论文哈佛大学引用标准格式

Harvard Referencing System Guide
Motivation For This Document
In academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.
“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.
Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.
This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.
Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.
In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.
What This Document Is
This work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).
This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.
This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within your
assignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.
General Comments About Electronic Resources
The general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.
Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.
Citation in the text of your work.
Introduction
A citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.
Here is an example of a citation:
...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...
When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:
•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.
•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories
•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)
•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.
When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:
•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideally
the reference you choose would be one which provides further information on
your theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with other
competing theories or alternative definitions.
•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.
•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.
Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)
It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:
•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,
•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...
•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...
•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...
•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,
•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.
Primary Resources（第一手资料）
Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.
If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:
...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)
If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:
In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..
If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:
Drucker (1989a)
If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:
Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...
If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)
If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:
Anon. (1967)
Secondary Resources（二手资料）
In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.
The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.
Here are some examples which will make this clearer:
Examples:
Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) who
developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.
Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.
Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGill
Archaeology questionnaire.
In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.
Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）
Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, one
bibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.
Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.
Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）
The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.
In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:
•the first author's surname.
•The first author's initials.
•The date of publication.
•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.
You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:
Anderson, B. 2005. “...”
Jones, H. 2004. “...”
Jones, Q. 1996. “...”
Jones, Q., 1999. “...”
Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”
Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”
Smith, A. 1762. “...”
Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.
When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.
Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）
The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able to
locate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.
Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:
“[online]”
After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:
“Available from:” URL
Accessed date.
Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）
You need to provide the following information, in order:
List of Author(s)
for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.
Year of publication.
Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).
Edition. (if not the first).
Publisher.
Place of publication.
Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:
After Title:
“[online]”
After Place of Publication:
“Available from:” URL
Accessed date.
Example:（书）
HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to
improving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for
diabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.
Online Examples:
HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to
improving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.
Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for
diabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5
May 2004].
For books without individual authors use ANON.
Example:
ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）
The reader needs to know:
List of Author(s)
for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.
Year of publication.
Title of Contribution.
“eds.” List o f Editor(s)
for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).
Edition. (if not the first).
Publisher.
Place of publication.
Page numbers of contribution.
Plus for electronic resources:
After Title:
“[online]”
After Page Numbers:
“Available from:” URL
Accessed date.
Example:（注释）
SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.
WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:
/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].
NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.
Reference to a journal article.（期刊）
Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which some
are exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.
The reader needs to know:
List of Author(s)
for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.
Year of publication.
Title of Article.
Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).
Volume Number
Part Number. (in brackets).
Page numbers. (optional)
Plus for electronic resources:
After Title:
“[online]”
After Page Numbers:
“Available from:” URL
Accessed date.
Example:（期刊）
NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. Management
Computing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.
CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptual
framework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],
59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:
/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].
SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:
/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5
May 2004].
C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternative
medicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and Alternative
Medicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:
/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].
Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）
The reader needs to know:
List of Author(s)
for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.
Year of publication.
Title of Article.
Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).
Date Published.
Page numbers. (optional)
Plus for electronic resources:
After Title:
“[online]”
After Page Numbers:
“Available from:” URL
Accessed date.
Example:（报纸）
BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]
11 May, p 6. Available from:
/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].
HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.
Available from: /xchange-international
[Accessed 8 August 2004].
Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）
The reader needs to know:
List of Author(s)
for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.
Year of contribution
“in” (in italics)
List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedings
for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.
Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).
Date of Conference.
Place of Conference.
Publisher (if known)
Page numbers.
Plus for electronic resources:
After Title:
“[online]”
After Page Numbers:
“Available from:” URL
Accessed date.
Example:（会议论文）
SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.
RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :
Learned Information, pp 323-330.
Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）
Reader needs to know:
Name of Issuing Body
Year of Publication
Name of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)
Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter Numbers
Place of Publication
Publisher.
Example:（政府法案）
Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.
Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）
Reader needs to know:
Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/Commission
Year of Publication
Title (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)
Place of Publication
Publisher.
Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.
Example:（行政公文）
Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: a
world class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）
Use similar method to a book.
Example:
LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioning
problem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.
Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）
The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。