英语中的就近原则

英语中就近一致的原则【2 】
【就近原则】
也称“临近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity）,即：谓语与接近的名词.代词（有时不
必定是主语）在“人称.数”上一致.
1.由下列词语衔接的并列主语："there be＋句型; or ; either …or;nor; neither…nor;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等.e.g.
①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行动或言谈都与我无关.
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错.
③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责怪.
④Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了.
2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致.e.g.
①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见拍手声和人们的呼叫招呼声.
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书.
【就远原则】
谓语动词与前面主语一致
代表词汇：as well as;（together/along）with;rather than;except;besides;but;including;in addition to;apart from;like
E.G：He rather than I is right.
Nobody but two students is in the classroom.
The teacher with his students is working in the fields. They have kept working for several hours. Nobody made them work for so long.
主谓一致
1 并列构造作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
留意：
当主语由and贯穿连接时,假如它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时衔接的两个词前只有一个冠词.
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典范例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
答案B. 注：先从时态上斟酌.这是曩昔产生的工作运用曩昔时,先消除A.,C..本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 仿佛是两小我,但细心辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and
相连.如许本题主语为一小我,所以应选B.
与后接名词或代词保持一致
1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of
等词引起主语时,动词平日与of后面的名词,代词保持一致.
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2）在一些短语,如many a 或more than one 所润饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数情势.但由
more than… of 作主语时,动词应与厥后的名词或代词保持一致.
Many a person has read the novel. 很多人都读过这本书.
英语中,什么是就近原则?就近原则什么时刻用?
就近一致原则（1）
连词not only...but also/ neither...nor/ or/ either...or/ not...but
Neither he nor they are wholly right. 他和他们,谁都不是完整对的.
Either he or I am right. 或者他对,或者我对.
就近一致原则（2）
副词here/ there
Here comes the bus. 瞧,公共汽车来了.
主谓一致：and
and的双方分离是不同的可数名词.
John and Mary are my friends. 约翰和玛丽都是我的同伙.
and的双方分离是不同的不可数名词.
Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中国有种水稻也有种小麦.
and的双方的单词组成一个同一的概念.
Fish and chips is a popular supper here.
炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受迎接的晚餐.（鱼和土豆片作为整体）
The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.（同一小我既是诗人又是作家)
I.在正式体裁中：
1.由下列词语衔接的并列主语："or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等.e.g.
①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行动或言谈都与我无关.
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错.
③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责怪.
英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决议谓语动词的情势变化,这就叫“主谓一致”关系.
它平日根据三项原则：1）语法一致; 2）意义一致; 3）就近一致.
【语法一致原则】
I .主语的“人称”决议谓语动词的情势.e.g.
①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐.
②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗？
Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主语your mother 是单数第三人称）
II .主语的“数”决议谓语动词的情势.
1.“不可数名词.可数名词单数.单数代词.不定式（短语）.动名词（短语）”或“从句”
等作主语,用单数谓语情势.e.g.
①The work is important . 这项工作主要.
②To serve the country is our duty . 为故国办事是我们的责任.
③How and why he left was a sad story . 他分开的经由和原因是一段悲伤的阅历.
2. 复数的名词.代词一般接复数谓语情势.e.g.
①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照顾.
②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了.
II. 以“and ”或“both… and”衔接的并列主语：
1.平日作复数用 .e.g.
①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不糜烂.
②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致.
③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都爱好医学.
2. 假如并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事.物.抽象概念）,作单数用.e.g.
①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了.
②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车.
③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真挚是最好的策略.
3.
“and”前.后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等润饰时,仍作单数用.e.g.①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.
这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益.
②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .
没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项运动.
Ⅳ. 主语前.后加表“数.量”等的润饰语时：
1. a）“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语：“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语.e.g.
①Many a fine man has died for it . 很多优良兵士为此献出了性命.
②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 很多家长出席了会议.
b）"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语： "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语.e.g.
①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句.
②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条来由.
c）"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语.e.g.①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已曩昔了.
②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米.
d） "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语.e.g.
①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一小我缺席.
"more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语.e.g.
②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿.
"more than two (three,…)+复名 " 接复数谓语.
e.g.③More than one hundred students have attended the concert .
不止一百逻辑学生听了这场音乐会.
2.
下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone ,somebody ,s omething ,anybody ,anyone , anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等.e.g.
①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗？
②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特殊情形.
3. 下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few ,many ,several, both”等.e.g.
①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个（客人）是我们熟悉的.
②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有味.
4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决议单.复数：
1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等.e.g.
①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁？
②Who are League Members .哪些是团员？
2）"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等.e.g.
①All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的学生）都在用功.
②All (of the paint ) is fine .（这些油漆）都很好.
3）"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的）",等.e.g.
①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的.
②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半.
Ⅲ.“数词”.“数量.单位”等词语作主语时：
1. 表示“运算”的数词平日作单数 .e.g.
Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十.
2.表“时光.距离.金额.器量衡”等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用.e.g.
①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年时光,弹指一挥间.
②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他分开已二十个岁首了.
3.“分数.百分数”平日依其“具体所指”来决议单.复数.e.g.
①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读.
②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作.
4. "a number of (很多)/ a varlety of (林林总总) "+复数名词,常作复数用.e.g.
①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同窗来自四川.
②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家市肆有各类各样的玩具.
但是,“the number(数量)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数.e.g.
①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番.
②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家市肆货色品种丰硕.
④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了.
2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致.e.g.
①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见拍手声和人们的呼叫招呼声.
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书.
II. 非正式体裁中：
有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严厉地依“语法一致原则”.e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿.（非正式）
Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式）
但是,假如依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相抵触时,则常常以为是不太合符规范的.e.g.
No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他本身的支撑者赞成他的看法.（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one ”才是主语,谓语要改成“agrees”.“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则.。