肿瘤专业英文2

Medical Terminology
医学术语学(yi xue shu yu xue)
Introduction to the First Edition of
Medical Terminology
This is to serve as an introduction to medical terminology that is commonly in use by the English speaking international medical community. This book is put together with the Chinese language speaker in mind but may be used by English language speakers who wish to familiarize themselves with Chinese medical terminology. It is not intended as a replacement for the arduous study of the Greek and Latin languages, which are the basis of the majority of the words, used by the English speaking medical community, but rather as a beginning in learning the myriad of words and terms in use by the modern medical community. Learning the terms presented in this book will enable the student to understand most of the words and expressions in current use, and armed with the knowledge of the construction of how Greek and Latin words are created should enable the reader, to be able to obtain a comprehension of any new medical vocabulary terms. Chinese has been added to facilitate a better understanding for the intended Chinese reader.
In the first part of the book the reader is introduced to the construction of medical terms. Subsequent chapters then delve into the various medical fields, which use terms specific to their disciplines. Abbreviations and terms not of Greek or Latin origin are introduced to familiarize the reader with additional idiosyncrasies in English Medical Terminology.
How to Understand Medical terms and Expressions
The foundation for medical terms in the English language has it roots in the languages of Latin and Greek. Knowledge of these languages will give a Chinese Medical Professional a much better understanding of an unfamiliar word and or expression. Conversely, the Medical Professional whom has English, as their primary language will benefit from seeing the construction of the Chinese Medical Terminology in their studies of the Chinese language.
Familiarize yourself with the Latin, Greek and French works in this Book and you will be able to understand the vast majority of medical terms in use in the English language. When you encounter a word you have never seen before you will be able to understand it’s meaning by “dissecting” the word and knowing its components and how they are used in other words. English being a dynamic language will continue to incorporate more new medical terms and replace older ones, you need to prepare yourself by knowing the material contained within this manual.
Medical terminology words and words of importance are in Bold script. Sometimes a definition is
given for the word and this will be in parentheses. Chinese is added to those words, which are written in bold script, to help the reader understand the relationship between the English Terminology and the Chinese Terminology. Pinyin is written in (Blue Italic Arial script) within parenthesis. An Example of this format is as follows:
Cardiology (the study of the heart) 心脏病学(xin zang bing xue)
Observe how in Chinese the word Myocarditis (inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎(xin ji yan) has a structure, which is not too dissimilar to the English with心(xin) meaning heart,肌(ji) meaning muscle and炎(yan) meaning inflammation. Using this word dissection technique the non-Chinese speaker can familiarize themselves with the Chinese Medical Terminology. Here is another example to illistrate how nicely the Chinese construct medical words. The Chinese word for big is大(da) and Intestine is 腸(chang). And from the previous example炎(yan)is understood to mean inflammation. So when you start to put them together in wanting to say large intestine you have 大腸(da chang) and for colitis which is an inflammation of the large intestine it is simply大肠炎(da chang yan).
Generally there are three basic parts to English medical terms:
Word Root 词根(ci gen)This is the central meaning of the term and is usually in the
middle of the medical term.
Prefix 前缀(qian zhui)Seen at the the beginning of the term it helps to identify the
central meaning.
Suffix 后缀(hou zhui) Always at the end of the term, the suffix modifies the central
meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is
happening to it.
Here is an example of how to take apart a word to understand the term:
Myocarditis 心肌炎(xin ji yan)
Prefix Word Root Suffix
myo = muscle肌(ji) card = heart心(xin)itis = inflammation炎(yan)
Myo as the Prefix helps to identify the Word Root card, and it is modifying the Word Root by implicating an inflammation process that is occurring. Ergo, we can now understand that Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle.
Prefix change:
Myocarditis (inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎(xin ji yan)
Pericarditis (inflamed outer layer of heart) 心包炎(xin bao yan)
Endocarditis (inflamed inner layer of heart) 心内膜炎(xin nei mo yan)
Suffix change:
Cardiologist (a physician specializing in the heart) 心脏病专家(xin zang bing zhuan jia)
Cardiomyopathy (damage to heart muscle layer) 心肌症(xin jin zheng)
Cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) 心脏扩大症(xin zang kuo da zheng)
The basics illustrated above are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate示范(shi fan) how moving the parts of the word around modifies the central meaning without changing the Word Root cardio心(xin).
When the Prefix and Suffix changes it can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the Word Root the same.
Now let us take the Word Root therm发热(fa re) which means heat, and see how it is used to make words. Hypo is the Prefix and means less, so Hypothermia体温降低(ti wen jiuan di) can mean less heat. And another Prefix added to therm is Meter which means to measure, consequently a Thermometer温度计(wen du ji), 体温计(ti wen ji) is a something used to measuring heat. Here both forms of the Chinese word for Thermometer are listed as the Chinese language distinguish between a thermometer used for measuring the air temperature温度计(wen du ji) and another for body temperature体温计(ti wen ji).
The following are frequently used word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) used to make up many medical terms. If you know them, you will know the majority of simple medical terms. Note that some organs have more than one word root. For example, let us look at the word Breast乳房(ru fang) which can be written as masto- or mammo-. Typically, one is derived from the Greek and one from Latin. You need to know both roots because you may see either of them used. An x-ray of the breast is called a Mammogram乳房X线照片(ru fang X xian zhao pian) and is used to help detect Mastocarcinoma(breast cancer) 乳癌and if the surgeon must remove the breast then that procedure is termed a Mastectomy乳房切除术(lu fang qie chu shu).
Remember the parts that make up medical terminology are prefixes, word roots and suffixes. The most typical sequence is prefix, word root, and suffix with the word root being central but this is not always the case. In this manual you will see a hyphen in front of a suffix to indicate it is added to the end of a word, let us take the example of –itis (inflammation) 炎(yan) or –oma (tumor) 瘤(Liu). Prefixes and word roots are shown as freestanding word parts. A slash and a vowel, such as seen in the example of Leuk/o (white) are called combining forms which make it easier to attach to other word parts, and, make the word easier to pronounce.
A larger listing of Root Words, Prefixes and Suffixes are given in Appendix
B and is included in this book to help the reader in further dissecting words and understanding them.
Common Prefixes
a/an = without, none Anemia贫血(pin xue)
Hyper = more then normal Hypertension 高血压(gao xue ya)
Hyperthermia 过高热(guo gao re)
Hypo = less then normal Hypotension血压过低(Xue ya guo gao)
Hypothermia 降低体温(jian de ti wen)
Normo = Normal Normotensive 正常血压的(zhen chan xue ya de)
Brady = slow Bradycardia 心搏徐缓(xin bo xu huan)
Tachy = fast Tachycardia心动过速(xin dong guo su)
micro = small Microstomia (abnormally small mouth) 小口的(xiao ko de) macro = large Macrostomia (abnormally large mouth) 颊横裂(jia heng lie) mega/ -megaly = enlarged Megacolon (abnormally large colon) 巨结肠(ju jei chang)
Prefixes Showing Location
Endo = within Endoscopy内窥镜检查法(Nei Kui Jing Jian Cha Fa)
Peri = around Perianal (around the anus) 肛门周围的(Gang Men Zhou Wei De) Circum = around Circumcise (to cut around) 环切术(Huan Qie Shu)
Retro = behind Retrosternal (behind the breastbone) 胸骨后的(Xiong Gu Hou De)
Epi = upon, on top E pidermis (outermost layer of skin) 表皮(Biao Pi)
Trans = through Transurethral (through the urinary duct) 经尿道的(Jing Niao Dao De) Intra = within Intravenous (inside the veins, e.g. IV fluids) 静脉内的(Jing Mai Nei De) Sub = below Subclavian (below the clavicle or collar bone) 锁骨下的(Suo Gu Xia De)
Prefixes Showing Color
Leuk/o = white Leukemia (Overabundance of white blood cells) 白血病(Bai xue bing) xanth/o = yellow Xanthoma (Yellow tumor) 黄瘤(Huang liu)
cyan/o = blue Cyanosis (Blueness due to cold or no O2 in blood) 苍白病(Cang bai bing) melan/o = black Melanoma (Black tumor of the skin) 黑素瘤(Hei su liu)
Common Word Roots
Stomato = Mouth Stomatitis口腔炎(kou qiang yan)
Dento = Teeth Dentist牙科医生(Ya ke ti sheng)
Glosso/Linguo = Tongue 舌头(she tou) Glossitis舌炎(She yan),
Lingual nerve舌神经(She shen jing) Gingivo=Gums齿龈(Chi yin) Gingivitis齿龈炎(Chi yin yan) Encephalo = Brain脑(nao) Encephalitis脑炎(Nao yan)
Gastro = Stomach胃(Wei) Gastritis胃炎(Wei yan)
Entero = Intestine腸(Chang) Gastroenteritis肠胃炎(Chang wei yan) Colo = Large intestine大腸Colitis大肠炎(Da chang yan)
Megacolon巨结肠(ju jie chang)
Procto = Anus肛门(Gang men) P roctitis直肠炎(Zhi chang yan),
Proctology直肠病学(Zhi chang bing xue)
Hepato = Liver肝脏(Gan zang)Hepatitis肝脏炎(Gan zang yan),
Hepatomegaly肝肿大(Gan zhong da)
Nephro/Rene = Kidney腎(Shen) Nephrosis肾变病(Shen bian bing), 肾病(Shen bing),
Renal artery肾脏的动脉(Shen zang de dong mai), Orchido = Testis睾丸(Gao wan) Orchiditis 睾丸炎(Gao wan yan)
Orchidectomy睾丸切除术(Gao wan qie chu shu) Dermo = Skin皮肤(pi fu) Dermatitis皮炎(pi yan)
Masto/Mammo = Breast乳房(ru fang)Mastectomy乳房切除术(ru fang qie chu shu)
Mammography乳房X线照相术(ru fang X xian zhao xiang shu) Osteo = Bones 骨骼(gu ge) Osteoporosis骨质疏松症(gu zhi shu song zheng)
Cardio = Heart 心脏(xin zang) Electrocardiogram (ECG) 心电图(xin dian tu)
Rhino = Nose鼻子(bi zi) Rhinitis鼻炎(bi yan),鼻粘膜炎(bi nian mo yan)
Phlebo /Veno = Veins 静脉(jin mai) Phlebitis静脉炎, (jing mai yan)
Phlebotomy刺骼, 放血(fang xue)
Phlebosclerosis靜脈硬化(jing mai ying hua)
Pneumo/Pulmo = Lung肺(fei) P neumonitis局限性肺炎(ju xian xing fei yan)
Pulmonologist肺科医生(fei ke yi sheng)
Hemo/Emia = Blood 血 (xue) Anemia贫血, 贫血症(pin xue, pin xue zheng)
Hematologist血液学家(xue ye xue jia)
Common Suffixes
-itis = Inflammation炎症(yan zheng) Tonsillitis扁桃腺炎(bian tao xian yan)
Appendicitis阑尾炎(lan wei yan), 盲肠炎(mang chang yan)
-osis = Abnormal 反常的(fan chang de)Cyanosis 苍白病(Cang bai bing)
-ectomy = to remove Appendectomy 阑尾切除术(lan weiqie chu shu)
Tonsillectomy 扁桃腺切除术(bian tao xian qie chu shu)
-otomy = to cut into Tracheotomy (cut into windpipe气管(qi guan ))
气管切开术(qi guan qie kai shu)
-ostomy = to make a mouth Colostomy 结肠造瘘术(jie chang zhao lou shu)
-scopy/ -scopic = to look Colonoscopy结肠镜检查(jie chang jing jian cha)
-graphy = recording an image Mammography乳房X线照相术(ru fang x zhao xiang shu)
-gram = image Mammogram乳房X线照片(ru fanf X xian zhao pian)
(X-ray) X光照片(X guang zhao pian)
Appendix A Types of Physicians and other Medical Professionals
Appendix B Prefixes, Common Root words and Suffixes
Appendix C Common Medical Abreviations
Appendix D Medical Terms listed alphabetically
About the Authors
Appendix A
Names of Types of Physicians and other Medical Professionals
Cardiologist心脏病学家(xin zang bing xue jia)
Cardiovascular Surgeon心血管外科医生(xin xue guan wai ke yi sheng) 心脏血管医师(xin zang xue guan yi shi)
Dentist牙科医生(Ya ke ti sheng)
Epidemiologist流行病学家(liu xing bing xue jia) 流行病专家（liou xing bing zhuan jia）流行病医师(liu xing bing yi sheng)
Gastroenterologist肠胃病学家(chang wei bing xue jia)
Gynecologist妇科医生(fu ke yi sheng)
Hematologist血液学家(xue ye xue jia)
Internist内科医生(nei ke yi sheng)实习医生shi xi yi sheng
Nephrologist肾病专家(shen bing zhuan jia)
Neurologist 神经科专门医师(shen jing ke zhuan men yi shi )
Neurosurgeon神经外科医生(shen jing wai ke yi sheng )
Obstetrician产科医师(chang ke yi shi)
Oncologist肿瘤科医师(zhong liu ke yi shi)
Orderly勤务兵(qin wu bing)
Orthopedist整形外科医师(zheng xing wai ke yi shi )
Osteopathic Physician整骨医生(zheng gu yi sheng)
Pathologist病理学家(bing li xue jia)
Plastic Surgeon可塑的外科医生(ke su de wai ke yi sheng) 整形外科医生(xheng xing wai ke yi sheng)
Proctologist直肠病学家(zhi chang bing xue jia)
Psychiatrist精神病学家(jing shen bing xue jia)
Public Health Physician公众的健康内科医生(gong zhong de jian kang yi sheng) 公共卫生医生(gong gong wei sheng yi sheng)
Pulmonologist肺科医生(fei ke yi sheng )
Researcher调查者(diao cha zhe ) 学术研究员(xue shu yan jiu yuan) Rheumatologist风湿病学家(feng shi bing xue jia)
Surgeon外科医师(wai ke yi shi )
Urologist泌尿科医师(mi niao ke yi shi)
Physician Assistant医生助手(yi sheng zhu shou)
Midwife助产士(zhu chan shi，接生婆(jie sheng po)
Nurse护士(hu shi)
Ordery勤务兵(qin wu bing)
Candystriper (volunteer) 糖尿病专家(tang niao bing zhuan jia) 调查者(diao cha yuan) 凝结型（ning jie xing）
Appendix B
Common Root Words, Prefixes and
Suffixes
Common Root Words
annulus... little ring anser... goose acanth... spine, prickle aceto... vinegar acou... hear acro... extremity, tip, sharp actin... ray, beam acu... sharp, sudden adeno... gland
adipo... fat aero... air (a)esth... perception agogue... leader agon... contest, struggle ala... wing
alb... white algo... pain alien... stranger, strange allelo... one another, mutual amauros... blind am(o)eb... constantly changing ambi/amph... both sides ambly... dim, faint amnio... amnion, "bowl" amylo... starch andro... male angio... vessel (blood, bile) ankyl... bent, anthem... flower anthrac... black anthro... man / human aort... aorta aphro... froth, sexual love aqu... water arachn... spider, spiderweb archo... ancient, beginning argy... silver, shiny artero... artery arthro... joint
artic... little joint asthm... panting athero... gruel
atri... entry chamber axilla... armpit axo... center, axis
aud... hear aur... hear aus... hear
auto... self aux... make grow azo... nitrogen
bac(t)... rod ball... throw balano... acorn, glans blast... sprout blenno... snot bleph... eyelid
bol... throw brachi... arm brady... slow
branch... gill bronch... bronchus bucc... cheek (inside) burs... bursa, purse caes... cut deep c(h)ord... notochord
c(o)ele... rupture carpo... wrist calci... limestone calco... heel, spur calyc... cup campy... bend
canc... crab capo... head, centr... center
carbo... charcoal, carbon carcin... crab carcinoma... epithelium cancer card... heart, heart-shape carot... great neck arteries carpo... wrist
caus... burn centesis... puncture centr... center
cep(h)... expanded part cephal... head cept... seize, take
cereb(r)... brain cervic... neck ch(e)ir... hand chemo... chemistry chlor... light green chol(e)... bile chondr... cartilage; grain chorea... dance chori... chorionic membrane chrom... color chron... time, long time chyle... digested food juice cide... killing, "falling" cise... cut deep cili... eyelash
cion... uvula clast... break claustr... barrier cleido... collarbone, key clino... bed clivus... slope coagul... coagulate, clot coccus... berry coccyx... cuckoo, cuckoo bill collic... hill collo... glue collus... neck
conios... dust cond... hard knob core... dolly, pupil (of eye) cori... leather corn... horn cox(a) (i)
corp... physical body cre(s)c... grow cribi / cribri... sieve crine... secretion cubit... elbow cubo... lay down cule... little culpo... vagina cuneo... wedge
cutis... skin cyan... dark blue cycl... circle, wheel cysto... urinary bladder cyto... cell dacr... tear (from the eye) dacty... finger demos... people dens... tooth
dent... tooth derm... skin desm... harden, bind together desis... binding desmo... hard dextro... right-sided diadocho... take over didym... twin digi(t)... finger, toe diphth... leathery membrane docho... cup, container drepan... sickle dromo... running a race duc,...duct lead, guide dynia... pain
echin... spiny echo... echo ectasia... dilatation
edem(a)... excess tissue fluid embol... bottle stopper embryo... embryo, fetus
em(ia)... blood enceph... brain enchyme... filling, installation entero... intestine ergo... work erythro... red esthesia... perception f(a)eco... feces, refuse fac... make, build, do, perform facie... face, countenance fasc... bundle, fascia fec... make, build, do, perform fer... carrying, bearing fibr... fibrous fic... make, build, do, perform fis,...fid split, cleave, divide flagel... whip flav... yellow
flat... blow flect... bend flex... bend
fora/foro... make a hole fornic... arch fract... break into pieces frag... break into pieces fring... break into pieces fuge... flee
fun... melt, pour fus... melt, pour gala(k)... milk
gam(y)... marry gangl... knot gangr... gangrene, galact... milk gastr... stomach, belly gemin... twin
gen... beget, produce genesis... origin genu... knee
ger... old age gest... bring forth, produce glans... acorn
gleno... shoulder gli(o)... glial cells, glue glob... sphere, ball, round body glomer... tuft gloss... tongue glute... buttocks gnatho... jaw gnosis... know gogue... lead
gono... product, seed, semen gonio... angle gracile... slender gram... record gran... grain graph... writing, scratching gryph... claw gynec... female (h)(a)em... blood habeo... to hold, habit halluc... big toe helic... spiral
helm... worm hermaphro…male&female hepat... liver
hernia... rupture, hernia hidr... sweat hippo... horse
histo... tissue, web, cloth hy(a)l... glass, hydatid... water drop hydro... water hypno... sleep hystero... uterus
iatric... healing iatro... physician ichth... fish
idio... self, personal, private inguin... groin to hip insul... island
irid... rainbow, ischi... hip joint islet... island
ject... throw, hurl jejun... hungry junc... join together jug... join together jux... join together kera... horny
kerato... skin, cornea, horn kine... set in motion kyn... dog
lachry... tear (from the eye) labio... lip lacto... milk
lal... babble, talk latero... side lecith... egg yolk leiomyo... smooth muscle lein... spleen lens... lentil
lepros... rough and rotting off lepto... thin, fine, slender leuco... white
levo... left-sided liga(t)... bind together ling... tongue
lith... stone lumbo... lower back, loin lumbri... earthworm lumen... in a hollow organ lymph... clear water lysis... breaking down malar... outside of cheek mal(i)... abnormal, bad malacia... soft malako... soft medi... middle portion medulla... soft inner part meli... sweet malleo... hammer mere... part
manu... hand mara... wither mast(i)... whip, flog, beat mast(o)... breast mea... passage meatus... external opening meios... lessening melano... black melia... limb
mening... meninges men(i)s... moon, month ment... mind, chin meter... measure metro... uterus mito... thread
mnem... memory mnes... memory mob... move
morb... sick morph... shapes, dreams mot... move
mur(al)... wall musc... mouse, muscle myc(o)... fungus myelo... soft, pith myi... fly (insect) myo... muscle
myxo/muco... slime narco... sleep naso... nose
necro... dead nephelo... cloud nephr... kidney
nerv... nerve neuro... nerve nos,...nox nasty, sickening nous... mind, spirit nyct... night occiput... back of the head ocul... eye (h)odo... way, path, road odon... tooth
odyn... pain olfact... smell oma... tumor/lump
omen(t)... omentum omphalo... belly button on(e/t)... to be
onco... tumor, mass onycho... nail (finger/toe) oo... egg
oophor... ovary op... eye, see, etc. ophth... eye
opio... poppy juice opsi... late opson... relish, meat seasoning orbi... wheel orch... testis org... work
oro... mouth ortho... straight os... bone, mouth osm... smell ost(eo)... bone ot(o)... ear
ovin... sheep oxy... oxygen, acid p(a)ed... child palpebr... eyelid pap... nipple par(i)t... have a baby parietal... wall partheno... virgin partum... birth patho... disease, misery pect... chest pelvis... basin
pes/ped... foot phage... eat phakos... lentil, lens of the eye pharmako... sorcery, drug phase... phase pheo... ugly, dusky phero... carry, bear philo... like, love phlebo... vein
phleg... flame phoco... seal (the animal) phoro... carry, bear
phos/phot... light phragm... divide into two phren... mind, breath phth... waste away, wither phyllo... leaf-like physio... nature phyte... a plant pineo... pine cone pinna... feather
pino... drink pisi... pea pituit... snot
placent... cake, placenta plak... cake plantar... sole of the foot plasm... molded plast... molded platy... flat
plegia... stroke, paralysis pleur... side of ribs plex... braid, wind together plexy... stroke plic... braid, wind together pn(e)... breath
pod(o)... foot poie(sis)... making polio... gray;
pollic... thumb pomp... precede, parade porph... purple
porta... door posthe... foreskin prac... done
prag... done prax... done pre/pro... before procto... rectum pron(o)... prone, face down proto... first
pseud... false psyche... spirit, mind psychr... cold, frigid pter... wing pto... droop pty(alo)... spit
pulmo... lung punct... prick, little spot pupa... doll, miniature figure
purp... purple pyelo... vat, basin, pelvis pykno... shrivelled
pyo... pus p(u/y)ri... pear pyr(o)... fever (cognate to "fire") radi... rod r(h)ach... backbone re(i)n... kidney
ret(ic)... net rhabdo... striated muscle rhaph... sew together rheo... flow rheum... runny stuff rhino... nose
riso... smile rrha(g)... discharge rub(r)... red
sacc... sack sacch(ar)... sugar salpinx... trumpet, oviduct sang(ui)... blood sapro... dead sarc(o)... flesh sarcoma...flesh tumor scato... feces, filth scapho... boat
schi(s/z)... split sclero... hard scope... examine carefully sebo... hard fat, skin grease sec/seg... cut sella... saddle
seps/sept... make rotten septo... fence, partition sero... whey, wet protein sial... saliva sinus... hollow or pocket skel... dried up, skeleton
soma/somy... body spasmo... a drawing tight spondylo... spine sphinct... squeeze shut sphygno... heartbeat spir... breathing splanchn... innards staphyl... bunch of grapes stasis... being stable stat... stop statio... standing up staxis... drip, drop stem... holding up steato... fat sterco... feces
sthen... strength stigm... spot stole... to pull, to draw
stom(a)... mouth stomy... mouth strepto... wavy
stylo... stylus sudo... sweat sulco... plowed furrow syring... pipe, tube, reed tachy... fast, swift tact... touch
tainia... band, tapeworm talo... ankle tasis... stretch
tarso... flat plate taxo... arrangement telo... the tip, the end temporal... temple ten(d)o... stretch, tendon terato... monster
theca... sheath, covering thel... breast thenar... palm, sole thym... mind, spirit, mood thym... thymus gland thyro... oblong shield toco... have a baby tom(e)... cut tono... stretch
topo... place tort... twist tox(o)... arrow, poisoned arrow trema... hole tricho... hair trophy... grow/food tryps... break into pieces tuber... bump, potato(e) typho... smoky, delirious fever typhl... cecum unguis... nail (finger, toe) uro... urine
uvo... grape vacc... cow vago... wanderer valgus... turned outward varus... turned inward vaso... blood vessel velo... veil, curtain, cover vener... sexual acts, lusty veno... vein
vert... turn vesico... bladder viscero... innards
volv... turn or twist around xantho... yellow xeno... stranger
xero... dry z(a)o... to live zoo;... animals zema... boiled zygo... yoke zyme... ferment
PREFIXES
a(d)-... towards a(n)-... without ab-... from
ab(s)-... away from ad-... towards allo-... other, another
ambi-... both amphi-... on both sides, ana-... up to, back, again, aniso-... different, unequal ante-... before, forwards anti-... against, opposite
ap-, apo-... from, again bi(s)-... twice, double bio-... life
brachy-... short cata-... down circum-... around
con-... together contra-... against cyte-... cell
de-... away from, down from deca-... ten di(s)-... two
dia-... through, complete di(a)s... separation diplo-... double
dolicho-... long dur-... hard, firm dys-... bad, abnormal
e-, ec-... out, from out of ecto-... outside, external ek-... out
em-... in en-... into endo-... into
ent-... within epi-... on, up, against, high eso-... I will carry
eu-...abundant, prosperous eury-... broad, wide ex-, exo-... out, from out of extra-... outside, in addition haplo-... single hapto-... bind to
hemi-... half hept-... seven hetero-... different
hex-... six homo-... same hyper-... above, excessive hypo-... below, deficient im-, in-... not in-... into, to
infra-... below, underneath inter-... among, between intra-... within, inside, during intro-... inward, during iso-... equal,same juxta-... adjacent to
kata-... down, down from macro-... large magno-... large
medi-... middle mega-... large megalo-... very large
meso-... middle meta-... beyond, between micro-... small
neo-... new non-... not ob-... before, against
octa-... eight octo-... eight oligo-... few
pachy-... thick pan-... all para-... beside, wrong
pent-... five per-... by, through peri-... around, round-about pleo-... more than usual poly... many post-... behind, after
pre-... before, in front, very pros-... besides prox-... besides
pseudo-... false, fake quar(t)-... four re, red-... back, again
retro-... backwards, behind semi-... half sex-... six
sept-... seven sub-... under, beneath super-... above, in addition supra-... above syn-... together, with sys-... together, with
tetra-... four thio-... sulfur trans-... across, beyond
tri-... three uni-... one ultra-... beyond, besides
SUFFIXES
-ase... fermenter -ate... do -cide... killer
-c(o)ele... cavity, hollow -ectomy... removal, cut out -form... shaped like
-ia... got -iasis... full of -ile... little version
-illa... little version -illus... little version -in... stuff
-ism... characteristic of-itis... inflammation -ity...quality (becomes noun) -ium... thing -ize... do -logy... study of
-megaly... large -noid... mind, spirit -oid... resembling, image of -ogen... precursor -ol(e)... alcohol -ole... little version
-oma... tumor (usually) -osis... full of -ostomy... "mouth-cut"
-pathy... disease, suffering -penia... lack -pexy... fix in place
-plasty... re-shaping -philia... affection for -rhage... burst out
-rhea... flowing out -rhexis... shredding -pagus... Siamese twins
-thrix... hair -tomy... cut-ule... little version
Appendix C
Common Medical Abreviations缩写(suo xie)
Sometimes English abbreviations will have a period (.) between each letter and sometimes not. An example of this is that Electroencephalogram which is abbreviated as E. E.G. or can be written as EEG, which is without the periods. This listing, to prevent confusion, has eliminitated all the periods.
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) 促腎上腺皮質激素
ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone) 抗利尿激素
AIDS (acquired immune deficieny syndrome) 後天免疫力缺乏症（愛滋病）
Anti-HCV (Hepatitis C Virus Antibody) 丙型肝炎抗體
ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) 成人呼吸窘迫綜合症
bid (bis in die, twice a day) 每天兩次
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) 卡介苗
BMR (basal metabolic rate) 基礎代謝率
BPD (Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia) 支氣管肺異常
CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanner電腦掃描機
CCU (Cardiac Care Unit) 心臟深切治療室；心臟病護理部心臟病加護病房
CDC (Center for Disease Control) 疾病控制中心
cDNA (complementary DNA) 互補DNA; 反向轉錄DNA
CHD (coronary heart diseases) 冠狀動脈性心臟病
CPCR (cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation) 心肺腦複蘇
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) 心肺復蘇法
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) 脑脊髓的(nao ji sui de)
CTEV (Congenital talipes equinovarus); club foot先天性馬蹄內翻足(畸形足)
DM [MD] (Doctor of Medicine) 醫學博士
DMJ Pat h (Diploma in Medical Jurisprudence in Pathology) 法醫病理學文憑
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 去氧核糖核酸; 脫氧核糖核酸
DSc PH (Doctor of Science in Public Health) 公共衛生科博士
DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) 深靜脈栓塞症
EEG (Electroencephalography) 腦電波室
ESR (Westergren) 紅血球沉降率
ECG (electrocardiogram) 心電圖(xin dian tu)
EKG (electrokardiogram European spelling) 心電圖(xin dian tu)
E. Coli (Escherichia coli) 大腸桿菌(da chang jan jun), 大腸埃希氏菌(da chang si xi shi jun) FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 食品及藥物管理局(shi pin ji yao wu guan li ju)
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) 熒光原位雜交(ying juang yuan wei za jiao)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) 促卵泡激素(cu luan pao ji su)
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)胃食管返流疾病(wei shi guan fan liu ji bing) GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer) 輸卵管內配子移植(shu luan guan nei pei zi yi zhi) Hb (Hemoglobin) 血紅素(xue hong su) 血紅蛋白(xue hong dan bai)。