尘Particles not otherwise regulated 8 10。
钢板及钢带常用牌号对照
SM490YB
Q/ASB271-2009
S20C S35C S45C
Q/ASB271-2009 SPHT1 SPHT2 SPHT3
Q/ASB275-2008 SAPH310 SAPH370 SAPH400 SAPH440
Q/ASB275-2008 QStE340TM QStE380TM QStE420TM QStE460TM QStE500TM
Q/ASB273-2005 HP295，SG295
550L
GB/T20887.1—2007 HR270F HR315F HR355F HR380F HR420F HR460F HR500F HR550F HR600F HR650F HR700F
GB/T20887.2~5—2007
HR330/580DP HR450/780DP HR400/590TR HR450/780TR HR300/450HE HR440/580HE HR600/780HE HR900/1200MS HR1050/1400MS
热轧钢 板及钢 带
类别
特点或用途
冷成型用
一般用 冲压用 深冲用 深冲用 一般用 冲压用 深冲用 深冲用 深冲用 深冲用 深冲用
结构用
结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用
结构用
结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用 结构用
碳素结构钢
结构用
焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用 焊接结构用
Q/ASB311-2009(2006) SPCC SPCD SPCE SPCF(SPCEN) SPCG
FPV摄像头说明书
使用说明书Field of View(FOV)Lens Thread Size Video Resolution Video File Format Image Resolution TV Mode InterfaceMax Micro SD Card Supported WiFi Module Dimensions Power Input Working Current Net WeightFPV FOV 4:3@140°, 16:9@170°/HD Recording 170°M12*0.51080@60fps/1080@50fps /1080@30fps/720@60fps MOV 2 MegapixelsNTSC (720*480)/PAL (720*576) Switchable Micro USB / UART64G(need Class 6 or above,recommend Class 10/UHS-I/UHS-II/UHS-III)Support (Removable)PCB 38*38mm/Lens Module 19*19mm DC 5-15V / DC 5V(USB)650mA @5V / 270mA @12V 19g注意：默认开机自动录像，录像状态下V1.0系列版本固件，短按WIFI/模式切换 键，为暂停/开始录像。
V1.1及以后版本固件，录像状态下短按WIFI/模 式切换键为停止录像启动WIFI；待机状态下，WIFI/模式切换键 功能不变。
·指示图A面LED 1：蓝色 WiFi状态灯LED 2：绿色 拍照状态灯LED 3：蓝色 录像状态灯LED 4：橙色 OSD设置状态灯LED 5：红色 电源状态灯（通电后常亮）TX RX GNDVCC+ (DC 5-15V)GND VideoLED 1LED 2LED 3LED 4LED 5麦克风蜂鸣器B面Micro-USBWiFi/模式切换键电源/快门键WiFi模块连接器Sensor连接器·5.8G 图传连接示意图5-17V GND VideoPower in GNDTransmitterPDB·PWM连接示意图·飞控设置准备工作· 固件：CleanFlight(≥2.1.0) or BetaFlight Firmware (coming soon)· 飞控上任意一个可用的uart的接口例如RunCam Split连接到飞控上的UART3接口：将飞控连接电脑，打开飞控调参软件（根据飞控固件的类型，选择对应的调参软件CleanFlight Configurator或者BetaFlight Configurator），在UART3这一行里的Peripherals列里，选择RunCam Device，然后点击Save And Reboot。
东方&系列马达说明
w闭环模式
-7.2 -5.4 -3.6 -1.8 0 位置 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2
q位置偏差未达±1.8° 时， 与步进电动机一样使用开环控制。 w位置偏差达±1.8° 以上时， 自动转换闭环控制， 对转子位置发 生最大转矩的相位进行励磁。
新开发转子位置检测传感器
电动机 驱动器
◇关于新开发转子位置传感器
5相 组合 产品
A C 输 入
低速
2相 UMK
5相
CFKⅡ
高速
最适合用于一边移动工作物，一边观测影像的用途。
●
电动机／驱动器的连接仅需 1 条电缆线。
5相 组合 产品
D C 输 入
电动机／驱动器的连接只需 1 条电缆线即可完成。比起 伺服电动机必须使用（电动机与编码器）2 条电缆线，连接更简单。 希望设置在距离电动机与驱动器较远的场所时，最大延长距离可达 20m（可动电缆线为 10m） 。
未附中继电缆线。电动机及驱动器之间距离 0.4m 以上时，请使用另售的中继电缆线。 ●带电磁制动产品若不使用带电磁制动用的中继电缆线，将无法驱动。但安装尺寸为 42mm 的产品即使是带电磁制动产品亦请使用标准型用的 中继电缆线。
选购配件
使用须知
规格·特性 C-16
│ 外形图 C-30 │ 连接 C-36 │ 组合一览 C-40
驱动器
ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGUE 2005/2006
特征 C-10
│ 系统构成 C-13 │ 种类 C-14
步进电动机
■系统构成
使用控制器 XG9200 系列时的单轴系统构成范例。
新产品
电动机安装底座 （另售）
（➜ C-203页）
建筑结构思考题答案
建筑结构思考题答案【篇一：2014考试建筑结构试题及答案】ass=txt>一、单项选择题（本大题共80分，共 20 小题，每小题 4 分）1. 跨数超过五跨的连续梁、板，当各跨荷载相同，且跨度相差不超过( )时，可按五跨的等跨连续梁、板计算。
a. 5％b. 10％c. 15％d. 25％2. 某高层建筑要求底部几层为大空间，此时应采用那种结构体系（）。
a. 框架结构b. 板柱结构c. 剪力墙结构d. 框支剪力墙结构3. 在设计中，屋面均布活荷载、雪荷载和积灰荷载均按（）计算。
a. 上弦实际长度b. 上弦水平投影长c. 屋面面积d. 屋面水平投影面积5. 为减小温度应力，单层厂房的柱间支撑应布置在（）。
a. 伸缩缝区段的左端b. 伸缩缝区段的中央或临近中央c. 伸缩缝区段的右端d. 以上三处须同时设置6. 世界已修建的世界最高高层建筑的高度达到( )。
a. 400米左右b. 500米左右c. 800米左右d. 1000米左右7. 一般多层框架柱的计算长度l0与柱高h相关,当采用现浇楼盖时,底层柱的计算长度l0为（）。
a. 0.7hc. 1.2hd. 1.5h8. 厂房的柱距应采用( )。
a. 基本模数扩大模数30m数列b. 扩大模数60m数列c. 扩大模数120m数列9. 下列板中，( )应按单向板计算。
a. 两邻边支承板b. 两对边支承板c. 四边支承板d. 周边嵌固的三角形板11. 下列关于框架结构相对剪力墙结构特性的描述中，正确的是：（）。
a. 地震效应小，抗震性能好b. 地震效应小，抗震性能差c. 地震效应大，抗震性能好d. 地震效应大，抗震性能差12. 单层厂房横向平面排架的计算简图中，排架柱下端嵌固于( )。
a. 基础底面b. 基础顶面c. 室外地面标高处d. 室内地面标高处13. 在单层厂房结构设计中，若屋面活荷载、雪荷载、积灰荷载同时存在，则应按（）的方式考虑。
a. 屋面活荷载＋雪荷载＋积灰荷载b. 屋面活荷载＋（雪荷载或积灰荷载中的较大值）c. 雪荷载＋（积灰荷载或屋面活荷载中的较大值）d. 积灰荷载＋（雪荷载或屋面活荷载中的较大值）14. 根据我国《混凝土结构设计规范gb50010-2002》的规定，?对于四边支承的板，当满足( )时应按双向板计算。
SINAMICS S210 伺服驱动系统样本
E86060-K4670-A101-B6-76001) SIMATIC HMI / 基于 PC 的自动化系统 操作与监控系统 基于 PC 的自动化系统 E86060-K4680-A101-C5-76001) 工业通信 SIMATIC NET IK PI ST 80/ST PC
E86060-K6710-A101-B8-76001) MD 10.1 SITRAIN 工业培训
E86060-K5710-A111-A5-76001) SIMOGEAR MD 50.1 减速电机 圆柱齿轮减速电机、平行轴减速电机、 锥齿轮减速电机、螺旋蜗轮减速电机以及 蜗轮减速电机 E86060-K5250-A111-A5-76001) 运动控制系统 SIMOTION 生产机械设备 E86060-K4921-A101-A4-5D00
Siemens D 32 · 12/2017 版
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集成驱动系统
凭借集成驱动系统实现更快上市和更快盈利
SINAMICS 是西门子集成驱动系统的重要组件。SINAMICS 在提升工业生产 过程中的效率、生产率和可用性方面起着举足轻重的作用。 集成驱动系统是西门子对当今驱动与自动化技术所面临的极度复杂性挑战 而给出的指导性解答。全球唯一真正面向整套驱动系统的全面解决方案以 其三位一体的集成概念而著称：横向集成、纵向集成以及生命周期集成， 这些确保了每个驱动组件都能无缝集成到各个驱动系统、各类自动化环 境，甚至于设备的整个生命周期之中。 您将获得：一个从配置到服务的最佳工作流，达到更高的生产率、增效以 及更高的可用性。最终，集成驱动系统将显著缩短上市时间 以及盈利周期。
3
MOTION-CONNECT 接线系统
4
配置工具
5
服务与文档
6
MATRIX 120
MATRIX 120™APPLICATION• Electronics: Track and trace PCB board manufacturing• Factory Automation: Print & Apply – label verification• Factory Automation: Food & Beverage – traceability• OEM: Kiosks: ticketing machine• Healthcare: Clinical Lab – vials identification • Chemical and biomedical analysis machineHIGHLIGHTS• Ultra compact dimensions for easy integration • WVGA – 1.2 MP and wide angle models• Smart user selectable focus for high application flexibility• Digimarc Barcode reading technology for added value decoding applications • Embedded Ethernet connectivity• Serial and USB options on the same model • ESD versions for electronic applications• Polarized Version for 90° mounting and reflecting surfaces• Models equipped with shorter output cables (100mm of length) for easier integration in OEM machines • Top industrial grade: IP65; operating temperatures: 0-45 ºC / 32 – 133 ºF • DL.CODE software configurator for outstanding ease of setup• Xpress, Datalogic’s ‘Green Spot’ technology and intuitive HMI for top ease of useThe Matrix 120 is the smallest ultra-compact industrial 2D imager range in the market to fit any integration space and the smallest compact 2D imager with embedded Ethernet connectivity.The Matrix 120 is available in different models, including a WVGA sensor for standard applications or a 1.2 MP sensor for high resolution bar codes. Moreover, a wide angle version makes the Matrix 120 the perfect solution for proximity reading.The Matrix 120 with the red light model is the first stationaryindustrial scanner in the market able to read Digimarc Barcode for added value decoding applications.The Matrix 120 features the top industrial grade parts in its class (IP65 and 0-45 ºC / 32 – 133 ºF), with ESD safe models for applications in the electronic industry and a glass-free reading window, suitable for the Food and Beverage environment.Sulfur gas protection allows the use of Matrix 120 in tires applications through rough manufacturing, final finishing and inspection stations.As part of the full Matrix series, the Matrix 120 leads the market for customer ease of use because of DL.CODE™ configuration software, X-Press™ button and intuitive HMI.The Matrix 120 is the entry level model of the best-in-class Matrix family of high performance industrial 2D imagers.The Matrix 120 is the perfect solution when small dimension, simple integration and performance are the key drivers. The Matrix 120 models with shorter output cables (only 100 mm of length) allow an easier integration in OEM machines, making this product ideal for customers belonging to Chemical/Biomedical Industry and Print & Apply applications. Additionally, this imager is perfect for entry level applications in the Factory Automation arena: Electronics, Packaging and Food/Beverage.MATRIX 120™TECHNICAL DATAOPTICAL FEATURESSensor CMOS sensor with Global Shutter/WVGA - 752x480 pxCMOS sensor with Global Shutter/1.2 MP - 1280x960 pxFrame Rate up to 57 full-frame/s (WVGA model) , up to 36 full-frame/s(1.2 MP model)Illumination White Internal IlluminatorFocusing System Manual adjustment in three precalibrated positions(45, 70, 125mm - WVGA ; 45, 80, 125mm - 1.2 MP)DATALOGIC PRODUCT OFFERINGSafety Light Safety Laser Laser Marking Mobile ComputersVision SensorsHand Held MODELSCODE 937800000937800001937800002937800003937800004937800005。
降噪系统简介
降噪系统简介Hi-Fi 系 统 中 电 声 技 术 指 标 最 薄 弱 的 环 节 是 磁 带。
但 由 于 录 放 磁 带 有 极 大 的 选 择 性、 灵 活 性，这 使 得 发 烧 友 不 能 一 不 子 舍 弃 录 放 音 卡 座。
如 何 提 高 卡 座 的 信 噪 比 成 为 很 重 要 的 问 题。
影 响 录 放 音 系 统 信 噪 比 的 主 要 因 素 是 磁 带 的 噪 声 指 标。
虽 然 近 年 来 磁 带 录 音 后 的 剩 磁 大 大 减 小， 使 得 录 放 音 系 统 的 信 噪 比 指 标 有 所 提 高。
但 是 由 于 磁 带 在 消 磁 后 仍 带 有 极 微 量 的 剩 磁， 从 而 使 得 磁 头 在 拾 音 时 也 感 应 出 不 规 则 的 噪 声 电 信 号，这 些 噪 声 的 本 底 噪 声 和 调 制 噪 声， 另 外 在 复 制 节 目 音 源 时 也 会 引 入 噪 声。
磁 带 的 噪 声 随 频 率 的 升 高 而 增 加， 且 反 比 于 带 速 和 磁迹宽 度。
在 音 乐 信 号 中， 低 频 信 号 的 能 量 较 在， 高 频 信 号 的 能 量 较 小。
要 得 到 高 清 晰 高 保 真 的 立 体 声，降 低 噪 声， 特 别 是 降 低 高 频 噪 声 十 分 放 便， 降 低 噪 声 的 手 段 一 般 有 抑 噪 和 降 噪 两 类。
抑 噪 是 指 采 用 提 高 信 号 对 噪 声 的 相 对 幅 度 或 者 降 低 噪 声 本 身的 幅 度 来 提 高 信 噪 比 的 方 法， 也 称 静 噪， 提 高 信 噪 比。
Hi-Fi 抑 噪 集 成 电 路 很 少， 较 为 常 用 的 有 AN6135/6136 等， 而 降 噪 系 统 都 应 用 甚 广， 共 有 十 几 种 应 用 降 噪 系 统。
如 Dolby 降 噪 系 统、 对 数（dBx ） 降 噪 系 统、 自 动 降 噪 系 统（ANRS） 和 超 级 自 动 降 噪 系 统（Supper ANRS），Telcom 降 噪 系 统、 High-com 降 噪 系 统，ADRES 降 噪 系 统， Super-D,Lo-D 降 噪 系 统、DNL、DNR 降 噪 系 统 等 等。
AS-12系列产品性能全参数
Contents十分区寻呼器 AS-1210P (2)寻呼麦克风 AS-1210R (3)前置放大器 AS-1211P (4)监听器 AS-1212M (5)双五路十分区器 AS-1213B (5)十分区矩阵器 AS-1213D (6)警报器 AS-1215E (7)定时器 AS-1216T (8)市话接口 AS-1218I (9)邻层报警器 AS-1219A (10)强插电源 AS-1220S (11)主备功放切换器 AS-1221M (12)时序电源控制器 AS-1228S (13)音频矩阵 AS-1248S (14)功放 (14)十分区寻呼器 AS-1210P性能特点(1)10分区寻呼报警功能(2)音频信号采用优质平衡传输连接技术(3)音频信号、控制信号采用双绞线同缆实时传输连接技术(4)采用专业级钟声提示音音效电路技术(5)具有四级优先权设计，分别为：本机MIC 1、钟声提示音为最高优先级，紧急音频信号（EMC）为第二级，寻呼麦克风1（MIC1）为第三级，寻呼麦克风2、3、4 （RMIC 2、3、4）和线路（AUX）为第四级(6)采用地址拨码，同时最多8台分区寻呼器相连接(7)15针电脑激活接口，低电平报警激活性能规格表寻呼麦克风 AS-1210R性能特点(1)具有8个分区寻呼器选择按键和10个分区选择键,能够对80个分区进行远程寻呼(2)具有全开,全关按键便于操作(3)具有一个鹅颈式麦克风和麦克风控制键,音频信号采用平衡传输方式,具有信号质量和传输距离(4)具有一个输出口,传输线采用屏蔽双绞线,同时传输音频信号的控制信号,方便安装性能规格表前置放大器AS-1211P功能描述：(1)多种、多个输入/输出口：5个话筒输入口；3个线路输入口；2个紧急输入口；4个输出口。
(2)各通道独立音量控制(3)高音和低音音调控制(4)自动默音（0-30dB)(5)紧急输入无音量控制性能规格表监听器 AS-1212M功能描述：(1)10个通道供任意选通(2)5个单元LED电平指示(3)监听音量可调(4)内置监听扬声器性能规格表双五路十分区器 AS-1213B功能描述：(1)2路输入(A和B),10通道输出，每路功率输入负载5个区域(2)10个通道分区可以任意选取通.十分区矩阵器 AS-1213D功能描述(1)2路输入(A和B),10通道输出,有强行插入功能切换通道功率音频信号(2)15针紧急警报激活口,10路报警信号输入,低电平报警激活.(3)当有警报信号输入时,相应通道自动切换到通道B,并且输出两路短路激活报警信号.警报器 AS-1215E功能描述(1)自动触发报警,输出消除报警声或预先固化的语音信号(2)60秒钟数字录/放语音IC,可擦可写(3)录/放电平可控定时器 AS-1216T功能描述(1)AP-9816T是一款功能强大的电源定时控制器,采用中文液晶显示,可定时控制五路电源输出,1路短路定时输出；(2)可以设置节假日,使定时操作非常灵活,单键飞梭的使用操作更加方便快捷,可以帮你实现各种定时电源控制功能.性能规格表市话接口 AS-1218I性能特点(1)本机是公共广播系统的配套设备,可将市话转换入广播系统，具有电话线路输入，音频输出接口。
浅谈环绕立体声 音响设备课件 (1)
图一:
注： 1）p1是40欧、10W 线 绕 式 电 位 器。 2） 两 只 后 方 扬 声 器 无 需 重 放 200HZ 以 下 的 低 音 及 5000HZ
(c)SA-603SS
SA-603SS 为 环 绕 声 解 码 器 集 成 电 路。 当 两 声 道 信 号 分 别 输 入 后， 先 经 各 处 缓 冲 放 大。 在 混 合 电 路 中， 将 左 右 声 道 混 合 一 些。 使 定 位 在 中 间 位 置 的 人 物 对 白、 演 唱 信 号 定 位 在 屏 幕 中。 即 实 现 3 声 道 (3-channels) 方 式。
影响录放音系统信噪比的主要因素是磁带的噪 声 指 标。 虽 然 近 年 来 磁 带 录 音 后 的 剩 磁 大 大 减 小， 使 得 录 放 音 系 统 的 信 噪 比 指 标 有 所 提 高。 但 是 由 于 磁 带 在 消 磁 后 仍 带 有 极 微 量 的 剩 磁， 从 而 使 得 磁 头 在 拾 音 时 也 感 应 出 不 规 则 的 噪 声 电 信 号，这 些 噪 声 的 本 底 噪 声 和 调 制 噪 声， 另 外 在 复 制 节 目 音 源 时 也 会 引 入 噪 声。 磁 带 的 噪 声 随 频 率 的 升 高 而 增 加， 且 反 比 于 带 速 和 磁迹宽 度。
LA2770为 杜 比 定 向 逻 辑 环 绕 解 码 电 路， 环 绕 声 道 是 可 控 制 的， 设 置 为 开 或 关 而 中 间 声 道 部 分 不 但 是 可 控 制 的， 而 且 遵 循 杜 比 实 验 室 的 规 定， 可 将 中 间 声 道 设 置 为 Normal,Wide,Phanton 三 种 选 择 模 式。 在 电 气 特 性 方 面， 供 电 电 压 为 9V-14V,杜 比 电 平 300mV （RMS）。
台湾台化ABS ANC120物性数据表
ASTM D638/ISO 527
--
%
拉伸断裂伸长率(延伸率)
ASTM D638/ISO 527
--
%
弯曲模量(弯曲弹性率)
ASTM D790/ISO 178
25500（2500）
kg/cm²(MPa)[Lb/in2]
弯曲强度
ASTM D790/ISO 178
650（64）
kg/cm²(MPa)[Lb/in2]
洛氏硬度
ASTM D785
R-101
IZOD缺口冲击强度
1/4" 23℃
ASTM D256/ISO 179
22（216）
kg·cm/cm(J/M)ft·lb/in
1/4" -30℃
ASTM D256/ISO 179
--
kg·cm/cm(J/M)ft·lb/in
1/8" 23℃
1.19
成型收缩率
ASTM D955
0.4-0.7
%
熔融指数（流动系数）
200℃/5kg
ASTM D1238/ISO 1133
4.5
g/10min
220℃/10kg
ASTM D1238/ISO 1133
--
g/10min
吸水率23℃/24H
ASTM D570/ISO 62
--
%
热性能
热变形温度
退火
ASTM D648/ISO 75
ASTM D256/ISO 179
--
kg·cm/cm(J/M)ft·lb/in
1/8" -30℃
ASTM D256/ISO 179
--
2MBI150U4H-120
1ms Collector Power Dissipation 1 device Junction temperature Storage temperature Isolation between terminal and copper base (*1) Viso AC : 1min. voltage Screw Mounting (*2) Terminals (*3) Torque (*1) All terminals should be connected together when isolation test will be done. (*2) Recommendable Value : Mounting 2.5 to 3.5 Nm (M5 or M6) (*3) Recommendable Value : Terminals 3.5 to 4.5 Nm (M6)
R e v i s e d
Date Classification Ind. Content
R e c o r d s
Applied date Issued date Drawn Checked Checked Approved
Sep.-13 -’05
Enactment
T.Miyasaka K.Yamada
Items Zero gate voltage collector current Gate-Emitter leakage current Gate-Emitter threshold voltage Collector-Emitter saturation voltage Input capacitance Turn-on time Turn-off time Symbols ICES IGES VGE(th) VCE(sat) (terminal) VCE(sat) (chip) Cies ton tr tr(i) toff tf VF (terminal) VF (chip) trr Conditions VCE=1200V VGE=0V VCE=0V VGE=±20V VCE=20V Ic=150mA Ic=150A VGE=15V min. 4.5
AWWA-C200-97
American Water Works AssociationANSI/AWWA C200-97(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C200-91)RA WWA STANDARDFORSTEEL W ATER PIPE—6 IN. (150 mm)AND LARGEREffective date: Oct. 1, 1997.First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 26, 1975.This edition approved Feb. 2, 1997.This edition approved by American National Standards Institute July 3, 1997.AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION6666 West Quincy Avenue,Denver,Colorado80235A WW A StandardThis document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.American National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufactur-ing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.C AUTION N OTICE:The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11W.42nd St., New York,NY10036; (212)642-4900.Copyright © 1997 by American Water Works AssociationPrinted in USACommittee PersonnelThe AWWA Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:George J. Tupac, ChairJohn H. Bambei Jr., Vice-ChairDennis A. Dechant, SecretaryConsumer MembersG.A. Andersen, New York City Bureau of Water Supply, Corona, N.Y.(AWWA) Ergun Bakall, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif.(AWWA) J.H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water Department, Denver, Colo.(AWWA) J.L. Doane, Portland Water Bureau, Portland, Ore.(AWWA) R.V. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.(USBR) T.J. Jordan, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,LaVerne, Calif.(AWWA) W.M. Kremkau, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Laurel, Md.(AWWA) T.A. Larson, Tacoma Water Division, Tacoma, Wash.(AWWA) P.W. Reynolds, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power,Los Angeles, Calif.(AWWA) G.M. Snyder, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,Los Angeles, Calif.(AWWA) M.L. Young, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Stockton, Calif.(AWWA)General Interest MembersG.E. Block Jr., Rizzo Associates Inc., Natick, Mass.(NEWWA) W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill.(AWWA) B.R. Bullert,* Council Liaison, City of St. Paul Water Utility,St. Paul, Minn.(AWWA) R.L. Coffey, R.W. Beck Inc., Seattle, Wash.(AWWA) B.R. Elms,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.(AWWA) L.J. Farr, CH2M Hill Inc., Redding, Calif.(AWWA) K.G. Ferguson, Montgomery Watson, Las Vegas, Nev.(AWWA) S.N. Foellmi,† Black & Veatch Engineers, Irvine, Calif.(AWWA) J.W. Green, Alvord Burdick & Howson, Chicago, Ill.(AWWA) K.D. Henrichsen, HDR Engineering Inc., Denver, Colo.(AWWA) G.K. Hickox, Engineering Consultant, Houston, Texas(AWS) M.B. Horsley, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Mo.(AWWA) J.K. Jeyapalan, American Ventures Inc., Bellevue, Wash.(AWWA) R.Y. Konyalian, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif.(AWWA) H.R. Stoner, Henry R. Stoner Associates Inc., North Plainfield, N.J.(AWWA) Chris Sundberg† CH2M Hill Inc., Bellevue, Wash.(AWWA) *Liaison, nonvoting†AlternateG.J. Tupac, G.J. Tupac & Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa.(AWWA) L.W. Warren, KCM Inc., Seattle, Wash.(AWWA) W.R. Whidden, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Winter Park, Fla.(AWWA) R.E. Young, Robert E. Young Engineers, Sacramento, Calif.(AWWA)Producer MembersH.H. Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe, RanchoCucamonga, Calif.(AWWA) T.R. Brown, Smith-Blair Inc., Uniontown, Pa.(AWWA) J.H. Burton, Baker Coupling Company Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.(AWWA) R.J. Card, Brico Industries Inc., Atlanta, Ga.(AWWA) J.R. Davenport, California Steel Pressure Pipe, Riverside, Calif.(AWWA) Dennis Dechant, Northwest Pipe & Casing Company, Portland, Ore.(AWWA) G.M. Harris, Harris Corrosion Specialist, Longboat Key, Fla.(AWWA) J.R. Pegues, American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala.(MSS) Bruce Vanderploeg,* Northwest Pipe & Casing Company, Portland, Ore.(AWWA) J.A. Wise, Canus Industries Inc., Burnaby, B.C.(AWWA) *AlternateContentsAll AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard.SEC.PAGE SEC.PAGEForewordI Introduction (vii)I.A Background (vii)I.B History (vii)I.C Acceptance (viii)II Special Issues (ix)II.A Advisory Information on ProductApplication (ix)III Use of This Standard (x)III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives (x)III.B Modification to Standard (xi)IV Major Revisions (xi)V Comments (xi)Standard1General1.1Scope (1)1.2Purpose (1)1.3Application (1)2References (1)3Definitions (3)4Requirements4.1Permeation (5)4.2Materials and Workmanship (5)4.3Drawings (6)4.4Calculations (6)4.5Protective Coating (6)4.6Pipe Made to ASTM Requirements (6)4.7Fabricated Pipe (6)4.8Selection of Materials (7)4.9General Requirements forFabrication of Pipe............................74.10Fabrication of Pipe. (7)4.11Requirements for WeldingOperations (8)4.12Permissible Variations in Weightsand Dimensions (10)4.13Preparation of Ends (13)4.14Special Ends (16)4.15Specials and Fittings (16)4.16Fabrication of Specials (16)5Verification5.1Inspection (16)5.2Test Procedures (17)5.3Calibration of Equipment (18)6Delivery6.1Marking (18)6.2Handling and Loading (19)6.3Affidavit of Compliance (19)Figures1Reduced-Section Tension TestSpecimen (9)2Guided-Bend Test Specimen (10)3Jig for Guided-Bend Test (11)4Alternative Guided-Bend Wrap-Around Jig (12)5Alternative Guided-Bend RollerJig (13)Tables1Steel Plate, Sheet, or Coils forFabricated Pipe (7)2Guided-Bend Test Jig Dimensions....12This page intentionally blank.ForewordThis foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C200.I.Introduction.I.A.Background.This standard covers butt-welded, straight seam or spiral seam steel pipe, 6in. (150mm) and larger, for transmission and distribution of water, including fabrication of pipe, requirements of welding operations, permissible variations of weight and dimensions, preparation of ends, fabrication of specials, inspection, and test procedures.I.B.History.The first AWWA steel pipe standards issued were 7A.3 and 7A.4, published in 1940. Standard 7A.4 pertained to steel pipe smaller than 30in. (750mm) in diameter, and 7A.3 pertained to steel pipe 30in. (750mm) in diameter and larger. Subsequently, in recognition that some pipe used in water utility service was manufactured in steel mills rather than in a fabricator’s shop, two new AWWA standards were issued in 1960. AWWA C201 replaced 7A.3 and pertained to all pipe, regardless of diameter, manufactured in a fabricator’s shop from steel sheet or plate. The physical and chemical properties are properties of the sheet or plate from which the pipe is made. The properties are a function of the steel mill practice and are not affected significantly by fabricating procedures. AWWA C202 replaced 7A.4 and pertained to mill pipe, which is normally produced in a production pipe mill. The specified physical and chemical properties are those of the completed pipe. Physical testing is performed on the pipe rather than on the steel from which it originates. In many cases, the physical properties are significantly affected by the pipe-manufactur-ing procedure. AWWA C201 was revised in 1966, and AWWA C202 was revised in 1964. Both AWWA C201 and AWWA C202 were superseded by AWWA C200-75, approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Jan.26, 1975.AWWA C200 includes all types and classes of steel pipe, 6in. (150mm) in diameter and larger, used in water utility service, regardless of the pipe manufactur-ing source. With adequate quality assurance, pipe manufactured in a fabricator’s shop or in a steel pipe mill is suitable for water utility service. Pipe produced in a pipe mill according to one of the ASTM* standards cited in AWWA C200 will be subjected to specific quality-control procedures so that no further testing is required by AWWA C200. Shop-fabricated pipe made from materials and in accordance with the quality-control measures stipulated in AWWA C200 will be of high quality.By reference, AWWA C202 (which pertained to mill-type steel water pipe) included API† 5L and API 5LX pipe grades manufactured to API standards for high-pressure applications. With the inclusion of ASTM A570/A570M and ASTM A572/ A572M high-strength steels in AWWA C200, API high-pressure pipe was omitted from AWWA C200 as being redundant. However, API 5L and API 5LX pipe grades fully meet all requirements of AWWA C200 and can be used for water utility applications if dictated by availability or other economic considerations.*American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.†American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St. N.W., Washington, DC 20005.AWWA C200-75 introduced design criteria for determination of wall thickness to meet internal pressure conditions. This facilitated the selection of the optimum combination of thickness and material for steel pipe.Revisions in ANSI/AWWA C200-86 included clarification of forming for lap joint ends and gasketed ends and testing of O-ring gaskets. ANSI/AWWA C200-91 was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June23, 1991. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Feb.2, 1997.I.C.Acceptance.In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) and the Conference of State Health and Environ-mental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including1.An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking Water, discontinued on Apr.7, 1990.2.Specific policies of the state or local agency.3.Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, ANSI†/NSF‡60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and ANSI/NSF61, Drinking Water System Components—Health Effects.4.Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex,§ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency.Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accordance with ANSI/NSF61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.Appendix A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to ANSI/NSF61 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Appendix A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.*Persons in Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.†American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.‡NSF International, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.§Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 2102 Constitution Ave.N.W., Washington, DC 20418.AWWA C200-97 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to1.Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.2.Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.3.Determine current information on product certification.II.Special Issues.II.A.Advisory Information on Product Application.Basis of design.ANSI/AWWA C200-97 pertains to the manufacture and testing of the steel-pipe cylinder. Overall design of steel pipelines is described in AWWA Manual M11, Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation. Coatings that protect against corrosion are referenced in Sec.4.5 of ANSI/AWWA C200-97.The determination of the wall thickness of steel pipe is affected by (1)internal pressure, including operating static and transient pressures; (2)external loads,including trench loading and earth fill; (3)special physical loading, such as continuous-beam loading with saddle supports or ring girders, vacuum conditions,type of joint used, and variations in operating temperature; and (4)practical considerations for handling, shipping, lining and coating, or similar operations.The design techniques described in AWWA Manual M11 are used to determine minimum wall thicknesses of steel pipe. The purchaser may establish and specify the wall thickness determined to be satisfactory for all conditions, including internal pressure. Selection of design stresses and deflection limits should be made with regard to the properties of the lining and coating materials used. Alternatively , the purchaser may establish and specify the minimum wall thickness that will satisfy all conditions of external pressure and trench loadings and special physical loadings.The manufacturer is allowed to select materials and manufacturing processes within the limitations of this standard in order to produce pipe to the wall thickness required to additionally satisfy specified internal pressure. The purchaser should specify the internal design pressure and show the depth of cover over the pipe together with installation conditions. The manufacturer should select and furnish pipe having a wall thickness that meets the requirements of the internal design pressure and external load design. This thickness should govern if it is greater than the minimum thickness specified by the purchaser. To meet the requirements of internal design pressure, the pipe wall thickness is determined by using the following formula:(Eq F .1)Where:t =design nominal wall thickness for the specified internal design pressures.Thickness and weight tolerances for pipe shall be governed by therequirements of the specification to which the plates or sheets are ordered(in. [mm])P =internal design pressure (psi [kPa])—specified by the purchaserD =outside diameter of the steel pipe cylinder (in. [mm])t PD 2S-------=S=design stress (psi [kPa]), not to exceed the purchaser-specified percentage of the minimum yield point of thesteel selected by the manufacturerApplication.This standard covers the requirements for steel water pipe for use in water transmission and distribution under normal circumstances. It is the responsibility of the purchaser for each project to determine if any unusual circumstances related to the project require additional provisions that are not included in the standard. Such special conditions might affect design, manufacture, quality control, corrosion protection, or handling requirements.Brittle fracture precautions.Under certain conditions where a restrained pipeline with welded lap joints has a pipe wall thickness in excess of 1⁄2in. (12.7mm) and the pipeline is to be operated at high stress levels at temperatures below 40°F(5°C), the purchaser should take precautions to prevent brittle fracture, which can result from a combination of notches and high stress concentrations at the joints. Precautions may include specifying a steel with adequate notch toughness and transition temperature; and fabrication techniques that would reduce the possibility of brittle fracture.N OTE: For more information on brittle fracture, refer to AWWA Manual M11, Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation; and R.V. Phillips et al., “Pipeline Problems—Brittle Fracture, Joint Stresses, and Welding,” Journal AWWA, 64:7:421 (July 1972).Rubber-gasketed joints. A gasket manufactured from natural rubber or 100percent synthetic polyisoprene, if improperly installed, may revert to its uncured state through hysteresis. This condition may occur if a fish-mouthed gasket (that is, where a portion of the gasket is not contained within the gasket groove) is subjected to heat generated by excessive vibration caused by leakage past the gasket when the pipeline is pressurized.Testing of special sections.Section5.2.2.1 provides for nondestructive testing of the seams of specials. This testing should be adequate for normal conditions previously discussed under Application. Section5.2.2.2 describes test methods that may be necessary if, in the opinion of the purchaser, unusually severe conditions exist, such as surge or transient pressures that cause stresses exceeding 75 percent of yield. This special testing must be specified by the purchaser.Roundness of pipe.The roundness of pipe during handling, shipping, joint makeup, and backfilling should be covered in the purchaser’s specifications. Pipe may have to be stulled so it will remain round during transportation, installation, and backfilling.e of This Standard.AWWA has no responsibility for the suitability or compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any intended application by any user. Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the standard’s provisions are suitable for and compatible with that user’s intended application.III.A.Purchaser Options and Alternatives.The following items should be included in the purchaser’s specifications.1.Standard used—that is, AWWA C200, Standard for Steel Water Pipe—6In. (150mm) and Larger, of latest revision.2. A description or drawings indicating the diameter and total quantity of pipe required for each diameter.3.Internal design pressure.4.Design stress in pipe wall at specified internal design pressure as apercentage of minimum yield point of the steel.5.Minimum wall thickness required by considerations other than internaldesign pressure, such as allowable deflection; depth of cover; and if aboveground,distance between supports.6.Instructions regarding inspection at place of manufacture (Sec.5.1).7.The drawings and calculations to be furnished by the manufacturer ifrequired (Sec.4.3 and 4.4).8.Protective coating (Sec.4.5).9.Requirements for marking, line diagrams, or laying schedules (Sec.6.1).10.Special handling requirements for coated or lined pipe (Sec.6.2).11.Affidavit of compliance if required (Sec.6.3).12.Specification of pipe or steel if there is a preference (Sec.4.6), or desiredphysical properties for “ordering to chemistry only” (Sec.3(19) and 4.7.2).13.Manual welding (Sec.4.11.3).14.Qualification code for manual welders if different from Sec.4.11.3.1.15.Minimum hydrostatic test pressure if different from Sec.5.2.1.16.Length of pipe sections, random or specified lengths (Sec.4.12.4).17.Type of pipe ends (description or drawings) (Sec.4.13).18.Drawings of butt straps and instructions as to whether butt straps are to besupplied separately or attached to the pipe (Sec.4.13.5).19.Requirements for reports of tests of rubber-gasket materials (Sec.4.13.6.3).20.All special sections, indicating for each component part the dimensions orstandard designation (Sec.4.15) and the grade of material required (Sec.4.16).21.Method of nondestructive testing to be used for special sections (Sec.5.2.2.1)or, in the case of severe service conditions, the requirements for hydrostatic testing ofspecial sections (Sec.5.2.2.2).22.Toughness requirements (Table1).III.B.Modification to Standard.Any modification to the provisions, defini-tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser’sspecifications.IV.Major Revisions.Major revisions made to the standard in this editioninclude the following:1.The format has been changed to AWWA standard style.2.The acceptance clause (Sec.I.C) has been revised to approved wording.3.Table1 was revised to add ASTM A607/607M, grades45 and 50; ASTMA907/907M, grades30, 33, 36, and 40; ASTM A935/935M, grades45 and 50; andASTM A936/936M, grade50. Also, a requirement for a minimum average Charpy V-Notch value of 25lbf·ft (33.9N·m) at 30°F (–1°C) for steel plate under certain conditions was added.4.ASTM A635/A635M was added to Sec.4.7.3.5.Sec.4.11.2.1 was revised to include qualification of welding procedures.6.The definition of P in Eq1 was revised.ments.If you have any comments or questions about this standard,please call the AWWA Standards and Materials Development Department, (303) 794-7711 ext.6283, FAX (303) 795-1440, or write to the department at 6666 W. QuincyAve., Denver, CO 80235.xiThis page intentionally blank.1RAmerican Water Works AssociationANSI/AWWA C200-97(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C200-91)A WWA STANDARD FORSTEEL W ATER PIPE—6 IN. (150 mm)AND LARGERSECTION 1:GENERALSec. 1.1ScopeThis standard covers electrically butt-welded straight-seam or spiral-seam pipeand seamless pipe, 6in. (150mm)* in nominal diameter and larger, for the transmissionand distribution of water or for use in other water system facilities.Sec. 1.2PurposeThe purpose of this standard is to provide the minimum requirements for steelwater pipe, 6in. (150mm) and larger, including materials and workmanship,fabrication of pipe, specials, and fittings.Sec. 1.3ApplicationThis standard can be referenced in specifications for steel water pipe, 6in.(150mm) and larger. The stipulations of this standard apply when this document hasbeen referenced and then only to steel water pipe, 6in. (150mm) and larger.SECTION 2:REFERENCESThis standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, theyform a part of this standard to the extent specified within the standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.*Metric conversions given in this standard are direct conversions of US customary units andare not those specified in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.2AWWA C200-97ANSI*/ASME†—Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. IX.ANSI/ASTM A36/A36M—Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel.ANSI/ASTM A53—Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless.ANSI/ASTM A134—Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and over).ANSI/ASTM A135—Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe.ANSI/ASTM A139/A139M—Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and over).ASTM A283/A283M—Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates.ANSI/ASTM A370—Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.ASTM A568/A568M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for.ASTM A570/A570M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot-Rolled, Structural Quality.ANSI/ASTM A572/A572M—Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel.ANSI/ASTM A607—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled.ASTM A635/A635M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Carbon, Hot-Rolled.ASTM A907/A907M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy Thickness Coils, Carbon, Hot-Rolled, Structural Quality.ASTM A935/A935M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy Thickness Coils, High Strength, Low-Alloy, Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, Hot-Rolled.ASTM A936/A936M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy Thickness Coils, High Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled, with Improved Formability.ASTM D297—Standard Test Methods for Rubber Products—Chemical Analysis.ASTM D395—Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set.ASTM D412—Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension.ASTM D573—Standard Test Method for Rubber-Deterioration in an Air Oven.ASTM D2240—Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness.ASTM E340—Standard Test Method of Macroetching Metals and Alloys.ANSI/AWS‡ A3.0—Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Spraying and Thermal Cutting.AWS B2.1—Standard for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification.AWS QC 1—Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors.*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.†American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.‡American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33135.。
ACOPOS 贝加莱产品说明书
第三章 尺寸.......................................................................................... 19 1. 主电源连接 ................................................19
2.4 ACOPOS 128M................................................................... 12 3. 插入式模块安装和拆卸.................................................................... 13
1.1 安装电磁兼容 ......................................................................... 27 1.1.1 概述 ..................................................................................... 27 1.2 重启安全锁 ............................................................................. 30 1.2.1 概述 ..................................................................................... 30 1.2.2 外部接线.............................................................................. 30 1.3 端子截面积一览...................................................................... 35 2. ACOPOS 1022,1045,1090 的连接...................................................... 37 2.1 引脚分配 接头 1 ................................................................ 38 2.2 引脚分配 接头 2 ................................................................ 38 2.3 引脚分配 接头 3 ................................................................ 39 2.4 引脚分配 接头 4 ................................................................ 39 2.5 引脚分配 接头 5 ................................................................ 39 2.6 保护接地 PE ..................................................................... 40 3. ACOPOS 1180,1320 的连接.............................................................. 41 3.1 引脚分配 接头 1 .............................................................. 42 3.2 引脚分配 接头 2 .............................................................. 42
伺服电机适配驱动对照表
80AEA10025-SC3
90 系列 （220V）
90AEA07530-SC3 90AEA07320-SC3 90AEA10025-SC3
110AEA06030-SH3
110 系列 （220V）
110AEA12030-SH3 110AEA15030-SH3
110AEA12020-SH3
110AEA18030-SH3
- 98 -
时代超群
伺服电机及驱动
- 99 -
伺服系统
伺服电机及驱动
- 100 -
时代超群
伺服电机及驱动
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时代超群Biblioteka 伺服电机及驱动伺服电机适配驱动对照表
类别
新型号
40 系列（220V） 40AEA01030-SC3
60 系列 （220V）
60AEA02030-SC3 60AEA04030-SC3 60AEA06030-SC3
80AEA04030-SC3
80 系列 （220V）
80AEA07530-SC3 80AEA07320-SC3
参数 0.32NM 100W 3000 转 0.637NM 200W 3000 转 1.27NM 400W 3000 转 1.91NM 600W 3000 转 1.27NM 400W 3000 转 2.39NM 750W 3000 转 3.5NM 730W 2000 转 4NM 1.0KW 2500 转 2.4NM 750W 3000 转 3.5NM 730W 2000 转 4NM 1.0KW 2500 转
伺服系统
伺服电机及驱动
- 90 -
时代超群
伺服电机及驱动
- 91 -
伺服系统
伺服电机及驱动
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符号约定
符号 含义 元素 n 在沉积物中的含量 元素 n 的地球化学背景值 第 i 个样本点处海拔高度 重金属浓度
Cn Bn hi ρi si ci xe ， x f ， x g ⋯ ye ， y f ， y g ⋯ X1 , X 2, X 3 ⋯ X n λk
i 与 o 之间距离
单位长度内浓度梯度 样本点的横坐标 样本点的纵坐标 各种重金属浓度 级比
67.4120 51.7 1.1746
251.5023 399.6 2.6450
表 1-6
元素 项目 均 值 标 准 偏 差 与背景 值比较 As 6.2637 2.0235 0.7399
公园绿地区受 8 种重金属污染元素的影响状况
Cd 289.5429 238.7267 1.2273 Cr 44.9726 16.9420 0.4507 Cu 32.0243 24.7396 1.4261 6 Hg 112.9917 223.2676 2.2283 Ni 15.4383 5.0304 0.2551 Pb 63.1611 46.7626 1.0375 Zn 165.4466 237.7554 1.3978
我们参赛选择的题号是（从 A/B/C/D 中选择一项填写） ： 我们的参赛报名号为（如果赛区设置报名号的话） ： 所属学校（请填写完整的全名） ： 参赛队员 (打印并签名) ：1. 2. 3. 指导教师或指导教师组负责人 (打印并签名)： 日期： S12038
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河南科技大学 张植豪 张笑龙 王瑞红 秦青 2011 年 9 月 12 日
城市表层土壤重金属污染分析
摘要
本文借助某城市不同功能区的土壤采样数据，分析土壤重金属污染的程度、原因， 进而寻找重金属元素的传播特征，推测污染源位置。通过建立地积累指数法模型，分析 城区内不同区域重金属的污染程度，界定了重金属污染的主要原因；使用比值分析法和 聚类分析法，确定重金属污染源位置，进而建立 GM (1, N )灰色预测模型，研究人类活动 影响下的城市地质环境演变模式。 对于问题一，首先从该城区的地貌特征入手，利用 Matlab 软件画出重金属浓度与 海拔高度的关系图，发现海拔高度对重金属浓度有一定影响但影响很小，故略去海拔这 一因素，重点关注重金属浓度与采样点平面位置的关系，画出浓度在 X、Y 二维空间的 投影图，直观展现 8 种重金属在城区的空间分布；然后，建立地积累指数模型，从定性 和定量角度分析该城区不同区域的重金属污染程度。 对于问题二，它是问题一的自然延伸，我们结合该城区各区域的空间位置，通过同 一重金属在不同区域的浓度比较以及同一区域的不同重金属浓度比较， 得出重金属污染 的主要原因，如生活垃圾、化肥农药的使用、工厂废水、废气、废渣、汽车尾气排放、 植被吸附等。 对于问题三，我们结合两方面因素探讨重金属污染物的传播特征，一是重金属污染 物进入土壤的方式， 二是重金属污染物在土壤内的传播过程， 将两方面因素均纳入模型， 通过合理假设，利用比值分析法和聚类分析法，用静态样本数据模拟重金属浓度的动态 变化过程，实现由静态向动态的转化，通过对有限样本数据层层筛选，最终得出污染源 位置。 对于问题四，我们首先对问题三的模型进行综合评判，分析其优缺点，然后结合本 文的主题——“更好研究人类活动影响下的城市地质环境演变模式”， 考虑了进一步的 信息收集，提出未来的建模方向：从城市地质环境演变着手，结合重金属元素在土壤环 境中的传播特征，根据采样数据特点，建立 GM (1, N ) 灰色预测模型。
下面应用地积累指数法评价 5 个区域的土壤重金属污染情况。 Muller 地积累指数法表达式为： C ⎞ Igeo = log 2 ⎛ ⎜ n k× B ⎟ ⎝ n ⎠ 式中，Cn是元素n在沉积物中的含量，Bn是沉积物中该元素的地球化学背景值，k为考虑 各地岩石差异可能会引起背景值的变动而取的系数(一般取值为1.5)，用来表征沉积特 征、岩石地质及其他影响。 表1-7 地积累指数 5 < Igeo ≤ 10 4 < Igeo ≤ 5 Muller 地积累指数分级 分级 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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图 1-2
重金属元素等浓度曲线图
根据样本点的分布并结合图 1-2 可知，不同区域受不同重金属的污染程度不同， 图 中曲线密集程度越高，说明重金属在该地区浓度越高。 1.3 为进一步考查该城区不同区域受不同重金属的影响情况，对所给数据作以下处理： 求各区域内 As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn 这 8 种重金属污染元素的平均值、 标准偏差，再将求解结果分别与该城区土壤背景值作差，然后再作比值。 表 1-1 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 元素 (μg/g) (ng/g) (μg/g) (μg/g) (ng/g) (μg/g) (μg/g) (μg/g) 8 种主要重金属元素的背景值 平均值 标准偏差 范围 3.6 0.9 1.8~5.4 130 30 70~190 31 9 13~49 13.2 3.6 6.0~20.4 35 8 19~51 12.3 3.8 4.7~19.9 31 6 19~43 69 14 41~97
2011 高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛
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利用 Matlab 软件求解，结果如下：
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表 1-2
元素 项目 As
生活区受 8 种重金属污染元素的影响状况
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn
均 值 标 准 偏 差 与背景值 比较
6.2705 2.1502 0.7418
285.8545 185.5194 1.1989
68.2245 107.9344 1.2008
77.1475 38.6004 1.4886
237.9219 276.7518 2.4481
表 1-4 山区受 8 种重金属污染元素的影响状况
元素 项目 均 值 标 准 偏 差 与背景值 比较 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn
4.0441 1.7993 0.1234
152.3197 78.3797 0.1717
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2011 高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛
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关键词：重金属污染 地积累测
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问题重述
随着城市经济的快速发展和城市人口的不断增加， 人类活动对城市环境质量的影响 日显突出。对城市土壤地质环境异常的查证，以及如何应用查证获得的海量数据资料开 展城市环境质量评价，研究人类活动影响下城市地质环境的演变模式，日益成为人们关 注的焦点。 按照功能划分，城区一般可分为生活区、工业区、山区、主干道路区及公园绿地区 等，分别记为 1 类区、2 类区、……5 类区，不同的区域环境受人类活动影响的程度不 同。现对某城市城区土壤地质环境进行调查。为此，在该地区采集土壤样本，并应用专 门仪器测试分析获得了每个样本所含的多种化学元素的浓度数据。同时，在那些远离人 群及工业活动的自然区取样，将其作为 该城区表层土壤中元素的背景值。题中附录 1、 附录 2 和附录 3 分别给出了相关数据。 现要求通过数学建模来完成以下任务： (1) 给出 8 种主要重金属元素在该城区的空间分布， 并分析该城区内不同区域重金 属的污染程度。 (2) 通过数据分析，说明重金属污染的主要原因。 (3) 分析重金属污染物的传播特征，由此建立模型，确定污染源的位置。 (4) 分析你所建立模型的优缺点，为更好地研究城市地质环境的演变模式，还应收 集什么信息？有了这些信息，如何建立模型解决问题？
38.9597 24.5946 0.2568
17.3173 10.7324 0.3119
40.9561 27.8543 0.1702
15.4538 10.4278 0.2564
36.5559 17.7332 0.1792
73.2942 30.9425 0.0622
表 1-5
元素 项目 As
主干道路区受 8 种重金属污染元素的影响状况
模型建立与求解
问题一 重金属空间分布及不同区域重金属污染程度 1.1 由数据易知，该城区地貌特征比较复杂，大致分为平原、丘陵和山地三类，据此推 测：土壤中重金属元素含量分布可能与地区所在的地理位置有关。首先考虑重金属浓度 与海拔的关系，利用 MATLAB 软件绘出图形如下：
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图 1-1 海拔高度对重金属污染物浓度的影响 由图可知，在高海拔地区，有少数重金属受海拔高度影响严重，但总体而言，虽然 海拔高度对重金属浓度有一定影响，但影响很小，那些少数受海拔高度影响严重的重金 属， 可能与重金属随大气漂移有关。 为研究问题方便， 在考虑重金属浓度的空间分布时， 可以先忽略海拔高度的影响。 1.2 为了清楚地表示出题中所给 8 种主要土壤重金属污染元素在该城区的空间分布， 利 用 Matlab 软件绘制出八种重金属元素等浓度曲线
问题分析
问题一涉及两方面内容：一、给出 8 种主要重金属元素在该城区的空间分布；二、 分析该城区内不同区域的重金属污染程度。对第一个方面，结合所给数据分析得出该城 区地貌特征比较复杂，故首先考虑重金属浓度与海拔的关系，依据结果，绘出不同重金 属元素在该城区的空间分布。对第二个方面，首先参照所给城区表层土壤中重金属的背 景值对数据进行初步处理，建立地积累指数法模型，分析每一区域受 8 种重金属元素影 响状况，再参照国家标准划分等级，得出该城区内不同区域重金属的污染程度。 问题二要解决的问题是：分析数据，说明重金属污染的主要原因。这一问题是问题 一的承接。通过对同一区域受不同重金属元素影响状况、不同区域受同一种重金属元素 影响状况的分析，归纳总结出重金属污染的主要原因。 问题三也涉及两方面内容：一、分析重金属污染物的传播特征；二、建立模型， 确 定污染源的位置。首先从重金属污染物进入土壤的途径、影响重金属污染物在土壤中传 播的因素这两方面分析重金属污染物的传播特征，由此进行建模机理分析，通过合理假 设，建立确定污染源位置的比值分析法、聚类分析法模型，并求解分析。 问题四要解决的内容包括四个方面：一、评价模型优缺点；二、研究地质环境演变 模式；三、确定所要搜集数据；四、建立地质环境演变模型。首先结合问题三求解结果 分析问题三所建模型优缺点，然后分析地质环境的理化环境，确定影响地质环境演变的 因素， 再由这些因素确定所要搜集数据， 最后结合重金属元素在土壤环境中的传播特征， 建立 GM (1, N ) 灰色预测模型。