roadway
常见路标中英文对照
1.警告标志|| Warning sign2.禁令标志|| Prohibition sign3.指示标志|| Mandatory sign4.指路标志|| Guide sign5.旅游标志|| Tourist sign6.标线|| Marking7.禁止超越线|| No-passing line8.大型车|| Oversize vehicle9.小型车|| Light-duty vehicle10.自行车|| Bicycle11.非机动车|| Non-motor vehicle12.公共汽车|| Bus13.机动车|| Motor vehicle14.公共汽车优先|| Bus preemption，Bus priority15.行车道|| Roadway, carriageway16.超车道|| Overtaking lane17.国道|| National road18.省道|| Provincial road19.县道|| County road20.高速公路|| Expressway21.起点|| Starting point22.终点|| End point23.一般道路|| Ordinary road24.城市道路|| Urban road25.**街道|| * * street26.互通式立交|| * * interchange27.高架桥|| Viaduct28.隧道|| Tunnel29.收费站|| Toll station30.应急停车带|| Emergency stop area31.休息处|| Rest area32.服务区|| Service area33.火车站|| Railway station34.飞机场|| Airport35.停车场|| Parking36.长途汽车站|| Inter-city bus station37.急救站|| First aid station38.客轮码头|| Passenger quay39.餐饮|| Restaurant40.汽修|| Breakdown service41.洗车|| Vehicle cleaning42.加油站|| Filling station43.电话|| Telephone44.轮渡|| Ferry45.爬坡车道|| Climbing lane46.追尾危险|| Rear-end collision danger47.保持车距|| Keep space48.道路交通信息|| Traffic information49.路面结冰|| Icy pavement50.小心路滑|| Slippery road be careful51.陡坡慢行|| Steep descent,slow-down52.多雾路段|| Foggy section53.软基路段|| Weak subgrade54.大型车靠右|| Oversize vehicle to right55.注意横风|| Alert to cross wind56.事故多发点|| Blackspot57.保护动物|| Protect animal58.长下坡慢行|| Long descent, slow-down59.道路封闭|| Road closed60.车道封闭|| Lane closed61.车辆慢行|| Slow down62.道路施工|| Road construction, Road works63.车辆绕行|| Vehicle by-pass64.方向引导|| Direction guide65.落石|| Falling rocks66.双向交通|| Two-way traffic67.其他危险|| Other dangers68.道路或车道变窄|| Carriageway narrows69.堤坝路|| Embankment road70.限制高度|| Limited height71.限制宽度|| Limited width72.禁鸣喇叭|| Silence(No audible warning)73.渡船|| Ferry boat。
采矿工程专业英语词汇
Introduction (绪论)mine n. 矿山，矿井。
v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤underground mining 地下开采surface mining 露天开采reserve n. 储量coal-bearing adj. 含煤的high production and high efficiency 高产高效development n. 开拓preparation n. 准备mining method 采煤方法subside v. 下沉，沉陷subsidence n. 沉降，沉陷mining subsidence n. 开采沉陷mechanize v. 使…机械化mechanization n. 机械化Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Mine (矿井基本概念) coalfield n. 煤田mining area n. 矿区mine field n. 井田divide v. 划分division n. 划分mine production capacity （MPC）矿井生产能力mine service life 矿井服务年限production scale of mine 井型small mine 小型矿井middle mine 中型矿井large mine 大型矿井huge mine 特大型矿井strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向dip angle 倾角workable adj. 可采的workable reserve n. 可采储量opening n. 通道，开口mine opening n. 矿山井巷passageway n. 通道shaft n. 立井roadway n. 巷道chamber n. 硐室main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 副立井air shaft 风井blind shaft 暗立井drawn shaft 溜井chute n. 溜煤眼adit n. 平硐drift n. 平硐crosscut n. 联络巷；石门coal crosscut煤门entry n. 平巷haulage n. 运输main haulage roadway 主要运输平巷main return-air roadway 主要回风平巷head entry 区段运输平巷tail entry 区段回风平巷slope n. 斜井rise n. 上山dip n. 下山rock rise 岩石上山coal rise 煤层上山coal haulage rise 运煤上山material transporting rise 运料上山return-air rise 回风上山men-walking rise 行人上山inclined roadway of a strip 分带斜巷inclined coal haulage roadway of a strip 分带运煤斜巷inclined material haulage roadway of a strip 分带运料斜巷development roadway 开拓巷道preparation roadway 准备巷道gateway 回采巷道pit bottom 井底车场shaft bottom 井底车场station n. 车场，车站mining district station 采区车场horizon n. 阶段level n. 水平haulage level 运输水平return-air level 回风水平mining level 开采水平interval between levels 阶段垂高mining district 采区panel n. 盘区sublevel n. 分段strip district n. 带区inclined length 斜长strike length 走向长度district sublevel区段Open-off cut n. 切眼coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面production n. 生产；产量production system 生产系统coal haulage system 运煤系统ventilation n. 通风ventilation system通风系统fresh air 新鲜风dirty air 乏风，污风refuse n. 矸石material and refuse transportation system 运料排矸系统drain v. 排水drainage system 排水系统power supply system (electric power, compressed air) 动力供应（电、压风）communication and monitoring system 通讯、监测系统drive v. 掘进excavate v. 开挖，开掘hoist v. 提升winch n. 绞车Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods (采煤方法)stope 采场mining works/units 回采工作basic operation 基本工序break v. 破碎load v. 装载haul v. 运输auxiliary operations 辅助工序roof support 顶板支护gob treatment 采空区处理auxiliary transportation 辅助运输ventilation 通风drainage 排水power supply 供电,emulsion supply 供液（乳化液）等。
采矿工程专业单词表
绪论☐☐mine n. 矿山，矿井。
v. 采矿☐mining n.采矿，采矿业，采掘行业☐mineral n. 矿物☐mine development 矿井开拓☐mine planning 矿井设计☐mine operation 矿井作业☐mine closure 矿井关闭☐mine reclamation 矿区恢复治理☐ore n. 矿石☐gangue n. [ɡæŋ] 夹石，夹矸 n. 脉石☐waste n. 废石☐mineral deposit 矿床☐metallic ore 金属矿石☐nonmetallic mineral 非金属矿物☐coal 煤☐petroleum 石油☐natural gas 天然气☐ground control 岩层控制☐ventilation 通风☐haulage 运输☐hoisting 提升☐rock breakage 破岩☐surrounding rock mass 围岩，周围岩层☐Dynamite 炸药☐Dark Ages 黑暗时代(欧洲史上约公元476-1000年)，欧洲中世纪☐prospecting 勘探，探矿☐exploration 勘探，探测☐development 开拓☐exploitation 开采☐reclamation [﹑reklə′meɪʃən] 恢复治理，复垦☐colliery [′kɔljəri] n. 矿井，煤矿☐surface mining 露天开采☐shaft 井筒，立井☐slope 斜井☐adit 平硐☐open pit mining 基坑式露天开采井，煤矿☐open cast mining (strip mining) 倒堆式露天开采☐stripe 条带☐stripe mining 条带开采☐aqueous mining method [′eikwiəs] 水采方法☐underground mining 地下开采☐unsupported mining 空场法/无支护法☐supported mining 有支护法☐caving mining 垮落法/崩落法☐unit operations 单元作业；工序☐production operation 生产工序，主要工序☐materials handling 物料搬运☐drill 钻眼☐blast 爆破☐load 装载☐unload，dump，卸载☐haul 运输☐auxiliary operation 辅助工序☐roof support 顶板支护☐ventilation and air-conditioning 通风和空气调节☐power supply 供电☐pumping；drainage 排水☐maintenance 设备维护☐communication 通讯☐lighting 照明☐delivery of compressed air, water 供水和压缩空气☐supplies to the working sections 其它材料供应☐provide slope stability 保持边坡稳定☐waste disposal 废物处理☐supply of material 材料供应1.1 Earth crust and strata☐heavenly body 天体☐atmosphere 大气层☐hydrosphere 水圈☐lithosphere岩石圈☐earth core地核☐earth mantle地幔☐crust地壳☐geologic function; geologic process地质作用☐geologic process from the external force外力地质作用☐geologic process from the internal force内力地质作用☐metamorphic process变质作用☐weathering风化作用☐mechanical weathering物理风化☐chemical weathering化学风化☐disintegration剥蚀，剥蚀作用☐decay 侵蚀、腐蚀☐侵蚀 erosion☐搬运作用 transportation☐沉积作用 deposition, sedimentation ☐成岩作用lithogenesis☐岩石 rock☐土 soil☐矿物 mineral☐火成岩igneous rock☐沉积岩sedimentary rock☐变质岩metamorphic rock☐喷出岩 extruded rock☐侵入岩intrusive rock☐花岗岩 granite☐玄武岩basalt☐斑岩porphyry☐石英 quartz☐长石feldspar☐云母 mica☐砂岩 sandstone☐粉砂岩 siltstone☐细砂岩 packsand☐粗砂岩 gritrock☐砂质泥岩 sandy mudstone☐页岩 shale☐石灰岩limestone☐泥 mudstone☐地层、岩层 stratum (pl) Strata☐大理marble☐板岩 slate☐石英岩quartzite☐gneiss1.2 Origin of Coal☐fossil n. 化石。
井巷专业英语
A boom-type miner or road-header consists of a rotary cutterhead mounted on an articulated boom, a crawler (履带) assembly, and a gathering arm system.
roof bolter 锚杆安装机，锚杆机
The roof bolter is a rubber-tired vehicle used to drill and insert bolts into the roof to support it.
2）fully mechanized excavation
drilling pattern 炮眼布置方式：
cut hole 掏槽眼; auxiliary hole 辅助眼; trim hole 周边眼
roof hole 顶眼; flank hole 帮眼; Bottom hole 底眼
firing sequence起爆顺序：Cut?auxiliary?roof & flank?bottom
net section area 净断面面积。
blasting excavation 炮掘，爆破掘进：
mucking 装岩，除渣
The excavation technique consists of main operations including breaking, loading, haulage and support, and auxiliary work including ventilation, laying the track, digging ditches and laying pipes etc.
道路交通标志英文
急救站First aid station禁令标志Prohibition sign客轮码头Passenger quay指示标志Mandatory sign餐饮Restaurant指路标志Guide sign汽修Breakdown service旅游标志Tourist sign洗车Vehicle cleaning标线Marking加油站Filling station禁止超越线No-passing line电话Telephone大型车Oversize vehicle轮渡Ferry小型车Light-duty vehicle爬坡车道Climbing lane自行车Bicycle追尾危险Rear-end collision danger非机动车Non-motor vehicle保持车距Keep space公共汽车Bus道路交通信息Traffic information机动车Motor vehicle路面结冰Icy pavement公共汽车优先Bus preemption Bus priority 小心路滑Slippery road be careful行车道Roadway,carriageway陡坡慢行Steep descent, slow-down超车道Overtaking lane多雾路段Foggy section硬路肩Hard shoulder软基路段Weak subgrade国道National road大型车靠右Oversize vehicle to right省道Provincial road注意横风Alert to cross wind县道County road事故多发点Blackspot高速公路Expressway保护动物Protect animal起点Starting point长下坡慢行Long descent, slow-down终点End point道路封闭Road closed一般道路Ordinary road车道封闭Lane closed城市道路Urban road车辆慢行Slow down**街道* * street道路施工Road construction, Road works 互通式立交* * interchange车辆绕行Vehicle by-pass高架桥Viaduct方向引导Direction guide隧道Tunnel落石Falling rocks收费站Toll station双向交通Two-way traffic应急停车带Emergency stop area其他危险Other dangers休息处Rest area道路或车道变窄Carriageway narrows服务区Service area堤坝路Embankment road避车道Lay-by,Passing bay限制高度Limited height火车站Railway station限制宽度Limited width飞机场Airport禁鸣喇叭Silence(No audible warning) 停车场Parking渡船Ferry boat长途汽车站Inter-city bus station此路不通No through road。
煤矿专业术语
1、瓦斯治理十六字方针：通风可靠；抽采达标；监控有效；管理到位。
2、瓦斯检查的三对口：瓦斯记录本；牌板；台账。
3、“一炮三检”是指：装药前、放炮前、放炮后要认真检查放炮地点附近的瓦斯，瓦斯超过1%时，严禁装药放炮。
4、三人连锁放炮制”是指：放炮前放炮员将警戒牌交给班组长，由班组长派人设警戒，下达放炮分命令，并检查顶板与支架情况，将自己携带的放炮命令牌交给瓦斯员，瓦斯员经检查瓦斯、煤尘合格后，将自己携带的放炮牌交给放炮员，放炮员发出放口哨后进行放炮，放炮后三牌各规原主。
放炮现场必须填写“三人连锁放炮制”交接表。
此表每班由炮管组发给放炮员，班后由放炮员交给炮管组保存、备查，若发现表内有不签字或漏项不填者，炮管组负责追查，并将追查情况提交矿安全办公会处理。
放炮警戒牌、放炮命令牌、放炮牌分别由炮管组、调度室、通风工区在工前会上发给放炮员、班组长、瓦斯员。
放炮员、班组长、瓦斯员必须按时到指定部门领取相应的牌子并在班后及时交回。
5、一通三防：防水；防瓦斯；防火。
6、瓦斯防治的十二字方针：先抽后采；监测监控；以风定产。
7、三同时：安全设施与主体工程同时设计；同时施工；同时投入使用。
8、防治水十六字方针：预测预报；有掘必探，先探后掘；先治后采。
9、超能力生产：矿井年产量超过核定生产能力的；月产量超过当月计划10%的；一个采取同一煤层单翼布置回采面一个以上或掘进面2各以上或双翼回采2个以上掘进面4个以上的；为定期检修设备的；入井人数超过规定的。
10、三专两闭锁：专用变压器；专用开关和专用供电线路；风电闭锁；瓦斯电闭锁。
11、井下供电三大保护：接地保护；漏电保护；短路保护。
12、三违：违章指挥；违章操作；违反劳动纪律。
ZDY系列全液压钻机主要用于煤矿井下瓦斯抽（排）放孔、防突孔、注浆灭火孔、煤层注水孔、探水孔、地质勘探孔及其它工程孔，能满足任何方位和任何倾角位置钻孔，具有钻进能力大、钻进速度快、操作简单、工作稳定可靠、体积小、适应性好、寿命长、钻杆强度高等优点。
煤矿专业常用英语词汇(已整理)
煤矿专业词汇1.综合词汇Coal Mine Resources Development and Utilization Plan 煤炭资源开发利用方案Description 说明书Revised 修改地China Coal Handan Design Engineering Co。
，Ltd 中煤邯郸设计工程有限责任公司addendum 附加物,附录Engineering No。
工程编号Construction Size 建设规模Inner Mongolia 内蒙古the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 内蒙古自治区Location(矿井）位置Subordinative Relationship of the Mine 隶属关系subordinative ［səbɔ：dinətiv］adj。
从属的，表示从属关系的drilling and blasting 炮掘mining method 采煤方法coal seam 煤层coal thickness（m) 煤厚strike length（m）走向长度incline width(m) 倾向宽度mining height（m）开采高度（采高）specific gravity(t/m3) 容重daily cycle 日循环数drivage per cycle（m) 日循环进度（指掘进）output per cycle(t）循环产量daily output(t）日产量coal recovered（10kt) 煤炭回收量(万吨)remarks 备注drivage n。
掘进driving place，developing face 掘进工作面stoping n。
（stope的ing形式）回采development n。
开拓mining n. 开采total planned drivage(m）计划掘进总长度mining team No.1 综采一队developing team No。
采矿专业词汇
归纳整理了采矿及相关工程领域中常见的英文专业词汇。
综（放）采工作面full-mechanized (caving) mining face 炮采工作面blasting mining face机采工作面mechanized mining face（急）倾斜煤层(steeply) inclined coal seam走向strike倾向direction dip,dip,inclination矿山压力underground pressure支承压力abutment pressure上覆岩层overlying rock strata薄、中厚、厚煤层thin,medium thick,thick coal seam （松散）含水层(loose) aquifer裂缝带crack zone垮落带caving zone顶、底板roof,floor顶煤top coal（掩护式）液压支架(shield) powered support割煤机coal cutter刮板机scrapper胶带输送机belt conveyor片帮coal slide冒顶roof fall岩爆（矿震、冲积矿压）rock burst自燃spontaneous combustion防水（砂）煤柱water(sand)-proof coal pillar陷落柱collapse column煤（岩）巷coal(rock) roadway沿空巷道roadway along gob围岩surrounding rock突水water bursting"三软" soft roof,soft coal,soft floor地应力ground stress（开采）地表沉陷(mining) surface subsidence高产高效high production and high efficiency回风巷ventilation roadway运输巷transportation roadway火成岩（岩浆岩）igneous rock厚冲积层thick alluvium条带开采strip mining移动、变形movement,distortion极限平衡区limit equilibrium area可靠性，可行性，合理性，适应性reliability, feasibility, rationality,adaptability 采出率、回收率mining rate,recovery rate埋管注氮nitrogen injection with buried pipe复合顶板combined roof断层fault喷浆grouting动压dynamic pressure地质灾害geological disasterEH-4电导率成像系统EH-4 electro-conducibility imaging system透气性（渗透性）permeability倾向性liability井下underground设备配套equipment match选型设计lectotype design撤架dismantling supports加固reinforcing安全阀safety valve积水seeper柔性支架flexible support伪斜apparent dip绞车房hoist room(winder chamber)暗立（斜）井blind (slope) shaft底臌floor heave破碎顶板cracked roof解放层protective coal seam电阻应变仪resistance strain instument坑口电厂pithead power plant煤柱尺寸pillar dimension灰色关联分析gray relationship analysis地质构造geological tectonic水文地质hydrogeology极不规则煤层extremely anomalistic coal seam预紧力、预应力pre-tightening force, pre-stress 含水的hydrous水力采煤hydraulic cutting coal主（副）井main (auxiliary) shaft敏感性sensitivity国内外at home and abroad瓦斯抽放gas drainage机电一体化mechanical-electrical integration稳定性stability微地震micro-seism动载dynamic loading流变特征rheological characteristic蠕变creep人工神经网络artificial neural network定位orientation保水开采mining without detroying water resource 高压注水water injection with high pressure中硬煤层medium hard coal seam层次分析法hierarchy anallysis proceeding煤与瓦斯突出coal and gas bursting模糊综合评判fuzzy comprehensive evaluationgoaf，old waste 老塘(采空区) gob water，waste water 老塘水 Continuous Miner 连续采煤机coking coal 炼焦煤 outcrop 露头 Roof collaspe 冒顶 mining concession 煤矿开采（特许）权mine field 煤田 mudstone 泥岩 gob bleeder 排气孔（采空区） spalling rib 片帮 drill bit 钻头side falling accident 片帮事故 easy grade, gentle slope 平缓坡度 paralell operation 平行作业proctor method 葡式压实法 protodyakonov scale of hardness 普氏硬度指数 front canopy 前探梁inclined angle 倾斜的角度 slope pillar 倾斜矿柱 Global Positioning System（GPS）全球卫星定位系统heat sensor 热传感器 sandstone 砂岩 overlying strata 上覆地层 respirator 自救器rise heading drivage, rise driving 上山开采法 equipment amortization 设备折旧 drill rig 钻机，凿岩机level workings 水平巷道 hydrologic observation 水文观测 room crosscut 通风联络小巷 legend 图例erodibility 土壤流失性 fltting speed 推进速度 mandate 托管 profile 纵切面 roof bolt 顶锚methane discharge volume 瓦斯排放（涌出）量 gas outburst potential 瓦斯突出 hole month 钻孔口部heading stope 巷道回采工作面 roadway head 巷道掘进工作面 heading chain pillar 巷道矿柱excavated section of road 巷道毛断面 small-sized lumps 小块煤 oblique fault 斜断层slope collar/mouth 斜井井口 slope invert 斜井仰拱 inclined hole 斜孔 slope 斜坡，斜面，斜井leave allowances 休假期 lithological characters 岩性 hydrolic shield 液压掩护式支架possible ore 远景储量 haulage track 运输路线 full face mining 整个工作面采煤 feeder 破碎机normal fault 正常断层 duty room 值班室 medium-sized lumps 中块 front entry 主平巷mainline conveyor 主线输送机 main inclined shaft 主斜井main slope, main slant 主斜井 host rock 主岩leading coal producing province 主要产煤省 fitting allowance 装配余量 preparatory workings 准备巷道Dump Truck 自动倾卸卡车 spontaneous combustion 自燃 line brattice 纵向隔风墙 pin timberingscoop & blast crew 炮采队 Continuous Miner crew 连采队 crew leader 带班长 expanding rib 扩帮cut bottom 割底 auger drilling 螺旋钻空 dump valve 倾泄阀(安全阀) electrical system 电气系统exhaust/emission control 排风/散热控制 water supply & sprays 用水供给/喷淋 cable reeler 电缆摆动架feeder breaker cable 破碎机断路器电缆 enlarged entry width 扩帮巷道宽度 hand drill 煤电钻gathering system 煤炭收集系统 load out conveyor 卸载传输装置 dust extraction 吸尘装置 outcrop 露头distribution control box 控制配电箱 trapped equipment 塌陷设备coal preparation plant 选煤厂service car, SMV car 服务车 roof bolter 锚杆机 speedy drivage 快速掘进 coking coal 炼焦煤methane electrical generation 瓦斯发电 electromagnetic valve 电磁阀 roadheader 综掘机(巷道掘进机)goaf，old waste 老塘(采空区） gob water，waste water 老塘水 Continuous Miner 连续采煤机Roof collaspe 冒顶 mining concession 煤矿开采（特许）权 mine field 煤田 mudstone 泥岩gob bleeder 排气孔（采空区） spalling rib 片帮 side falling accident 片帮事故 sandstone 砂岩easy grade, gentle slope 平缓坡度 paralell operation 平行作业 proctor method 葡式压实法protodyakonov scale of hardness 普氏硬度指数 front canopy 前探梁 inclined angle 倾斜的角度slope pillar 倾斜矿柱 Global Positioning System（GPS）全球卫星定位系统 heat sensor 热传感器overlying strata 上覆地层 rise heading drivage, rise driving 上山开采法 equipment amortization 设备折旧level workings 水平巷道 hydrologic observation 水文观测 room crosscut 通风联络小巷 legend 图例erodibility 土壤流失性 fltting speed 推进速度 excavated section of road 巷道毛断面 host rock 主岩mandate 托管methane discharge volume 瓦斯排放（涌出）量 gas outburst potential 瓦斯突出heading stope 巷道回采工作面 roadway head 巷道掘进工作面 heading chain pillar 巷道矿柱small-sized lumps 小块煤 oblique fault 斜断层 slope collar/mouth 斜井井口 slope invert 斜井仰拱inclined hole 斜孔 slope 斜坡，斜面，斜井 leave allowances 休假期 lithological characters 岩性hydrolic shield 液压掩护式支架 possible ore 远景储量 haulage track 运输路线 normal fault 正常断层full face mining 整个工作面采煤 duty room 值班室 medium-sized lumps 中块 front entry 主平巷mainline conveyor 主线输送机 main inclined shaft 主斜井 main slope, main slant 主斜井 profile 纵切面leading coal producing province 主要产煤省 fitting allowance 装配余量 preparatory workings 准备巷道Dump Truck 自动倾卸卡车 respirator 自救器 spontaneous combustion 自燃 line brattice 纵向隔风墙drill rig 钻机，凿岩机 hole month 钻孔口部 drill bit 钻头 pin timbering scoop blast crew 炮采队Continuous Miner crew 连采队 crew leader 带班长 expanding rib 扩帮 cut bottom 割底 feeder 破碎机auger bit 螺旋钻头 auger drilling 螺旋钻空 dump valve 倾泄阀(安全阀) electrical system 电气系统exhaust/emission control 排风/散热控制 water supply sprays 用水供给/喷淋 cable reeler 电缆摆动架feeder breaker cable 破碎机断路器电缆 enlarged entry width 扩帮巷道宽度 roof bolt 顶锚gathering system 煤炭收集系统 load out conveyor 卸载传输装置 dust extraction 吸尘装置distribution control box 控制配电箱 trapped equipment 塌陷设备 coal preparation plant 选煤厂service car, SMV car 服务车 hand drill 煤电钻 roof bolter 锚杆机 speedy drivage 快速掘进methane electrical generation 瓦斯发电 electromagnetic valve 电磁阀 roadheader 综掘机(巷道掘进机大气 ATMOSPHERE 大气组成 Atmospheric composition 空气质量 Air quality 氧气 Oxygen雾 Fog大气化学 Atmospheric chemistry 大气成分 Atmospheric components 大气颗粒物 Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide 温室气体 Greenhouse gases 臭氧层 Ozone layer降雨 Rainfall 风 Winds大气过程 Atmospheric processes 空气－水相互作用 Air-water interaction大气环流 Atmospheric circulation大气降水 Atmospheric precipitation碳循环 Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation 酸雨 Acid rain烟雾 Smog降水增加 Precipitation enhancement 太阳辐射 Solar radiation蒸腾作用 Transpiration空气污染 Air pollution空气污染物 Air pollutants氯氟碳 Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物 Deposited particulate matter薄烟Haze飞灰 Fly ash空内空气污染 Indoor air pollution湿度 Humidity岩石圈LITHOSPHERE固态地球 Solid Earth洞穴 Caves地震活动 Seismic activity地震监测 Seismic monitoring火山 Volcanoes风蚀 Wind erosion陆地生态系统 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS土壤 Soils农用土地Agricultural land碱地 Alkali lands冰 Ice污染的土地 Contaminated land污染的土壤 Contaminated soil沙坑Gravel pits荒地 Heath lands湖泊 Lakes土地承载能力 Land carrying capacity土地污染 Land pollution土地开垦 Land reclamation水坝 Dams土地恢复 Land restoration土地使用分类 Land use classification边缘土地 Marginal lands树木 Trees沙石开采 Sand extraction沉积 Sedimentation土壤潜力 Soil capabilities土壤保持 Soil conservation土壤污染 Soil contamination土壤退化 Soil degradation土壤侵蚀 Soil erosion土壤改良 Soil improvement土壤盐碱化 Soil salination水蚀 Water erosion干旱地区生态系统 Arid land ecosystems干旱土地 Arid lands沙漠化 Desertification抗旱 Drought control旱作 Dry farming沙丘固定 Sand dune fixation沙丘 Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统 Semi-arid land ecosystems森林生态系统 Forest ecosystems植树造林 Afforestation针叶林 Coniferous forests森林砍伐 Deforestation森林保护 Forest conservation森林火灾 Forest fires草地火灾 Grass fires绿化带 Greenbelts本地森林 Indigenous forests 再造林 Reafforestation雪 Snow植被恢复 Revegetation亚热带生态系统 Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林 Temperate forests温带林地 Temperate woodlands 热带生态系统 Tropical ecosystems热带森林 Tropical forests热带森林生态系统 Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统 Woodland ecosystems河流 Rivers温带生态系统和寒带生态系统 Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems淡水 FRESHWATER淡水资源 Freshwater resources谈水保护 Conservation of freshwater 自然排水系统 Natural drainage systems河流流域开发 River basin development 地下水 Subterranean water地表水 Surface waters水资源保护 Water resources conservation水资源开发 Water resources development径流 Run-off淡水生态系统 Freshwater ecosystems集水区 Catchment areas国际河流流域 International river basins湖泊流域 Lake basins池塘尾渣 Ponds tailings河流流域 River basins 淡水恶化 Freshwater degradation河流污染 River pollution 沉积物移动 Sediment mobilization沉积物运移 Sediment transport沉积盆地 Sedimentary basins渗漏 Seepage凤眼蓝 Water hyacinth水污染 Water pollution鱼类 Fish水的盐化 Water salination水处理 Water treatment水井 Water wells 海洋环境 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统 Marine ecosystems藻花 Algal bloom海底生态系统Benthic ecosystems矿床 Ore deposits海洋污染 Marine pollution污染沉积物 Marinesediments erosion 疏浚 Dredging河口生态系统 Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统 Island ecosystems小岛屿 Small islands海洋生物资源 Living marine resources水生哺乳动物 Aquatic mammals 水生微生物 Aquatic microorganisms水生植物 Aquatic plants珊瑚礁 Coral reefs甲壳纲动物 Crustaceans 软体动物 Molluscs海洋资源保护 Marine resources conservation水生贝壳类动物Shellfish森林政府 Forest policy环境管理 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT资源管理 Resources management深海矿藏 Deep sea deposits森林管理 Forest management 资源的地埋分布 Geographic distribution of resources土地价值 Land value s矿产资源 Mineral resources国家保护计划 National conservation programmes自然资源 Natural resources自然保护 Nature conservation不可再生资源 Non-renewable resources 资源净损耗 Net resource depletion石油资源保护 Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源 Renewable resources资源估价 Resource appraisal资源保护 Resource conservation海底开发 Sea bed exploitation海底采矿 Sea bed mining本地资源的利用 Utilization of local resources环境规划Environmental planning试验项目 Pilot projects发展合作 Development cooperation发展计划 Development planning生态发展 Ecodevelopment经济发展 Economic development经济计划 Economic planning环境核算Environmental accounting环境审计 Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价 Environmental health impact assessment环境影响 Environmental impact环境影响评价 Environmental impact assessment社会调查 Social surveys环境影响状报告书 Environmental impact statement环境指标Environmental indicators外部 Externalities环境政策 Environmental policy环境风险评估 Environmental risk assessment财政资助 Financial assistance土地利用规划 Land use planning环境管理指标 Environmental management indicators工业 INDUSTRY环境质量指标 Environmental quality indicators 政策规划 Policy planning施压集团 Pressure groups区域规划 Regional planning自助计划 Self-help programmes工农业选址Siting of industry采石 Quarrying发展状况 Status of development可持续发展 Sustainable development 运输计划 Transport planning可持续发展指标 Sustainable development indicators技术评价Technology assessment营养物 Nutrients环境经济问题 Environmental economic issues环境定价 Environmental valuation亚硝胺 Nitrosamines环境成本 Environmental costs重置成本 Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响 Trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分value d ecosystem components成本-效益分析 Cost-benefit analysis经济管理手段 Economic management instruments 发展中国家债务Developing countries debt环境股票交易 Environmental stock exchange政府环境开支 Government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段 Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化Internalisation of environmental costs涂料 Paints以绿色标志促销 Marketing with green labelling资源的定价政策Pricing policies of resources采矿 Mining结构调整计划 Structural adjustment programs税收差别 Tax differentiation作物保护 Crop protection可交易的许可证 Tradeable permits用火安全要求 Fire safety requirements亚硝酸盐 Nitrites工业区 Industrial areas受控燃烧 Controlled burning蒸馏业Distilling industry硝酸盐 Nitrates工业生产过程 Industrial processes制铝工业 Aluminium industry适用技术 Appropriate technology高炉 Blast furnaces纤维素 Cellulose化学工业 Chemical industry清洁技术 Clean technologies服装工业 Clothing industry脱盐工厂 Desalination plants干洗 Dry cleaning炼铁工业 Iron industry洗烫衣服 Laundering皮革工业 Leather industry金属加工 Metal finishing金属电镀 Metal plating金属冶炼 Metal smelting矿产业 Mineral industry天然气开采 Natural gas extraction原油开采 Oil extraction石油提炼 Petroleum refining印刷工业 Printing industry纸浆工业Pulp industry橡胶加工 Rubber processing炼钢工业 Steel industry露天剥采 Strip mining焦油生产 Tar production焦油使用 Tar use木材保存 Wood preservation工业产品 Industrial products消费品Consumer goods危险品 Dangerous goods工业材料 Industrial materials天然纤维 Natural fibres包装Packaging 产品标签 Product labelling可再用容器 Reusable containers合成洗涤剂 Synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维 Synthetic textile fibres漆 Varnishes木产品 Wood products运输 TRANSPORTATION内燃机Combustion engines道路 Roads铁路运输 Railway transport道路安全 Road safety道路交通工程 Road traffic engineering渔轮 Fishing vessels道路运输 Road transport城市交通 Urban traffic车辆检验 Vehicle inspection水上运输 Water transportation内河运输 Inland water transport 内陆水道 Inland waterways国际水道 International watercourses港口Ports海运 Maritime transport航运的危害 Navigational hazards油轮 Oil tankers潜水艇 Submarines能 ENERGY能源 Energy sources动物粪便作燃料 Animal dung as fuel沼气 Biogas 生物量 Biomass煤 Coal木炭 Charcoal生物质能 Biomass energy 原油 Crude oil能源资源 Energy resources浓缩铀 Enriched uranium矿物燃料 Fossil fuels燃料酒精 Fuel alcohol薪柴 Fuel wood地热能Geothermal energy天然气 Natural gas碳氢化合物 Hydrocarbon compounds烃 Hydrocarbons水电 Hydroelectric power液化气 Liquefied gas甲烷 Methane可再生能源 Renewable energy sources不可再生能源Non-renewable energy resources无污染能源 Non-polluting energy sources核能 Nuclear energy核燃料Nuclear fuels油类 Oils汽油 Petrols油页岩 Oil shales泥炭、泥煤 Peat从废料中提取的燃料 Refuse derived fuels太阳能 Solar energy焦油砂 Tar sands海洋热能 Thermal sea power潮汐能 Tidal energy铀Uranium波浪能 Wave energy风能 Wind energy能源过程 Energy processes煤气化 Coal gasification 煤液化 Coal liquefaction电力 Electric power发电厂 Electric power plants蓄电装置 Electrical storage devices照明 Lighting能源保护 Energy conservation能源转换 Energy conversion能源效率Energy efficiency酸 Acids能源政策 Energy policy能源生产 Energy production能源利用 Energy use氯 Chlorine酚 Phenols能源利用方式 Energy utilization patterns气体液化 Gas liquefaction 氧化铝 Alumina天然气勘探 Natural gas exploration核能利用 Nuclear energy uses核电站 Nuclear power plants近海石油钻探 Offshore oil drilling石油勘探 Oil exploration日照加热 Solar heating硫酸盐 Sulphates环境化学 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY无机物质 Inorganic substances 盐酸 Hydrochloric acid硫化氢 Hydrogen sulphide硫酸 Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents毒性 Toxicity光化学效应 Photochemical effects有机物质 Organic substances有机硅化合物 Organosilicon compounds外激素，信息素 Pheromones植物油 Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemical processes酸化 Acidification需氧过程 Aerobic processes厌氧过程 Anaerobic processes生物降解 Biodegradation脱氮作用 Denitrification富营氧化 Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用Interaction of pesticides电离辐射 Ionizing radiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用） Metabolism 固氮 Nitrogen fixation非电离辐射 Non-ionizing radiation光合作用 Photosynthesis物理－化学过程 Physico-chemical processes放射性 Radioactivity污染 POLLUTION污染物 Pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂 Aerosols石棉 Asbestos农业废物 Agricultural wastes 商业噪音 Commercial noise混合污染Composite pollution二恶英 Dioxin作物废物 Crop waste s农家场院废物 Farmyard waste火、火灾 Fire危险物质 Hazardous substances危险废物 Hazardous wastes重金属 Heavy metals医院废物 Hospital wastes工业废水 Industrial effluents工业排放物 Industrial emissions工业烟尘 Industrial fumes工业噪声Industrial noise氡 Radon无机污染物 Inorganic pollutants铅污染 Lead contamination液体废物Liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物 Litter汞污染 Mercury contamination微污染物 Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes锯屑 Sawdust机动车辆排放物 Motor vehicle emissions城市废物 Municipal waste氮氧化物 Nitrogen oxides噪声污染 Noise pollution恶臭公害 Odour nuisance有机物污染 Organic pollutants污水 Sewage难降解有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutants有机溶剂 Organic solvents毒素 Toxins有机卤化物 Organohalogen compounds医药废物 Pharmaceutical wastes 塑料废物 Plastic wastes多氯联苯 Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物 Polymer wastes放射性物质 Radioactive substances橡胶废物 Rubber waste 屠宰场废物 Slaughterhouse waste固体废物Solid wastes热污染 Thermal pollution有毒物质 Toxic substances有毒废物 Toxic waste 痕量元素 Trace elements痕量物质 Trace materials交通噪音 Traffic noise废物，垃圾 Trash废热 Waste heat木材废料 Wood waste烟囱 Chimneys对流层臭氧 Tropospheric ozone污染源 Pollution sources生物武器Biological weapons过滤器 Filters水泥工业 Cement industry化学武器 Chemical weapons冷却水 Cooling waters机动车辆 Motor vehicles摩托车 Motorcycles核武器 Nuclear weapons海洋倾倒 Ocean dumping石油泄漏 Oil spills废物 Wastes废金属 Scrap metals挖掘堆积 Excavation heaps污染治理 Pollution abatement隔音 Acoustic insulation化学污染清除 Chemical decontamination燃料脱硫 Desulphurization of fuels噪音治理 Noise abatement污染治理设备 Pollution abatement equipment污染控制技术 Pollution control technology回收 Recycling辐射防护 Radiation protection洗涤器 Scrubbers分离器 Separators防烟 Smoke prevention释放 Release废物最少化 Waste minimization 电池处理 Battery disposal废物的化学处理 Chemical treatment of waste处置场所 Disposal sites废物焚烧 Incineration of waste矿山回填 Mine filling废物利用 Waste use残油回收 Oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理 Radioactive waste management核安全 Nuclear safety回收的材料 Recycled materials 材料再利用 Reuse of materials卫生填埋 Sanitary landfills山崩 Landslides海洋排泄口 Sea outfall化粪池 Septic tanks污水处置 Sewage disposal 废物回收 Waste recovery污水处理系统 Sewage treatment systems固体废物处置 Solid waste disposal水的再利用 Water reuse废物同化处置 Waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术 Waste conversion techniques振动 Vibration废物处置 Waste disposal废物土地处置 Waste disposal in the ground 废物处置税 Waste disposal taxes人体健康 HUMAN HEALTH污染物的危害 Hazards of pollutants污染风险Pollution ris地震 Earthquakes在人体组织中的积累 Accumulation in body tissues镉污染 Cadmium contamination灾难 DISASTERS环境健康危害 Environmental health hazards人体接触污染物 Human exposure to pollutants飓风 Hurricanes污染物的长期效应 Long-term effects of pollutants 污染物的影响Pollutant effects辐射效应 Radiation effects药物的副作用 Side effects of pharmaceutical drugs有毒物质的协同效应 Synergistic effects of toxic substances与环境有关的疾病 Environmentally related diseases工作环境 Working environment人机工程学 Ergonomics职业健康 Occupational health职业安全 Occupational safety卫生设施Health facilities监测 MONITORING传统保健 Traditional health care灾难现象 Catastrophic phenomena人为灾难 Human-made disasters生物体的意外释放 Accidental release of organisms环境事故Environmental accidents生态标志 Ecolabelling地震海浪 Seismic sea waves应急减灾措施 Emergency relief measures 防灾准备 Disaster preparedness灾难清理作业 Disaster clean-up operations 防灾 Disaster prevention 灾难救援 Disaster relief生境破坏 Habitat destruction陆地活动 Land-based activities自然改变 Physical alterations环境监测 Environmental monitoring生物指标 Biological indicators 污染物鉴别 Identification of pollutants噪声监制 Noise monitoring污染物分析 Pollutant analysis污染物分布Pollutant distribution污染物浓度 Pollutant levels污染物监测 Pollutant monitoring污染物路径 Pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别 Pollutant source identification污染监测 Pollution monitoring辐射监测 Radiation monitoring交通监测 Traffic monitoring监测数据 Monitoring data空气质量管理Air quality management大气监测 Atmospheric monitoring本底监测 Baseline monitoring环境标准 Environmental criteria环境评价 Environmental assessment部门评价 Sectoral assessment环境统计 Environmental statistics森林资源评估 Forest resource assessment洪水监测 Freshwater monitoring污染基准 Pollution criteria工业生产统计 Industrial production statistics长期预报 Long-term forecasting长期趋势 Long-term trends海洋监测 Marine monitoring监测基准 Monitoring criteria 污染标准Pollution norms水盾 Water quality质量控制 Quality control天气监测 Weather monitoring天气预报Weather prediction模拟 Simulation野生生物种群统计 Wildlife population statistics监测技术Monitoring techniques分析设备 Analytical equipment大气模型 Atmospheric models自动检测Automatic detection测量仪器的标定 Calibration of measuring equipment色谱分析Chromatographic analysis气象色谱法 Gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计 Modelling监测仪器Monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术 Radioactive tracer techniques采样技术 Sampling techniques河道观测 Stream measurement毒理测定 Toxicological testing报警系统 Warning systems监测系统Monitoring systems环境法 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW国内立法 National legislation农业立法Agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施 Antipollution incentives环境犯罪 Environmental crimes技术转让 Technology transfer环境激励措施 Environmental incentives环境责任 Environmental liability环境过失 Environmental misconduct环境质量标准 Environmental quality standards环境补贴Environmental subsidies林业立法 Forestry legislation健康立法 Health legislation住房立法Housing legislation工业立法 Industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚 Penalties for environmental damage污染者付费原则 Polluter-pays principle污染控制法规 Pollution control regulations污染责任 Pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取 Public access to land法规控制 Regulatory control国际环境关系 International environmental relations入海通道 Access to the sea双边协定 Bilateral conventions环境安全 Environmental security环境破坏行为 Environmental vandalism环境冲突 Environmental warfare危险废物的出口 Export of hazardous wastes全球性公约 Global conventions国际标准化 International standardization国际贸易 International trade国际性重要的失态系统 Internationally important ecosystems海洋事故的责任 Liability for marine accidents事先知情同意 Prior informed consent区域性公约 Regional conventions危险物质的运输 Transport of hazardous materialsgoaf，old waste 老塘(采空区）gob water，waste water 老塘水Continuous Miner 连续采煤机coking coal 炼焦煤outcrop 露头Roof collaspe 冒顶mining concession 煤矿开采（特许）权mine field 煤田mudstone 泥岩gob bleeder 排气孔（采空区）spalling rib 片帮legend 图例side falling accident 片帮事故easy grade, gentle slope 平缓坡度paralell operation 平行作业mandate 托管proctor method 葡式压实法protodyakonov scale of hardness 普氏硬度指数front canopy 前探梁inclined angle 倾斜的角度slope pillar 倾斜矿柱legend 图例erodibility 土壤流失性sandstone 砂岩Global Positioning System（GPS）全球卫星定位系统heat sensor 热传感器sandstone 砂岩overlying strata 上覆地层rise heading drivage, rise driving 上山开采法gob bleeder 排气孔（采空区）equipment amortization 设备折旧level workings 水平巷道hydrologic observation 水文观测room crosscut 通风联络小巷fltting speed 推进速度mandate 托管goaf，old waste 老塘(采空区）gob water，waste water 老塘水Continuous Miner 连续采煤机coking coal 炼焦煤outcrop 露头Roof collaspe 冒顶mining concession 煤矿开采（特许）权mine field 煤田mudstone 泥岩spalling rib 片帮side falling accident 片帮事故easy grade, gentle slope 平缓坡度paralell operation 平行作业drill bit 钻头proctor method 葡式压实法protodyakonov scale of hardness 普氏硬度指数front canopy 前探梁inclined angle 倾斜的角度slope pillar 倾斜矿柱Global Positioning System（GPS）全球卫星定位系统heat sensor 热传感器overlying strata 上覆地层rise heading drivage, rise driving 上山开采法host rock 主岩equipment amortization 设备折旧level workings 水平巷道hydrologic observation 水文观测room crosscut 通风联络小巷erodibility 土壤流失性fltting speed 推进速度oblique fault 斜断层methane discharge volume 瓦斯排放（涌出）量gas outburst potential 瓦斯突出slope invert 斜井仰拱heading stope 巷道回采工作面roadway head 巷道掘进工作面heading chain pillar 巷道矿柱excavated section of road 巷道毛断面small-sized lumps 小块煤slope collar/mouth 斜井井口inclined hole 斜孔slope 斜坡，斜面，斜井leave allowances 休假期lithological characters 岩性hydrolic shield 液压掩护式支架possible ore 远景储量haulage track 运输路线front entry 主平巷full face mining 整个工作面采煤normal fault 正常断层duty room 值班室medium-sized lumps 中块mainline conveyor 主线输送机main inclined shaft 主斜井main slope, main slant 主斜井leading coal producing province 主要产煤省fitting allowance 装配余量preparatory workings 准备巷道Dump Truck 自动倾卸卡车respirator 自救器spontaneous combustion 自燃profile 纵切面line brattice 纵向隔风墙drill rig 钻机，凿岩机hole month 钻孔口部pin timberingscoop & blast crew 炮采队Continuous Miner crew 连采队crew leader 带班长expanding rib 扩帮cut bottom 割底feeder 破碎机auger bit 螺旋钻头auger drilling 螺旋钻空dump valve 倾泄阀(安全阀)electrical system 电气系统exhaust/emission control 排风/散热控制water supply & sprays 用水供给/喷淋cable reeler 电缆摆动架feeder breaker cable 破碎机断路器电缆enlarged entry width 扩帮巷道宽度gathering system 煤炭收集系统load out conveyor 卸载传输装置dust extraction 吸尘装置distribution control box 控制配电箱trapped equipment 塌陷设备coal preparation plant 选煤厂service car, SMV car 服务车hand drill 煤电钻roof bolt 顶锚roof bolter 锚杆机speedy drivage 快速掘进methane electrical generation 瓦斯发电electromagnetic valve 电磁阀roadheader 综掘机(巷道掘进机auger bit 螺旋钻头auger drilling 螺旋钻空cable reeler 电缆摆动架coal preparation plant 选煤厂coking coal 炼焦煤Continuous Miner crew 连采队Continuous Miner 连续采煤机crew leader 带班长cut bottom 割底distribution control box 控制配电箱drill bit 钻头drill rig 钻机，凿岩机Dump Truck 自动倾卸卡车dump valve 倾泄阀（安全阀）dust extraction 吸尘装置duty room 值班室easy grade， gentle slope 平缓坡度electrical system 电气系统electromagnetic valve 电磁阀enlarged entry width 扩帮巷道宽度equipment amortization 设备折旧erodibility 土壤流失性excavated section of road 巷道毛断面exhaust/emission control 排风/散热控制expanding rib 扩帮feeder breaker cable 破碎机断路器电缆feeder 破碎机fitting allowance 装配余量fltting speed 推进速度front canopy 前探梁front entry 主平巷full face mining 整个工作面采煤gas outburst potential 瓦斯突出gathering system 煤炭收集系统Global Positioning System（GPS）全球卫星定位系统goaf，old waste 老塘（采空区）gob bleeder 排气孔（采空区）gob water，waste water 老塘水hand drill 煤电钻haulage track 运输路线heading chain pillar 巷道矿柱heading stope 巷道回采工作面heat sensor 热传感器hole month 钻孔口部host rock 主岩hydrolic shield 液压掩护式支架hydrologic observation 水文观测inclined angle 倾斜的角度inclined hole 斜孔leading coal producing province 主要产煤省leave allowances 休假期legend 图例level workings 水平巷道line brattice 纵向隔风墙lithological characters 岩性load out conveyor 卸载传输装置main inclined shaft 主斜井main slope， main slant 主斜井mainline conveyor 主线输送机mandate 托管medium-sized lumps 中块methane discharge volume 瓦斯排放（涌出）量methane electrical generation 瓦斯发电outcrop 露头mine field 煤田mining concession 煤矿开采（特许）权mudstone 泥岩normal fault 正常断层oblique fault 斜断层overlying strata 上覆地层paralell operation 平行作业pin timberingpossible ore 远景储量preparatory workings 准备巷道proctor method 葡式压实法profile 纵切面protodyakonov scale of hardness 普氏硬度指数respirator 自救器rise heading drivage， rise driving 上山开采法roadheader 综掘机（巷道掘进机）roof bolter 锚杆机roadway head 巷道掘进工作面roof bolt 顶锚Roof collaspe 冒顶room crosscut 通风联络小巷sandstone 砂岩scoop & blast crew 炮采队service car， SMV car 服务车side falling accident 片帮事故slope collar/mouth 斜井井口slope invert 斜井仰拱slope pillar 倾斜矿柱slope 斜坡，斜面，斜井small-sized lumps 小块煤spalling rib 片帮speedy drivage 快速掘进spontaneous combustion 自燃trapped equipment 塌陷设备water supply & sprays 用水供给/喷淋goaf，old waste 老塘(采空区）gob water，waste water 老塘水Continuous Miner 连续采煤机coking coal 炼焦煤outcrop 露头Roof collaspe 冒顶mining concession 煤矿开采（特许）权mine field 煤田mudstone 泥岩gob bleeder 排气孔（采空区）spalling rib 片帮side falling accident 片帮事故sandstone 砂岩easy grade, gentle slope 平缓坡度paralell operation 平行作业proctor method 葡式压实法protodyakonov scale of hardness 普氏硬度指数front canopy 前探梁inclined angle 倾斜的角度slope pillar 倾斜矿柱Global Positioning System（GPS）全球卫星定位系统heat sensor 热传感器overlying strata 上覆地层rise heading drivage, rise driving 上山开采法mandate 托管front entry 主平巷equipment amortization 设备折旧level workings 水平巷道hydrologic observation 水文观测profile 纵切面room crosscut 通风联络小巷legend 图例erodibility 土壤流失性fltting speed 推进速度host rock 主岩methane discharge volume 瓦斯排放（涌出）量gas outburst potential 瓦斯突出inclined hole 斜孔heading stope 巷道回采工作面roadway head 巷道掘进工作面heading chain pillar 巷道矿柱excavated section of road 巷道毛断面small-sized lumps 小块煤oblique fault 斜断层duty room 值班室slope collar/mouth 斜井井口slope invert 斜井仰拱slope 斜坡，斜面，斜井leave allowances 休假期lithological characters 岩性hydrolic shield 液压掩护式支架possible ore 远景储量haulage track 运输路线full face mining 整个工作面采煤normal fault 正常断层medium-sized lumps 中块respirator 自救器mainline conveyor 主线输送机main inclined shaft 主斜井main slope, main slant 主斜井roof bolter 锚杆机leading coal producing province 主要产煤省fitting allowance 装配余量preparatory workings 准备巷道Dump Truck 自动倾卸卡车spontaneous combustion 自燃line brattice 纵向隔风墙roof bolt 顶锚。
采矿专业名词
采煤工作面：workface工作面、面face巷道：roadway上覆岩层overburden strata顶底板：roof and floor老顶，基本顶：main roof直接顶：immediate roof煤矿开采：Coal mining矿山压力：Underground pressure 煤矿：coal mine煤田，产煤区coalfield采区：Section采区working area支护：support巷旁支护：Lane offshoot Care锚杆：bolt锚索：anchor采空区：gob =mined-out gob煤层coal bed矿山压力underground pressure 支承压力abutment pressure地质条件geological conditions巷道围岩roadway surrounding rock围岩控制surrounding rock control巷帮、煤帮、两帮coal rib沿空留巷the gob-side entry retaining碎片，岩屑，碎石，尾矿，废石：debris沿空巷道gob-side entry roadway retained 极限平衡区：Limit equilibrium area切顶：cut the roof无煤柱：no pillar石门：crosscut断面：cross section断面section采出率：recovery全部跨落：full caving长壁开采：Longwall mining房柱开采法room-and-pillar mining房柱式：Room and pillar method煤田：Coalfield露天开采：Surface mining=open-cut mining=strip mining=stripping 矿物矿石矿产：Mineral竖井井筒：Shaft断层：Fault下沉下降：Subsidence (工作面上下)平巷：Gate水平巷道、平硐drift平巷、掘进头heading掘进工作面driving face结合点、节理joint内聚力cohesion开切眼：Interconnection 深部开采：deep mining工作面推进face advance变形deformation运输巷haulway工作面运输巷（下顺槽）headentry回风巷air-roadway工作面回风巷（下顺槽）tailentry矿压显现、顶板活动规律strata behavior 液压支架power support 顶板控制、顶板管理roof control矿区mining area注浆锚杆bolt-grouting 保护层protective seam 关键层key strataas(is are)shown in fig.1单体支柱individual jacks底鼓floor heaving额定工作阻力yield loads初撑力setting loading大巷main heading永久支架permanent supports临时支架temporary supports薄煤层low coal变形deformation全部垮落full caving煤层群、多煤层multiple seam煤层间距seam interbals矸石spoil钻孔boring破煤，切割，开掘，挖掘Cutting打眼Drilling放炮blasting运输hauling矿井开拓mine development井工开采underground mining井巷工程shaft sinking and tunneling。
煤矿巷道名称解释精选版
煤矿巷道名称解释 Document serial number【KKGB-LBS98YT-BS8CB-BSUT-BST108】开采水平mininglevel, gallerylevel运输大巷及井底车场所在的水平位置及所服务的开采范围。
辅助水平subsidiarylevel在开采水平内,因生产需要而增设有运输大巷的水平位置及所服务的开采范围。
开采水平垂高lift, levelinterval又称“水平高度”。
开采水平上下边界之间的垂直距离。
矿井延深shaftdeepening为接替生产而进行的下一开采水平的井巷布置及开掘工程。
采区准备preparationindistrict采区(盘区、带区)内主要巷道的掘进和设备安装工作。
采区district阶段或开采水平内沿走向划分为具有独立生产系统的开采块段。
近水平煤层采区又称“盘区(panel)”；倾斜长壁分带开采的采区又称(“带区(stripdistrict)”)。
分段sublevel曾称“小阶段”、“亚阶段”、“分阶段”。
在阶段内沿倾斜方向划分的开采块段。
区段districtsublevel在采区内沿倾斜方向划分的开采块段。
分带strip在带区内沿走向划分的开采块段。
前进式开采advancingmining(1)自井筒或主平硐附近向井田边界方向依次开采各采区的开采顺序；(2)采煤工作面背向采区运煤上山(运输大巷)方向推进的开采顺序。
后退式开采retreatingmining(1)自井田边界向井筒或主平硐方向依次开采各采区的开采顺序；(2)采煤工作面向运煤上山(运输大巷)方向推进的开采顺序。
往复式开采reciprocatingmining前一采煤工作面推进到终采线位置后，相邻的后续采煤工作面按相反方向推进的开采方式。
上行式开采ascendingmining, upwardmining分段、区段、分层或煤层由下向上的开采顺序。
下行式开采descendingmining,downwardmining分段、区段、分层或煤层由上向下的开采顺序。
土木工程类英文专业词汇
土木工程类英文专业词汇土木工程是一个涉及土地开发、设计、建造和维护的复杂领域。
在这个领域中，有许多具有专业性、特定含义和用途的英文术语。
掌握这些专业词汇对于在这个领域工作或学习的人来说非常必要。
本文将介绍土木工程常用的英语专业词汇。
1.Civil engineering –土木工程学Civil engineering is a discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.2.Architecture –建筑学Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures, such as buildings and bridges.3.Planning –规划Planning is the process of making a detailed plan or layout for a project, including determining what resources will be needed to complete the project.4.Surveying –测量Surveying is the process of measuring and mapping the surface of the Earth, including land, water bodies, and buildings.5.Structural engineering –结构工程Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the design and analysis of structures, such as buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure.6.Geotechnical engineering –岩土工程Geotechnical engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the study of soil and rock mechanics, and the design and construction of structures that are built on or in the ground.7.Transportation engineering –交通运输工程Transportation engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that dealswith the design and construction of transportation infrastructure, such as roads, highways, and airports.8.Hydrology –水文学Hydrology is the study of water and its movement on the surface of the Earth, including precipitation, streams, rivers, and groundwater.9.Water resources engineering –水资源工程Water resources engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the study of water resources and the design and construction of structures that manage and distribute water, including dams, reservoirs, and water treatment plants.10.Environmental engineering –环境工程Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the study of environmental engineering principles and the design and construction of structures that protect the environment, such as water treatment plants and wastewater treatment plants.11.Construction –建造Construction refers to the process of building structures from design plans and specifications.12.Industrial engineering –工业工程Industrial engineering is a discipline that deals with the optimization of complex processes, systems, and organizations, with the goal of improving efficiency, productivity, and safety.13.Quantity surveying –工程测量Quantity surveying is the process of determining the quantity, cost, and value of materials needed to complete a construction project.14.Building –建筑物Building refers to a structure that is built for a specific purpose, such as a house, office building, or factory.15.Foundation –基础Foundation refers to the part of a structure that is in direct contact with the ground and supports the weight of the structure.16.Reinforcement –钢筋加固Reinforcement refers to the process of adding materials, such as steel bars, to strengthen a structure.17.Retaining wall –挡土墙A retaining wall is a structure that is built to support soil and prevent it from sliding down a slope.18.Roadway –道路A roadway is a paved surface that is designed for vehicles and pedestrians to travel on.19.Bridge –桥梁A bridge is a structure that is built to span a physical obstacle, such as a river or gorge, and provide a safe means of transportation.20.Culvert –排水管A culvert is a structure that is built to allow water to pass under a roadway or other structure.21.Dam –水坝A dam is a structure that is built to control the flow of water and to provide water for human consumption, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.22.Pile –桩A pile is a foundation support structure that is driven into the ground to supporta structure.23.Slab –地板A slab is a flat, horizontal surface that is used as a flooring material or to supporta structure.24.Tunnel –隧道A tunnel is an underground structure that is built for transportation, utilities, or other purposes.25.Asphalt –沥青Asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid that is used as a binder for paving materials.以上就是土木工程类英文专业词汇的介绍，这些专业词汇对于在土木工程领域中工作或学习的人来说都是非常重要的。
煤矿专业常用英语词汇(已整理)
煤矿专业词汇1.综合词汇Coal Mine Resources Development and Utilization Plan 煤炭资源开发利用方案Description 说明书Revised 修改地China Coal Handan Design Engineering Co., Ltd 中煤邯郸设计工程有限责任公司addendum 附加物，附录Engineering No. 工程编号Construction Size 建设规模Inner Mongolia 内蒙古the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 内蒙古自治区Location（矿井）位置Subordinative Relationship of the Mine 隶属关系subordinative [səbɔ:dinətiv] adj. 从属的,表示从属关系的drilling and blasting 炮掘mining method 采煤方法coal seam 煤层coal thickness（m）煤厚strike length(m) 走向长度incline width(m) 倾向宽度mining height(m) 开采高度（采高）specific gravity(t/m3) 容重daily cycle 日循环数drivage per cycle(m) 日循环进度（指掘进）output per cycle(t) 循环产量daily output(t) 日产量coal recovered(10kt) 煤炭回收量（万吨）remarks 备注drivage n. 掘进driving place, developing face 掘进工作面stoping n.(stope的ing形式) 回采development n. 开拓mining n. 开采total planned drivage（m）计划掘进总长度mining team No.1 综采一队developing team No.2 掘进二队Subtotal 小计Total 合计Grandtotal 总计Working face ID 工作面编号detail list, breakdown 明细表Contents 目录Chapter 章Section 节General situations 概况Overview 概述Traffic and location 交通位置Natural geography 自然地理Enterprise type 企业性质Preparation basis 编制依据Status quo and forecast of mineral demand 矿产品的需求现状及预测Coal price analysis 煤炭产品价格分析General situations of mineral resources 矿产资源概况Minefield structure and geological feature 井田构造及地质特征Mining conditions and Hydrogeology conditions 开采技术条件及水文地质条件Mineral resources reserves 矿产资源储量Comments on Geological survey Report 对地质勘探报告的评述Construction Plan 建设方案Mining Plan 开采方案Water prevention and control program 防治水方案Prevention of the gas and coal dust explosion 防治瓦斯、煤尘爆炸Mine fire prevention 矿井防灭火Minefield development and mining 井田开拓与开采Mine characteristic and development principle 矿井特点及开发原则Minefield development 井田开拓underground mining 井下开采Coal processing 煤的加工，煤的洗选Coal quality 煤质Environmental protection 环境保护Major sources of pollution and pollutants 主要污染源和主要污染物Ecological changes caused by mine development 矿井开发引起的生态变化Designed with environmental protection standards设计采用的环境保护标准Preliminary plan of pollution control 控制污染的初步方案Development Plan Brief Conclusions 开发方案简要结论Available reserves of mine design, design duty and service life 设计可采储量、设计生产能力、服务年限product scheme 产品方案Mine industrial field location and scheme of mining and development 井口工业场地位置及开拓开采方案Brief assessments for engineering project 对工业项目的简要评述Issues and suggestions 存在的问题及建议attached Document 附件文案大全entrustment letter 委托书Record-Keeping Certification 备案证明Review Opinions on Report for 评审意见书Attached drawings 附图attached file （邮件的）附件Surface and underground map of 井上下对照图plane map 平面图section map 剖面图Mining area 矿区范围Geological and Topographic map 地质地形图General Layout Plan of 总平面布置图geographic coordinate 地理坐标Its traffic is comparatively convenient 交通较为方便Topography and landform 地形和地貌The mining area topographic dissection is intense 矿区地形切割强烈dry season 干季，旱季rainy season 雨季private enterprise 民营企业，私营企业minable coal seams 可采煤层one-third(1/3) coking coal 1/3焦煤the raw coal ash contents are between 15% and 25%原煤灰分为15%-25%the total sulphur contents of raw coals are between 0.2% and 0.5%. 全硫0.2%-0.5%production 生产，产量（指宏观的）product 产品（指微观的）civilian use 民用Coal preparation plant（CPP）洗煤厂Preface 前言be administered by the authorities of 行政区划隶属于（准格尔旗窑沟乡）管辖workload，workvolume 工程量（工作量）commissioning 投产shaft bottom 井底车场working face 工作面haulageway，haulage roadway 运输巷main haulageway 运输大巷main roadway 大巷track transport, track haulage 轨道运输trackless transport 无轨运输track roadway 轨道巷air-return roadway 回风巷roadway 巷道shaft 井筒incline, inclined shaft 斜井shaft, vertical shaft 竖井vertical shaft development 竖井开拓mine construction 矿井建设mine construction volume 矿建工程量district 采区roof 顶板floor 底板false roof 伪顶immediate roof 直接顶main roof 老顶roof stability 顶板稳定性working face 回采工作面，采煤工作面coal mining method 采煤方法blast-winning technology 爆破采煤工艺mining level 开采水平longwall mining on the strike 走向长壁采煤法advancing mining 前进式开采retreating mining 后退式开采upward mining 上行式开采downward mining 下行式开采belt transporter 胶带输送机extensible belt transporter 可伸缩胶带输送机belt 胶带，皮带belt roadway 皮带巷transfer 转载，转运transfer point 转载点transloader 转载机coal mining 采煤caving the roof 放顶inclined roadway 斜巷level working，horizontal working 平巷shaft sinking and drifting 井巷工程setup room 切眼adit 平硐tunnel 隧道shaft mouth 井口main shaft 主井air shaft, ventilating shaft 风井synchronize 使同步roadway support 巷道支护shield（support）采煤支架（掩护式支架）chock-shield 支撑掩护式支架2.矿山机械2.1.采煤机械coal winning machinery 采煤机械文案大全coal cutter 截煤机（用于煤层内掏槽的采煤机械）cutter-loader 截装机（兼有掏槽和装煤功能的截煤机）coal winning machine 采煤机shearer, shearer-loader 滚筒采煤机trepanner 钻削采煤机continuous miner 连续采煤机conventionally-mechanized coal winning face unit普通机械化采煤机组（高档普采机组）即采煤机+单体液压支柱fully-mechanized coal winning face unit 综合机械化采煤机组（综采机组）即采煤机+综合液压支架machine height 机身高度：自采煤工作面底板至采煤机机身上表面的高度cutting height 截割高度：简称截高，采高。
美国道路线型设计规范AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
CHAPTER 4CROSS SECTION ELEMENTSGENERALTo assure consistency in this policy, the terms “roadway” and “traveled way” are defined by AASHTO as follows:Roadway: The portion of a highway, including shoulders, for vehicular use. A divided highway has two or more roadways (see Exhibits 4-1 and 4-2).Traveled way: The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders (see Exhibits 4-1 and 4-2).PAVEMENTSurface TypeThe selection of pavement type is determined based on the traffic volume and composition, soil characteristics, weather, performance of pavements in the area, availability of materials, energy conservation, initial cost, and the overall annual maintenance and service-life cost. The structural design of pavements is not included in this policy, but is addressed in the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures (1).Important pavement characteristics that are related to geometric design are the effect on driver behavior and the ability of a surface to retain its shape and dimensions, to drain, and to retain adequate skid resistance. High-type pavements retain their shape and do not ravel at the edges if placed on a stable subgrade. Their smoothness and proper cross-slope design enable drivers to steer easily and keep their vehicles moving in the proper path. At the other extreme, low-type surfaces have a tendency toward raveling, which reduces their effective width and requires greater steering effort to maintain a correct path. Accordingly, low-type surfaces are used where traffic volume is light.While the selection of design speed is dependent on many factors other than pavement surface type, high-type surfaces provide for higher operating speeds than do low-type surfaces. Therefore, the surface type provided should be consistent with the selected design speed for the highway.Cross SlopeUndivided traveled ways on tangents, or on flat curves, have a crown or high point in the middle and a cross slope downward toward both edges. Unidirectional cross slopes across the309AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and StreetsExhibit 4-1. Typical Cross Section, Normal Crown 310Cross Section ElementsExhibit 4-2. Typical Cross Section, Superelevated311AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streetsentire width of the traveled way may be utilized. The downward cross slope may be a plane or rounded section or a combination. With plane cross slopes, there is a cross slope break at the crown line and a uniform slope on each side. Rounded cross sections usually are parabolic, with a slightly rounded surface at the crown line and increasing cross slope toward the edge of the traveled way. Because the rate of cross slope is variable, the parabolic section is described by the crown height (i.e., the vertical drop from the center crown line to the edge of the traveled way). The rounded section is advantageous in that the cross slope steepens toward the edge of the traveled way, thereby facilitating drainage. Disadvantages are that rounded sections are more difficult to construct, the cross slope of the outer lanes may be excessive, and warping of pavement areas at intersections may be awkward or difficult to construct.On divided highways each one-way traveled way may be crowned separately as on two-lane highways, or it may have a unidirectional cross slope across the entire width of the traveled way, which is almost always downward to the outer edge. A cross section with each roadway crowned separately, as shown in Exhibit 4-3A through Exhibit 4-3C, has an advantage in rapidly draining the pavement during rainstorms. In addition, the difference between high and low points in the cross section is minimal. Disadvantages are that more inlets and underground drainage lines are needed, and treatment of intersections is more difficult because of the number of high and low points on the cross section. Use of such sections should preferably be limited to regions of high rainfall or where snow and ice are major factors. Sections having no curbs and a wide depressed median are particularly well-suited for these conditions.Exhibit 4-3. Roadway Sections for Divided Highway (Basic Cross Slope Arrangements) 312Cross Section Elements Roadways with unidirectional cross slopes, as shown in Exhibit 4-3D through Exhibit 4-3G, tend to provide more comfort to drivers when they change lanes and may either drain away from or toward the median. Drainage away from the median may effect a savings in drainage structures, minimize drainage across the inner, higher-speed lanes, and simplify treatment of intersecting streets. Drainage toward the median is advantageous in that the outer lanes, which are used by most traffic, are more free of surface water. This surface runoff, however, should then be collected into a single conduit under the median. Where curbed medians exist, drainage is concentrated next to or on higher-speed lanes. When the median is narrow, this concentration results in splashing on the windshields of opposing traffic.The rate of cross-slope is an important element in cross-section design. Superelevation on curves is determined by the speed-curvature relationships given in Chapter 3, but cross slope or crown on tangents or on long-radius curves are complicated by two contradictory controls. On one hand, a reasonably steep lateral slope is desirable to minimize ponding of water on pavements with flat profile grades as a result of pavement imperfections or unequal settlement. A steep cross slope is also desirable on curbed pavements to confine water flow to a narrow width of pavement adjacent to the curb. On the other hand, steep cross slopes are undesirable on tangents because of the tendency of vehicles to drift toward the low edge of the traveled way. This drifting becomes a major concern in areas where snow and ice are common. Cross slopes up to and including 2 percent are barely perceptible in terms of vehicle steering. However, cross slopes steeper than 2 percent are noticeable and require a conscious effort in steering. Furthermore, steep cross slopes increase the susceptibility to lateral skidding when vehicles brake on icy or wet pavements or when stops are made on dry pavements under emergency conditions.The prevalence of high winds may significantly alter the effect of cross slope on steering. In rolling or mountainous terrain with alternate cut-and-fill sections or in areas alternately forested and cleared, any substantial cross wind produces an intermittent impact on a vehicle moving along the highway and affects its steering. In areas where such conditions are likely, it is desirable to avoid high rates of cross slope.On high-type two-lane roadways, crowned at the center, the accepted rate of cross slope ranges from 1.5 to 2 percent. When three or more lanes are inclined in the same direction on multilane highways, each successive pair of lanes or portion thereof outward from the first two lanes from the crown line may have an increased slope. The two lanes adjacent to the crown line should be pitched at the normal minimum slope, and on each successive pair of lanes or portion thereof outward, the rate may be increased by about 0.5 to 1 percent. As shown in Exhibit 4-3G, the left side has a continuous sloped pavement while the right has an increased slope on the outer lane.Use of cross slopes steeper than 2 percent on high-type, high-speed highways with a central crown line is not desirable. In passing maneuvers, drivers cross and recross the crown line and negotiate a total rollover or cross-slope change of over 4 percent. The reverse curve path of travel of the passing vehicle causes a reversal in the direction of centrifugal force, which is further exaggerated by the effect of the reversing cross slopes. Trucks with high centers of gravity crossing over the crown line are caused to sway from side to side when traveling at high speed, at313AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streetswhich time control may be difficult to maintain. Exhibits 4-3A through 4-3C are examples of roadway conditions where this situation would be encountered.In areas of intense rainfall, a somewhat steeper cross slope may be needed to facilitate roadway drainage. In such cases, the cross slope on high-type pavements may be increased to 2.5 percent, with a corresponding crown line crossover of 5 percent. Where three or more lanes are provided in each direction, the maximum cross slope should be limited to 4 percent. Use of this increased cross slope should be limited to the condition described in the preceding discussion. For all other conditions, a maximum cross slope of 2 percent should be used for high-type pavements. In locations of intense rainfall and where the maximum cross slope is used, consideration should be given to the use of grooving or open-graded mixes.The cross slope rates discussed above pertain largely to high-type surfaces. A greater cross slope should be utilized for low-type surfaces. Exhibit 4-4 shows a range of values applicable to each type of surface.Surface type Range in cross-slope rate (%)High 1.5–2Low2–6Exhibit 4-4. Normal Traveled-Way Cross SlopeBecause of the nature of the surfacing materials used and surface irregularities, low-type surfaces such as earth, gravel, or crushed stone need an even greater cross slope on tangents to prevent the absorption of water into the surface. Therefore, cross slopes greater than 2 percent may be used on these types of surfaces.Where roadways are designed with outer curbs, the lower values in the ranges of cross slopes in Exhibit 4-4 are not recommended because of the increased likelihood of there being a sheet of water over a substantial part of the traveled way adjacent to the curb. For any rate of rainfall, the width of traveled way that is inundated with water varies with the rate of cross slope, roughness of gutter, frequency of discharge points, and longitudinal grade. A cross slope greater than 1 percent is desirable, and in some cases, a cross slope of more than 1.5 percent is needed to limit inundation to about half of the outer traffic lane. A cross slope of 1.5 percent is suggested as a practical minimum for curbed high-type pavement. Curbs with steeper adjacent gutter sections may permit the use of lesser rates of cross slope. A preferred cross-section treatment is the use of a straight shoulder slope and the avoidance of curbs, whenever practical.Skid ResistanceSkidding crashes are a major concern in highway safety. It is not sufficient to attribute skidding crashes merely to “driver error” or “driving too fast for existing conditions.” The 314Cross Section Elements roadway should provide a level of skid resistance that will accommodate the braking and steering maneuvers that can reasonably be expected for the particular site.Research has demonstrated that highway geometrics affect skidding (2). Therefore, skid resistance should be a consideration in the design of all new construction and major reconstruction projects. Vertical and horizontal alignments can be designed in such a way that the potential for skidding is reduced. Also, improvements to the vertical and horizontal alignments should be considered as a part of any reconstruction project.Pavement types and textures also affect a roadway’s skid resistance. The four main causes of poor skid resistance on wet pavements are rutting, polishing, bleeding, and dirty pavements. Rutting causes water accumulation in the wheel tracks. Polishing reduces the pavement surface microtexture and bleeding can cover it. In both cases, the harsh surface features needed for penetrating the thin water film are diminished. Pavement surfaces will lose their skid resistance when contaminated by oil drippings, layers of dust, or organic matter. Measures taken to correct or improve skid resistance should result in the following characteristics: high initial skid resistance durability, the ability to retain skid resistance with time and traffic, and minimum decrease in skid resistance with increasing speed.Tining during placement leaves indentations in the pavement surface and has proved to be effective in reducing the potential for hydroplaning on roadways with portland cement concrete surfaces. The use of surface courses or overlays constructed with polish-resistant coarse aggregate is the most widespread method for improving the surface texture of bituminous pavements. Overlays of open-graded asphalt friction courses are quite effective because of their frictional and hydraulic properties. For further discussion, refer to the AASHTO Guidelines for Skid Resistant Pavement Design (3).LANE WIDTHSThe lane width of a roadway greatly influences the safety and comfort of driving. Lane widths of 2.7 to 3.6 m [9 to 12 ft] are generally used, with a 3.6-m [12-ft] lane predominant on most high-type highways. The extra cost of providing a 3.6-m [12-ft] lane width, over the cost of providing a 3.0-m [10-ft] lane width is offset to some extent by a reduction in cost of shoulder maintenance and a reduction in surface maintenance due to lessened wheel concentrations at the pavement edges. The wider 3.6-m [12-ft] lane provides desirable clearances between large commercial vehicles traveling in opposite directions on two-lane, two-way rural highways when high traffic volumes and particularly high percentages of commercial vehicles are expected.Lane widths also affect highway level of service. Narrow lanes force drivers to operate their vehicles closer to each other laterally than they would normally desire. Restricted clearances have much the same effect. In a capacity sense the effective width of traveled way is reduced when adjacent obstructions such as retaining walls, bridge trusses or headwalls, and parked cars restrict the lateral clearance. Further information on the effect of lane width on capacity and level of service is presented in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) (4). In addition to the capacity effect, the resultant erratic operation has an undesirable effect on driver comfort and crash rates.315AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets316Where unequal-width lanes are used, locating the wider lane on the outside (right) providesmore space for large vehicles that usually occupy that lane, provides more space for bicycles, and allows drivers to keep their vehicles at a greater distance from the right edge. Where a curb is used adjacent to only one edge, the wider lane should be placed adjacent to that curb. The basic design decision is the total roadway width, while the placement of stripes actually determines the lane widths.Although lane widths of 3.6 m [12 ft] are desirable on both rural and urban facilities, there are circumstances where lanes less than 3.6 m [12 ft] wide should be used. In urban areas where pedestrian crossings, right-of-way, or existing development become stringent controls, the use of 3.3-m [11-ft] lanes is acceptable. Lanes 3.0 m [10 ft] wide are acceptable on low-speed facilities, and lanes 2.7 m [9 ft] wide are appropriate on low-volume roads in rural and residential areas. For further information, see NCHRP Report 362, Roadway Widths for Low-Traffic Volume Roads (5). In some instances, on multilane facilities in urban areas, narrower inside lanes may be utilized to permit wider outside lanes for bicycle use. In this situation, 3.0-m to 3.3-m [10- to 11-ft] lanes are common on inside lanes with 3.6-m to 3.9-m [12- to 13-ft] lanes utilized on outside lanes.Auxiliary lanes at intersections and interchanges often help to facilitate traffic movements. Such added lanes should be as wide as the through-traffic lanes but not less than 3.0 m [10 ft]. Where continuous two-way left-turn lanes are provided, a lane width of 3.0 m to 4.8 m [10 to 16 ft] provides the optimum design.It may not be cost-effective to design the lane and shoulder widths of local and collector roads and streets that carry less than 400 vehicles per day using the same criteria applicable to higher volume roads or to make extensive operational and safety improvements to such very low-volume roads. AASHTO is currently evaluating alternative design criteria for local and collector roads and streets that carry less than 400 vehicles per day based on a safety risk assessment.SHOULDERSGeneral CharacteristicsA shoulder is the portion of the roadway contiguous with the traveled way that accommodates stopped vehicles, emergency use, and lateral support of subbase, base, and surface courses. In some cases, the shoulder can accommodate bicyclists. It varies in width from only 0.6 m [2 ft] on minor rural roads where there is no surfacing, or the surfacing is applied over the entire roadbed, to approximately 3.6 m [12 ft] on major roads where the entire shoulder may be stabilized or paved.The term “shoulder” is variously used with a modifying adjective to describe certain functional or physical characteristics. The following meanings apply to the terms used here:Cross Section Elements •The “graded” width of shoulder is that measured from the edge of the traveled way to the intersection of the shoulder slope and the foreslope planes, as shown inExhibit 4-5A.•The “usable” width of shoulder is the actual width that can be used when a driver makes an emergency or parking stop. Where the sideslope is 1V:4H or flatter, the “usable”width is the same as the “graded” width since the usual rounding 1.2 to 1.8 m [4 to 6 ft]wide at the shoulder break will not lessen its useful width appreciably. Exhibits 4-5Band 4-5C illustrate the usable shoulder width.Exhibit 4-5. Graded and Usable ShouldersShoulders may be surfaced either full or partial width to provide a better all-weather load support than that afforded by native soils. Materials used to surface shoulders include gravel, shell, crushed rock, mineral or chemical additives, bituminous surface treatments, and various forms of asphaltic or concrete pavements.The shoulder on minor rural roads with low traffic volume serves essentially as structural lateral support for the surfacing and as an additional width for the traveled way. This permits drivers meeting or passing other vehicles to drive on the edge of the roadway without leaving the surfacing, thus making use of the shoulder itself. Roads with a narrow traveled way, narrow shoulders, and an appreciable traffic volume tend to provide poor service, have a relatively higher crash rate, and need frequent and costly maintenance.317AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets318Well-designed and properly maintained shoulders are needed on rural highways with anappreciable volume of traffic, on freeways, and on some types of urban highways. Their advantages include:•Space is provided away from the traveled way for vehicles to stop because of mechanical difficulties, flat tires, or other emergencies.•Space is provided for motorists to stop occasionally to consult road maps or for other reasons.•Space is provided for evasive maneuvers to avoid potential crashes or reduce their severity.•The sense of openness created by shoulders of adequate width contributes to driving ease and reduced stress.•Sight distance is improved in cut sections, thereby potentially improving safety.•Some types of shoulders enhance highway aesthetics.•Highway capacity is improved because uniform speed is encouraged.•Space is provided for maintenance operations such as snow removal and storage.•Lateral clearance is provided for signs and guardrails.•Storm water can be discharged farther from the traveled way, and seepage adjacent to the traveled way can be minimized. This may directly reduce pavement breakup.•Structural support is given to the pavement.•Space is provided for pedestrian and bicycle use, for bus stops, for occasional encroachment of vehicles, for mail delivery vehicles, and for the detouring of trafficduring construction.For further information on other uses of shoulders, refer to NCHRP Report 254, Shoulder Geometrics and Use Guidelines (6).Urban highways generally have curbs along the outer lanes. A stalled vehicle, during peak hours, disturbs traffic flow in all lanes in that direction when the outer lane serves through-traffic. Where on-street parking is permitted, the parking lane provides some of the same services listed above for shoulders. Parking lanes are discussed later in this chapter in the section on “On-Street Parking.”Width of ShouldersDesirably, a vehicle stopped on the shoulder should clear the edge of the traveled way by at least 0.3 m [1 ft], and preferably by 0.6 m [2 ft]. This preference has led to the adoption of 3.0 m [10 ft] as the normal shoulder width that should be provided along high-type facilities. In difficult terrain and on low-volume highways, shoulders of this width may not be practical. A minimum shoulder width of 0.6 m [2 ft] should be considered for the lowest-type highway, and a 1.8- to 2.4-m [6- to 8-ft] shoulder width is preferable. Heavily traveled, high-speed highways and highways carrying large numbers of trucks should have usable shoulders at least 3.0 m [10 ft] wide and preferably 3.6 m [12 ft] wide; however, widths greater than 3.0 m [10 ft] may encourage unauthorized use of the shoulder as a travel lane. Where bicyclists and pedestrians are to be accommodated on the shoulders, a minimum usable shoulder width (i.e., clear of rumble strips) of1.2 m [4 ft] should be used. For additional information on shoulder widths to accommodate bicycles, see the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities (7). Shoulder widths for specific classes of highways are discussed in Chapters 5 through 8.Where roadside barriers, walls, or other vertical elements are present, it is desirable to provide a wide enough graded shoulder that the vertical elements will be offset a minimum of 0.6 m [2 ft] from the outer edge of the usable shoulder. To provide lateral support for guardrail posts and/or clear space for lateral dynamic deflection of the particular barrier in use, it may be appropriate to provide a graded shoulder that is wider than the shoulder where no vertical elements are present. On low-volume roads, roadside barriers may be placed at the outer edge of the shoulder; however, a minimum clearance of 1.2 m [4 ft] should be provided from the traveled way to the barrier.Although it is desirable that a shoulder be wide enough for a vehicle to be driven completely off the traveled way, narrower shoulders are better than none at all. For example, when a vehicle making an emergency stop can pull over onto a narrow shoulder such that it occupies only 0.3 to 1.2 m [1 to 4 ft] of the traveled way, the remaining traveled way width can be used by passing vehicles. Partial shoulders are sometimes used where full shoulders are unduly costly, such as on long (over 60 m [200 ft]) bridges or in mountainous terrain.Regardless of the width, a shoulder should be continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security such that almost all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. With intermittent sections of shoulder, however, some drivers will find it necessary to stop on the traveled way, creating an undesirable situation. A continuous paved shoulder provides an area for bicyclists to operate without obstructing faster moving motor vehicle traffic. Although continuous shoulders are preferable, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are superior to no shoulders. Intermittent shoulders are briefly discussed below in the section on “Turnouts.”Shoulders on structures should normally have the same width as usable shoulders on the approach roadways. As previously discussed, the narrowing or loss of shoulders, especially on structures, may cause serious operational and safety problems. Long, high-cost structures usually warrant detailed special studies to determine practical dimensions. Reduced shoulder widths may be considered in rare cases. A discussion of these conditions is provided in Chapters 7 and 10.Shoulder Cross SectionsImportant elements in the lateral drainage systems, shoulders should be flush with the roadway surface and abut the edge of the traveled way. All shoulders should be sloped to drain away from the traveled way on divided highways with a depressed median. With a raised narrow median, the median shoulders may slope in the same direction as the traveled way. However, in regions with snowfall, median shoulders should be sloped to drain away from the traveled way to avoid melting snow draining across travel lanes and refreezing. All shoulders should be sloped sufficiently to rapidly drain surface water, but not to the extent that vehicular use would be319restricted. Because the type of shoulder construction has a bearing on the cross slope, the two should be determined jointly. Bituminous and concrete-surfaced shoulders should be sloped from 2 to 6 percent, gravel or crushed-rock shoulders from 4 to 6 percent, and turf shoulders from 6 to 8 percent. Where curbs are used on the outside of shoulders, the cross slope should be appropriately designed with the drainage system to prevent ponding on the traveled way.It should be noted that rigid adherence to the slope rates outlined in this chapter may present minor traffic operational problems if they are applied without regard to the cross section of the paved surface. On tangent or long-radius curved alignment with normal crown and turf shoulders, the maximum algebraic difference in the traveled way and shoulder grades should be from 6 to 7 percent. Although this maximum algebraic difference in slopes is not desirable, it is tolerable due to the benefits gained in pavement stability by avoiding storm water detention at the pavement edge.Shoulder slopes that drain away from the paved surface on the outside of well-superelevated sections should be designed to avoid too great a cross-slope break. For example, use of a 4 percent shoulder cross slope in a section with a traveled way superelevation of 8 percent results in a 12 percent algebraic difference in the traveled way and shoulder grades at the high edge-of-traveled way. Grade breaks of this order are not desirable and should not be permitted (Exhibit 4-2A). It is desirable that all or part of the shoulder should be sloped upward at about the same rate or at a lesser rate than the superelevated traveled way (see the dashed line labeled Alternate in Exhibit 4-2A). Where this is not desirable because of storm water or melting snow and ice draining over the paved surface, a compromise might be used in which the grade break at the edge of the paved surface is limited to approximately 8 percent by flattening the shoulder on the outside of the curve (Exhibit 4-2B).One means of avoiding too severe of a grade break is the use of a continuously rounded shoulder cross section on the outside of the superelevated traveled way (Exhibit 4-2C). The shoulder in this case is a convex section continuing from the superelevation slope instead of a sharp grade break at the intersection of the shoulder and traveled way slopes. In this method, some surface water will drain upon the traveled way; however, this disadvantage is offset by the benefit of a smoother transition for vehicles that may accidentally or purposely drive upon the shoulder. It should also be noted that convex shoulders present more difficulties in construction than do planar sections. An alternate method to the convex shoulder consists of a planar shoulder section with multiple breaks in the cross slope. Shoulder cross slopes on the high side of a superelevated section that are substantially less than those discussed above are generally not detrimental to shoulder stability. There is no discharge of storm water from the traveled way to the shoulder and, therefore, little likelihood of shoulder erosion damage.In some areas, shoulders are designed with a curb or gutter at the outer edge to confine runoff to the paved shoulder area. Drainage for the entire roadway is handled by these curbs, with the runoff directed to selected outlets. The outer portion of the paved shoulder serves as the longitudinal gutter. Cross slopes should be the same as for shoulders without a curb or gutter, except that the slope may be increased somewhat on the outer portion of the shoulder. This type of shoulder is advantageous in that the curb on the outside of the shoulder does not deter motorists from driving off the traveled way, and the shoulder serves as a gutter in keeping storm 320。
交通土建工程 英语
交通土建工程英语Traffic Civil Engineering英语指的是交通土建工程的英文名称，主要是指涉及到交通工程的建设、改建等方面的工程，例如道路、车站、地下通道、桥梁、隧道等等。
在传统的交通运输模式中，交通土建工程的重要性不言而喻，因为它们为人们出行提供了必要的基础设施，确保了交通的高效和便捷。
下面就让我们来一步步了解交通土建工程的相关英语表达和常见的工作流程。
一、交通土建工程相关英语表达1. Traffic Civil Engineering：交通土建工程2. Roadway：道路3. Railway：铁路4. Airport：机场5. Subway Station：地铁站6. Bridge：桥梁7. Tunnel：隧道8. Overpass：立交桥9. Underground passage：地下通道10. Drainage System：排水系统二、交通土建工程的常见工作流程1. 立项阶段在交通土建工程的立项阶段，主要需要考虑一些基本的条件和要素，例如项目的地理环境、所需工程物资、预算和资金来源、人力资源等等。
在该阶段中，项目组的工作人员需要制定完整的项目计划，以保证接下来工作的顺利进行。
2. 工程设计阶段在工程设计阶段，需要进行详细的场地勘测和设计，包括地形、土壤和水文环境等方面的研究。
通过这些方面的调研和收集，设计师可以更好地制定出符合工程实际情况的设计方案。
3. 施工阶段在交通土建工程的施工阶段，需要对设计方案进行具体的实施和落实，包括人员、机械设备的配备、材料的购买和运输、工程的现场管理等等。
同时，还需要在施工过程中不断地进行质量控制和安全管理，确保工程的高效完成。
4. 工程验收阶段在工程验收阶段，需要对整个工程项目进行全面的检验和评估，以确保工程的质量和安全。
在此阶段中，主要需要对工程施工过程中的各项指标进行检查，例如材料的使用情况、工程质量的达标情况、防火、防水及建设图纸质量的达标情况等等。
采矿专业名词
两工作面相向运煤的双工作面。
煤壁 wall 直接进行采掘的煤层暴露面。
采高 mining height 曾称“采厚”。采煤工作面煤层被直接采出的厚度。
开切眼 open-off cut 曾称“切割眼”。沿采煤工作面始采线掘进,以供安装采煤设备的巷
通。
工作面端头 face end 长壁工作面两端与巷道衔接的地段。
或岩石以增加自由面的工序。
爆破装煤 blasting loading 用爆破的方法将煤炭抛入输送机内的装煤方法。
循环 working cycle 采掘工作面周而复始地完成一整套工序的过程。
循环进度 advance of working cycle 曾称“循环进尺”。采掘工作面完成一个循环向前推进的距离。
溜井 draw shaft 用于自重运输的井筒。
溜眼 chute 用于自重运输的通道。
石门 cross-cut 与煤层走向正交(垂直)或斜交的岩石水平巷道。
采区石门 district cross-cut 为采区服务的石门。
主石门 main cross-cut 连接井底车场和大巷的石门。
大巷 main roadway 为整个开采水平或阶段服务的水平巷道。
运输大巷 main haulage roadway, main haulageway 为整个开采水平或阶段运输服务的水平巷道。
单煤层大巷 main roadway for single seam 为一个煤层服务的大巷。
集中大巷 gathering main roadway 为多个煤层服务的大巷。
总回风巷 main return airway 为全矿井或矿井一翼服务的回风巷道。
空间上的相互配合。
长壁工作面 longwall face 长度一般在50m 以上的采煤工作面。
介绍兴山水上公路的优秀英语作文
介绍兴山水上公路的优秀英语作文The Magnificent Xingshan Water Highway: A Breathtaking Journey through Nature's WondersNestled amidst the serene mountains and lush forests of China's Hubei province, the Xingshan Water Highway stands as a testament to the ingenuity and artistry of human engineering. This remarkable roadway, carved into the very heart of the landscape, offers travelers a truly unique and unforgettable experience as they traverse the stunning natural scenery that surrounds them.The Xingshan Water Highway, also known as the Xingshan Shuigao Road, is a remarkable feat of engineering that seamlessly integrates with the natural environment. Stretching for over 100 kilometers, the road winds its way through the rugged terrain, hugging the contours of the mountains and following the course of the winding rivers and streams that flow through the region. The result is a breathtaking journey that takes visitors on a captivating odyssey through some of the most breathtaking landscapes in all of China.One of the most striking features of the Xingshan Water Highway is the way it has been designed to minimize its impact on thesurrounding environment. Rather than carving a straight path through the mountains, the road has been carefully crafted to follow the natural contours of the land, curving and twisting in a way that allows it to blend seamlessly with the landscape. This not only enhances the visual appeal of the journey, but it also helps to preserve the delicate ecological balance of the region, ensuring that the natural beauty of the area remains intact for generations to come.As you travel along the Xingshan Water Highway, you are treated to a breathtaking panorama of towering peaks, cascading waterfalls, and lush forests that seem to stretch out endlessly in every direction. The road winds its way through a series of tunnels and bridges, each one offering a unique perspective on the stunning scenery that surrounds you. At times, the highway seems to cling precariously to the side of the mountain, offering breathtaking views of the valleys and rivers below, while at other moments, it dips down to hug the banks of the gently flowing streams and rivers that dot the landscape.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Xingshan Water Highway is the way it has been designed to showcase the natural beauty of the region. Throughout the journey, visitors are treated to a series of carefully curated viewpoints and observation decks that offer unparalleled vistas of the surrounding landscape. These carefully crafted vantage points allow travelers to fully immerse themselves in the beauty of their surroundings, taking in the sweeping panoramasof mountains, forests, and waterways that stretch out before them.But the Xingshan Water Highway is more than just a scenic drive – it is also a testament to the ingenuity and technical expertise of the engineers and construction workers who brought this remarkable project to life. The road itself is a marvel of engineering, with its carefully engineered bridges, tunnels, and retaining walls that allow it to navigate the challenging terrain with ease. The use of advanced construction techniques and materials has also helped to ensure that the road is both durable and environmentally sustainable, able to withstand the rigors of the region's harsh climate and natural conditions.Perhaps one of the most remarkable aspects of the Xingshan Water Highway is the way it has become a hub of cultural and recreational activity for the local communities that call this region home. Along the length of the road, visitors can find a wealth of charming villages, historic landmarks, and outdoor recreation opportunities that offer a deeper glimpse into the rich cultural tapestry of the region. From traditional tea houses and artisanal workshops to hiking trails and water sports facilities, the Xingshan Water Highway has become a true centerpiece of the local community, drawing in visitors from around the world who come to experience the unique blend of natural beauty and cultural heritage that the region has to offer.As you journey along the Xingshan Water Highway, it is impossible not to be struck by the sheer scale and grandeur of the natural landscape that surrounds you. The towering peaks, the cascading waterfalls, the winding rivers – all of these elements come togetherto create a truly awe-inspiring experience that leaves a lasting impression on all who behold it. Whether you are a nature enthusiast, a history buff, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of the natural world, the Xingshan Water Highway is a destination that is sure to leave an indelible mark on your heart and mind.In conclusion, the Xingshan Water Highway is a true marvel of engineering and a testament to the enduring power of the natural world. Through its careful integration with the surrounding landscape, its commitment to environmental sustainability, and its rich cultural and recreational offerings, this remarkable roadway has become a must-visit destination for travelers from around the world. So, if you find yourself in the Hubei province of China, be sure to embark on a journey along the Xingshan Water Highway – a breathtaking adventure that will leave you forever changed by the beauty and wonder of this truly remarkable place.。
出门在外常用的英语
出门在外常用的英语以下是二十个门在外常用的英语内容：一、基本问候与打招呼1. Hello- 英语释义：Amon greeting used to attract someone's attention or to start a conversation.- 用法：Can be used in most informal and formal situations at the beginning of an encounter.- 双语例句：Hello! How are you today?（你好！你今天过得怎么样？）2. Hi- 英语释义：An informal greeting, similar to “hello”.- 用法：Verymon in casual conversations among friends, colleagues, or acquaintances.- 双语例句：Hi, there! Nice to see you.（嗨，在这儿呢！很高兴见到你。
）3. Good morning/afternoon/evening- 英语释义：Greetings used according to the time of day. “Good morning” is for the morning hours, “good afternoon” for the afternoon, and “good evening” for the evening.- 用法：Polite ways to greet someone during different parts of the day.- 双语例句：Good morning, sir. May I help you?（早上好，先生。
我能为您效劳吗？）二、问路相关4. Excuse me- 英语释义：Used to get someone's attention politely, especially when you are about to ask a question or interrupt someone.- 用法：Before asking for directions, information, or when you need to pass by someone in a polite way.- 双语例句：Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the nearest post office?（打扰一下，你能告诉我去最近的邮局的路吗？）5. Turn left/right- 英语释义：Instructions for changing direction while walking or driving.- 用法：Used when giving or following directions.- 双语例句：Turn left at the second corner.（在第二个拐角处向左转。
英语学习：道路的种类
英语学习：道路的种类1，在城市出现之前，有“小路”：way；footway；pathway；path；bypath；footpath；trail；alley；2，城市出现之后，有“街道”和“公路”：road（南北向）；street（东西向）；street scene；avenue；boulevard；thoroughfare；3，人行道：footwalk；footway；footpath；walkway；side pavement；sideway；sidewalk；trottoir；4，车道：lane；traffic lane；fast lane；drive；carriage drive；carriageway；driveway；roadway；highway；trafficway；highroad；5，大楼、车船、飞机里面，有过道、走道或通道：passageway；pass；enterclose；gallery；drong；tunnel；alure；row；key hole；lead；tube；passage；channel；pavement；walk；aisleway；aisle；6，城市里面有小巷：alleyway；by-lane；allée；alley；holing-through；7，市内或市间的高速公路：highway；expressway；express；8，各种有轨车辆的路：railway；railroad；rail；tram road；tramway；9，轮船飞机的固定航线：waterway；water route；aquage；gullet；channel；air line；air route；route；airway；shipping line；itinerary；azimuth；trajectory；course line；course；flight course；lane；line；sea route；skyway；10，旅游景点有特殊的道路：tour route；cruise lines；travelling line；scenic route；duck-board；ghat；mountain road；cableway；blondim；ropeway；11，农村有乡间小路：countrylane；lane；country club；country road；narrow pass；narrow winding trail；narrow track；narrow winding path；12，下水道：sewer；gully drain；cloaca；kennel；covered drain；13，一些“虚拟”的路：network（网路）；train of thought （思路）；electric circuit（电路）；light path（光路）；trajectory （弹道）；vagina（女人之路）；14，专业通道：private channel（专用通道）；fire passage （消防通道）；exit passageway（安全通道）；emergency exit；emergency access；escape route（紧急通道）；escape trunk；tunnel escape；means of escape（逃生通道）；green channel；hyperchannel（快速通道）；handicapped access（残疾人通道）；underground passage（地下通道）；15，一些特殊的路：the Milky Way（银河）；the Silk Road （丝绸之路）；orient express （东方快车）；the path of the dead （死亡之路）；the road to revival（复兴之路）；the road of health（健康之路）；love's way（爱情之路）；the way to heaven （天堂之路）；the road to perdition（地狱之路）；the road to success（成功之路）。
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;---begin node of cable---
_x0=cx0(n)
_y0=_ysection
_z0=cz0(n)
;---end node of cable-----
_x1=cx1(n)
_exclen = 3*_yspace ;开挖进尺
_begony = 0.0 ; start point on Y axes for excavation
_cabsteps = 100 ;steps after cable installed
_tunRad = 2.05 ;巷道上半拱半径
seቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ cable pretension 8e4
end_command
end
;--------------------------------------------------------------------
;------------------------ mao suo -----------------------------------
end
_variset02
;--------------------------------------------------------------------
def _rcoordxz
loop n (1,4)
cx0(n) = _tunRad*cos((pi/2)-_boltAng*float(n))
cz0(m) = _tunRad*sin((pi/2)+_boltAng*float(m))
cx1(m) = (_tunRad + _boltrad)*cos((pi/2)+_boltAng*float(m))
cz1(m) = (_tunRad + _boltrad)*sin((pi/2)+_boltAng*float(m))
def _setVaris1
array cx0(5),cz0(5),cx1(5),cz1(5) ;store inner and outer x z coordinates
_ysection=0.8
_yspace = 0.8 ; space between rockbolt along y axes
end
;---------------------------定位左竖墙节点----------------------------
def _findnode3
;---begin node of cable---
_x0=cx0(n)
_y0=_ysection
_y1=_y0
_z1=cz1(n)
end
;---------------------------定位右竖墙节点---------------------------
def _findnode2
;---begin node of cable---
_cableSpace = 2.4 ; space between cables
_boltrad = 2.5 ;length of rockbolt
_cablerad = 6.5 ;length of cable
_cabEMod = 200e9 ;Young Model of cable and rockbolt
_y1 = _y0
_z1 = _z0 - _boltrad*sin(60*degrad)
endif
end
;-----------------------------------------------------------
;------------------------定位锚索起节点坐标-----------------
def set_boltprop
command
sel cable pro emod _cabEMod xcarea 3.8e-4 gr_per 0.25 &
yten 25e4 gr_k 3.8e7 gr_c 4e5
sel cable pretension 8e4
end_command
end
;--------------------------------------------------------------------
;--------------------------------------------------------------------
end
_setVaris1
;--------------------------------------------------------------------
def _variset02
_endony = _begony + _exclen
_begony_01 = _begony - 0.01
_z0=cz0(n)
;---end node of cable-----
if n = 1 then
_x1 = _x0 - _boltrad
_y1 = _y0
_z1 = _z0
else
_x1 = _ntunRad - _boltrad*cos(60*degrad)
def _findCabNode
;---begin node of cable---
_x0=cx0(n)
_y0=_ysection
_z0=cz0(n)
;---end node of cable-----
_x1=cx1(n)
_rightWall0 = _tunRad - 0.01 ;for liner install
_rightWall1 = _tunRad + 0.01
_leftWall0 = (-1)*_tunRad + 0.01
_leftWall1 = (-1)*_tunRad - 0.01
def set_cabprop
command
sel cable pro emod _cabEMod xcarea 2.6e-4 gr_per 0.22 &
yten 35e4 gr_k 3.6e7 gr_c 3.5e5
_z1 = _z0
else
_x1 = _tunRad + _boltrad*cos(60*degrad)
_y1 = _y0
_z1 = _z0 - _boltrad*sin(60*degrad)
endif
cz0(n) = _tunRad*sin((pi/2)-_boltAng*float(n))
cx1(n) = (_tunRad + _boltrad)*cos((pi/2)-_boltAng*float(n))
cz1(n) = (_tunRad + _boltrad)*sin((pi/2)-_boltAng*float(n))
end_loop
end
;--------------------------------------------------------------------
def _lcoordxz
loop m (1,4)
cx0(m) = _tunRad*cos((pi/2)+_boltAng*float(m))
_y1=_y0
_z1=cz1(n)
end
;---------------------------------------------------------------
;---------------------------安装锚杆----------------------------
_ntunRad = (-1)*_tunRad
_sideWHeight = 1.5
_sideWallz = (-1)*_sideWHeight
_boltAng = 2*asin(_yspace/2/_tunRad)
_cableAng = 2*asin(_cableSpace/2/_tunRad)
_begony_10 = _begony + 0.01
_endony_01 = _endony - 0.01
_endony_10 = _endony + 0.01
_ysection2 = _ysection + 1*_yspace
_ysection3 = _ysection + 2*_yspace
_x0=cx0(n)
_y0=_ysection
_z0=cz0(n)
;---end node of cable-----
if n = 1 then
_x1 = _x0 + _boltrad
_y1 = _y0
;---------------------------安装锚索----------------------------
def inst_cab
command
sel cable begin _x0 _y0 _z0 end _x1 _y1 _z1 nseg=13
def inst_bolt
command
sel cable begin _x0 _y0 _z0 end _x1 _y1 _z1 nseg=5
end_command
end
;---------------------------------------------------------------