语法填空中有提示词题的考点归纳与思路点拨

语法填空中有提示词题的考点归纳与思路点拨
■四川省会理第一中学何超
由上表可以看出，有提示词可归纳为两大类别和九个考点，即两类九点。

下面以这5年的高考真题，来谈谈思路点拨，以期对考生有所帮助。

一、词性转换
(一)名词
命题方式：是给出形容词或动词，要求考生将其变成名词形式，名词前面可能有形容词、冠词或物主代词修饰。

思路点拨：
1.作主语，或在及物动词或介词后作宾语，用名词。

[例1](2020新高考Ⅰ卷)Historical44(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
简析：作主语，用名词，故填accuracy。

该名词受形容词historical修饰。

高考语法填空题分为有提示词和无提示词两种。

有提示词的空，通常可以通过词性转换和词形变化得出答案，一般每年考查7道题。

下面是近5年高考英语全国卷语法填空题中有提示词题的统计表：
卷别
词性转换词形变化
合计名词副词形容词动词名词的数
动词时态、语
态、主谓一致
非谓语动词比较等级代词
2016Ⅰ6163696266，67687Ⅱ62676663，7069617Ⅲ686662，6963，646
2017Ⅰ696264，6763，68667Ⅱ6966706165，68637Ⅲ66706763，6961，657
2018Ⅰ6968676462，63617Ⅱ66636761，6864，707Ⅲ666964，65，7063687
2019Ⅰ666265，7064，67687Ⅱ637064，6661，65，687Ⅲ66686765，6962，707
2020
Ⅰ646261，67，6866707Ⅱ6166696263，65，687Ⅲ646863，6667，69627山东卷443638，40，4143427合计1312816303164111
[例2](2018全国Ⅱ卷)This switch has decreased66 (pollute)in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
简析：在及物动词decrease后作宾语，用名词，故填pollution。

[例3](2020全国Ⅲ卷)Filled with64(curious)，the artist packed his bags and left.
简析：在介词with后作宾语，用名词，故填curiosity。

[例4](2020年全国Ⅰ卷)The far side of the moon is of particular64(interesting)to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters...
解析：在介词of后作宾语，用名词，名词前有形容词particular修饰，即“介词+形容词+名词”，故填interest。

此处，of particular interest=particularly interesting。

2.在形容词性物主代词或冠词后还没有名词时，应填名词。

[例5](2017全国Ⅲ卷)She is determined to carry on with her66(educate).
解析：在形容词性物主代词(her)后还没有名词，要用名词，故填education。

her education作介词with的宾语。

[例6](2016年全国Ⅲ卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius influenced the68(develop) of chopsticks.
解析：在冠词(the)后还没有名词，应用名词，故填de鄄velopment。

the decelopment作及物动词influenced的宾语。

[例7](2020全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese New Year is a61 (celebrate)marking the end of the winter season and the begin鄄ning of spring.
简析：在冠词(a)后还没有名词，应用名词，故填cele鄄bration，后面的making...是现在分词短语作定语。

a celebra鄄tion作表语。

(二)副词
命题方式：是给出形容词，要求考生将其变成副词形式。

思路点拨：修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子要用副词。

[例1](2020全国Ⅲ卷)As the small boat moved68 (gentle)along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
简析：修饰动词moved应用副词形式，故填gently。

[例2](2019年全国Ⅰ卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 62(poor)studied.
简析：修饰谓语动词studied，用副词，故填poorly。

[例3](2020全国Ⅰ卷)Landing on the moon’s far side is 62(extreme)challenging.
简析：修饰形容词challenging(有挑战性的)应用副词，故填extremely。

[例4](2020全国Ⅱ卷)66(certain)during the holiday period,this plant is a must.
简析：修饰全句，应用副词，故填Certainly。

(三)形容词
命题方式：是给出名词，要求考生将其变成形容词形式。

思路点拨：在名词前作定语，或在连系动词后作表语，要用形容词。

[例2](2020新高考Ⅰ卷)In the18th and19th centuries,
36(wealth)people travelled and collected plants,his鄄torical objects and works of art.
简析：在名词people前作定语，应用形容词，故填wealthy。

[例1](2019全国Ⅱ卷)We are so proud of her.It’s 70(wonder).
简析：在连系动词be后作表语，要用形容词，故填won鄄derful。

(四)动词
命题方式：是给出名词，要求考生将其变成动词形式。

思路点拨：在句中作谓语，或在不定式符号to后，用动词。

到目前为止，只考了1次，要求在不定式符号to后用动词原形。

(2018全国Ⅰ卷)To avoid knee pain,you can run on soft surfaces,do exercises to68(strength)your leg muscles (肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes.
简析：不定式符号to后接动词原形表示做运动的目的，且根据后面的宾语your leg muscles可知，此处也应用动词形式，故填strengthen。

二、词形变化
(一)名词的复数形式
命题方式：是给出名词的单数形式，要求考生将其变成复数形式。

思路点拨：空格要填的词在句中作主语或宾语时，应当用名词，而括号中所给词本身就是名词，且为单数形式，很可能就是填其复数形式。

到底用不用复数，主要有两条依据：
1.根据主谓一致判断。

谓语动词是复数，可知作主语的名词也应是复数。

[例1](2016全国Ⅱ卷)Recent66(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
简析：本句的谓语动词是show，且为复数，说明形容词Recent后的study是名词，在句中作主语；根据主谓一致原则，study也应当用复数形式，故填studies。

2.根据修饰词语判断。

当可数名词前有表示大于1的few,some,two all,a number of等时，该名词要用复数。

[例2](2018全国Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in2014that showed a mere five to
10minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all67(cause).
简析：作介语from的宾语，要用名词；而cause本身就是名词，且为单数形式，很可能是要求变为复数形式；由前面的all可知，cause的确应用复数形式，故填causes。

(二)谓语动词
命题方式：是给出动词，要求考生根据时态、语态或主谓一致等，用其正确的形式填空。

思路点拨：根据主语与谓语动词是主动还是被动关系，判断语态；根据主语的单复数，判断谓语动词的数；根据时间状语、上下文时间、并列关系等，判断时态。

1.时态。

主要有三条依据。

(1)根据时间状语判断。

[例1](2018全国Ⅱ卷)Since2011,the country61 (grow)more corn than rice.
简析：根据时间状语since2011可知，应用现在完成时态，故填has grown。

[例2](2019全国Ⅱ卷)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I66(make)over the years.
简析：根据时间状语over the years可知，应用现在完成时态，故填have made。

[例3](2020全国Ⅰ卷)The unmanned Chang’e-4probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—61(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
简析：根据时间状语last week可知，应用一般过去时态，故填touched。

(2)根据上下文一致判断。

[例4](2020全国Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it 67(mean)we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
简析：由空格前面的引号内的前句(上文)的谓语动词excites(一般现在时)和空格后面的从句的谓语动词have和is (一般现在时)可知，mean也应用一般现在时，才上下文时态一致，主语it是第三人称单数，故填means。

(3)根据并列一致来判断。

有并列连词and或or时，分清谁跟谁并列，并列关系的两个动词，其时态形式应一致。

如：
[例5](2020全国Ⅲ卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist,they smiled and66(point)down the river.
简析：空格前有and，根据并列一致原则，动词point应与同它并列的动词的形式一致；与谁并列？显然与smiled并列，smiled是一般过去时，所以point也用一般过去时，故填pointed。

2.语态。

[例1](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay,we69(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening to mu鄄sicians and meeting interesting locals.
简析：主语we与谓语动词invite之间是被动关系，要用被动语态；又由时间状语on the last day of our week-long stay 可知，用一般过去时；主语we是复数，故填were invited。

[例2](2020全国Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon68(construct).”
简析：单数主语the moon和谓语动词之间是被动关系，用被动语态；本句是对现在情况的客观陈述，或根据上下文时态一致，可知用一般现在时，故填is constructed。

[例3](2020全国Ⅲ卷)The artist was sure he would 63(choose),but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister,the old man laughed.
简析：句子主语he和谓语动词choose之间是被动关系，用被动语态；又因would后用动词原形，故填be chosen。

3.主谓一致。

[例1](2020全国Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it 67(mean)we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
简析：本句是对现在情况的客观陈述，且单数主语it和谓语动词mean之间是主动关系，故填means。

[例2](2020全国Ⅱ卷)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers62(carry)special significance.
简析：动名词短语decorating with plants,fruits and flowers 作主语，视为单数形式，根据上下文时态一致原则可知用一般现在时，故填carries。

(三)非谓语动词
命题方式：是给出动词，要求考生将其变成正确的非谓语动词形式。

思路点拨：根据情况用动词不定式、动名词或分词形式。

1.不定式。

高考考过的有5种情况。

(1)作目的状语，用不定式。

[例1](2020全国Ⅰ卷)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on board Chang’e-466(find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
简析：作目的状语，用不定式，故填to find。

(2)在形容词后作状语，用不定式。

[例2](2020全国Ⅱ卷)They are easy68(care) for and make great presents.
简析：在作表语的形容词后作状语，用不定式，故填to
care。

(3)在want,decide,refuse,plan等词后，要用不定式。

[例3](2017全国Ⅲ卷)But Sarah,who has taken part in shows along with top models,wants65(prove)that she has brains as well as beauty.
简析：由want to do sth(想做某事)可知，要用不定式，故填to prove。

[例4](2019全国Ⅱ卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene declared she had no plans 65(retire)from her36-year-old business.
简析：句中plan是名词，由plan to do sth(做某事的计划)可知，填to retire。

不定式作定语。

(4)在allow/permit/advise/request/ask/want/tell/en鄄courage sb to do sth(允许/要求/吩咐/鼓励某人做事)等结构中做补足语，要用不定式。

(2018全国Ⅲ卷)Once his message was delivered,he al鄄lowed me___________(stay)and watch.
简析：由allow sb to do sth可知，要用不定式，故填to stay。

(5)在it takes some time to do sth等固定句式中，用不定式。

[例5](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take62(get)there.
简析：由It takes+时间+to do sth.(做某事花费多少时间)可知，用动词不定式，故填to get。

2.动名词。

高考考过的有3种情况。

(1)在avoid,finish,enjoy,suggest,advise,permit等动词后作宾语，用动名词。

[例1](2018全国Ⅲ卷)I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid64(look)directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
简析：由avoid doing(避免做某事)可知，用动名词，故填looking。

(2)在介词后，且带有状语或宾语时，要用动名词。

[例2](2019全国Ⅰ卷)Scientists have responded by 67(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are higher than they actually are.
简析：在介词by后，且跟有that引导的宾语从句，要用动名词，故填noting。

(3)并列一致。

本条也适合非谓语动词的其它形式，同时也适合谓语动词的时态。

[例3](2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at ex鄄hibits,visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or43(walk)through a rainforest.
简析：因空格前有并列连词or，根据并列一致原则，walk必定与与之并列的某个词的形式一致，根据句意可知，与living并列，故填walking。

3.分词。

高考考过的有5种情况。

逻辑主语与分词是主动关系，用现在分词；是被动关系，用过去分词。

(1)作表语。

主语与表语是主动关系，用现在分词；是被动关系，用过去分词。

[例1](2018年全国Ⅲ卷)I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel 65(challenge).
简析：此处表示不直视它的眼睛，它就不会感觉受到挑战，即有被动含义，故用过去分词challenged作表语。

chal鄄lenge sb意为“向某人挑战”。

(2)作定语。

被修饰的名词与分词是主动关系，用现在分词；是被动关系，用过去分词。

[例2](2016全国Ⅰ卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,when I was the first Western TV reporter66(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
简析：被修饰名词the first Western TV reporter和非谓语动词permit之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作定语，故填permitted。

[例3](2020全国Ⅱ卷)They represent the earth63 (come)back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
简析：被修饰名词the earth与非谓语动词come与之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语，故填coming。

(3)作状语。

表示伴随、时间或条件等。

句子主语与分词是主动关系，用现在分词；是被动关系，用过去分词。

[例4](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay,we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,70(listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
简析：句子主语we与listen这个动作是主动关系，应用现在分词短语作伴随状语，故填listening。

(4)作补语。

在see sb doing/do/done句型中，作补语的非谓语动词与宾语，若是被动关系，用过去分词；若是主动关系，用现在分词表示正在进行，用动词原形表示动作的全过程。

[例5](2020全国Ⅱ卷)They make great gifts and you see them many times65(decorate)with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
简析：这是“see+宾语+宾补”结构；非谓语动词deco鄄rate与宾语them(orange trees)之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作宾补，故填decorated。

(5)在“连词+分词”结构中。

句子主语与分词是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系，用过去分词。

[例6](2018全国Ⅱ卷)China’s approach to protecting its environment while70(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.
简析：这是“while+分词”结构。

China和feed之间是主动关系，应用现在分词，故填feeding。

(四)比较等级
命题方式：是给出形容词或副词原级，要求考生将其变成比较级或最高级；或根据文中的比较级形容词或副词，填than(本不在有提示词之列，但为了方便，在此顺便复习)。

思路点拨：
1.more...than...
前有比较级，填than；后有than，用比较级。

[例1](2020全国Ⅰ卷)The far side of the moon is of par鄄ticular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山),more so65the familiar near side.
简析：由空前的more可知填than。

[例2](2019全国Ⅰ卷)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are 68(high)than they actually are.
简析：根据空格后的than可知，应用比较级，故填high鄄er。

2.固定短语。

如even worse(更糟糕的是),more than(多于，不只是，非常)，less than(少于)，no more than(只是)等。

[例3](2017全国Ⅰ卷)Even66(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
简析：副词even常用来加强比较级的语气，表示“甚至，还，更加”；由even可知，bad用比较级worse；另外，even worse(更糟糕的是)可作为一个固定短语来记。

[例4](2020全国Ⅱ卷)Orange trees are more64 decoration;they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.
简析：因more than(不只是)为固定词组，故填than。

3.最高级+of/in/that...
根据表示范围的介词短语in/of...或that引导的定语从句，或语境暗含范围，用最高级。

[例5](2018全国Ⅲ卷)That makes her baby scream,and then a400-pound male appears.He screams the63 (loud)of all.The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
简析：根据空格后表示范围的介词短语of all可知，应用loud的最高级形式，故填loudest。

[例6](2020全国Ⅲ卷)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像)done so he called all great artists to come and present their62(fine)work,so that he could choose the best.
简析：根据语境可知，画家呈送给皇帝的应是自己所有画中“最好的”作品，后文the best也是明显的提示，故填fine的最高级形式finest。

(五)代词
命题方式：是给出代词的主格，要求考生用其宾语、物主代词或反身代词等形式填空。

思路点拨：分析所填词在句中的作用，确定填某种形式。

1.作宾语。

根据情况用人称代词宾语、名词性物主代词、反身代词等。

[例1](2018全国Ⅲ卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find68(they)alive.
简析：在动词find后作宾语，要用宾语形式，故填them，指代the gorillas。

[例2](2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at ex鄄hibits,visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine42(they)living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
简析：因句中的they是反指主语visitors的，在及物动词imagine后作宾语，用反身代词，故填themselves。

2.作定语。

用形容词性物主代词。

[例3](2020全国Ⅰ卷)Data about the moon’s composi鄄tion,such as how much ice and other treasures it contains,could help China decide whether70(it)plans for a future lu鄄nar(月球的)base are practical.
简析：在名词plans前作定语，应用形容词性物主代词，故填its。

责任编辑
蒋小青。