Physical metallurgy-structure
冶金工程专业英语词汇
冶金工程专业英语词汇1. 冶金学冶金学是冶金工程专业的核心课程，主要讲授钢铁冶金和有色金属冶金过程的基本原理、工艺及装备，包括炼铁、炼钢、精炼、连铸、铝冶金、铜冶金、稀土冶金等内容。
中文英文冶金学metallurgy钢铁冶金iron and steel metallurgy有色金属冶金nonferrous metal metallurgy炼铁ironmaking炼钢steelmaking精炼refining连铸continuous casting铝冶金aluminum metallurgy铜冶金copper metallurgy稀土冶金rare earth metallurgy高炉blast furnace转炉converter电炉electric furnace真空精炼vacuum refining钢包ladle结晶器crystallizer铝电解槽aluminum electrolytic cell铜闪速熔炼copper flash smelting稀土萃取分离rare earth extraction and separation熔盐电解法molten salt electrolysis method冶炼产品smelting products生铁pig iron钢水molten steel铝锭aluminum ingot铜阳极泥copper anode slime稀土氧化物rare earth oxides冶炼渣smelting slag炉渣性质slag properties脱硫desulfurization脱磷dephosphorization脱氧deoxidation合金化alloying溅渣护炉splashing slag lining protection终点控制endpoint control中文英文出钢操作tapping operation凝固传热机制solidification heat transfer mechanism凝固结构与缺陷solidification structure and defects氧化还原反应oxidation-reduction reaction造渣反应与造渣制度slagging reaction and slagging system2. 冶金物理化学冶金物理化学是冶金工程专业的基础理论课程，主要讲授冶金过程中涉及的物理化学原理和方法，包括平衡与相图、溶液理论、电化学、表面与胶体化学、传递现象等内容。
冶金专业英语词汇（I）
冶金专业英语词汇（I）i bar 工字铁i beam 工字钢i iron 工字铁i steel 工字铁ice point 冰点ideal diameter 理想直径ideal fluid 理想铃ideal gas 理想气体ideal lattice 理想晶格ideal quenching 理想淬火ideal solution 理想溶液idiomorphic crystal 自形结晶idle roll 空转辊ignitability 可燃性igniter 点火器ignition 点火ignition alloy 发火合金ignition furnace 点火炉ignition loss 灼烧损失ignition point 着火点ignition temperature 着火温度ignitron 水银整淋ilmenite 钛铁矿ilmenorutile 黑金红石ilvaite 黑柱石immersed arc 埋弧immersion coating 浸镀immersion plating 浸入电镀immersion test 浸没试验immersion type thermocouple 浸入式热电偶immiscibility 不溶混性immovable bed 固定层impact 冲击impact bend test 冲讳曲试验impact extrusion 冲环压impact load 冲缓载impact resistance 冲昏力impact screen 冲桓impact sintering 冲徽结impact strength 冲豢度impact stress 冲沪力impact test 冲辉验impact test piece 冲辉件impact testing machine 冲辉验机impact toughness 冲煌性impact value 冲坏impeller agitator 桨叶式搅拌机imperfect combustion 不完全燃烧imperfect dislocation 不完全位错imperfection 缺陷impermeability 不渗透性impregnated skeleton 浸渍骨架impression 压痕impulse forming 脉冲成形impulse hardening 冲徊化impulsive load 冲缓载impurity 杂质impurity atom 杂质原子impurity element 杂质元素inactive gas 惰性气体incidental element 杂质元素incipient crack 初裂inclined grate 斜炉栅inclined roll straightening machine 斜辊矫直机inclined throat shears 斜口剪切机inclusion 夹杂物inclusion cleanliness 夹杂物清结度inclusion line 夹杂物线inclusion morphology 夹杂物形态学inclusion stringer 线状夹杂物inclusions floating 夹杂物浮游inclusions source 夹杂物源incoherent boundary 非共格边界incoherent precipitate 非共格沉淀incombustibility 不燃性incomplete annealing 局部退火incomplete austenitizing 部分奥氏体化incomplete combustion 不完全燃烧incomplete fusion 不完全焊透incomplete penetration 不完全焊透incomplete quenching 不完全淬火incompressibility 不可压缩性incompressible fluid 不可压缩铃inconel 因科内尔镍铬铁耐热耐蚀合金incubation period 孕育期incubation time 孕育时间indentation 压痕indentation hardness 压痕硬度indentation method 压痕法independent component 独立组分indianite 埃洛石indicator element 指示元素indicolite 蓝电气石indigolite 蓝电气石indirect analysis 间接分析indirect arc furnace 间接电弧炉indirect reduction 间接还原indirect sintering 间接烧结indirect spot welding 单面点焊indissolubility 不溶性indium 铟indium chloride 氯化铟individual drive 单独传动individual particle 单颗粒individually driven roller 单独传动辊induced draught 吸入通风induction 感应induction brazing 感应钎接induction coil 感应线圈induction furnace 感应炉induction hardening 高频率淬火induction heating 感应加热induction quenching 高频率淬火induction stirring 电磁搅拌induction welding 感应焊接induction welding mill 感应焊管机inductor 感应器industrial alloy 工业合金industrial furnace 工业炉industrial iron 工业铁industrial waste water 工业污水industrial water 工业用水inert arc welding 惰性气体保护电焊inert atmosphere 惰性气氛inert electrode 惰性电极inert gas 惰性气体inertia 惯性inertia moment 惯性矩inertial force 惯性力infection 腐蚀影响infeed accumulator 入口贮料坑infiltrated composite material 溶浸复合材料infiltration 渗透;溶浸infiltration alloy 溶浸合金infiltration by overlay 叠置熔浸infiltration material 熔浸材料infinite fiber 连续纤维inflammability 可燃性inflammation 发火inflection 弯曲inflexion 弯曲inflexion point 回折点infrared pyrometer 红外线高温计infrared radiation 红外线辐射infrared rays 红外线infrared thermometry 红外线测温infusibility 不熔性infusorial earth 硅藻土ingate 浇口ingot 钢锭ingot bleeding 漏钢ingot bogie 送锭车ingot buggy 送锭车ingot butt 钢锭尾部ingot carrier 送锭车ingot casting 铸锭ingot corner segregation 钢锭角偏析ingot dogs 夹锭钳ingot head 钢锭头部ingot mold 锭模ingot pit 均热炉ingot pouring 铸锭ingot pusher 钢锭推出机ingot scalping 钢锭扒皮ingot shell 锭壳ingot stool 底盘ingot stripper 脱模机ingot stripping 脱模ingot structure 钢锭组织ingot tilting device 翻锭机ingot tipper 翻锭机ingot tongs 夹锭钳ingot tumbler 翻锭机ingot turner 钢锭转盘ingot turning device 钢锭转盘ingot yard 钢锭堆场ingotism 师状巨晶ingotting 铸块inherent grain size 固有晶粒度inhibitor 抑制剂;抗氧化剂inhomogeneity 不均质性inhomogeneity of structure 组织不均匀性inhomogeneous system 非均匀系initial creep 初蠕变initial hardness 初始硬度initial permeability 起始磁导率initial section 初始轧断面initial temperature of rolling 初始轧制温度initiation of crack 裂化开始injection 喷射injection burner 喷射烧嘴injection metallurgy 喷吹冶金injection molding 射压造型injection nozzle 喷嘴injector 喷射器inlet guide 进口导板inlet pipe 进气管inlet roll cone 进口辊圆锥inlet valve 进气阀inner cover 内罩inoculant 变质孕育剂inoculant alloy 球化剂合金inoculated cast iron 孕育铸铁inoculation 变质处理inoperative pass 闭口式孔型inorganic salt 无机盐inred process inred 加速还原法insert 垫insert die 插入模inside flash 内焊瘤inside weld 内焊缝insolubility 不溶性insoluble anode 不溶性阳极insoluble residue 不溶残渣insoluble salt 不溶性盐inspection 检查inspection hole 检查孔inspection skid 检查台inspissation 蒸浓instability 不稳定性installation 设备instantaneous cooling rate 瞬时冷却速度instantaneous heating rate 瞬时加热速度instantaneous strain 瞬间应变instrumental analysis 仪浦析instrumental error 仪企差insulating brick 隔热砖insulating layer 绝缘层insulating material 绝缘材料insulating refractory 隔热耐火材料insulation 绝缘insulator 绝缘体intake valve 进气阀integral quantity 积分热力学量integrated iron and steel works 钢铁联合工厂intensity 强度intensive quantity 强度量intensive reduction process inred 加速还原法interaction 相互酌interaction parameter 相互酌参数interannealed wire 中间退火线材interatomic distance 原子间距离interatomic spacing 原子间距离interchangeability 互换性interchangeable converter 可换转炉interchangeable vessel 可换转炉intercommunicating porosity 连通孔隙度intercooler 中间冷却器intercritical annealing 临界区退火intercrystalline brittleness 晶间脆性intercrystalline corrosion 晶间腐蚀intercrystalline crack 晶间裂纹intercrystalline failure 晶间破裂intercrystalline fracture 晶间断裂intercrystalline slip 晶界滑动interdendritic attack 枝晶间腐蚀interdendritic segregation 枝晶间偏析interdiffusion 相互扩散interelectrode distance 电极间距离interface 界面interface reaction 界面反应interfacial energy 界面自由能interfacial friction 边界摩擦interfacial tension 界面张力interfacial zone 界面区interference 干涉interference microscopy 干涉显微方法intergranular corrosion 晶间腐蚀intergranular crack 晶间裂纹intergranular failure 晶间破裂intergranular fracture 晶间断裂;晶间断口intergranular oxidation 晶间氧化intergranular structure 晶间组织intergrowth of crystals 结晶共生interlamellar spacing 层间距intermediate annealing 中间退火intermediate compound 中间化合物intermediate group 中间轧机组intermediate heating 中间加热intermediate layer 中间层intermediate mill 中间轧机intermediate phase 中间相intermediate product 中间产物intermediate reaction 中间反应intermediate roll 中间辊intermediate softening 中间退火intermediate stand 中间机架intermediate table 中间辊道intermediate train 中间轧机组intermetallic compound 金属间化合物intermittent arc 断续电弧intermittent fillet welding 间歇式角焊intermittent seam welding 断续滚焊intermittent weld 间断焊缝intermittent welding 间断焊internal chill 内冷铁internal coat 内部涂覆internal crack 内裂internal defect 内部缺陷internal displacement 内部位移internal energy 内能internal friction 内摩擦internal oxidation 内部氧化internal pressure 内压力internal resistance 内电阻internal strain 内应变internal stress 内应力interparticle spacing 粒子间距interphase 中间相;界面interphase boundary 相间边界interplanar spacing 晶面间距interrupted aging 阶段时效interrupted cooling 断续冷却interrupted quenching 断续淬火interstage annealing 中间退火interstand space 机座间距离interstand tension 机座间张力interstice 晶格原子间隙interstitial 间隙原子interstitial atom 间隙原子interstitial diffusion 间隙扩散interstitial element 间隙元素interstitial impurity 间隙杂质interstitial phase 间隙相interstitial site 间隙位置interstitial solid solution 间隙固溶体interval 区间intracrystalline rupture 穿晶断裂intrinsic energy 内藏能量intrinsic stacking fault 内巽错introduction of dummy bar 引锭杆插入invar 因瓦合金invariant system 不变系inverse annealing 倒逆退火inverse chill 反白口inverse segregation 反偏析inverted extrusion 反挤压investment casting 熔模铸造;熔模铸件investment molding 蜡模造型investment pattern 蜡模iodide 碘化物iodide refining 碘化物精炼iodine 碘ion activity 离子活度ion association 离子缔合ion bombardment 离子轰击ion concentration 离子浓度ion density 离子密度ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange capacity 离子交换能力ion exchange chromatography 离子交换色层法ion exchange column 离子交换柱ion exchange method 离子交换法ion exchange reaction 离子交换反应ion exchange resin 离子交换尸ion exchange separation 离子交换分离ion exchanger 离子交换剂ion implantation 离子注入ion mobility 离子迁移率ion nitriding 离子氮化ion pair 离子偶ion product 离子积ion radius 离子半径ionic bond 离子键ionic compound 离子化合物ionic conduction 离子传导ionic conductivity 离子传导性ionic crystal 离子晶体ionic lattice 离子晶格ionic linkage 离子键ionic migration 离子迁移ionic theory 离子学说ionic valency 离子价ionite membrane 离子交换膜ionization 电离ionization constant 电离常数ionization energy 电离能ionization equilibrium 电离平衡ionization heat 电离热ionization potential 电离势ionization state 电离状态ionization voltage 电离电压ionized atmosphere 离子气氛ionized layer 电离层iridium 铱iridium oxide 氧化铱iridosmine 铱锇合金iron 铁iron and steel industry 黑色冶金iron and steel scrap 废钢铁iron carbide 碳化铁iron carbon alloy 铁碳合金iron carbon diagram 铁碳状态图iron carbonate ore 铁碳酸盐矿石iron constantan thermocouple 铁铜镍热电偶iron foundry 铸适厂iron glance 镜铁矿iron loss 铁氧化损失;铁损iron manufacture 炼铁iron meteorites 铁陨石iron mine 铁矿山iron notch 出铁口iron ore 铁矿石iron ore briquette 铁矿石团块iron ore concentrate 铁精矿iron ore prereduction 铁矿石预还原iron ore sinter 铁矿石烧结矿iron pattern 铁模iron pipe 铁管iron powder 铁粉iron powder electrode 铁粉焊条iron protoxide 氧化亚铁iron runner 龙沟iron rust 铁锈iron sand 铁砂iron shot 铁丸iron wire 铁丝iron yield 铁收得率ironing 展薄拉伸ironmaking 炼铁ironstone 铁矿石ironworks 钢铁冶金工厂irradiation creep 辐照蠕变irradiation damageing 辐照损伤irradiation defect 辐照缺陷irradiation embrittlement 辐照脆化irradiation hardening 辐照硬化irregular powder 不规则状粉irregular section 变截面型材irregularity 不规则性irreversibility 不可逆性irreversible adsorption 不可逆吸着irreversible change 不可逆变化irreversible process 不可逆过程irreversible reaction 不可逆反应irrigated precipitator 湿式电收尘器ishikawaite 铁铌钇矿isobar 等压线isobaric change 等压变化isobaric line 等压线isochoric process 等容过程isochronal annealing 等时退火isolation 隔离isolator 绝缘体isomer 异构体isomerism 异构性isomorphism 同晶型isopotential surface 等位面isostatic mold 等静压模isostatic pressing 等静压制isothermal 等温线isothermal annealing 等温退火isothermal bath 等温浴isothermal change 等温变化isothermal curve 等温线isothermal extrusion 等温挤压isothermal forging 等温锻造isothermal growth 等温生长isothermal hardening 等温淬火isothermal heat treatment 等温热处理isothermal process 等温过程isothermal quenching 等温淬火isothermal section 等温截面isothermal sintering 等温烧结isothermal tempering 等温回火isothermal transformation 等温转变isothermal transformation curve 等温转变曲线isotope 同位素isotopic indicator 同位素指示剂isotopic tracer 同位素指示剂isotropic body 蛤同性体isotropy 蛤同性ixiolite 锰钽矿izod test 艾氏冲辉验。
冶金专业英语重点单词
A luminum 铝Annealing 退火B ellow 风箱Blast furnace 高炉Bunker 料仓Belly 炉腰Bosh 炉腹BOF（basic oxygen furnace）碱性氧化转炉Brittleness 脆性，脆度Billet 方坯Bloom 初坯，大方坯，毛坯Billet 钢坯C oke 焦炭Converter 转炉，炼钢炉Calcium 钙Carburize 使渗碳Cast house 出铁场Copper 铜Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Charge solid 固体炉料Catalyst 催化剂，触媒Carbon electode 石墨电极Calcium 钙Chromium 铬Cavity （铸造）型腔Case hardening 表面硬化D uctility 延展性Dolomite 白云石Downcomer 下降管Dressing plant 选矿厂Desiliconization 脱硅Dephosphorization 脱磷Drawing 拉延Die forging 模锻Deformation 变形E lectric-arc furnace 电弧炉Extrusion 挤压，推出F uel 燃料Flux 熔剂，造渣剂Finished article 成品Fluorspar 萤石，氟石Ferroalloy 铁合金Ferrochromium 铬铁（合金Ferrotitanium 钛铁（合金Formability 可模锻性，可成形性Ferrite 铁素体Finishing area 精整区Finishing shop 成品车间G ravity feed 重力给料Gangue 脉石H ard coal 无烟煤Hot stove（cowper）热风炉Hot blast main 热风管Hydrogen 氢Hardenability 淬透性，可淬性Hammer forging 锤锻I ronmakin 炼铁Iron notch 铁口Ingot casting 铸锭L ime 石灰Lime shell 石灰涂层Loose scrap 粗钢M ethane 甲烷，沼气Manganese 锰Machinability 机械加工性，切削性Matrensite 马氏体Molybdenum 钼Mass 大规模的Mass production 大量生产N itride 氮化物Nitrocarburizing 碳氮共渗O re 矿石Offtake 煤气导出管，排气管Oxidize （使）氧化P hosphor 磷Post-treatment 炉外精炼，后处理Pellet 球团矿Process scrap 加工废钢，边角废料Pearlite 珠光体Physical properties 物理性能Powder metallurgy 粉末冶金Profiled section 异型断面Pearlitic structure 珠光体组织Q uench 淬火，水冷R ow material 原料Reoxidation 重新氧化Refining 精炼Riveting 锍接法Roughing trains 粗轧机组S teelmaking 炼钢Sponge 海绵，海绵状物Sword 剑，刀Spring 弹簧Slag 炉渣Sinter 烧结Sulfur 硫Shaft-type furnace 竖炉Soft coal 烟煤Slag notch 渣口Skip 料车Slag pit 渣池Steel plant 钢厂Slag ladle 渣罐Scrubber 气体洗涤器Sponge iron 海绵铁Slag former 造渣剂Scrap 废钢，废料Slagging 造渣Shafting 轴系，制轴材料Slab 板坯，板材Soldering 软钎焊，低温焊接Socking pits 均热炉Slab 板坯，板材Sectional steel 型钢T hroat 炉喉Tramp element 杂质元素Toughness 韧性，坚韧Tungsten 钨Titanium 钛Tempering 回火titanium 钛U ptake 上升管Ultimate strength 极限强度V anadium 钒W rought iron 熟铁Weldability 可焊性，焊接性Y ield point 屈服点。
课程名称翻译大全
课程名称翻译大全往复泵及其它类型泵Reciprocating Pump & Other type Pumps微波测量技术Microwave Measurement Technique微波电路计算机辅助设计CAD of Microwave Circuit微波技术Microwave Technique微波技术基础Basis of Microwave Technique微波技术与天线Microwave Technique and Antenna微波器件Microwave Device微波器件及电路Microwave Device and Circuitry微波铁氧体器件Microwave Iron Oxide Elements微波网络Microwave Net微波遥感Microwave Remote Sensors微分方程Differential Equation微分方程数值解Numerical solution of partial defferential equatio微分几何Defferential Geometry微观分析Micro-Analysis微观经济学Micro-Economics微机管理系统概论Introduction to Microcomputer Administration Systo微机和程序逻辑Microcomputer &Program Logic微机化设计Microcomputerization Design微机化仪器Microcomputerized Instrument微机化仪器仪表Microcomputerized Instrument & Meter微机汇编语言程序设计Microcomputer Programming in Assembly Languages 微机技术课程设计Course Exercise in Microcomputer Technology微机继电保护基础Basic Computer Relay Protection微机控制技术Control Technique of Microcomputer微机控制系统Control System of Microcomputer微机励磁检测系统Magnetic Excitation Test System of Microcomputer微机励磁控制系统Magnetic Excitation Control System of Microcomputer微机实验与设计Experiment & Design of Microcomputer微机数据管理Microcomputer Data Administration微机应用Application of Microcomputer微机应用技术Application Technique of Microcomputer微机原理Principle of Micro-computer微机原理及接口技术Principle & Interface Technique of Micro-computer微机原理及应用Principle & Application of Microcomputer微机原理与外设Principle of Microcomputer & Peripheral Equipment微机在并网中的应用Application of Microcomputer in Parallel Network微机在压缩机中应用Application of Microcomputer in Compressor微机在医学中的应用Application of Microcomputer in Medicine微机在铸造技术中的应用Application of Microcomputer in Casting微生物学Microbiology微型机及应用Microcomputer & its Application微型计算机控制技术Microcomputer Controling Technique微型计算机控制技术课程设计Course Exercise in Microcomputer Principles 微型计算机原理及应用Principle & Applications of Microcomputer微型计算机原理课程设计Course Exercise in Microcomputer Principles文化人类学Cultural Anthropology文书学Secretarial Science文献检索document．nbspIndexing文选与习作Selected Readings & Composition文学概论Introduction to Literature文学选读Selected Readings of Literature文字音韵学Phonology文定性理论Theory of Stability涡轮增压器原理Principle of Turbosupercharger无机电介质Inorganic Dielectric无机化学Inorganic Chemistry无机化学实验Inorganic Chemistry Experiments无机介电材料Inorganic Dielectric Material无损检测技术Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement无线电测量Antijamming Techniques无线电系统概论Introduction to Radio System无线电系统与设备Radio System & Equipment无油润滑及空气净化Oil-Free Lubrication & Air Purification物理光学Physical Optics物理光学实验Optical-Physics Experiment物理化学Chemicophysics物理化学实验Physical Chemistry Experiment物理学Physics物理冶金Physical Metallurgy物流管理学Material flow Management物流系统工程Material Flow System Engineering物资管理学Material Administration物资会计Accountancy of Materials物资会计与财务分析Accountancy of Materials & Financial Analysis物资进出口管理Material Import and Export Administration物资进出口贸易Material Import and Export Trade物资经济学Economics for Materials物资经营管理Materials Management Administration物资经营学Materials Management物资企业管理学Enterprise Management for Materials物资企业经营学Enterprise Management for Materials误差理论Theory of Error西方近现代建筑史History of Western Contemporary Architecture西方科学与哲学评价Comment of Western Science & Philosophy西方美术史History of Western Art西方文化讲座Lecture of Western Culture西方文学理论Theories of Western Literature吸收式及蒸喷式制冷机Absorption & Evaporation Refrigerator吸收式制冷机Absorption Refrigerator系统辨识System Discrimination系统程序设计基础Basic of System Program Design系统动力学System Dynamics系统工程System Engineering系统工程及经济分析概论Introduction to System Engineering & Economic Analysis 系统建模与响应System Modeling & Response系统结构System Structure系统与泵站System & Pump Station细胞生物学Cell Biology细杆式制冷压缩机Thin Pole Compressor纤维光学Fibre Optics显示技术Display Technique显示技术及装置Display Technique & Equipment显示仪表Displaying Meter现代汉语Modern Chinese现代控制论Comtemporary Control Theory现代生物概率Probability of Modern Biology现代文学Modern Literature现代文学作品选读Selected Readings of Contemporary Literature现代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy现代西方哲学评价Comments on Contemporary Western Philosophy现代语言学Modern Linguistics现代作品选讲Lectures on Selected Contemporary Writings线性代数Linear Algebra线性规划Linear Programming线性系统与分析Linear System & Analysis相似理论在热工中应用Application of Similarity Theory in Heat Engineering项目可行性研究与评诂Research & Evaluation of Project Fearibility小区规划设计Small Zone Planning小型客积式压缩机Small-V olumed Compressor小型制冷装置Small Refrigerating Equipment写作Writing写作基础Basis for Writing新时期小说专题Current Issues on Contemporary Novels新闻采访学News Gathering新闻概论Introduction to Journalism新闻管理专题Current Issues on Journalism Administration新闻学理论Theories of Journalism Science新闻评论学News Commentary新闻摄影News Photography新闻史History of Journalism新闻世界史World History of News新闻事业管理Journakism Administration新闻文化学News Culturology新闻写作News Writing新闻心理学News Psychology新闻总编赏析Appreciation & Analysis of General Editing心理学Psychology信号变换与处理Signal Conversion & Processing信号分析Signal Analysis信号交换处理Signal Exchange Processing信号与线性系统Signal & Linear System信息传输基础Information Transmission System信息光学Information Optics信息论Informatics信息论与编码Informatics & Coding信息系统设计Information System Design信息系统设计与分析Analysis of Information System & Designing形式逻辑Formal Logics形势与教育Situation & Education形势与政策Situation & Policy行政法Administrative Law行政管理学Administration Science修辞讲座Lectures on Rhetorics学科专研究Subject Research循环分析Analysis of Cycling循环力学Cycling Mechanics训估学Phonology压力焊Pressure Welding压缩机测试技术Compression Test Technique压缩机汽阀Steam Valve of Compressor压缩机制冷技术Technology of Compressor Refrigeration压缩机制冷原理Principle of Compressor Refrigeration压缩机制造工艺学Technology of Compressor Manufacturing氧化锌避雷器Zinc-Oxide Arrester遥感图象数字处理Remote Sense Picture and Digit Processing叶片泵设计Paddle Pump Designing叶栅理论Theories of Cascades液力传动Fluid Transmission液体静压技术Liquid Static-Press Technique液体力学及液压传动Fluid Dynamics and Hydraulic Power Transmission 液压测试技术Hydraulic Test Technique液压传动Hydraulic Transmission液压传动系统Hydraulic Power Transmission System液压传动系统设计Hydraulic Power Transmission System Designing液压概论Introduction to Hydrdulics液压流体力学Hydro-mechanics液压伺服系统Hydrauservo System液压随动系统Hydrawlic Slave System液压系统的模拟机分析Analysis of Simulator of Hydraulic System液压系统数字仿真Digital Imitation in Hydraulic System液压系统污染控制Pollution Control in Hydraulic System液压元件Hydraulic Elements液压元件课程设计Course Exerciese in Hydraulic Elements遗传学Genetics仪表可靠性Meter Reliability仪表零件及结构Meter Elements & structure仪器电路设计Instrument Circuit Designing仪器分析Instrumental Analysis仪器物理Instrumental Physics仪器物理学Instrumental Physics仪器制造工艺Instrument Manufacturing Technique仪用运放电路Instrument Transporting Circuitry音乐欣赏Music Appreciation银行信贷Bank Credits印刷输出设备设计原理Principle of Printing Out/Put Equipment Designing 英国文学史History of British Literature英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British & American Literature英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation英美报刊选读Selected British & American Newspaper Readings英美概况British & American Culture and Society英美外台选听Selected Listenings of British & American Broadcast英美文学史History of British & American Literature英文打字Typing in English英语English英语词汇学English Lexicology英语泛读Extensive Reading英语精读Intensive Reading英语口语Oral English Practice英语视听English Videos英语听力English Listening Comprehension英语写作English Writing英语语法English Grammar英语语法流派Schools of English Grammar英语语言学导论Introdnction to General Lingnistics英语语言专题讲座Current Issues in Language Research and Education英语语音English Phonetics英语阅读English Reading英语阅读与技巧English Reading & Skills应用光学Applied Optics应用光学课程设计Course Design of Applied Optics应用光学设计Applied Optics Design应用光学实验Experiment on Applied Optics应用化学Applied Chemistry应用解剖Applied Anatomy应用软件基础Basic Applied Software应用软件与数据库Applied Software & Database应用物理实验Experiment of Applied Physics影视课Movies & TV Series优化技术基础Basis of Optimal Technique优化设计Optimal Design有机化学Organic Chemistry有机化学实验Organic Chemistry Experiment有色金属Colored & Fine Metal Alloy有限单元法Finite Element有限元法及应用Finite Element & its Application有限元及其在内燃机中应用Application of Finite Element IC Engine 语言学概论Introduction to Linguistics语义学Semantics语音练习Practice on Phonetics语音学基础Basis of Phonetics预测技术Predicting Technique预测与决策Predicting and Policy-Making原理设计Principle Design原子物理学Atomic Physics园林设计Garden Designing源流理论与计算方法Principle & Computing Method of Source Flow 远动技术Motion Technology阅读与技巧Reading & Skills运筹学Operational Research噪声原理及分析Principle & Analysis of Noise造型材料Modeling Material造型材料及基础Material & Basis of Modeling粘弹性力学Viscous Elastic Mechanics粘性流体力学Viscous Fluid Mechanics哲学Philosophy真空物理与技术Vacuum Physics Technology振动分析与测试Vibration Analysis & Testing振动理论Theory of Vibration振动理论与测试Theory & Testing of Vibration振动学Vibration政治经济学Plutonomy政治理论Political Theories政治学Politics直流调整系统Direct Current Adjustive System直流输电Direct Current Transmission制冷及低温技术Refrigeration & Cryogenic Technique制冷系统优化与节能Optimal Refrigeration System & Energy Saving制冷与空调Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning制冷原理与设备Refrigeration Principle & Equipment智能化仪表基础Basis of Artificial Intelligence Meter智能机器Artificial Intelligence Machinery智能仪器设计与应用Design&Application of Artificial Intelligence Instrument质量管理Quality Management质量管理工程学Quality Management Engineering中国传统文化专题Topics on Chinese Traditional Culture中国当代文学史History of Chinese Contemporary Literature中国革命史History of Chinese Revolution中国古代建筑史History of Ancient Chinese Architecture中国古代名著欣赏Appreciation of Famous Ancient Chinese Works中国古代史History of Ancient China中国古代文学作品选讲Selected Readings of Ancient Chinese Literary Work中国古典文学Classical Chinese Literature中国古典小说名著选讲Selected Readings of Famous Classical Chinese Novels 中国古典小说选讲Selected Readings of Classical Chinese Novels中国画技巧Technique of Chinese Painting中国近现代经济史History of Recent & Modern Chinese Economy中国近代史Modern History of China中国经济地理Chinese Economic Geography中国经济与社会发展战略Chinese Economy & Social Development Strategy中国历代诗歌选Selections of Chinese Poetry中国美术欣赏Appreciation of Chicese Art中国美学史History of Chinese Aesthetics中国社会学史History of Chinese Sociology中国社会主义建设Chinese Socialist Construction中国诗话词话研究Research on Chinese Poetry & Prose中国文学Chinese Literature中国文学史History of Chinese Literature中国现代史Contemporary History of China中国现代文学史Contemporary Literature History of China中国现代小说流派Schools of Chinese Contemporary Novel中国语文Chinese Language中级无机化学Medium Inorganic Chemistry中级无机化学实验Experiment on Medium Inorganic Chemistry中社建文献选读Selected Readings of Chinese Socialist Construction document．中英文打字与编排Typing & Editing in English & Chinese轴流式压缩机Axial Flow Compressor铸钢及有色金属Steel-Casting & Colored Metal铸件成形理论Theory of Casting Forming铸件形成理论基础Basis of Cast Forming Theory铸铁熔炼Castiron Melting铸铁孕育Preparation of Castiron铸压加热设备Heating Equipment for Die Casting铸造测试技术Measuring Technique for Casting铸造车间环境保护Environmental Protection for Casting Shop铸造车间设计原理Principle of Casting Shop Design铸造工艺及设计Foundry Technology铸造合金Casting Alloy铸造合金及熔炼Cast Alloy & Melting铸造合金原理及熔炼Principles of Cast Alloy & Melting铸造化学Casting Chemistry铸造机构Casting Mechanism铸造机械设备Casting Equipment of Machine铸造设备Casting Equipment铸造新工艺New Casting Technique注塑工艺Shooting Technique专家系统Expert System专利与商标Patent & Trademark专题研究Research on Current Issues专业概论Introduction to Majors专业设讨Specialty Design & Discussion专业实验Specialty Experiment专业物理实验Physics Specialty Experiment专业英语Specialty English专业英语阅读Specialty English Reading资本论选读Selected Readings of On Capital自动测试系统Auto-Test System自动调节原理及水轮机调节Principle of Automatic Control & Hydrogenerator Re 自动化系统故障诊断Diagnosis of Automation System Error自动检测技术Automatic Measurement Technique自动控制理论Theory of Automatic Control自动控制系统Automatic Control System自动控制原理Principle of Automatic Control自动显示仪表Meter of Automatic Display自控实验Experiment on Auto-Control自然科学概论Introduction to Natural Science自适应控制Self Adaptive Control综合英语练习Comprehensive Practice in English阻容元件Resistor-Capacitor Unit组织行为学Organization Behavior最优化Optimum Theory最优化方法Optimal Method最优化基础Basis of Optimum最优化理论与方法选讲Selections of Optimal Theories & Methods最优控制Optimal Control最优控制在经管中的应用Application of Optimal Control in Economic Managem 作品选读Selected Readings作文Composition金工实习Metalworking Practice水泵设计原理Principle of Pump DesigningCET-4 College English Test(Band 4)CET-6 College English Test(Band 6)生产实习Production Practice课程设计Course Exercise有限元法FInite Element代用燃料Substitute Fuel英汉口译English-Chinese Oral Interpretation思想道德修养Cultivation of Ethic Thought计算机文字处理Computer Language Processing英语影视English Movies & TV程序设计Program Designing计算机分析Computer Analysis汇编语言程序设计Assembly Language Programming模拟电路Analog Circuitry数字逻辑课程设计Course Design of Digital Logic数据库dBASE Ⅲ d BASE III活塞式压缩机原理Principles of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机结构Structure of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机强度Intensity of Piston Compressor三元流动理论Theory of Three-dimensional Flowing自动控制元件Automatic Control Component检测与显示技术Detection & Display Technique变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology工厂供电Factory Electricity Supply计算机控制技术Computer Controling Technology课程设计(接口) Course Exercise(Interface)计算机概论与上机操作Introduction to Computers & Practise社会主义市场经济Socialist Marketing Economics当代资本主义经济Contemporary Capitalist Economy精密机械零件与机构Precision Machinery Elements & Mechanism光学工艺实习Optical Technology Practice光电探测及信号处理Photoelectric Inspect & Signal Processing激光实验Laser Experiments毕业实习Graduation Practice激光器件原理与设计Principles of Laser Devices & Design光电课程设计Photoelectric Course Exercise激光生物医学Laser Biomedicine激光与材料相互作用Reciprocity of Laser & Materials生物医学光子学Biomedical Photonics光纤原理与技术Fibre Optical Operation & Technology光纤通信技术Fibre Optical Communication Technology通信原理与技术Principle of Communication & Technology光纤实验Experiments in Fibre Optical外设与接口Peripheral Equipment & InterfacePASCAL语言Programming in PASCAL算法设计与分析Algorithmic Design & Analysis音乐基础理论Basis Theory of Music精读Perusal口语训练Oral Training英语听说训练English Practice on Listening & Speaking口语Oral Training语法Syntax文体学Style Science高级视听Advanced Videos英语学习技巧English Studying Skills报刊选读Selected Readings of Newspaper & Magazine模拟集成电路及应用Analog Integrated Circuit & Application传感器及应用Sensors & Application微机技术实验Microcomputer Technology Experiment数字语音处理Digital Voice Processing微机接口技术Interface Technique of Microcomputer电力拖动Electric Traction程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language应用写作Applied Composition文字处理系统Word Processing System经济基础Basis of Economy汉字信息处理系统设计Design of Chinese Character Information Processing 办公自动化Office Automatization办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization DesignWindows系统Windows Operation System多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis制冷课程设计Refrigeration Course Design制冷装置及自动化Refrigeration Equipment & Automatization电视传感器图象显示Television Sensor Graphic Display电子线路的计算机辅助分析Computer Associate Analysis of Electronic Circuit 自动检测技术与仪表Automatic Measurement Technique & Meter图形显示Graphic Demonstration外存储原理与技术External Memory Principle & Technique计算机原理及应用Principle & Applications of Computer机械制图Mechanical Graphing外贸会计会话Foreign Business Accountancy Conversation外贸函电Foreign Business Correspondence外贸英语会话Foreign Business English Conversation西方经济学Western Economics统计学原理与外贸统计Principle of Statistics & Business Statistics国际商法International Commercial Law国际技术贸易International Technical Trade工业产品学Industrial Products外贸应用文写作Foreign Business Practical Writing国际经济合作International Economics Cooperation对外贸易运输International Trade Transportation跨国公司International Firm国际信贷International Credits世界市场行情International Market Analysis建筑结构试验Architectural Structure Experimentation建筑工程概预算Construction Project Budget单片机与接口技术Mono-Chip Computers & Interface Technique控制系统数字仿真与CAD Control System Digital Imitation & CAD建筑识图Architectural Recognition Graph直流调速系统Direct Current Governor System计算机软件基础Basis of Software of Computer国际贸易运输International Trade Transportation英美文化背景Cultural Background of Britain & America对外贸易保险International Trade Insurance国际理财International Financing现代行情学Modern Market塑性成型原理Principle of Plastic Molding词汇学Lexicology英语专题研究English Special Research发展经济学Evolutive Economics电力系统课程设计Course Design of Power Systems电子学课程设计Course Design of ElectronicsPC机原理Principle of PC双闭环设计与实验Design & Experiment of Two Closed Loop计算机组成原理课程设计Principles of Computer Composition Course Design 大学物理College Physics大学物理实验Experiment of College Physics数字技术Digital Technique自动控制系统设计Design of Automatic Control System电力系统(I) Power Systems I电力系统(II) Power Systems II继电保护Relay Protection发电厂电气部分与热力设备Electric Elements & Thermodynamics Equipment of Power Plants 数据结构课程设计Course Design of Data Structure接口与通讯课程设计Course Design of Interface and Communication编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling计算机维修技术Computer Repair Technique计算机数据安全Computer Data SecurityVLSI设计基础Basis of VLSI DesignOS/2操作系统OS/2 Operation System光电系统课程设计Photoelectric System Course Design制冷及低温测试Refrigeration & Cryogenic Testing光电摄像技术Photoelectric Photographing Technique光电信息计算机处理Computer Processing in Photoelectric Information钢砼课程设计Reinforced Concrete Course Design机械零件课程设计Course Design of Machinery Elements投资经济学Investment Economics现代企业管理Modern Enterprise Administration市场营销学Market Selling国际投资学International Investment工程项目概预算Engineering Project Estimate & Budget证券与期货投资Securities & Futures Investment管理会计Management Accountancy(真空)冷冻干燥技术(Vacuum) Freezing & Drying TechnologyFORTRAN 77 语言FORTRAN 77 Language地基基础课程设计Course Design of Groundsill Basis房屋建筑学课程设计Course Design of House Architecture钢砼设计Experiment of Reinforced Concrete Structure工程测量实习Engineering Measuring Practice工程地质Engineering Geology机床Machine Tool机床电气Machine Tools Electric机械工程计算机控制Mechanic Engineering Computer Control口语系列Oral Catena砌体课程设计Course Design of Foundations切削原理及刀具Metal Cutting Principle & Tools新型建筑材料New Building Materials专业设计Specialty Design综合听说Comprehensive Listening & Speaking综合英语Comprehensive English过程控制调节装置Process Control & Regulation Equipment数据库课程设计Course Design of Database非线性控制理论Non-Linear Control Theory大学生心理学Psychology Introduction电气测量技术Electrical Measurement Technology水轮机及计算机辅助设计Water-Turbine Engine CAD热加工与误差测量Thermal Machining and Error Measurement结构与强度Structure & Intensity船舶结构Ship Structure蒸汽动力装置Steam Power Equipment辅助机械Aided Machine叶轮机原理Principle of Gas Turbine推进装置控制Propeling Equipment Control精密机械学课程设计Course Design of Precision Machinery船体制图Ship Graphing船舶振动Ship Vibration中国税制Taxation System of China基础会计Basic Accountancy国际税收International Revenue财务会计Financial Accountancy商务英语Business Affairs English风险投资分析Analysis of Risk Investment税务管理Taxation Management预算会计Budget Accountancy成本会计Cost Accounting金融市场概论Introduction to Money Market管理学Management Theory法理学Nomology民法学Civil Law国际私法International Private Law公司法Corporation Law合同法Contracts Law税法Taxation Law诉讼法学Litigation Law知识产权学Theory of Knowledge Property Right环保法Environment Protection Law刑法学Penal Law律师实务Lawyer Affairs仲裁法Arbitration Law金融法Financial Law金属工艺及设计Metal Technics & Design机械工业企业管理Mechanic Industrial Enterprise Management故障诊断与容错技术Malfunction Diagnoses & Tolerance Technology 计算流体力学Fluid Mechanics Computation通用结构分析Analysis of Currency Structure中级无机化学及实验Medium Inorganic Chemistry & Experiment应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry应用表面化学Applied Surface Chemistry相对论Principle of Relativity工程数学Engineering MathematicsBASIC & FORTRAN 语言BASIC Language & FORTRAN Language信号传输原理Principle of Signal Transmission电子线路的计算机辅助设计Computer Associate Design of Electronic Circuit 财务管理Financial Cost 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物理冶金 Physical Metallurgy
David Turnbull
Became famous by studying homogeneous nucleation in Hg at GE and moved to Harvard (see Chalmers). I I put this paper on our the website
Rate Theory
Similar to diffusion derivation
Forward jump => attachment
Backward jump => detachment Gradient in free energy, not from concentration but from T Maximum Rate When not limited by T removal (splash cooling), upper limit is 10 ..20 m/sec for reasons discussed previously. Limit set by Diffusion coefficient divided by “atom size”
4. Crystal Growth
Extremely well understood in Si.
There is nothing weuired
Counteracting heat of solidification => needs to be removed from interface Removal of heat of solidification via • Radiation • Conductance
Once upon a time you could do fundamental research at an industrial research lab.
physical metallurgy12
The number of phases in an alloy system
On the other hand, the fact that the change occurs very slowly makes it possible to study the properties of a single element in two crystalline forms over a very wide range of temperatures. In this respect, the specific heat at constant pressure of both the gray and the white forms of tin have been measured from ambient temperatures down to almost absolute zero. A plot of these data is shown in figure on next slide.
S S0
0 T
Cp T
dT
0
T
Cp T
dT
The term So, which is the entropy at absolute zero, may be equated to zero, for at this temperature, assuming perfect crystallinity (a pure substance with no entropy of mixing) and lattice vibrations in their ground levels, there is no disorder of any kind.
铝合金的时效强化是如何进行和完成的
铝合金的时效强化是如何进行和完成的经淬火后的铝合金强度、硬度随时间延长而发生显著提高的现象称之为时效，也称铝合金的时效硬化。
这是铝合金强化的重要方法之一。
由定义可知，铝合金时效强化的前提，首先是进行淬火，获得饱和单相组织。
在快冷淬火获得的固溶体，不仅溶质原子是过饱和的，而且空位(晶体点缺陷)也是过饱和的，即处于双重过饱和状态。
以Al -4%Cu 合金为例，固溶处理后，过饱和α固溶体的化学成分就是合金的化学成分，即固溶体中钢含量为4%。
由Al-Cu 相图可知，在室温平衡态下，α固溶体的含铜量仅为0.5%，故3.5%Cu过饱和固溶于α相中。
当温度接近纯铝熔点时，空位浓度接近10-3数量级，而在常温下，空位浓度为10-11数量级，二者相差10-8级。
经研究可知；铝合金固溶处理温度越高，处理后过饱和程度也越大，经时效后产生的时效强化效果也越大。
因此固溶处理温度选择原则是：在保证合金不过烧的前提下，固溶处理温度尽可能提高。
固溶处理后的铝铜合金，在室温或某一温度下放置时，发生时效过程。
此过程实质上是第二相Al2Cu 从过饱和固溶体中沉淀的过程。
这种过程是通过成型和长大进行的，是一种扩散型的固态相变。
它依下列顺序进行：a过→G.P区→θ’’相→θ’相→θ相G.P区就是指富溶质原子区，对Al-Cu合金而言，就是富铜区。
铝钢合金的G.P区是铜原子在(100)晶面上偏聚或从聚而成的，呈圆片状。
它没有完整的晶体结构，与母相共格。
200℃不再生成G.P 区。
室温时效的G.P区很小，直径约50A，密度为1014-1015/mm3，G.P区之间的距离为20-40 ?。
130℃时效15h后，G.P 区直径长大到90 ?，厚为4-6 ?。
温度再高，G.P区数目开始减少。
它可以在晶面处引起弹性应变。
θ’’相是随时效温度升高或时效时间延长，G.P区直径急剧长大，且铜、铝原子逐渐形成规则排列，即正方有序结构。
在θ’’过渡相附近造成的弹性共格应力场或点阵畸变区都大于G.P区产生的应力场，所以θ’’相产生的时效强化效果大于G.P区的强化作用。
铸造学专业英语词汇
铸造厂，铸造foundry铸造尺shrink rule铸造尺shrinkage rule铸造尺shrinkage scale铸造从业员foundry man铸造法casting process铸造方案founding method铸造方案plan of casting铸造废料foundry scrap铸造机casting machine铸造计划casting plan铸造设计，铸件设计casting design 铸造性试验castability test铸造应变casting strains铸造用钉foundry nails铸造用生铁foundry pig iron铸造状态as-cast condition，as-cast铸造组织cast structure铸造作业casting manipulations铸芝模ingot mold铸芝偏析ingotism抓斗绞车装置grabbing gear专业铸造工场production foundry砖brick转变用铁水(调配成分) transition iron 转动炉，转筒炉rotary furnace转换conversion转炉converter转炉钢converter steel转炉炉榇converter lining转盘混砂机rotating pan mill转速revolving speed转台，转盘rotary table转台喷粒机shot tablast转位半径transititon radius转运车transfer trolley转运翻箱装置transfer-turnover device 转运盖c装置transfer-closing device 转运装置transfer device装砂心coring up装载机bucket loader装载能量loading capacity追补焦split coke锥形炉腹bosh坠裂试验shatter test坠落试验drop test坠重试验drop-weight test自动电极控制automatic electrode control自动电流调整器automatic current regulator自动化automation自动化系统automatic system自动加料设备automatic charging equipment自动进给automatic feeding自动控制automatic control自动配料机automatic doser自动燃烧控制automatic combustion control自动送料(压铸) automatic ladling，die casting自动温度控制器automatic temperature controller自动造模工场automatic molding plant自动铸砂处理设备automatic sand plant自动转盘式造模机automatic turntable molding machine 自来水tap water自然腐蚀试验field test自然裂缝seasoning shake自然破裂season cracking自然干燥法(木材)，自然季化处理(铸件) natural seasoning 自然时效natural aging自然通风natural draft自行除渣self-skimming自行除渣风口self-slagging tuyere自行结晶idiomorphic crystal自行退火self-annealing自硬钢self-hardening steel自硬性self-hardening自硬性造模法no-bake process自硬性粘结剂self-curing binder自由度degree of freedom自由水free water纵向裂痕longitudinal crack足尺full size阻挠元素interfering element阻销stop pin组成图constitutional diagram组成物component组成楔值constitutional wedge value组合built up组合构造composite construction组合模板built-up plate组合模型built-up pattern组合模型composite pattern组合模型pattern assembly组合砂箱built-up molding box组合砂心盒multiple core box组织，级成constitution组织成分constituent组织瑕疵structure defects钻悄(试样用) drillings钻维硬度值(韦克氏硬度) diamond pyramid hardness number，Vickers hardness 最大负载maximum load最后加工finish最适水分(模砂) optimum temper moisture作业可靠性operational reliability作业砂(生产线) production sand作业准备日程operational scheduling直立浇铸vertical pouring直立心型端承，直立砂心头vertical coreprint直立旋板心轴upright spindle直立造模vertical molding直立造模法mold on end直立铸模vertical mold直立铸造vertical casting直落砂心drop core直木纹edge grain直提砂心头tail print直通干燥炉through feed drying furnace直显照片(金相) direct print直压式合机direct pressure closing植物油vegetable oil指形进模口finger gate酯系硬化法ester-process制震能damping capacity蛭石vermiculite置冲法pour-over method置冲法transfer method置模箱set-off box滞流(铸疵) mistrun制程退火process annealing制模型铣床pattern milling machine制图，起模drawing制造熔接production welding制造冶金学process metallurgy质量效应，厚薄效应mass effect致密度consistency中间处理intermediate treatment中间检查intermediate inspection中间金属intermediate metal中间砂箱，中间模箱cheek box ，cheek flask中间砂箱，中间模箱raising middle flask中磷生铁(P0.4-0.75%) medium phosphorus pig iron 中模，中间砂箱，中间模箱cheek中碳钢medium carbon steel中途添焦spreader charge of coke中线收缩centerline shrinkage中心板，旋刮板心轴承座center plate中心规centergage中性耐火材料neutral refractory materials中性熔渣neutral slag中性砖neutral brick中周波感应电炉intermediate frequency furnace 锺，锺形塞进器bell锺青铜bell bronze重搭overlap重捣砂hard ramming重金属铸件heavy-metal castings重晶石heavy spar重力分离器gravitational separator重力滚子输送机(倾斜式) gravity roller conveyor 重力偏析gravity segregation重力输送机gravity conveyor重力压铸法gravity die casting重力铸造法gravity casting重燃油heavy fuel oil重熔remelting重熔工场secondary smelter重印法(造模) print back重油heavy oil重整石英砂replenishment quartz sand重铸recasting轴shaft轴承合金bearing metal皱痕面(铸疵) creasy surface皱皮(铸疵) orange peel皱皮(铸疵) surface folding珠，粒，击，射注过程(压铸) shot珠击处理shot peening珠击机shot peening machine珠粒喷击清理shot blasting珠泡bead竹叶状液面花纹bamboo leaves pattern主成分，基本金属primary coil主模master mold主心型，主砂心body core煮材干燥法boiling seasoning助流剂fluidizer助黏剂，膨胀性粘结剂swelling binder注入槽(压铸) pouring shot注射器injector柱column柱pillar柱塞，塞罩plunger柱塞，塞罩post柱状结晶columnar crystal柱状组织columnar structurew 仓壁冲击振动器impact vibration on bin wall 贮砂桶匣(砂心机用) magazine铸包camlachie cramp铸壁wall铸壁鹌鹑wall thickness铸补burning on铸补tinkering铸成率casting yield铸成试片cast-to-shape specimen铸尺contraction rule<BR>铸疵casting defect铸疵defect test铸疵，铸造缺陷foundry defects铸疵试验defect test铸锭ingot铸锭底砖spider铸锭浇口砖king brick铸锭模ingot case铸锭状态as-ingot铸钢cast steel铸钢造模料steel foundry molding compound铸工caster铸工founder铸合金ferro-alloy铸弧pouring arc铸件castings铸件表面casting surface铸件表皮casting skin铸件飞边，铸件毛边casting fin铸件内包物cast-in insert铸件清理，最后加工finishing铸件清理图dressing shop铸件修整finishing of castings铸件应力casting stress铸焦foundry coke铸坑casting pit铸坑foundry pit铸裂(铸疵) casting crack铸瘤rising铸漏bleed铸漏break out铸漏run-out铸漏件bleeder铸模mold，mould铸模布置mold layout铸模除除掉(压铸) impression block铸模龟裂，脉状痕(铸疵) veining铸模夹具mold clamp铸模输送机mold conveyer铸模块合mold assembly铸耙rake铸皮skin铸皮孔skin holes铸砂casting sand铸砂处理foundry sand preparation铸砂处理preparation of sand铸砂处理工场foundry sand preparation plant 铸砂控制sand control铸砂控制设备sand control equipment铸砂流动性flowability of sand铸砂流动性foundry sand铸砂膨(铸疵) sand drier铸砂强度试验strength test of sand铸砂强化strengthen the sand铸砂烧结(铸疵) sand burning铸砂烧贴(铸疵) sintering point铸砂油casting iol铸生铁机pig machine铸损foundry losses铸损，不良铸件waster，foundry losses铸铁cast iron铸铁工场iron foundry铸铁管cast iron pipe铸铁组织图cast iron diagram铸铁组织图structural diagram of cast iron 铸造founding铸造，铸件casting铸造场smith shop圆盘砂轮机disc grinder圆套筒round bush圆条测温法bar test圆筒式炉(回转炉) drum type furance圆筒形浇桶drum ladle圆头镘刀roound nose圆形砂rounded grain圆形砂粒rounded sand云母粉mica flour云母粉mica powder运轮，台车carriage运送箱tote box运原性蒙气reducing atmosphere运原状态reducing condition杂质impurities再炽，再辉recalescence再炽点，再辉点recalescent point再处理erpreparation再处理砂reconditioned sand再负载reloading再结晶recrystallization再结晶温度recrystallization temperature 再冷却系统recooling system再黏接砂rebonded sand再热炉reheating furnace再生砂reclamation sand再生铁remelted pig iron再生铁synthetic pig iron暂垫造模法mold on an oddside凿锤chipping hammer凿刀chipping chisel凿磨浇口shagging凿平chipping凿平问chipping room凿子，凿机chipper凿子，凿机chisel造模molding造模板mold board造模板molding board造模板molding plate造模板ramming plate造模材料molding materials造模材料添加剂molding material additive造模粗砂molding gravel造模地坑molding pit造模钉molding brad(pin)造模法molding method造模工具molder's tools模工作台molder's bench造模工作台molding bench造模机molding machine造模袷度molding allowance造模区molding bay造模设备molding apparatus造模性moldability造渣剂slag forming constituent造渣期slag forming period造渣石灰slag lime造渣作业slag practice增碳carbon pick-up增碳recarburization增碳剂recarburizer增碳剂recarburizing agent增碳焦recarburization coke增压冒口，威廉氏冒口atmospheric feeder(atmsopheric riser，William's riser) 增压冒口，威廉氏冒口William's riser，atmospheric riser增压砂心cracker core增压砂心pencil core增压砂心penetration core增压砂心，嵌入砂心insert core增压砂心，威廉氏砂心atmospheric core，William's core渣dirt渣比，碱度slag ratio渣阱dirt trap渣孔(铸疵) slag blowhole渣棉slag wool渣壳slag crust渣桶slag ladle渣位高slag level渣窝slag pocket轧辊，辊子roll轧屑roll[ing] scale闸喉，闸口choke闸喉式流道choked runner system闸喉作用choking粘土质耐火砖fire clay brick展性，可锻性malleability展性处理malleablising展性热处理铁矿malleable ore展性退火malleablising annealing展性铸铁(可锻铸铁) malleable cast iron展性铸铁(可锻铸铁) malleable iron展性铸铁用生铁malleable pig iron辗制硅砂artifical silica sand章鱼状石墨octopus graphite胀疤expansion scab胀模(铸疵) swell胀陷，上模剥砂(铸疵) pull down罩式炉lifting furnace遮蔽电弧熔接shielded-arc welding遮热板heat shield折旧amortization折旧depreciation折缘(黑心展性铸铁) picture frame锗(Ge) germanium真空除氧法vacuum degassing process真空精炼vacuum refining真空熔解vacuum melting真空造模法，V造模法V-process，vacuum-secaled process 真空铸造vacuum casting真离心铸造法true centrifugal casting砧anvil砧台式震实造模机anvil-jolter针对铸铁acicular cast iron针孔(铸疵)，销孔pin-hole针状组织acicular structure针状组织铸铁bainite cast iron振动vibration振动捣砂vibration ramming振动分配器vibrating distributor振动器vibrator振动清箱mechanical knockout by vibration振动清箱，振动清砂处shake-out振动清箱机molding box shake-out device振动清箱机，振动清砂机shake-out machine振动清箱性能shake-out property振动清箱栅shake-out grid振动清箱栅shake-out screen振动筛jigging screen振动筛shaking screen振动筛vibrating sieve震捣jolt ramming震动jolt震动板jolting plate震动废黜模板造模机jolt molding machine with turnover plate震动机jarring machine震动清箱吊架jointing hanger震动压挤拔模造模机jolt squeeze stripper molding machine震动压挤造模机jolt squeeze molding machine震动造模机jolt molding machine震动造模机jolter震箱清砂机flask shanker蒸馏器retort蒸馏碳retort carbon蒸气脱蜡autoclave dewaxing整流器rectifier整体模型solid pattern整体模型铸模solid pattern mold整温控制thermostattic control整缘trimming整缘模具trimming dies整缘压机trimming press正常化normalizing正常偏析normal segregation正常温度normal temperature正常折曲试验normal bend test支架(压铸)，垫块packing block支台，置模台set-off bench支柱(熔铸炉) prop枝形进模口bracnch gate直尺staight edge直接电弧炉direct arc furnace直接浇口drop gate直接浇铸direct pouring直接浇铸法direct casting直接进模口direct gate直接进模口slot gate直接气压式热室压铸机(压缩空气直接压于熔液) direct pressure hot chamber machine氧化硅基砂silica base sand氧化性蒙气oxidizing atomosphere氧化性溶解oxidizing melting氧皮铝alumite氧焰割oxycut氧乙炔熔接，气焊oxyacetylene welding样板，刮板，量具template，templet样规sizing peg摇动炉rocking furnace摇斗炉shaking lade摇台cradle窑炉kilnb趸?anti-oxidant冶金焦metallurgical coke冶金术metal technology冶金学metallurgy液化liquefaction液面花纹break surface pattern液面花纹figure液面花纹play figure液态收缩liquid contraction液态收缩liquid shrinkage液体压力计manometer液相曲线liquidus curve液相线liquidus [line]液相线liquidus line液压气动砂箱升提机构hydropneumatic flasklifting mechanism 液压千斤顶hydraulic jack液压清砂铸件设备hydraulic cleaning equipment液压试验hydraulic pressure test叶轮式喷砂机turbine sand blaster一氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化铁(FeO) iron protoxide铱(Ir) iridium移动吊车mobile crane移动皮带升降机mobile belt elevator移动式烘炉portable drying oven移动式烘模机portable mold dryer移动式可倾前炉removable clay matter移动式摔砂造模机motive type sand slinger移入shunting-in移位装置shifting facilities移装(外砂心) draw back移装砂心inset core遗传性heredity乙二醇glycol乙炔acetylene乙炔发生器acetylene generator乙炔墨acetylene black(acetylene smoke)乙炔墨acetylene smoke，acetylene black乙炔熔接acetylene welding抑制剂inhibitor易开砂箱easy off slip flask易燃物inflammable易熔合金fusible alloy异形管件specials意外防止条例accident prevention regulations溢放口flow off溢放口pop off溢放口run-off溢放口strain relief溢放冒口run-off riser溢流over flow溢流道flow through溢流口hot spruing溢流口(压铸) over flow well音波试验sonic testing阴极锈法cathodic protection阴极氧化anodic oxidation铟(In)(稀金属元素) Indium银(Ag) silver银砂(无铁质硅砂) silver sand引导顶出(压铸) guided ejection英高镍(镍铬合金) Inconel英国国家标准B.S.(British Standard)英国铸铁研究协会BCIRA(British Cast Iron Research Associatin)英国铸造工程师学会IBF(Institute of British Foundrymen，London) 英制热单位(B.T.U.) British Thermal Unit应变，变形(铸疵) strain应变计strain gage应力stress应力腐蚀裂痕stress corrosion cracking应力集中stress concentration应力破坏强度stress upture strength应力消除stress relief应力应变特性stress-strain characteristics应力应变图stresss-strain diagram樱木cherry tree荧光采伤法zyglo荧光渗透剂zyglo penetrant荧光fluorescence荧光镜fluoroscope荧光探伤法fluorescent crack detection荧光透视法(检查)，荧光镜试验fluorspar 萤石(CaF2) fluorite萤石(CaF2) flushing硬点hard spot硬度hardness硬度计hardness tester硬焊brazing硬化(壳模) curing硬化，淬火hardening硬化合金hardening alloy硬化剂hardening agent硬化剂，硬化合金hardener硬化加速剂hardening accelerator硬化能，淬火性hardenability硬化深度hardness penetration硬化时间curing time硬结setting硬结砂用油setting oil硬木hardwood硬砂模型板hard sand match硬质焦炭，煤焦hard coke永久模，金属(铸)模permanent mold用瓢装液(压铸) ladling用销抬起pin lift优尼造模法Unicast process优先方位(结晶) preferred orientation油淬火oil quenching油粉浸渗试验(裂痕检出试验) oil-chalk test 油炉oil furnace油泥砂浆oil loam油漆，涂料paint油砂oil sand油砂模oil sand mold油砂心oil bounded core油砂心oil core油砂心oil sand core油污金属切屑swarf油烟，烟灰soot油硬化oil hardening油质黏结剂oil biner柚木teak游标卡尺vernier calipers铀U) uranium有机粘结剂organic binder有孔砂心撑perforated chaplet有麻口冷硬层chill zone with mottle有箱造模法flask molding有效高度burden height有效高度effective height有效黏土含量effective clay content 釉，光滑glaze鱼油fish oil鱼嘴栅fishmouth gate榆木elm余留铁水heel余铁深度(炉) pool depth余隙，间隙clearance余液(低周波炉) liquid core雨段退火two-stage annealing雨淋式环浇口pencil ring gate雨淋式进模口pencil gate雨淋式进模口pop gate雨淋式进模口shower gate浴池式氮化法bath nitriding预热preheating预热带preheating zone预热空气preheated air预热器preheater预熔金属pre-melt原料raw materials原料工业primary graphite，G-graphite 原料金属primary industy原料生铁base iron原模型granular pearlite原砂，原产硅砂crude sand原砂透气度base permeability原生组织primary structure原油crude oil圆板塞(浇池) disc plug圆底提砂钩Yankee's lifter圆规compasses圆粒round sleeker圆抹镘trowel星形裂缝star shake星形铁(滚光用) jackstar，mill star，star星形铁(滚光用) mill star，jack star，star 星形铁(滚光用) star，jackstar，mill star星形铁(滚光用) tumbling stars形象因子shape factor型砖shaped brick修补removable tilting forehearth修毂抹刀boss spatula修角刀corner tool修角抹刀angle spatula锈rust锈皮，比例尺，秤scale锈皮，轧钢鳞片mill scale锈蚀度degree of rustin虚表比重apparent specific gravity虚表孔率apparent porosity虚表密度apparent density虚表容积apparent volume表温度apparent temperature虚筋，挡块(砂模) stop off蓄热炉regenerating furnace蓄热能量heat-retaining capacity蓄热器，再生器regenerator蓄热系统regenerative system续制铸件repeated use of sand旋臂吊车jib crane旋风集尘器cyclone dust collector(cyclon) 旋风净尘器cyclone scrubber dust collector 旋刮[砂] sweeping旋刮板sweep旋刮板sweeping board旋刮板臂sweep arm旋刮板马架sweeping molder's horse旋刮板模型sweeping pattern旋刮板模型sweeping template pattern旋刮板砂心swept core旋刮板心砂心spindle core旋刮板心轴，心轴spindle旋刮板轴心承座sweeping plate旋刮砂模sweeping mold旋刮砂心sweeping core旋涡补给口whirl-gate feeder旋涡混合机whirl mixer旋涡集渣包whirl-gate dirt trap旋沿试验法(流动性) spiral test旋转给料盘rotary feeding plate旋转刮板turning strickle旋转模板造模机truning plate molding machine旋转器swirl旋转干燥器rotary drier旋转砂心线setting line，core setting line旋转筛rotary screen旋转筛砂机rotary sand screen旋转式集尘器spin dust collection旋转台，转盘turn table旋转喂槽swivelling tundish旋转轧碎机rotary crusher悬吊砂suspended core悬吊砂轮机suspended grinder悬吊输送机trolley conveyor悬浮物suspended matter悬拱suspended arch悬挂式清箱装置pendant shaking equipment选别废料selected scrap雪明碳铁，雪明碳体cementite循环处理砂system sand循环砂recirculation system sand循环砂return sand压边整缘press trimming压痕试验indentation test压痕嚣，压痕物indentor压痕硬度试验机indentation hardness tester压坏(砂模)，粉碎crush压挤板squeeze plate压挤板squezze boad压挤捣砂squeeze ramming压挤机squeeze machine压挤式顶杆造模机squeeze pinlift molding maching 压挤头(造模机) squeeze head压挤造模机squeeze molding machine压挤铸造squeeze casting压紧废料packeted scrap压块briquet，briquette压块bundle压块废料baled scrap压块机briquetting machine压力pressure压力计pressure gage压力室添加法pressure chamber method压力通风follow board压力铸造pressure casting压漏(铸疵) leakers压漏试验leakage test压模印coining压膜式壳模机diaphragm shell molding machine 压膜式造模机diaphragm molding machine压实性compactability压实指数compactability index压碎机crusher压缩机compressor压缩机die casting machine压缩空气compressed air压缩空气缸compressed air cylinder压缩空气喷吵机compressed air sand blaster压缩空气软管compressed air hose压缩性compressibility压重，砝码weights压重板(震动压面) jointing plate压铸，刚模铸造de cast压铸储井shot well压铸储筒shot sleeve压铸法，刚模铸造法die casting压铸件die castings压铸模dies压铸模涂料，刚模涂料die coating压铸模块die cast assembly亚共晶合金hypoeutectic alloy亚共析合金hypoeutectoid alloy亚甲蓝试验methylenne blue test亚硫酸监稠浆(黏结剂) sulphur，sulfur亚铝美尔Alumel氩(Ar) argon氩净化器argon purifier烟囱chimney烟囱chimney stack烟囱，炉胴(熔铁炉) stable-equilibrium diagram 烟囱罩hood烟道chimney flue烟道气flue gas烟火bank，the cupola烟煤bituminous coal烟煤soft coal烟气(有害的) fume烟雾smog延性ductility延性材料断口ductile fracture延性铸铁(球状石墨铸铁) ductile cast iron，nodular cast iron 研究工程师research engineer研磨纸emery paper焰割gas cutting洋铜nickel silver阳极处理anodizing阳极铜anode copper扬尘量dust emission杨氏模数，杨氏[纵弹性]系数Young's moldulus氧(O) oxygen氧丙烷焰割oxy-L.P.gas cutting氧化oxidation氧化oxidizing氧化表皮oxide skin氧化带zone of ozidation氧化精炼oxidizing refining氧化精炼refining by oxidation氧化期oxidizing period氧化气孔(铸疵) oxidized blowhole氧化损耗oxidation loss氧化铁iron oxide氧化物oxide氧化硅(SiO2) silica物理变化physical change物理试验physical test物理性质physical properties物理冶金physical metallurgy雾化atomization西拉高硅铸铁Silal吸热反应endothermic reaction吸入输送机suction conveyor吸湿性试验(高湿状态) high humidity storage test吸收absorption吸收剂absorbent吸收器absorber析出，沈淀precipitation析出热处理precipitation heat treatment析出退火precipitation annealing析出硬化precipitation hardening硅(Si) silicon硅肥粒铁silico ferrite硅肺病，石米沉着病silicosis硅分析仪，砂计silicon meter硅钢板silicon steel plate硅化钙calcium silicide硅化钙calcium silicon硅黄铜silicon brass硅块silicon briquets硅铝钙合金calicum-aluminium-silicon硅铝明(铝硅合金) silumin硅锰钙合金calcium-manganesesilicon硅凝胶，硅胶吸湿剂silica gel硅青铜silicon bronze硅青铜soilzin bronze硅砂silica sand硅砂捣料silica ramming compound硅砂粉silica flour硅砂浆涂料silica wash硅砂石砖ganister brick硅树脂，硅酮silicone硅树脂滑脂silicone grease硅酸silicic acid硅酸监silicate硅酸钠，水玻璃sodium silicate硅酸四乙酯tetraethl silicate硅酸乙脂ethyl silicate硅铁ferro-silicon硅铜silicon copper硅线石砖(高铝氧(70Al2O5)硅质耐火砖) silimanite brick 硅岩轮辗硅砂impeller-breaker sand硅藻土diatomaceous earth硅藻土infusorial earth硅藻土kieselguhr硅质粘土silicious clay硅砖silica brick硒(Se)(化学元素) selinium稀土金属rare earth metal锡(Sn) tin锡汗珠(铸疵) tin sweat锡青铜tin bronze习用潜变限度conventional creep limit洗尘器，涤气机scrubber洗净器scrubbing liquid细锉刀finishing file细孔组织cell structure细裂痕(铸疵) hair crack细裂纹(铸疵) caplillary crack细密波来铁fine pearlite细泥砂浆finishing loam细砂，河海丘砂bank sand细土粉，细泥fine silt煅烧calcine煅烧白云石calcined dolomite煅烧窑calcining kiln瑕疵flaw瑕疵大小flaw size瑕疵位置flaw location揬工场，揬造炉fore-hearth forge揬铁锈皮forge scale揬造，揬件forging下降速率lowering speed下浇道，坚浇道down gate下浇道，坚浇道down sprue下模bottom part下模nowel下模，下砂箱，下模箱drag下砂箱，下模箱drag box下砂箱，下模箱drag flask夏比冲击试验charpy impact test夏比冲击试验机Charpy impact test machine 夏比冲击值Charp impact value纤维状滑石fibrous talc显热sensible heat显微镜microscope显微镜试验microscopic inspection显微镜学microscopy显微镜照像photomicrograph显微偏析micro-segregation显微缩孔(铸疵) micro-shrinkage显微像micrograph显微组织micro-structure限缩变形hindered contraction限外显微镜ultramicroscope相phase相对频率relative frequency相对湿度relative humidity相对硬度relative hardness相律phase rule相平衡phase equillibrium相图phase diagram响铜bell metal象皮皱纹(铸疵) elephant skin橡胶浇道棒(造模) rubber down gate橡胶浇道棒(造模) rubber pouring funnel橡胶输送带rubber conveyer belt橡木oak消除冷硬退火chill removing annealing消除应力开沟，防裂槽stress relieving grooving 消泡剂antifoaming agent消石灰，熟石灰slake-lime消退fading消退时限fading time硝酸浸蚀液nital硝酸浸蚀液nitric acid销pin销合pin closure销紧力locking force销孔试验片keyhole specimen销抬造模机pin-lift molding machine萧氏精密造模法Shaw process萧氏硬度Shore hardness小块料cobbing小胚billet小铸件small castings校准calibration校准块calibration block校准钮calibrating knob楔wedge楔表进模口wedge gate楔塞作用wedge action楔形进模口wedge runner bar楔形试片wedge test piece楔形试验wedge test楔形销wedge pin楔形压力试验wedge penetration test楔形砖key brick楔形砖wedge brick楔值wedge value斜导杆(压铸) cam finger斜度砂箱，滑脱砂箱slip flask斜方晶系(结晶) rhombic system卸斗skip卸斗吊车skip hoist心，心型，砂心core心材heart wood心骨core bar心骨core grid心骨core iron心骨core rod心骨管core barrel心骨矫直器core rod straightner心骨模core grid mold心骨模型core iron printer心骨切断器core rod cutter心骨轴core spindle心裂(木材) heart shake心砂core sand心砂混合机core sand mixer心形镘刀large heart trowel心型拔出装置(压铸) core pull assembly心型撑，砂心撑chaplet心型固定门(压铸) heel block心型滑板(压铸) core slide心型移装，砂心移装core draw-back心轴，心骨arbor心座core bedding frame辛浦森式混砂机Sympson type sand mill新炼金属virgin metal新砂new sand锌(Zn) zinc锌当量zinc equivalence，zinc equivalent factor 通气口air port通气蜡条vent wax通气蜡线wax vent通气砂心blind core通气筛嘴(砂心盒) screen vent通气性vent ability通气针vent former通气针vent wire同素异性allotropy同位素isotope同质多象polymorphism桐油China wood oil酮油tung oil铜(Cu) copper铜基合金cupro-metal铜绿green patina铜气脆性(铸疵) hydrogen brittleness of copper 铜缘patina铜缘Verdigris筒状浇口(压铸) end gate头等品质top grade quality透明片transparent cut透气性permeability透气性试验permeability test透气性试验器permeability tester"凸出块，突耳casting lug凸疵(铸疵)(模型粘砂) sticker凸肩导销shoulder guider pin凸块，突耳lug凸片，飞边fin凸片管finned tube凸片气缸finned cylinder凸缘flange凸缘抹片flange sleeker突出标志rising mark突耳孔lughole突起分模面undulating mold joint涂焊(表面硬化涂焊) surfacing涂黑blacking涂浆，洗涤washing涂沥表管tarred pipe涂料facing materials涂料wash material涂料，涂模剂coat涂料，涂模剂coating涂料疤(铸疵) blacking scab涂料孔(铸疵) blacking hole涂模浆mold wash涂模浆molding wash涂模料mold coating涂模料mold dressing涂模料mold facing涂模料接种法mold coating inoculation涂刷painting土状石墨amorphous graphite吐粒散铁，吐粒散体trosstite钍(Th) thorium推拔，斜度taper推拔砂箱taper flask推拔套箱taper case推车式浇桶buggy ladle推挤(压铸) squeezing退火annealing退火罐annealing pot退火炉annealing furance (oven)退火温度annealing temperature退火箱annealing box退火用填料，退火用矿粉annealing ore退货rejection托板pallet托板输送机pallet conveyor托板输送机plate conveyer托架bracket托运板carrying plate脱件销(压铸) sprue puller pin脱蜡burn-out脱蜡dewaxing脱蜡法lost wax process脱蜡造模法lost wax molding脱裂强度(模砂式模纵面压裂试验) splitting strength 脱硫，去硫desulphurization脱硫，去硫desulphurizing脱模pattern draw脱模式造模机pattern-draw molding machine脱湿剂(模砂用) humectant脱碳decarburization脱碳法展性处理malleablization by decarburizing 脱碳率rate of decarburization脱硅desiliconizing脱锌dezincification椭圆导套oval bush外观检查outer inspection外角抹镘square sleeker外卡钳outside calipers外冷激，外冷硬，外冷铁extenal chill外模破裂broken mold外伸砂心顾clearance print外伸砂心头over-hang外伸余度砂心头clearance taper print外缩(铸疵) draw外缩孔(铸疵) open cavity外缩孔(铸疵) surface shrinkage外缩孔，凹陷(铸疵) depression外缩窝shrinkage depression外烯式空气预热器externally fired hot blast heater 外因非金属杂物exogenous non-metallic inclusion 外因金属夹杂物exogenous metallic in clusion外因凝固exogenous solidification外圆角round弯曲负荷bending load弯曲试验bending test弯头抹刀bent spatula完工面finished surface完全冷激complete chill完全燃烧complete combustion完全退火full annealing完整模型comple。
工科英文翻译
标题：工科英文翻译力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料^ 口工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology 物理电子学 Physical Electronics 电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics 电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology 信息与通信工程 通信与信息系统 信号与信息处理 控制科学与工程 控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment 系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control 计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology 计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory 计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization 计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology 建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory 建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory 城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计)Urban Planning and Design (includingLandscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering andProtective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel EngineeringInformation and Communication EngineeringCommunication and Information SystemsSignal and Information ProcessingControl Science and Engineering水^ "工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering米矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物^ 口工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design 纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture andOcean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and AmmunitionEngineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental andEnergyEngineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学口工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products 水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products*************管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学(含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学)Corporate Management(including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management彳亍政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Scienceacademy of automation 自动化学院computer 计算机maths and physics 数理media technology 传媒技术photoelectric engineering 光电工程telecommunication and information engineering 通信与信息工程tong da 通达foreign language 夕卜语social science 社会科学academy of Economy and Management。
材料成型及控制工程专业外语阅读
3. 1. 1 Dynamic Structural Change
During the deformation of austenite at hot-working temperatures and constant strain rate, the characteristic form of stress-strain curve observed is illustrated in Fig. 3. 1. These curves are for low-alloy steels,tested in torsion,but are similar to those obtained for other steels in the austenitic condition tested in torsion,tension,or compression. After initial rapid work-hardening the curves go through a maximum associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The peak in flow stress occurs after some low fraction of recrystal lization has taken place so the strain to the peak (εp) is always greater than the critical strain for dynamic recrystallization (εc).
It can be seen from Fig.3.1 that εp increases systematically with Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z),independent of the particular combination of strain rate (ε) and temperature (T/K) in the relationship Z = εexp Qdef/RT
轧机专业英语词汇
actinouranium 锕铀
activated alumina 活性氧化铝
activated carbon 活性碳
activated chlorine 活性氯
activated sintering 活化烧结
activation 活化
activation analysis 活化分析
acid bronze 耐酸青铜
acid corrosion 酸腐蚀
acid electric furnace 酸性电炉
acid electrolyte 酸性电解液
acid embrittlement 酸洗脆性
acid extraction 酸性萃取
acid furnace 酸性炉
acid bessemer converter 酸性转炉
acid bessemer process 酸性转炉炼钢法
acid bessemer steel 酸性转炉钢
acid bottom 酸性炉底
acid brick 酸性砖
acid brittleness 酸洗脆性
冶金(Metallurgy)专业词汇(A-C)
1 2 3 4 mill 二十辊轧机
1 2 3 mill 十二辊轧机
1 2 mill 六辊式轧机
abichite 砷铜矿
abnormal steel 反常钢
abnormal structure 反常结构
abnormality of steel 钢的反常性
aftereffect 后效
afterflow 残余塑性变形
aftertreatment 后处理
adsorption overvoltage 吸附过电压
介绍冶金工程专业的英文作文
介绍冶金工程专业的英文作文Metallurgical Engineering: A Cornerstone of Modern Society.Metallurgical engineering is a captivating field that encompasses the science, technology, and engineering of metals and their alloys. It delves into the extraction, purification, processing, and fabrication of these versatile materials that serve as the backbone of our modern world.Origins and History.The origins of metallurgical engineering can be traced back to ancient times, with evidence of metalworking in civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China. Over the centuries, the understanding and application of metallurgy have evolved significantly, driven by technological advancements and industrial revolutions. In the 19th century, metallurgical engineering emerged as adistinct discipline, focusing on the scientific principles underlying the production and utilization of metals.Scope and Applications.The scope of metallurgical engineering is vast, covering a wide range of processes and applications. It encompasses:Extraction and Purification: Mining and refining of ores to extract valuable metals such as iron, aluminum, copper, and gold.Processing and Fabrication: Casting, rolling, forging, welding, and other techniques to shape and modify metals into desired forms.Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy: Study of the structure, properties, and behavior of metals and alloys.Corrosion and Protection: Understanding and mitigating the effects of corrosion on metal surfaces.Powder Metallurgy: Production of metal powders and their subsequent consolidation into solid parts.Composite Materials: Development and application of metal-based composites to enhance performance.Importance to Society.Metals and alloys are essential materials that underpin countless aspects of our daily lives. They are used in the construction of buildings and infrastructure, the manufacturing of vehicles and machinery, the production of electronics, and the generation of energy. The advancements made in metallurgical engineering have enabled us to create lighter, stronger, and more durable materials that meet the demanding requirements of modern society.Environmental Impact.Metallurgical engineering also plays a crucial role in addressing environmental concerns. The extraction,processing, and disposal of metals can have significant environmental impacts. Sustainable practices, such as recycling and the development of environmentally friendly production technologies, are at the forefront of research and innovation in the field.Education and Workforce.Metallurgical engineers are highly trained professionals with expertise in various scientific and technical disciplines, including chemistry, physics, materials science, and thermodynamics. They work in a wide range of industries, including mining, manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, and construction.Conclusion.Metallurgical engineering is an essential field that has shaped human civilization for centuries. It continues to drive progress in industries across the globe, enabling the creation of innovative materials and technologies that improve our lives. As society faces challenges such assustainability and resource scarcity, metallurgical engineers will play a critical role in finding solutionsthat balance economic growth with environmental stewardship.。
冶金专业英语词汇(P)
冶金专业英语词汇(P)冶金专业英语词汇(P)冶金专业英语词汇(P)p.s. converter 卧式转炉p/m forging 粉末冶金锻造p/m high speed steel 粉末冶金高速钢p/m superalloys 粉末冶金超级合金pack 板叠pack annealing 装箱退火pack boriding 填充渗硼pack hardening 固体渗碳pack rolling 叠轧package 捆packaging machine 打包机packed column 填充塔packed tower 填充塔packing 衬垫;打包packing machine 打包机packing material 填充料packing ring 密封环padding 填料paddle mixer 桨叶式混合机paddle wheel agitator 桨叶式搅拌机paint coat 涂漆palladium 钯palladium sponge 海绵钯pallet 台车pantal 潘塔尔铝合金parachor 等张比容parallel connection 并联parallel growth 平行生长parallel pore filter 平行孔过滤器paramagnetic material 顺磁性材料paramagnetic substance 顺磁性材料paramagnetism 顺磁性parameter 参数parameter ratio 轴率parametral plane 坐标轴晶面parametral ratio 轴率paramorphism 同质假象现象parent metal 基底金属;母体金属parent metal test specimen 母体金属试样parent phase 母相parent plate 母板parkerization 磷酸盐处理parkerized steel 磷酸盐处理钢parkerizing 磷酸盐处理parkes process 怕克斯炼铅法partial annealing 局部退火partial austenitizing 部分奥氏体化partial condensation 不完全冷凝partial dislocation 部分位错partial entropy 偏熵partial heat treatment 局部热处理partial pressure 分压力partial pyritic smelting 半自热熔炼partial quenching 局部淬火partial radiation pyrometer 部分辐射高温计partial roasting 部分焙烧partial solid solubility 有限固溶度partial solubility 有限溶解度partial volume 分容积partially alloyed powder 部分合金化粉particle 粒子particle shape 颗粒形状particle size 粒度particle size distribution 粒度分布particle size fraction 粒度级particle size range 粒度范围particle strengthening 颗粒强化parting line 分型线parting sand 分型砂parting saw 分切锯partition chromatography 分配色层法partition curve 分配曲线partition law 分配定律partition ratio 分配系数partition wall 隔墙pass 道pass contour 孔型外形pass height 孔型高度pass line 轧制线pass over mill 二辊不可逆式轧机pass schedule 轧制表pass sequence 轧制表passivating dip 钝化溶液passivation 钝化passivation potential 钝化电位passive film 钝化膜passive state 钝态passivity 钝态paste process 糊膏挤压成型法patching 炉底修补patented wire 铅淬火钢丝patenting 铅淬火patenting furnace 铅淬火炉patina 铜绿patina finish 表面绿锈处理patronite 绿硫钒矿pattern draft 拔模斜度pattern metal 制模金属pattern plate 模板patternmaking 制模pauli's exclusion principle 泡利不相容原理pay off reel 开卷机pea iron ore 豆状铁矿pearl spar 白云石peat 泥炭pebble mill 碎石磨机pebbles 桔皮表面pebbling 桔皮效应pectolite 针钠钙石peel 皮peel test 剥离试验peeling 剥落peeling and straightening machine 剥皮矫直机peeling machine 钢锭修整机床peening shot 喷丸用钢丸peg 钉peg rammer 手工捣锤peierls stress 佩尔斯应力pellet 球团矿pellet burden 粒状装料pelleted charge 粒状装料pelletization 成球pelletized ore 粒化矿石pelletizer 制粒机pelletizing 成球pelletizing plant 球团矿厂pencil gate 淋雨式浇口pencil glide 铅笔状滑移pencil gliding 铅笔状滑移pendulum impact tester 摆式冲辉验机pendulum impact testing machine 摆式冲辉验机pendulum saw 摆式锯penetration 焊透penetration depth 熔化层深度pentlandite 镍黄铁矿percent reduction 压缩率percentage of elongation 延伸率percentage reduction of area 断面收缩率perchloric acid 高氯酸percolation 渗滤percolation column 渗滤塔percolation leaching 渗滤浸出percolator 渗滤浸出器percussion cap copper 雷管用铜合金percussion welding 冲桓percussive welding 冲桓perfect black body 绝对黑体perfect combustion 完全燃烧perfect crystal 完整晶体perfect dislocation 完整位错perfect fluid 理想铃perfect gas 理想气体perfectly plastic body 完全塑性体perforated bottom 多孔底perforation 穿孔period 周期periodic law 周期律periodic pass 周期孔型periodic system 周期系periodic table 周期表periodic transformation 周期转变peripheral velocity 圆周速度peritectic 包晶peritectic horizontal 包晶线peritectic line 包晶线peritectic melting 包晶熔化peritectic point 包晶点peritectic reaction 包晶反应peritectic structure 包晶组织peritectic temperature 包晶温度peritectic transformation 包晶转变peritectoid 包析peritectoid point 包析点peritectoid reaction 包析反应perlite 珠光体perlite structure 珠光体组织perlitic cast iron 珠光体铁perlitic ferrite 珠光体型铁素体perlitic range 珠光体区域perlitic steel 珠光体钢perlitic transformation 珠光体转变permalloy 帕马洛依铁镍合金permanent deformation 永久变形permanent electrode 非自耗电极permanent elongation 永久伸长permanent magnet 永久磁铁permanent magnet steel 永久磁钢permanent mold 永久铸型permanent mold casting 金属型铸造permanent set 永久应变permanent strain 永久应变permanganate 高锰酸盐permanganic acid 高锰酸permeability 透过性permeability alloys 导磁合金permeability surface area 透过表面积permeameter 导磁率计permendur 坡曼德合金perminvar 帕眠铁镍钴恒磁合金permissible concentration 容许浓度perovskite 钙钛矿peroxide 过氧化物persistent band 持久滑移带petrographic analysis 岩相分析petrographic parameter 岩相学参数petroleum 石油petroleum burner 石油燃烧器petroleum coke 固体石油petroleum furnace 石油炉petroleum gas 石油气petroleum pitch 石油沥青pewter 白鑜pharmacosiderite 毒铁矿phase 相phase analysis 相分析phase boundary 相界phase change 相变化phase composition 相成分phase contrast 相位对比phase current 相电流phase difference 相位差phase equilibrium 相平衡phase equilibrium diagram 相图phase rule 相律phase transformation 相变phase voltage 相电压phenacite 似晶石phenolic resin 酚醛尸phlogopite 金云母phosgenite 角铅矿phosphate 磷酸盐phosphate coating 磷酸盐处理法phosphatic slag 含磷渣phosphide 磷化物phosphide inclusion 磷化物夹杂phosphor bronze 磷青铜phosphor copper 磷铜phosphoric acid 磷酸phosphoric anhydride 磷酸酐phosphoric pig iron 高磷生铁phosphorized copper 磷脱氧铜phosphorous acid 亚磷酸phosphorus 磷phosphorus bearing slag 含磷渣phosphorus trichloride 三氯化磷phosphuranylite 磷铀矿photochemical equivalence 光化学当量photochemical induction 光化学感应photoelastic method 光弹性法photoelastic stress 光弹性应力photoelasticity 光弹性photoelasticity test 光弹试验photoelectric pyrometer 光电高温计photoelectric spectrophotometer 光电分光计photoelectric spectrophotometry 光电子分光法photoelectricity 光电photomacrograph 宏观照片photomicrograph 显微照片photomicrographic apparatus 显微照相机photomicrography 显微照相术physical adsorption 物理吸附physical chemistry 物理化学physical metallurgy 物理冶金physical properties 物理性质physicochemical property 物理化学性质physics of metals 金属物理piano wire 钢琴丝pickle brittleness 酸洗脆性pickle stain 酸洗蚀斑pickle test 酸浸试验pickler 酸洗装置pickling 酸洗pickling agent 酸洗剂pickling bath 酸洗槽pickling crack 酸洗裂缝pickling division 酸洗埸pickling inhibitor 酸洗阻蚀剂pickling line 酸洗机组pickling machine 酸洗机pickling solution 酸洗液pickling tank 酸洗槽pickling unit 酸洗装置picnometer 比重瓶picotite 铬尖晶石piemontite 红帘石pierce smith converter 卧式转炉pierceability 穿孔性piercer 穿孔机piercer roll 穿孔机轧辊piercing 穿轧piercing die 冲孔模piercing mandrel 芯棒piercing mill 穿孔机piercing press 穿孔压力机pig 生铁块pig and ore process 生铁矿石法pig and scrap process 生铁废钢炼钢法pig breaker 铁块破碎机pig casting machine 铸铁机pig iron 生铁pig lead 粗铅锭pig metal 金属锭pig tin 锡锭pigging back 生铁增碳pigging up 生铁增碳pilbarite 硅铀铅钍矿pile 包piled plate cutting 垛板切断piler 堆垛机pilger mill 周期式轧管机pilger roll 周期式轧管机的轧辊pilger welding 跨步焊法pilgering 皮尔格式轧管pilgrim mill 周期式轧管机piling 堆垛piling bar 钢桩piling scrap 堆积废钢piling table 收集辊道piling up of dislocations 位错塞积pill press 团块压制机pillaring 炉中心冷料柱pilot pin 导销pilot plant 试验工厂pimpling 麻点的形成pin lift 顶杆起模pin metal 销钉用黄铜pin rammer 手工捣锤pinacoid 轴面pinch 折皱pinch effect 箍缩效应pinch pass mill 平整机pinch rolling 平整pinch rolls 张拉辊pinhead blister 细小泡疤pinholed surface 针孔表面pinholes 气孔pinion 传动齿轮pinion stand 齿轮座pinned dislocation 固定位错pipe 管pipe and tube production 管生产pipe bender 弯管机pipe diffusion 位错管扩散pipe expander 扩管装置pipe fittings 管附件pipe forming press 管成形压力机pipe line 管道pipe line steel 管道钢pipe mill machinery 轧管机械pipe rolling plant 轧管车间pipe stove 管式热风炉pipe threading machine 管螺纹机pipe wall 管壁pipe wall gage 管壁厚度测量仪pipe welder 焊管机pipe welding 焊管pipe welding machine 焊管机pipe workpiece 管材piping 管路piston 活塞piston compressor 活塞式压缩机pit 凹坑pit casting 坑铸pit crane 均热炉起重机pit furnace 均热炉pit soaking 均热炉中加热pitch 间距;沥青pitch circle diameter 电极圆直径pitch coke 沥青焦pitch line of groove 轧槽中线pitch of weld 焊缝间距pitch on metal 涂沥青薄钢板pitchblende 沥青铀矿pitot tube 皮托管pitted surface 麻面pitting corrosion 点蚀pitting limit 点蚀极限placer gold 砂金plain carbon steel 普通碳素钢plain cast iron 普通铸铁plain roll 平面轧辊plain specimen 无切口试样plane polarized light 平面偏光plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力planeness 平直度planetary cross rolling mill 行星横轧机planetary mill 行星式轧机planetary rolling 行星轧制planimetric method 测面积法planishing mill 平整轧机plant 装置;厂plasma 等离子plasma arc cutting 等离子电弧切割plasma arc furnace 等离子电弧炉plasma arc remelting 等离子电弧重熔plasma arc welding 等离子电弧焊接plasma carburizing 等离子渗碳plasma cutting 等离子切割plasma electron beam remelting 等离子电子束重熔plasma furnace 等离子体炉plasma fusion cutting torch 等离子熔切火炬plasma heating 等离子加热plasma induction furnace 等离子感应炉plasma induction remelting 等离子感应重熔plasma jet remelting 等离子霖熔plasma melting 等离子熔炼plasma metallurgy 等离子冶金plasma refining 等离子精炼plasma slag remelting 等离子渣重熔plasma smelting reduction 等离子熔融还原plasma spraying 等离子体喷镀plasma torch 等离子枪plasmamelt process 等离子熔炼法plasmared process 等离子还原熔炼法plasmatron 等离子枪plaster molding 石膏铸型法plaster pattern 石膏模型plastic brittle transition 塑性脆性转变plastic bronze 塑性高铅轴承青铜plastic coat 塑料涂覆plastic deformation 塑性变形plastic flow 塑性怜plastic fracture 塑性断裂plastic limit 塑性极限plastic material 塑性材料plastic metal 锡基轴承合金plastic properties 塑性特性plastic state 塑性状态plastic working 塑性加工plasticity 塑性plasticity condition 塑性条件plasticizer 增塑剂plasticizing agent 增塑剂plate 厚板;片状粉末plate cooler 板式冷却器plate iron 铁板plate leveler 钢板矫正机plate leveling machine 钢板矫正机plate mill 厚板轧机plate molding 模板造型plate rolling 中厚钢板轧制plate shears 剪板机plate steel 中厚钢板plate thickness 金属板厚度plate turnover 翻板机platelet 薄片plating 电镀plating bath 电镀槽platinic chloride 氯化铂platinic compound 正铂化合物platiniridium 铂铱矿platinite 玻璃焊封铁镍合金platinized asbestos 铂石棉platinizing 镀铂platinous chloride 氯化亚铂platinous compound 亚铂化合物platinum 铂platinum black 铂黑platinum catalysts 铂催化剂platinum chloride 氯化铂platinum crucible 铂坩埚platinum iridium alloy 铂铱合金platinum metals 铂系金属platinum plating 镀铂platinum platinum rhodium thermocouple 铂铂铑合金热电偶platinum sponge 海绵铂platinum wire 铂丝plug changer 换顶头装置plug drawing 短芯棒拉拔plug lines 芯棒划痕plug mill 自动轧管机plug nose 尖头plug ramming machine 捣固机plug scratch 芯棒划痕plug welding 塞焊plugging 堵塞;加盖plugless rolling 无顶头轧管plumbago 粉状石墨plumbago crucible 石墨坩埚plumbeous compound 二价铅化合物plumber's solder 管工用焊料plumbic compound 四价铅化合物plus sieve 筛上物plutonium 钚ply steel 复合钢plymetal 涂金属层板pneumatic concentration 风选pneumatic conveying 气龄送pneumatic hammer 空气锤pneumatic rammer 风动捣锤pneumatic separation 风选pneumatic steelmaking process 空气转炉炼钢法point corrosion 点蚀point defect 点缺陷point graphite 点状石墨point group 点群point imperfection 点缺陷pointed end 压尖端pointing 轧尖poisson's ratio 泊松比polar solvent 极性溶剂polarimeter 偏光计polarimetry 测偏振术polariscope 偏振光镜polarity 极性polarizability 极化度polarization 偏光polarization capacity 极化容量polarization curve 极化曲线polarization effect 极化效应polarization plane 偏光面polarization potential 极化电势polarization resistance 极化电阻polarized light 偏光polarized light microscope 偏光显微镜polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polarogram 极谱polarographic analysis 极谱分析法polarography 极谱法pole 极pole dislocation 极位错polianite 锰矿poling 插使原polish 研磨;抛光;研磨剂polish attack 抛光腐蚀polish etch 抛光腐蚀polished section 抛光磨片polishing 磨光polishing machine 磨光机polishing powder 抛光粉polishing roll 抛光轧辊pollucite 铯榴石polonium 钋polybasite 硫锑铜银矿polycrystal 多晶体polycrystalline material 多晶物质polycrystalline particle 多晶颗粒polydymite 辉铁镍矿polygonization 多边化polygonized structure 多边形结构polymorphic transformation 多晶转变polymorphic transition change 多晶转变polymorphism 多晶型现象polynary system 多元系polyphase alloy 多相合金polyphase structure 多相组织polysize powder 多尺寸粉末polysulfide 多硫化物polythionate 连多硫酸盐pony rougher 粗轧机架pony roughing mill 粗轧机架pool depth 熔池深度poor ore 贫矿pop gate 淋雨式浇口pop up 暗冒口porcelain 瓷器pore forming material 起泡剂porosimeter 孔隙计porosity 孔率porous bearing 多孔轴承porous brick 多孔砖porous chrome hardening 多孔性硬镀铬porous metal 多孔金属porous pellets 多孔球团矿porous structure 多孔构造porpezite 钯金矿port 平炉炉头portland cement 波特兰水泥positional entropy 配位熵positioner 定位器positive adsorption 正吸附positive bar 阳极母线positive catalyst 正催化剂positive edge dislocation 正刃型位错positive electrode 阳极positive element 阳性元素positive ion 阳离子positive pressure 正压力positive terminal 正极端子positive tolerance 正容差postheating 后热pot 桶pot furnace 坩埚炉pot melting process 坩埚炼钢法pot steel 坩埚钢potash feldspar 正长石potassium 钾potassium alum 钾盐茂potassium chloride 氯化钾potassium cyanide 氰化钾potassium oxide 氧化钾potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾potential 势potential barrier 位垒potential difference 电位差potential energy 位能potential gradient 电位梯度potential hill 位垒potential ph diagram ph 电位图potentiometer 电位差计potentiometric titration 电位滴定potentiometry 电位差测定法potentiostat 稳压器potter's clay 陶土pottery clay 陶土pouring 浇铸pouring aisle 浇注跨pouring ladle 浇铸桶pouring nozzle 浇钢水口pouring pit 浇注坑pouring platform 浇铸台pouring practice 浇铸法pouring reel 加勒特式线材卷取机pouring stand 浇铸台pouring temperature 浇注温度powder 粉powder coal 粉煤powder cutting 氧熔剂切割powder extraction metallurgy 粉末提取冶金powder extraction technique 粉末提取冶金powder forging 粉末锻造powder frictional material 粉末摩擦材料powder injection 喷粉powder material 粉状材料powder metallography 粉末金属学powder metallurgy 粉末冶金powder method 粉末法powder part 粉末零件powder rolling 粉末轧制powdered fuel 粉状燃料powdered lime 粉末石灰power consumption 动力消耗量power hammer 动力锤power source of electric welding 电源power supply 供电power yield 电璃率praseodymium 镨pre precipitation 预沉淀prealloyed powder 预制合金粉末precious metal 贵金属precipitant 沉淀剂precipitated copper 沉淀铜precipitated powder 沉淀粉precipitating agent 沉淀剂precipitation 析出;沉淀precipitation by electrolysis 电解沉淀precipitation hardening 沉淀硬化precipitation hardening alloy 沉淀硬化合金precipitation process 沉淀熔炼法precipitation tank 沉淀槽precipitator 沉淀剂precision casting 精密铸造precision ground tube 精密磨光管precision molding 精密造型precision welding 精密焊接preferential deformation 择优取向变形preferential orientation 优先定位preferred orientation 优先定位prefinishing diamond 精轧前菱孔型prefinishing oval 预精加工的椭圆prefinishing pass 精轧前孔型prefinishing stand 预精轧机座preform 预成型坯preforming 预成型preheat 预热preheat furnace 预热炉preheat temperature 预热温度preheated air 预热空气preheater 预热器preheating 预热preheating chamber 预热室preheating zone 预热区prehnite 葡萄石preliminary alloy 中间合金preliminary leaching 初步浸出preliminary reduction process 预还原法preliminary roasting 预焙烧preliminary sintering 初步烧结preliminary treatment 预处理premixed powder 预混合粉preparation 选矿prepared edge 坡口加工面prepared scrap 备好的废钢prereduced briquette 预还原团块prereduced burden 金属化炉料prereduced sinter 预还原烧结矿prereduction 预还原prereduction of iron ore 矿石预还原preroasting 预焙烧preselected scrap 备好的废钢presintering 初步烧结press 压机press forging 压锻press power 压制力press quenching 压力淬火pressed air 压缩空气pressed bar 压制棒坯pressed density 生跑度pressed electrode 机械压涂的焊条pressed scrap 压缩废钢pressed volume 压佩积pressing 压制pressing additive 压制添加剂pressing crack 夹层pressing disk 挤压垫pressing in method 压痕法pressing skin 压制壳层pressing with oblique punch 用倾斜压头挤压pressure 压力pressure blasting 加压鼓风pressure cast pattern 压铸模型pressure casting 压铸pressure die 压模pressure digestion 高压溶出pressure distribution 压力分布pressure drop 压力降pressure fall 压力降pressure filter 压滤机pressure filtration 可压过滤pressure gage 压力计pressure leaching 加压浸出pressure pad 挤压垫pressure pipe 高压管pressure plate 支架pressure pouring 压力浇注pressure precipitation 压力沉淀pressure reduction 加压还原pressure regulator 压力第器pressure resistance 压差阻力pressure screw 压下螺丝pressure sintering 加压烧结pressure test 压力试验pressure thermit welding 铝热压焊pressure tube 高压管pressure vessel steel 高压容浦pressure welding 加压焊接pressureless compacting 无压成形pressureless sintering 无压烧结prestrain 预应变prestressed forming 预应力成形prestressed mill stand 预应力机座prestressed wire 预应力钢丝pretreatment 预处理prewelding 预焊primary air 一次空气primary austenite 初生奥氏体primary carbide 初生碳化物primary cementite 初生渗碳体primary cooling 一次冷却primary creep 初蠕变primary crystal 初生晶体primary crystallization 初次结晶primary dislocation 一次位错primary grain 初生晶粒primary graphite 初生石墨primary mill 开毗机primary particle 初次颗粒primary pipe 初次缩孔primary reaction 知反应primary recrystallization 一次再结晶primary slag 一次渣primary sorbite 一次讼体primary structure 初生组织prime sheet 优质薄板principal direction 纸向principal reaction 知反应principal strain 枝变principal stress 枝力principle of similitude 相似法则printer's metal 印刷金属prior structure 初生组织prismatic dislocation 棱柱位错prismatic plane 棱柱面prismatic slip 棱柱状滑移probability 概率probe 探针process 程序process annealing 中间退火process computer 过程控制计算机process concatenation 工艺连锁process lubricant 工序润滑剂process metallurgy 冶金工艺学processing 加工processing properties 工艺性能producer 生产者;煤气发生炉producer gas 发生炉煤气product of roasting 焙烧产物production process 生产过程production program 生产计划productivity 生产率proeutectoid 先共析体proeutectoid cementite 先共析渗碳体proeutectoid ferrite 先共析铁泰体profile 轮廓profiled bar 型钢profiled roll 有槽轧辊profiled wire 异形钢丝profilometer 表面光度仪program control 程序控制program controlled heating 程序控制加热progressive aging 渐进时效progressive forming 顺次成形projection welding 凸焊prolong 延伸器promethium 钷promoted sintering 加速烧结prompt industrial scrap 工共过程废料prompt tempering 即速回火proof 验证proof bar 试杆proof bend test 抗弯试验proof stress 条件屈服极限proof test 验收试验propagation velocity 传播速度propeller agitator 螺旋桨搅拌器properties dispersion 特性分散proportion by weight 重量比proportional limit 比例极限proportionality range 比例范围protactinium 镤protecting film 保护膜protection film 保护膜protection tube 保护管protective alkali 保护碱protective atmosphere 保护气氛protective atmosphere annealing 保护气氛退火protective coat 保护涂层protective colloid 保护胶体protective film 保护膜protective gas 保护气体protective layer 保护层protective medium 保护介质protective potential 保护电位protoxide 低氧化物proustite 淡红银矿proximate analysis 近似分析prussiate 氰化物pseudo alloy 假合金pseudoalloy 假合金pseudobinary alloy 伪二元合金pseudobinary system 伪二元系pseudocarburizing 假渗炭pseudoeutectic 伪共晶体pseudonitriding 假氮化psilomelane 硬锰矿pucker 皱纹puddle ball 搅炼炉熟铁块puddle process 搅炼法pull 拉力pull crack 收缩裂缝pull test 拉伸试验pull test machine 拉伸试验机pullers 张力辊pulling reel 张力卷取机pulp 矿浆pulp density 矿浆浓度pulp feed line 泥浆供给管线pulp reservoir 矿浆槽pulp tank 矿浆槽pulp thickener 矿浆浓缩机pulsating bending stress 脉动弯曲应力pulsating mixing 脉动混合pulsating stress 脉动应力pulsation welding 脉冲焊接pulsator jig 脉动跳汰机pulse echo technique 脉冲反射探伤法pulse heating 脉冲加热pulsed arc welding 脉冲弧焊pulverization 粉碎;喷雾pulverized coal 粉煤pulverized powder 粉碎粉末pulverized silica 微粉状硅石pulverizer 喷雾器雾化器;粉碎器细粒磨碎机pump 泵punch 凸模;冲杆punch piercing 凸模穿孔punch press 穿孔机punching 冲孔punching bear 小型穿孔机pure iron 纯铁pure metal 纯金属pure shear 纯剪切purification 净化purified coke oven gas 洗净炼焦炉煤气purifier 净化器净化剂purifying agent 净化剂puring basin 浇口杯purity 纯度push bench 顶管机push mill 进给机座push rolls 送进辊pusher furnace 推送式炉pusher machine 推焦机pusher side 推焦侧pushing device 推料机putting in blast 开始送风pycnometer 比重瓶pyramidal slip 锥形滑移pyramidal system 锥体晶系pyrargyrite 深红银矿pyrite 黄铁矿pyrites cinder 黄铁矿烧渣pyritic smelting 自热熔炼pyrochlore 黄绿石pyrolusite 软锰矿pyrolysis 热解pyrolytic graphite 热解石墨pyrometallurgy 火法冶金pyrometer 高温计pyrometry 高温测定法pyromorphite 磷氯铅矿pyrophoric alloy 发火合金pyrophorisity 自燃性pyrophosphite 焦亚磷酸盐pyrorefining 火法精炼pyrrhosiderite 针铁矿pyrrhotite 磁黄铁矿冶金专业英语词汇(P) 相关内容:。
铜铝合金价电子结构的计算
第32卷第1期吉首大学学报(自然科学版)Vol.32No .12011年1月Journ al of Ji shou Universit y (Nat ural Science Edit ion)J an.2011文章编号:1007-2985(2011)01-0052-04铜铝合金价电子结构的计算*许万马,彭金璋,石长柏,廖劢鑫(吉首大学物理科学与信息工程学院,湖南吉首416000)摘要:采用余氏理论计算了铜铝合金在不同时效作用下析出相价电子结构,通过对键强的分析,从而发现相析出过程中合金强度逐渐得到强化.关键词:余氏理论;铜铝合金;价电子结构中图分类号:O469文献标志码:A1理论分析在室温和高温条件下铜铝合金具有良好的物理和化学性能,尤其含铜量为4~5%的高强度铸造铜铝合金,其力学性能较优异,完全可替代部分钢,近年得到迅速应用[1-5].向纯铝金属加入适量铜经淬火后,形成含铜量为4%的过饱和固溶体,再经时效作用可提高合金强度[4].过饱和固溶体在较低温度下经不同人工时效作用,可依次析出GP 区、亚稳相、和稳定相(Al 2Cu),其中亚稳相、界面与基体基本上共格和半共格,稳定相界面与基体完全不共格[5],这些脱溶析出的合金相在不同温度下对合金基体作用不同,有的起强化作用,有的起弱化作用,而强化与弱化作用均与析出相电子结构有关,特别是与析出相中原子周围局域电子成键特征有着紧密关系[6-7].上世纪70年代,基于价键理论[8]和能带理论建立起来的固体与分子经验电子理论(EET),又称余氏理论.在该理论基础上,刘志林等提供了键距差法(BLD),使得合金宏观性能的研究可实现追溯到价电子结构层次,从而为合金良性设计提供深层次理论指导.在固体与分子经验电子理论中采用了以下4个基本假设:假设1在固体与分子中,每个原子一般由2个原子状态杂化而成,这2个状态称为始态和末态,即h态和t 态,其中至少有一个态在基态或靠近基态的激发态.2个状态都有它们各自的共价电子数n c 、晶格电子数n l 和单键半距R(1).晶格电子是在由多个原子组成的固体体系内,处于有3,4个甚至6个以上的原子围绕的空间内价电子.假设2一般情况下,状态杂化是不连续的,若以C t 表示t 态成分,那么在多数结构中C t 近似地由下式给出:k =l +m +n l +m+nl +m +n l +m+nl 3m 5n l3m5n,C t =1k 2.(1)*收稿日期:2010-11-20基金项目:湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(10JJ6068)作者简介许万马(),男,安徽安庆人,吉首大学物理科学与信息工程学院硕士生,主要从事凝聚态物理研究通讯作者彭金璋(63),男(土家族),湖南桑植人,吉首大学物理科学与信息工程学院教授,主要从事功能材料的物理特性研究:1980-:19-.其中:l,m,n,l ,m ,n 分别为h 态和t 态的s,p,d 轨道价电子.当s 轨道价电子是共价电子时,=1;当晶格电子时,=0,也同样如此.当h 态完全为晶格电子时,(1)式不成立,此时应为k =l +m +nll +m +nl 3m 5n.(2)若将1对确定的h 态和t 态构成的所有原子杂化状态称为原子的一种杂化状态的话,则把某种杂化状态下所具有的各种不同的稳定杂化的原子杂化称为杂化台阶,简称为杂阶,用表示,所有不同k 值的数目称为杂阶数.在EET 中,一个杂阶表示1个确定的原子状态,描述原子状态的特征参数n ,n c ,n l 以及R(1)在杂阶的数值可由下列各式给出:n =n h C h +n t C t =(l +m +n)C h +(l +m +n )C t ,n l =n l h C h +n l t C t =(1-)C h +(1-)C t ,n c =n c h C h +n c t C t =(l +m +n)C h +(l +m +n )C t ,R(1)=R(1)h C h +R(1)t C t .其中:C h 和C t 为h 态和t 态成分;C h =1-C 1,R(1)h 和R(1)t 为h 态和t 态单键半径距.假设3除特殊情况外,在结构中2个原子u 和v 之间总存在共价电子对,该共价电子对数用n 表示,而2原子间距将称为共价键距,用D uv (n )表示.根据鲍林研究[8],则D uv (n )=R u (1)+R v (1)-lg n .(3)其中,代表不同的键,有=A,B,,N ,它们代表结构中所有不可忽略的键.所谓不可忽略是指由这样长的键距,根据(3)式计算出的n 和结构中最大n M的误差相比还是不可忽略,而最大n M的可能误差当然决定于实验键距的可能误差值.的选取一律按照下列条件规定:=0.710nm n M <0.25或n M >0.75,0.0600n m 0.300nM0.700,0.0710-0.22n M =0.250+或n M =0.750-.其中0<0.250.假设4对于包括过渡元素在内的B 族元素以及镓、铟、铊,在固体和分子中的原子,它的外壳d 电子有一部分在空间扩散得远,使得它们对相邻原子的共价键距等效于更外层壳的s 和p 电子.对于Cu,Ag,Au 在晶格空间不同晶胞中p 价电子的取向是如此凌乱,使得其平均效果等效于s 电子.然而这些等效电子的相角分布和结合能计算的贡献仍然保持原来性质.来源于d 的等效s 、p 电子用(s )、(p )表示,而来源于p 的等效s 价电子用(s )表示.键距差方法是用N -1个键距差的实验值和由原子状态杂化表所选择的1个恰当杂化的参数n c 和R(1)组成N -1个lg r 方程和1个推导出的经验理论n A 方程共N 个方程求解出N 个未知数n ,然后将R(1)和n 代入鲍林研究存在的关系式求得N 个经验D n 值,并将它们与N 个相应的实验D n 比较看是否彼此接近.lg r 方程可以用lg r =lgnn A表达.对于一个分子式UV 的原子总数来说,一方面从价电子总数来看,则n c =n uc +n vc ;另一方面就共价电子在各条共价键上形成的共价电子对数的分布来看,则n c =I n =n AI r ,其中I 是等同键数,且n A =n c /I r .2晶体结构模型和价电子结构计算结果铜铝合金固溶体经淬火后,在时效初期会形成基体共格的GP 区,其原子排列模型由文献[9]给出.(001)面上的铝原子被铜原子所替代.按照文献[8]给出的GP 区铜原子半径为0.118nm,铝原子半径为,近似认为铜原子引起的近邻两层铝原子向铜原子收缩畸变约为5%,次近邻各原子层间距亦有不同程度的收缩,距铜原子层愈远,收缩愈少为简单起见,采取一级近似,即只考虑最近邻的两层铝原子间距变化,忽略第层以上的铝层畸变和铜原子层侧面端界畸变近似计算所得的晶格常数=53第1期许万马,等:铜铝合金价电子结构的计算0.124nm .2.:a 0.404图1GP 区的单位晶胞nm,c=0.380nm.GP 区单位晶胞见图1所示.随着时效时间的增加,亚稳相可以在基体中形成,也可以由GP 区直接演变产生.相的结构与GP 区相似,由若干铜原子层规则排列而成[2].相与基体共格,具有{100}//{100}基体的位相关系,其单位晶胞如图2所示,呈正方体结构[4],其晶格常数a=0.404nm,c=0.768nm.稳定相(Al 2Cu)晶胞含有12个原子,其中铝原子含8个,铜原子含4个,其晶格常数a=0.6066nm,c=0.4847nm,单位晶胞结构如图3所示.图2亚稳相的单位晶胞图3稳定相的单位晶胞GP 区、亚稳相、稳定相(Al 2Cu)的价电子结构计算结果见表1所示.表1价电子结构的计算结果GP zonesa0.404nm Al 2R(1)0.119nmn 3n c 1.0330n l 1.9670CuA8R(1)0.11492nm n 5.4006n 4.4006n l 1c0.380nm0.071nm I A 32I B 8I C 8I D 4I E 8I F 8n A 0.2429n B0.2115n C 0.1623n D 0.0099n E 0.0046n F 0.0035phase a0.404nm Al 3R(1)0.119nmn 3n c 1.1734n l 1.8266Cu B8R(1)0.11835nm n 6.2858n c 5.2858n l 1c 0.768nm 0.0643nm I A 32I B 8I C 8I D 32I E 8I F 2I G 8n A0.2804n B 0.1828n C 0.1828n D0.1828n E0.0165n F 0.0051n G 0.0026phase a0.6066nm Al 4R(1)0.119nmn 3n c 2.5296n l 0.4704CuA1R(1)0.11520nm n 5n c 4n l 1c 0.4874nm 0.060nm I A 2I B 16I C 2I D 4I E 8I F 4IG 4n A0.6019n B0.3874n C0.2818n D0.1345n E0.0631n F0.0124n G0.00013结论经固溶体淬火后的铜铝合金过饱和固溶体,由于基体残存空位等缺陷,在时效初期半径较小的铜原子容易通过这些空位缺陷扩散,在基体的(001)面上积聚铜原子,逐渐形成GP 区.由于GP 区与基体完全共格,当大量的GP 区脱溶沉淀时,较强的Al-Cu 键有规则的排列,形成铜原子偏聚的铜铝原子区域GP 区,将起到提高合金整体键强的作用,因而使得合金的强度得到明显提高.随着时效时间的延长,铜原子不断聚集,基体内的G 区逐渐长大,为相的形成提供了浓度组分条件,而且相一旦开始形核,由于铜原子半径较小,溶质铜原子会通过空位通道不断向晶核聚集由表可以看出,相的最强键共价电子对数为=,较G 区最强键共价电子对数=大,从而使得合金的键强进一步提高,合金强54吉首大学学报(自然科学版)第32卷P .1n A 0.2804P n A 0.2429度也进一步提高.随着时效时间的继续延长,铜原子通过空位通道继续向晶核聚集,铝原子逐渐呈现出无序化排列,逐渐形成与基体完全不共格的原子排列的相.相的最强键共价电子对数为n A =0.6019,达到了GP 区和相的最强键共价电子对数的2倍多,进而使合金的键强得到大大提高,合金强度得到显著提高.参考文献:[1]SILCOCK J M,FLOWER H ments on the Nucleation and Gr owth of in Al Cu Alloys [J].Scr ipta Mater,2002,46(3):389-394.[2]RINGER S P ,H ONO K.Micr ostructural Evolut ion and Age H ardening in Aluminium Alloys [J].M ater Character iza tion,2000,44(1):101-131.[3]MONDOLFO L F.Aluminum Alloys:Structure and P ropert y [M ].New York:Butterwor ths P ress,1976:260-320.[4]H AASON P,XIAO Ji mei.Physical Metallurgy [M ].Beijing:Science press,1984:183-230.[5]ANDO Y,MI HAMA K.Growth of GP Zones and P hase in Al Cu Based Alloys [J].J.Cr ystal Growt h.1974(24):581-584.[6]KAR LI K M,JOWF FR EY B.Study of GP Zones in Al Cu Based Alloys [J].Acta Mater ,1997,45(8):3251-3263.[7]TAKEDA M,MAEDA Y.Disscontiniuty of GP Zones and P hase in Al Cu Based Alloys [J].Scripta Mater ,1999,41(6):643-649.[8]P AULING L.The Natur e of the Chemical Bond [M].San Simeon:Cor rnell Univer sity P ress,1960:300-400.[9]H ONO K,SAT OH T,HIR ANO K.Evidence of Mult i Layer GP Zones in Al Cu Alloy [J].Philos M ag A,1986,53(4):493-504.Calculation of Electronic Structures of Al Cu AlloysXU Wan ma,PENG Jin zhang,SH I Chang bo,LIAO Mai xin(College of Physics Science and Infor mation Engineer ing,Jishou University,Jishou 416000,H unan China)Abstr act:Using empirical electron theory of solids and molecules (EET ),the electr onic structur es of the precipitates of Al Cu alloys,which pr ecipitates in differ ent aging condition,wer e calculated.It is conclu ded that the strength of the alloys is consolidated successively by analysing the covalence bond str ength.Key words:EET ;Al Cu alloys;electronic structur es(责任编辑陈炳权)55第1期许万马,等:铜铝合金价电子结构的计算。
材料物理基础第二章固体结构-(1)导论-201209
固体物质（大量原子组成）
Arrangement of electrons
Conductor Semiconductor Insulator
复相材料中 各个晶相的排布
结合键 Bonding
Arrangement of atoms/ions
Crystal Amorphous Quasi crystals
26
变形组织
PROBING MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF CELL-NANOMATERIAL INTERACTIONS Huajian Gao School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers and graphene have potential applications for next generation microchips, composites, barrier coatings, biosensors, and drug delivery. There is also an urgent need to understand the hazards of nanomaterials to health. ….., I will discuss some recent studies on the mechanics of cell-nanomaterial interactions, including the mechanics of cellular uptake of nanoparticles by receptor-mediated endocytosis and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayer segments interacting with nanoparticles. ….., Why and how does cellular uptake of nanoparticles depend on the particle size, shape, aspect ratio and elasticity? 纳米材料如碳纳米管，纳米线，纳米纤维和石墨烯对下一代微芯片，复 合材料，热障涂层，生物传感器，和药物输送具有潜在应用 。还有一个迫切 需要了解纳米材料对健康危害。我将讨论细胞和纳米材料相互作用的力学研 究，包括：通过受体介导内吞的纳米粒子的细胞吸收力学；与纳米粒子相互 作用的脂质双分子层段的粗粒分子动力学模拟。纳米粒子的细胞吸收为什么 并且如何依赖于粒子的大小，形状，纵横比和弹性？ 27
杠杆定律在二元相图中的运用法则
杠杆定理在二元相图中的运用法则俞善元 张仲华(湖北广播电视大学,武汉430074) 二元相图不仅是物理化学的重要内容之一,也是金属学的重要内容之一.它准确地揭示了由二组元组成的物质在平衡状态下的化学成分、温度与组织之间的关系及变化规律.二元相图除了其自身的作用外,主要还借助了杠杆定理这一重要工具.我们目前所用的物理化学、金属学的教材[1],有关二元相图的论述几乎大同小异:首先将杠杆定理推导一翻,然后举一至两个例子说明一下.至于杠杆定理中的一个支点与两个端点在二元相图中有何含义,由于种种原因,都没有作更深入的探讨.通过多年的教学实践,作者认为,杠杆定理中的两个端点在二元相图中相当于所求相组成物或组织组成物的成分点,而它的支点相当于形成组织组成物或相组成物的二元合金或化合物的成分点.图1 铁碳合金相图Fig.1Facies map of Fe-C alloys 以下以铁碳相图[2](图1)为例,对这一法则作进一步说明.例:试求碳质量分数为3.0%的铁碳合金在室温下组织组成物与相组成物的相对质量分数.(1)求相组成物的相对质量分数.由于碳质量分数为3.0%的铁碳合金在室温下的相组成物分别为铁素体(F )和Fe 3C (C ),根据上述法则,杠杆的两个端点分别为铁素体和渗碳体的成分点(P 点和K 点);其支点为形成铁素体和渗碳体的合金的成分点,则铁素体和渗碳体的相对质量分数分别为w (F )= 6.69-3.06.69-0.0218×100%=55%,w (Fe 3C )=3.0-0.02186.69-0.0218×100%=45%.(2)求组织组成物的相对质量分数.第一步:求该合金在稍低于1148℃时组织组成物的相对质量分数.碳质量分数为3.0%的合金在稍低于1148℃组织组成物为奥氏体(A 2.11)和高温莱氏体(Ld 4.3).根据上述法则,杠杆的两个端点应分别放在奥氏体的成分点(E 点)和莱氏体成分点(C 点上);而支点应放在形成奥氏体和莱氏体的合金的成分点上,如图1所示.根据杠杆定理,我们可以计算出奥氏体和莱氏体的相对质量分数.w (A )=4.3-3.04.3-2.11×100%=59%,w (Ld )=3.0-2.114.3-2.11×100%=41%.第二步:计算碳质量分数为3.0%的铁碳合金在室温下组织组成物相对质量分数.在稍低于1148℃形成的奥氏体和莱氏体在随后冷却过程中,高温莱氏体将转变成低温莱氏体,而碳质量分数为2.11%的奥氏体将转变成珠光体和二次渗碳体(P +C Ⅱ).此时,杠杆定理的两个端点为珠光体(P 0.77)的成分点(S 点,取近似值)和渗碳体的成分点(K 点);其支点可放在形成珠光体和二次(下转382页)第24卷第4期地球科学———中国地质大学学报Vol.24 No.41999年7月Earth Science —Journal of China University of G eosciences J uly 1999A NEW METH OD FOR ACCURATE DATING OF STRATAJin Zhijun Fan Guozhang Liu Guochen(Research Center of B asi n and Oil Reservoi r,U niversity of Pet roleum,Beiji ng102200)Abstract The Milankovitch cycle,whose records in strata can be considered both as an accurate“sedi2 ment clock”and as an auxiliary dating tool,is relatively stable in the geologic history.The identification of Milankovitch cycle from the logging curves by means of the wavelet analysis can be used to determine the con2 tinuous period of the stratigraphic pared with other dating methods,this method shows cer2 tain accuracy and reliability.In addition,this method can also be applied to the dating of clastic rocks in other regions.K ey w ords Milankovitch cycle,wavelet analysis,strata dating,Tarim basin. 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333(上接378页)渗碳体的奥氏体的成分点上(E点).根据杠杆定理,渗碳体和珠光体的相对质量分数应分别为w(CⅡ)=2.11-0.776.69-0.77×0.59×100%=13%,w(P)=6.69-2.116.69-0.77×0.59×100%=46%.通过上述计算,已证明上述法则对铁碳相图是适用的.毫无疑问,该法则对于其他二元相图也是适用的.参考文献1Reed R E H,Van Nostrand R.Physical metallurgy princi2 ples.New Y ork:[s.n.],1973.157,1602 胡赓祥,钱苗根主编.金属学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1983.207283地球科学———中国地质大学学报第24卷。
最全的压铸模具相关英语注释
最全的压铸模具相关英语注释超值压铸英语A 安装尺⼨install dimension凹模固定板retainer plate凹模female die, female mold, negative moldB 备件spare parts变质modification变质剂modification agent扒渣slagging-off保温炉holding furnace保压压⼒dwell pressure表⾯缺陷surface defectC 淬⽕硬度quenching hardness抽芯core侧⾯抽芯side core抽芯油缸core oil cylinder插拔式结构plug抽芯机构core puller抽芯油缸⽀架bracket of cylinder粗糙度roughness/degree 铸件表⾯粗糙度surface roughness擦伤galling尺⼨公差dimension tolerance of casting除⽓degassing吹⽓净化blow purifying除⽓剂degassing flux出渣de-slagging出渣⼝slag hole沉渣sludge出炉⼝tap hole菜花头Cauli-flowering超声波检验ultrasonic test重熔re-meltingD 端盖cover动模垫块spacer parallel锻钢forged steel氮化处理nitriding treatment断裂fracture塑性断裂plastic fracture导柱guide pillar导套guide sleeve导向板guide plate导向件guide part动型moving die/ejector die/movable mould动模座板moving clamp plate/bottom clamping plate 定模座板fixed clamp plate/top plate 定型fixed die/cover die定模套版bolster/fixed die顶杆ejector pin顶出结构ejector mechanism顶出ejector吊装孔lifting eye吊环lifting ring镀钛处理titanium plating treatment多⾁缺陷metallic projection电⽕花electric spark打磨grindingF 分流锥divider/blast cone分型⾯mold parting/parting face/mold joint附页attachment/appendix复位杆reset bar(rod)附件故障accessory覆盖剂covering flux废⾦属料scrap浮渣cinder反射炉reverberatory furnace废品reject飞边joint flash仿真simulationG 规格specification/standard 数值孔径numerical aperture (N.A)固定段segment坩埚crucible坩埚炉crucible furnace感应电炉electric induction furnace沟槽blind scab硅SiliconH 滑块sliding block滑块部件moving parts滑块退让return/move back焊补welding-on横浇道runner合模die locking横流道runner回炉料foundry returns合型mold assembling/closing/die locking合型⼒die locking force化学成分不合格chemical consistence analysis J 浇⼝套sprue bush浇排道系统pouring system浇不⾜misrun浇注pouring浇注断裂interrupted pour浇道⽐gating ratio浇包ladle精整dressing and finishing精度accuracy接⼝connector击伤shot damage⾦相组织metallographic structure⾦属残液heel⾦相检验metallographic test⾦属型涂料die coating/coating for metal mold 加压速度rate of pressure increasing间隙clearance精炼refining精炼剂refining flux精密铸造precision casting静置holding/stewing渗透impregnation集渣装置dirt traps夹杂类缺陷inclusion defects夹渣entrapped slag/slag inclusion夹具tool fixturesK 壳体housing开炉blowing in孔洞缺陷cavity库存inventoryL 冷却cooling冷却⽔管cooling water pipe冷却耐压管cooling pressure pipe冷却⽔管⽤密封圈O-ring/sealing ring/gasket ring冷室卧式压铸机horizontal (cold chamber) die casting machine 冷却系统cooling system冷却⽔接⼝cooling water connector冷裂cold crack冷隔cold lap铝Aluminum裂纹crack拉伤caught casting拉杆孔draw bar螺纹screw/thread螺纹结构screw structure螺纹公称直径(直径diameter)公称尺⼨(名义尺⼨) specified size/nominal dimension漏油leakage of oil棱边倒⾓edge炉料charge炉衬furnace lining炉⽓分析flue gas analysis炉前分析on-the-spot sample analysis流痕bloom/flow line⼒学性能不合格physical-mechanical characteristic abnormalM ⽑坯rough/blank⽑坯铸件rough casting⽑刺veining/burr模芯core模框frame模槽mold channel模套chase/bolster/frame模具钢die steel模具图纸mold drawing内浇⼝in-gate冒⼝riser/feeder head冒⼝浇注系统feeder head gating system镁Magnesium锰Manganese密闭耐压系统tightness testN 内浇道in-gate镍NickleP 配油盘pressure plate排⽓块exhaust block排⽓槽air vent排⽓孔vent/venting channel排⽓塞venting plug配合套圆形:fitting sleeve ⽅型: fitting case 跑铝aluminum slop out of mold 喷射冶⾦injecting metallurgy喷丸清理shot blasting cleaning抛丸清理wheel blasting cleaning偏析segregation破坏性实验destructive testQ 取件机extractor去除浇冒⼝de-gating清铲chipping缺陷铸件defecting casting⽓孔blowhole/gas cavity/pinhole/porosity ⽓孔缩blowhole shrinkage去⽑刺de-burring去除氧化⽪de-scaling氢Hydrogen清理cleaningR 热处理heat treatment热电偶测温孔thermocouple well热电偶thermocouple (TC)/pyod热裂hot heating熔炼smelting熔化率melting rate熔炼损耗total melting loss熔池bath熔剂flux熔渣slagS ⽔管water pipe三维造型3 D三坐标测量仪coordinate 3上模座板upper clamping plate缩孔shrinkage缩松dispersed shrinkage疏松porosity(dispersed shrinkage)渗漏leakage缩陷sink/sink in/depression试块test block/test piece/coupon 实时控制系统real-time control system 试模de-buggingT 推板push plate推杆push rod推板导柱push plate guide pillar推板导套push plate guide sleeve凸模固定板punch-retainer plate铜copper钛TitaniumW ⽹状裂纹craze crack/crazing/checking未浇满poured shortX 型芯core型腔mold cavity镶拼处splicing place斜导柱孔hole of inclined guide pillar楔紧块wedge型芯弯曲core bending下模座板lowering clamping plate型芯固定板core-retainer plateX 光射线检验X-ray inspectionY 压铸机die casting machine压室pressure chamber压室⽌⼝(定位)尺⼨dimension/size 压实squeezing compaction 压射shot/injection压射冲头injection piston(ram)/plunger 压铸型die casting die压⼒铸造模具die-casting die易损镶块wear insert易损件wearing parts预应⼒pre-stress永久型permanent mold硬点hard spot溢流槽over flow well印痕indentation氧Oxygen荧光检验fluorescent testZ 真空接⼝vacuum connector真空排⽓管vacuum exhaust block总接头main connector中接头middle connector直浇道sprue转接处(转⼝)transit装配图(铸型装配图) mold assembly drawing铸钢cast steel⽀架ejector housing/mold base leg造渣slag forming真空熔炼vacuum melting真空压铸vacuum die casting/ evacuated die casting增压pressurization针孔pinhole沾铝adhesive aluminum直读光谱分析仪direct-reading spectrograph转运包transfer ladle转向器steering rack柴油式传动叉车Diesel forklift复印机copying machine服务器Server绘图仪Graphic plotter兼容机compatible machine材料库warehouse投影仪projector半⾃动车床semi-automatic lathe半⾃动⽴式钻床drill machine表⾯粗度测量仪surface roughness gauge 布洛维硬度计Brinell hardness gauge 测氢仪Hydrogen gauge叉车充电机charger程控交换机exchanger齿轮油泵oil pump储⽓罐accumulator tank电动葫芦Gantry crane电动试压泵press tester电动斜切机bias cutter电⼦秤weighing scale电⼦扫描仪scanner吊⽃spoon hopper⾼压离⼼风机combustion blower管道泵process water pump烘箱oven监控系统monitoring system简易数控车床digital lathe交流弧焊机Are welder抛光机polisher锯床saw空压机air compressor冷冻式⼲燥机dryer红外线测温仪冷却塔cooling tower⽴式带锯床band saw滤油机oil filter焊接机welder模温机die heater喷粉室回收设备painter system平⾯磨床grinder⽓动量仪air gauge切割机cut-off machine清洗机washer散热器攻丝机tapping machine 台式光谱仪spectrograph台式砂轮机abrasive machine 卧式液压拉床broaching machine 铣床milling machine 钻床drilling machine液压机hydraulic machine真空机vacuum pump时效炉aging furnace电阻炉stress relief furnace探伤机diagnostic machine加⼯中⼼machining center车床lathe钻削中⼼drilling & cutting center别克Buick切边机trim press冷却塔循环泵cooling tower pump循环⽔离⼼泵process water pump脱模剂压送机die lube station取件机extractorFL充痒压铸系统FL oxygen feed die cast system装卸车loader在建⼯程construction in progress捡漏机picker纸芯式滤油器paper element filter电磁阀solenoid valve溢流阀spillover valve调速阀speed control valve压⼒传感器pressure transducer三⾓带wedge shaped belt节流阀throttle governor同步齿型带timing belt喷涂机spray coater轴承(main) bearing浮球阀float valve/ball cock⾏车bridge crane平衡重式叉车counter balanced forklift轮毂螺栓wheel hub bolt制动蹄⽚brake shoe制动液braking fluid叶⽚lamina/vane侧护板side guard plate单列向⼼推⼒球轴承single row radial thrust ball bearing 带防尘盖单列轴承single row bearing shielded 急停按钮scram button三相开关threephase switch⾏程开关limit/travel switch断路器circuit breaker接触器contactor中间继电器intermediate relay时间继电器time relay控制变压器control transformer开关电源switching supply节能灯energy-saving lamp⽇光灯管fluorescent tube⾃整流⾼压汞灯泡self-rectifying high pressure mercury lamp 电⼯胶布garrers/electrical tape焊条welding rod⽯笔slate pencil外圆磨床external grinderHydraulic fluid oil 液压油Safety hook/bolts 安全钩Crosshead ⼗字头Tail stock 尾架尾座Frame cover 护板框盖Toggle top cover 肘环顶Coupling 联轴器Tie-bar 拉杆, 系杆Control panel 控制⾯板Power board 分配板, 配电板Overhauling ⼤修, 拆修Hose 软管, ⽔龙带Warranty period 保修期Nozzle 管⼝, 喷嘴Nature tan ⽇晒后的颜⾊, 茶⾊Electric fitting 电装、Rubber pad 橡胶垫Shock absorbing rubber stopper 减震橡⽪塞Die height 模⼦闭合⾼度Die stroke 动模⾏程Intensification ratio standard 增强⽐标准Plunger stroke 柱塞⾏程Plunger tip penetration 冲头穿透⼒Viscosity index 粘度指数Rated pressure 额定压⼒Plug socket 插⼝, 塞孔Ventilated 通风的Anchor bolt hole 地锚(脚)螺栓孔Inlet ⼊⼝Galvanize 通电流Carbon grain 碳粒Mortar ⽕泥, 砂浆Stretcher 拉伸机Earthing cable 接地电缆Manifold 总管, 集合管Clamp force sensor 夹紧⼒传感器。
冶金专业英语词汇（P）_冶金专业英语词汇
p.s. converter 卧式转炉p/m forging 粉末冶金锻造p/m high speed steel 粉末冶金高速钢p/m superalloys 粉末冶金超级合金pack 板叠pack annealing 装箱退火pack boriding 填充渗硼pack hardening 固体渗碳pack rolling 叠轧package 捆packaging machine 打包机packed column 填充塔packed tower 填充塔packing 衬垫;打包packing machine 打包机packing material 填充料packing ring 密封环padding 填料paddle mixer 桨叶式混合机paddle wheel agitator 桨叶式搅拌机paint coat 涂漆palladium 钯palladium sponge 海绵钯pallet 台车pantal 潘塔尔铝合金parachor 等张比容parallel connection 并联parallel growth 平行生长parallel pore filter 平行孔过滤器paramagnetic material 顺磁性材料paramagnetic substance 顺磁性材料paramagnetism 顺磁性parameter 参数parameter ratio 轴率parametral plane 坐标轴晶面parametral ratio 轴率paramorphism 同质假象现象parent metal 基底金属;母体金属parent metal test specimen 母体金属试样parent phase 母相parent plate 母板parkerization 磷酸盐处理parkerized steel 磷酸盐处理钢parkerizing 磷酸盐处理parkes process 怕克斯炼铅法partial annealing 局部退火partial austenitizing 部分奥氏体化partial condensation 不完全冷凝partial dislocation 部分位错partial entropy 偏熵partial heat treatment 局部热处理partial pressure 分压力partial pyritic smelting 半自热熔炼partial quenching 局部淬火partial radiation pyrometer 部分辐射高温计partial roasting 部分焙烧partial solid solubility 有限固溶度partial solubility 有限溶解度partial volume 分容积partially alloyed powder 部分合金化粉particle 粒子particle shape 颗粒形状particle size 粒度particle size distribution 粒度分布particle size fraction 粒度级particle size range 粒度范围particle strengthening 颗粒强化parting line 分型线parting sand 分型砂parting saw 分切锯partition chromatography 分配色层法partition curve 分配曲线partition law 分配定律partition ratio 分配系数partition wall 隔墙pass 道pass contour 孔型外形pass height 孔型高度pass line 轧制线pass over mill 二辊不可逆式轧机pass schedule 轧制表pass sequence 轧制表passivating dip 钝化溶液passivation 钝化passivation potential 钝化电位passive film 钝化膜passive state 钝态passivity 钝态paste process 糊膏挤压成型法patching 炉底修补patented wire 铅淬火钢丝patenting 铅淬火patenting furnace 铅淬火炉patina 铜绿patina finish 表面绿锈处理patronite 绿硫钒矿pattern draft 拔模斜度pattern metal 制模金属pattern plate 模板patternmaking 制模pauli's exclusion principle 泡利不相容原理pay off reel 开卷机pea iron ore 豆状铁矿pearl spar 白云石peat 泥炭pebble mill 碎石磨机pebbles 桔皮表面pebbling 桔皮效应pectolite 针钠钙石peel 皮peel test 剥离试验peeling 剥落peeling and straightening machine 剥皮矫直机peeling machine 钢锭修整机床peening shot 喷丸用钢丸peg 钉peg rammer 手工捣锤peierls stress 佩尔斯应力pellet 球团矿pellet burden 粒状装料pelleted charge 粒状装料pelletization 成球pelletized ore 粒化矿石pelletizer 制粒机pelletizing 成球pelletizing plant 球团矿厂pencil gate 淋雨式浇口pencil glide 铅笔状滑移pencil gliding 铅笔状滑移pendulum impact tester 摆式冲辉验机pendulum impact testing machine 摆式冲辉验机pendulum saw 摆式锯penetration 焊透penetration depth 熔化层深度pentlandite 镍黄铁矿percent reduction 压缩率percentage of elongation 延伸率percentage reduction of area 断面收缩率perchloric acid 高氯酸percolation 渗滤percolation column 渗滤塔percolation leaching 渗滤浸出percolator 渗滤浸出器percussion cap copper 雷管用铜合金percussion welding 冲桓percussive welding 冲桓perfect black body 绝对黑体perfect combustion 完全燃烧perfect crystal 完整晶体perfect dislocation 完整位错perfect fluid 理想铃perfect gas 理想气体perfectly plastic body 完全塑性体perforated bottom 多孔底perforation 穿孔period 周期periodic law 周期律periodic pass 周期孔型periodic system 周期系periodic table 周期表periodic transformation 周期转变peripheral velocity 圆周速度peritectic 包晶peritectic horizontal 包晶线peritectic line 包晶线peritectic melting 包晶熔化peritectic point 包晶点peritectic reaction 包晶反应peritectic structure 包晶组织peritectic temperature 包晶温度peritectic transformation 包晶转变peritectoid 包析peritectoid point 包析点peritectoid reaction 包析反应perlite 珠光体perlite structure 珠光体组织perlitic cast iron 珠光体铁perlitic ferrite 珠光体型铁素体perlitic range 珠光体区域perlitic steel 珠光体钢perlitic transformation 珠光体转变permalloy 帕马洛依铁镍合金permanent deformation 永久变形permanent electrode 非自耗电极permanent elongation 永久伸长permanent magnet 永久磁铁permanent magnet steel 永久磁钢permanent mold 永久铸型permanent mold casting 金属型铸造permanent set 永久应变permanent strain 永久应变permanganate 高锰酸盐permanganic acid 高锰酸permeability 透过性permeability alloys 导磁合金permeability surface area 透过表面积permeameter 导磁率计permendur 坡曼德合金perminvar 帕眠铁镍钴恒磁合金permissible concentration 容许浓度perovskite 钙钛矿peroxide 过氧化物persistent band 持久滑移带petrographic analysis 岩相分析petrographic parameter 岩相学参数petroleum 石油petroleum burner 石油燃烧器petroleum coke 固体石油petroleum furnace 石油炉petroleum gas 石油气petroleum pitch 石油沥青pewter 白鑜pharmacosiderite 毒铁矿phase 相phase analysis 相分析phase boundary 相界phase change 相变化phase composition 相成分phase contrast 相位对比phase current 相电流phase difference 相位差phase equilibrium 相平衡phase equilibrium diagram 相图phase rule 相律phase transformation 相变phase voltage 相电压phenacite 似晶石phenolic resin 酚醛尸phlogopite 金云母phosgenite 角铅矿phosphate 磷酸盐phosphate coating 磷酸盐处理法phosphatic slag 含磷渣phosphide 磷化物phosphide inclusion 磷化物夹杂phosphor bronze 磷青铜phosphor copper 磷铜phosphoric acid 磷酸phosphoric anhydride 磷酸酐phosphoric pig iron 高磷生铁phosphorized copper 磷脱氧铜phosphorous acid 亚磷酸phosphorus 磷phosphorus bearing slag 含磷渣phosphorus trichloride 三氯化磷phosphuranylite 磷铀矿photochemical equivalence 光化学当量photochemical induction 光化学感应photoelastic method 光弹性法photoelastic stress 光弹性应力photoelasticity 光弹性photoelasticity test 光弹试验photoelectric pyrometer 光电高温计photoelectric spectrophotometer 光电分光计photoelectric spectrophotometry 光电子分光法photoelectricity 光电photomacrograph 宏观照片photomicrograph 显微照片photomicrographic apparatus 显微照相机photomicrography 显微照相术physical adsorption 物理吸附physical chemistry 物理化学physical metallurgy 物理冶金physical properties 物理性质physicochemical property 物理化学性质physics of metals 金属物理piano wire 钢琴丝pickle brittleness 酸洗脆性pickle stain 酸洗蚀斑pickle test 酸浸试验pickler 酸洗装置pickling 酸洗pickling agent 酸洗剂pickling bath 酸洗槽pickling crack 酸洗裂缝pickling division 酸洗埸pickling inhibitor 酸洗阻蚀剂pickling line 酸洗机组pickling machine 酸洗机pickling solution 酸洗液pickling tank 酸洗槽pickling unit 酸洗装置picnometer 比重瓶picotite 铬尖晶石piemontite 红帘石pierce smith converter 卧式转炉pierceability 穿孔性piercer 穿孔机piercer roll 穿孔机轧辊piercing 穿轧piercing die 冲孔模piercing mandrel 芯棒piercing mill 穿孔机piercing press 穿孔压力机pig 生铁块pig and ore process 生铁矿石法pig and scrap process 生铁废钢炼钢法pig breaker 铁块破碎机pig casting machine 铸铁机pig iron 生铁pig lead 粗铅锭pig metal 金属锭pig tin 锡锭pigging back 生铁增碳pigging up 生铁增碳pilbarite 硅铀铅钍矿pile 包piled plate cutting 垛板切断piler 堆垛机pilger mill 周期式轧管机pilger roll 周期式轧管机的轧辊pilger welding 跨步焊法pilgering 皮尔格式轧管pilgrim mill 周期式轧管机piling 堆垛piling bar 钢桩piling scrap 堆积废钢piling table 收集辊道piling up of dislocations 位错塞积pill press 团块压制机pillaring 炉中心冷料柱pilot pin 导销pilot plant 试验工厂pimpling 麻点的形成pin lift 顶杆起模pin metal 销钉用黄铜pin rammer 手工捣锤pinacoid 轴面pinch 折皱pinch effect 箍缩效应pinch pass mill 平整机pinch rolling 平整pinch rolls 张拉辊pinhead blister 细小泡疤pinholed surface 针孔表面pinholes 气孔pinion 传动齿轮pinion stand 齿轮座pinned dislocation 固定位错pipe 管pipe and tube production 管生产pipe bender 弯管机pipe diffusion 位错管扩散pipe expander 扩管装置pipe fittings 管附件pipe forming press 管成形压力机pipe line 管道pipe line steel 管道钢pipe mill machinery 轧管机械pipe rolling plant 轧管车间pipe stove 管式热风炉pipe threading machine 管螺纹机pipe wall 管壁pipe wall gage 管壁厚度测量仪pipe welder 焊管机pipe welding 焊管pipe welding machine 焊管机pipe workpiece 管材piping 管路piston 活塞piston compressor 活塞式压缩机pit 凹坑pit casting 坑铸pit crane 均热炉起重机pit furnace 均热炉pit soaking 均热炉中加热pitch 间距;沥青pitch circle diameter 电极圆直径pitch coke 沥青焦pitch line of groove 轧槽中线pitch of weld 焊缝间距pitch on metal 涂沥青薄钢板pitchblende 沥青铀矿pitot tube 皮托管pitted surface 麻面pitting corrosion 点蚀pitting limit 点蚀极限placer gold 砂金plain carbon steel 普通碳素钢plain cast iron 普通铸铁plain roll 平面轧辊plain specimen 无切口试样plane polarized light 平面偏光plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力planeness 平直度planetary cross rolling mill 行星横轧机planetary mill 行星式轧机planetary rolling 行星轧制planimetric method 测面积法planishing mill 平整轧机plant 装置;厂plasma 等离子plasma arc cutting 等离子电弧切割plasma arc furnace 等离子电弧炉plasma arc remelting 等离子电弧重熔plasma arc welding 等离子电弧焊接plasma carburizing 等离子渗碳plasma cutting 等离子切割plasma electron beam remelting 等离子电子束重熔plasma furnace 等离子体炉plasma fusion cutting torch 等离子熔切火炬plasma heating 等离子加热plasma induction furnace 等离子感应炉plasma induction remelting 等离子感应重熔plasma jet remelting 等离子霖熔plasma melting 等离子熔炼plasma metallurgy 等离子冶金plasma refining 等离子精炼plasma slag remelting 等离子渣重熔plasma smelting reduction 等离子熔融还原plasma spraying 等离子体喷镀plasma torch 等离子枪plasmamelt process 等离子熔炼法plasmared process 等离子还原熔炼法plasmatron 等离子枪plaster molding 石膏铸型法plaster pattern 石膏模型plastic brittle transition 塑性脆性转变plastic bronze 塑性高铅轴承青铜plastic coat 塑料涂覆plastic deformation 塑性变形plastic flow 塑性怜plastic fracture 塑性断裂plastic limit 塑性极限plastic material 塑性材料plastic metal 锡基轴承合金plastic properties 塑性特性plastic state 塑性状态plastic working 塑性加工plasticity 塑性plasticity condition 塑性条件plasticizer 增塑剂plasticizing agent 增塑剂plate 厚板;片状粉末plate cooler 板式冷却器plate iron 铁板plate leveler 钢板矫正机plate leveling machine 钢板矫正机plate mill 厚板轧机plate molding 模板造型plate rolling 中厚钢板轧制plate shears 剪板机plate steel 中厚钢板plate thickness 金属板厚度plate turnover 翻板机platelet 薄片plating 电镀plating bath 电镀槽platinic chloride 氯化铂platinic compound 正铂化合物platiniridium 铂铱矿platinite 玻璃焊封铁镍合金platinized asbestos 铂石棉platinizing 镀铂platinous chloride 氯化亚铂platinous compound 亚铂化合物platinum 铂platinum black 铂黑platinum catalysts 铂催化剂platinum chloride 氯化铂platinum crucible 铂坩埚platinum iridium alloy 铂铱合金platinum metals 铂系金属platinum plating 镀铂platinum platinum rhodium thermocouple 铂铂铑合金热电偶platinum sponge 海绵铂platinum wire 铂丝plug changer 换顶头装置plug drawing 短芯棒拉拔plug lines 芯棒划痕plug mill 自动轧管机plug nose 尖头plug ramming machine 捣固机plug scratch 芯棒划痕plug welding 塞焊plugging 堵塞;加盖plugless rolling 无顶头轧管plumbago 粉状石墨plumbago crucible 石墨坩埚plumbeous compound 二价铅化合物plumber's solder 管工用焊料plumbic compound 四价铅化合物plus sieve 筛上物plutonium 钚ply steel 复合钢plymetal 涂金属层板pneumatic concentration 风选pneumatic conveying 气龄送pneumatic hammer 空气锤pneumatic rammer 风动捣锤pneumatic separation 风选pneumatic steelmaking process 空气转炉炼钢法point corrosion 点蚀point defect 点缺陷point graphite 点状石墨point group 点群point imperfection 点缺陷pointed end 压尖端pointing 轧尖poisson's ratio 泊松比polar solvent 极性溶剂polarimeter 偏光计polarimetry 测偏振术polariscope 偏振光镜polarity 极性polarizability 极化度polarization 偏光polarization capacity 极化容量polarization curve 极化曲线polarization effect 极化效应polarization plane 偏光面polarization potential 极化电势polarization resistance 极化电阻polarized light 偏光polarized light microscope 偏光显微镜polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polarogram 极谱polarographic analysis 极谱分析法polarography 极谱法pole 极pole dislocation 极位错polianite 锰矿poling 插使原polish 研磨;抛光;研磨剂polish attack 抛光腐蚀polish etch 抛光腐蚀polished section 抛光磨片polishing 磨光polishing machine 磨光机polishing powder 抛光粉polishing roll 抛光轧辊pollucite 铯榴石polonium 钋polybasite 硫锑铜银矿polycrystal 多晶体polycrystalline material 多晶物质polycrystalline particle 多晶颗粒polydymite 辉铁镍矿polygonization 多边化polygonized structure 多边形结构polymorphic transformation 多晶转变polymorphic transition change 多晶转变polymorphism 多晶型现象polynary system 多元系polyphase alloy 多相合金polyphase structure 多相组织polysize powder 多尺寸粉末polysulfide 多硫化物polythionate 连多硫酸盐pony rougher 粗轧机架pony roughing mill 粗轧机架pool depth 熔池深度poor ore 贫矿pop gate 淋雨式浇口pop up 暗冒口porcelain 瓷器pore forming material 起泡剂porosimeter 孔隙计porosity 孔率porous bearing 多孔轴承porous brick 多孔砖porous chrome hardening 多孔性硬镀铬porous metal 多孔金属porous pellets 多孔球团矿porous structure 多孔构造porpezite 钯金矿port 平炉炉头portland cement 波特兰水泥positional entropy 配位熵positioner 定位器positive adsorption 正吸附positive bar 阳极母线positive catalyst 正催化剂positive edge dislocation 正刃型位错positive electrode 阳极positive element 阳性元素positive ion 阳离子positive pressure 正压力positive terminal 正极端子positive tolerance 正容差postheating 后热pot 桶pot furnace 坩埚炉pot melting process 坩埚炼钢法pot steel 坩埚钢potash feldspar 正长石potassium 钾potassium alum 钾盐茂potassium chloride 氯化钾potassium cyanide 氰化钾potassium oxide 氧化钾potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾potential 势potential barrier 位垒potential difference 电位差potential energy 位能potential gradient 电位梯度potential hill 位垒potential ph diagram ph 电位图potentiometer 电位差计potentiometric titration 电位滴定potentiometry 电位差测定法potentiostat 稳压器potter's clay 陶土pottery clay 陶土pouring 浇铸pouring aisle 浇注跨pouring ladle 浇铸桶pouring nozzle 浇钢水口pouring pit 浇注坑pouring platform 浇铸台pouring practice 浇铸法pouring reel 加勒特式线材卷取机pouring stand 浇铸台pouring temperature 浇注温度powder 粉powder coal 粉煤powder cutting 氧熔剂切割powder extraction metallurgy 粉末提取冶金powder extraction technique 粉末提取冶金powder forging 粉末锻造powder frictional material 粉末摩擦材料powder injection 喷粉powder material 粉状材料powder metallography 粉末金属学powder metallurgy 粉末冶金powder method 粉末法powder part 粉末零件powder rolling 粉末轧制powdered fuel 粉状燃料powdered lime 粉末石灰power consumption 动力消耗量power hammer 动力锤power source of electric welding 电源power supply 供电power yield 电璃率praseodymium 镨pre precipitation 预沉淀prealloyed powder 预制合金粉末precious metal 贵金属precipitant 沉淀剂precipitated copper 沉淀铜precipitated powder 沉淀粉precipitating agent 沉淀剂precipitation 析出;沉淀precipitation by electrolysis 电解沉淀precipitation hardening 沉淀硬化precipitation hardening alloy 沉淀硬化合金precipitation process 沉淀熔炼法precipitation tank 沉淀槽precipitator 沉淀剂precision casting 精密铸造precision ground tube 精密磨光管precision molding 精密造型precision welding 精密焊接preferential deformation 择优取向变形preferential orientation 优先定位preferred orientation 优先定位prefinishing diamond 精轧前菱孔型prefinishing oval 预精加工的椭圆prefinishing pass 精轧前孔型prefinishing stand 预精轧机座preform 预成型坯preforming 预成型preheat 预热preheat furnace 预热炉preheat temperature 预热温度preheated air 预热空气preheater 预热器preheating 预热preheating chamber 预热室preheating zone 预热区prehnite 葡萄石preliminary alloy 中间合金preliminary leaching 初步浸出preliminary reduction process 预还原法preliminary roasting 预焙烧preliminary sintering 初步烧结preliminary treatment 预处理premixed powder 预混合粉preparation 选矿prepared edge 坡口加工面prepared scrap 备好的废钢prereduced briquette 预还原团块prereduced burden 金属化炉料prereduced sinter 预还原烧结矿prereduction 预还原prereduction of iron ore 矿石预还原preroasting 预焙烧preselected scrap 备好的废钢presintering 初步烧结press 压机press forging 压锻press power 压制力press quenching 压力淬火pressed air 压缩空气pressed bar 压制棒坯pressed density 生跑度pressed electrode 机械压涂的焊条pressed scrap 压缩废钢pressed volume 压佩积pressing 压制pressing additive 压制添加剂pressing crack 夹层pressing disk 挤压垫pressing in method 压痕法pressing skin 压制壳层pressing with oblique punch 用倾斜压头挤压pressure 压力pressure blasting 加压鼓风pressure cast pattern 压铸模型pressure casting 压铸pressure die 压模pressure digestion 高压溶出pressure distribution 压力分布pressure drop 压力降pressure fall 压力降pressure filter 压滤机pressure filtration 可压过滤pressure gage 压力计pressure leaching 加压浸出pressure pad 挤压垫pressure pipe 高压管pressure plate 支架pressure pouring 压力浇注pressure precipitation 压力沉淀pressure reduction 加压还原pressure regulator 压力第器pressure resistance 压差阻力pressure screw 压下螺丝pressure sintering 加压烧结pressure test 压力试验pressure thermit welding 铝热压焊pressure tube 高压管pressure vessel steel 高压容浦pressure welding 加压焊接pressureless compacting 无压成形pressureless sintering 无压烧结prestrain 预应变prestressed forming 预应力成形prestressed mill stand 预应力机座prestressed wire 预应力钢丝pretreatment 预处理prewelding 预焊primary air 一次空气primary austenite 初生奥氏体primary carbide 初生碳化物primary cementite 初生渗碳体primary cooling 一次冷却primary creep 初蠕变primary crystal 初生晶体primary crystallization 初次结晶primary dislocation 一次位错primary grain 初生晶粒primary graphite 初生石墨primary mill 开毗机primary particle 初次颗粒primary pipe 初次缩孔primary reaction 知反应primary recrystallization 一次再结晶primary slag 一次渣primary sorbite 一次讼体primary structure 初生组织prime sheet 优质薄板principal direction 纸向principal reaction 知反应principal strain 枝变principal stress 枝力principle of similitude 相似法则printer's metal 印刷金属prior structure 初生组织prismatic dislocation 棱柱位错prismatic plane 棱柱面prismatic slip 棱柱状滑移probability 概率probe 探针process 程序process annealing 中间退火process computer 过程控制计算机process concatenation 工艺连锁process lubricant 工序润滑剂process metallurgy 冶金工艺学processing 加工processing properties 工艺性能producer 生产者;煤气发生炉producer gas 发生炉煤气product of roasting 焙烧产物production process 生产过程production program 生产计划productivity 生产率proeutectoid 先共析体proeutectoid cementite 先共析渗碳体proeutectoid ferrite 先共析铁泰体profile 轮廓profiled bar 型钢profiled roll 有槽轧辊profiled wire 异形钢丝profilometer 表面光度仪program control 程序控制program controlled heating 程序控制加热progressive aging 渐进时效progressive forming 顺次成形projection welding 凸焊prolong 延伸器promethium 钷promoted sintering 加速烧结prompt industrial scrap 工共过程废料prompt tempering 即速回火proof 验证proof bar 试杆proof bend test 抗弯试验proof stress 条件屈服极限proof test 验收试验propagation velocity 传播速度propeller agitator 螺旋桨搅拌器properties dispersion 特性分散proportion by weight 重量比proportional limit 比例极限proportionality range 比例范围protactinium 镤protecting film 保护膜protection film 保护膜protection tube 保护管protective alkali 保护碱protective atmosphere 保护气氛protective atmosphere annealing 保护气氛退火protective coat 保护涂层protective colloid 保护胶体protective film 保护膜protective gas 保护气体protective layer 保护层protective medium 保护介质protective potential 保护电位protoxide 低氧化物proustite 淡红银矿proximate analysis 近似分析prussiate 氰化物pseudo alloy 假合金pseudoalloy 假合金pseudobinary alloy 伪二元合金pseudobinary system 伪二元系pseudocarburizing 假渗炭pseudoeutectic 伪共晶体pseudonitriding 假氮化psilomelane 硬锰矿pucker 皱纹puddle ball 搅炼炉熟铁块puddle process 搅炼法pull 拉力pull crack 收缩裂缝pull test 拉伸试验pull test machine 拉伸试验机pullers 张力辊pulling reel 张力卷取机pulp 矿浆pulp density 矿浆浓度pulp feed line 泥浆供给管线pulp reservoir 矿浆槽pulp tank 矿浆槽pulp thickener 矿浆浓缩机pulsating bending stress 脉动弯曲应力pulsating mixing 脉动混合pulsating stress 脉动应力pulsation welding 脉冲焊接pulsator jig 脉动跳汰机pulse echo technique 脉冲反射探伤法pulse heating 脉冲加热pulsed arc welding 脉冲弧焊pulverization 粉碎;喷雾pulverized coal 粉煤pulverized powder 粉碎粉末pulverized silica 微粉状硅石pulverizer 喷雾器雾化器;粉碎器细粒磨碎机pump 泵punch 凸模;冲杆punch piercing 凸模穿孔punch press 穿孔机punching 冲孔punching bear 小型穿孔机pure iron 纯铁pure metal 纯金属pure shear 纯剪切purification 净化purified coke oven gas 洗净炼焦炉煤气purifier 净化器净化剂purifying agent 净化剂puring basin 浇口杯purity 纯度push bench 顶管机push mill 进给机座push rolls 送进辊pusher furnace 推送式炉pusher machine 推焦机pusher side 推焦侧pushing device 推料机putting in blast 开始送风pycnometer 比重瓶pyramidal slip 锥形滑移pyramidal system 锥体晶系pyrargyrite 深红银矿pyrite 黄铁矿pyrites cinder 黄铁矿烧渣pyritic smelting 自热熔炼pyrochlore 黄绿石pyrolusite 软锰矿pyrolysis 热解pyrolytic graphite 热解石墨pyrometallurgy 火法冶金pyrometer 高温计pyrometry 高温测定法pyromorphite 磷氯铅矿pyrophoric alloy 发火合金pyrophorisity 自燃性pyrophosphite 焦亚磷酸盐pyrorefining 火法精炼pyrrhosiderite 针铁矿pyrrhotite 磁黄铁矿。
国外 铝合金 书籍
国外铝合金书籍在国外，铝合金是一种非常重要的材料，广泛应用于各个领域，包括航空航天、汽车制造、建筑工程等。
因此，有很多关于铝合金的书籍在国外出版，涵盖了从基础知识到应用技术的各个方面。
以下是一些值得推荐的铝合金书籍：1. "Aluminum: Properties and Physical Metallurgy" by John E. Hatch这本书是关于铝合金物理冶金学的经典教材之一。
它详细介绍了铝合金的物理和化学性质，以及铝合金的加工和热处理等方面的知识。
这本书适合材料科学和工程专业的学生和研究人员阅读。
2. "Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Properties" by Tadeusz Knych这本书主要介绍了铝合金的结构和性质。
它详细讨论了铝合金的晶体结构、相变、力学性能等方面的内容。
此外，该书还介绍了铝合金的热处理和加工技术。
这本书适合材料科学和工程专业的学生和研究人员阅读。
3. "Aluminum Design Manual" by Aluminum Association这本书是由美国铝协会编写的一本关于铝合金设计的手册。
它提供了关于铝合金设计和使用的详细指南，包括铝合金的力学性能、设计原则、连接技术等方面的内容。
这本书适合从事铝合金结构设计的工程师和设计师阅读。
4. "Aluminum: Technology, Applications, and Environment" by Randy S. Caudle这本书是一本关于铝合金技术、应用和环境影响的综合性教材。
它介绍了铝合金的生产工艺、应用领域和环境影响等方面的知识。
此外，该书还讨论了铝合金的可持续发展和循环利用等问题。
这本书适合对铝合金产业和环境问题感兴趣的读者阅读。
5. "Aluminum Recycling and Processing for Energy Conservation and Sustainability" by John A. S. Green这本书主要介绍了铝合金的回收和加工技术，以及其在能源节约和可持续发展方面的应用。