最新新核心综合学术英语教程-4-Unit-2-参考答案

Unit 2
•评估母乳喂养的锐减程度
•assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding
•不良改变的诱发因素
•the major factors responsible for the negative change
•就住房和一般生活成本而言
•in terms of housing and general cost of living
•被奶瓶文化所取代
•give way to the “bottle culture”
•补充其他食物
be supplemented with other foods
•对延长母乳喂养产生不利影响
•Militate against prolonged breast-feeding
•宏观经济与社会文化因素的复杂交织
•complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors
•把负面的变化归因于从发达国家舶来的态度和影响
•attribute the negative change to attitudes and influences imported from the developed world
•不符合母亲的营养意识
•fall short of the mother’s nutritional awareness
•等同于极端的个人及社会贫困
•be synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty
Task 1 (Page 32)
1. D
2. C
3. E
4. A
5. B
6. L
7. K
8. O 9. J 10. N 11. F 12. M 13. M 14. H
Task 2 (Page 33)
1) The report attempts to evaluate current maternal perceptions of infant-feeding
among different ethnic, religious, cultural, and socio-economic groups in Nigeria. The research questions include: What is the current situation of the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria? What are the major factors responsible for the negative change? How to institute corrective educational measures? (B) 2) The metropolitan Lagos is heterogeneous in its ethnic and socio-economic composition. (B)
3) Most of the earlier reports attributed the negative change to attitudes and
influences imported from the developed world and the preference for bottle-feeding by the urbanized African. (L)
4) For most Nigerians, urban existence means extreme individual and community
poverty. Implicit in this is a great pressure on mothers to spend more time trying to augment the family income at the expense of caring adequately for their children. (M)
5) Childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives
than ignorance on the mother’s part. (N)
Task 3 (Page 42)
1. h
2. j
3. m
4. n
5. q
6. v
7. u
8. a
9. t 10. b 11. s 12. l 13. c 14. d 15. r 16. p 17. e 18. o 19. k 20. i 21. g 22. f 23. w
Task 4
1) The government accorded him the rank of Colonel.
授予，给予 present with, grant, confer, give, render
2) She did not understand the dimension of her plight.
方面 scope, extent
3) Today his company continues to thrive.
兴旺，繁荣 flourish, bloom, prosper, grow rich
4) The discrepancy between press and radio reports is obvious.
差异difference, disparity, divergence, disagreement, dissimilarity, incongruity, contradiction, inconsistency, incongruousness, discordance
5) None of these buildings are noteworthy for their architecture.
值得关注的，重要的，显著的
great, magnitudinous, important, notable, signif icant, exceptional, towering, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable
6) We will institute some legal proceedings against the company.
开始实行，着手，提起（诉讼）
initiate, introduce, originate, launch, start, begin
7) She keeps extolling his managerial skills.
赞美 acclaim, praise, pay tribute to, glorify, applaud, compliment
8) They attribute their success to external causes such as luck.
归因于 ascribe, assign, credit
9) The heterogeneous society of today should be taken into account.
各种各样的 varied, mixed, diversified, assorted, diverse
10) The great virtue of camping is its cheapness.
优点 plus, strength, advantage, asset, benefit, merit
11) Going grey is not necessarily synonymous with growing old.
等同于 equivalent to, identical to, equal to, the same as, identified with, tantamount to, similar to
12) She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child.
难以抑制的，强烈的 overpowering, strong, compelling, uncontrollable, compulsive, irresistible, forceful, powerful
The most formal ones are: disparity, ascribe, augment, incongruity, acclaim, initiate, burgeon, compelling, confer, pay tribute to, incongruous, tantamount to, discordance, compulsive, identi- fied with, assorted, merit
Task 5 (Page 44)
1) At least 29% of the families had incomes below N 2oo every month, which was much
lower than the minimum required living in a city ranked among the most expensive in the world when it comes to housing and general cost of living.
2) As could be clearly seen from the present study, there was a wide gap between
women’s actual infant-feeding practice and their opinions on what the practice should be like. In most of the cases the mothers’ nutritional awareness is better than their actual practice, and this is contradictory to the widely held beliefs that those illiterate and urbanized women suffer from inappropriate counseling.
3) Most of the earlier reports believe that people’s attitudes change negatively
because of the influences from the developed world and the preference of bottle-feeding to breast-feeding by the urbanized African. Clearly such explanations are too simple and only suit a small number of people for they neglect the harsh realities of urban existence, which makes it diff icult for the mothers to prolong breast-feeding.
Task 6 (Page 44)
Main idea: Research shows that childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives than ignorance on the mother’s part.
Task 7 (Page 45)
The major objective of the research paper is to assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding as well as the factors responsible for the negative change, and measures to tackle the problem. The study sample comprised 558 randomly selected women residents in Surulere, Nigeria. An interview was conducted by a standard questionnaire to obtain information. Research shows that the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria is mainly due to the harsh realities of urban existence, which means extreme individual and community poverty. The current trend will not be reversed if the major structural defect of urban life in the developing world is not eliminated or controlled. Much can be done to educate the mothers on the use of hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.
Task 10 (Page 45)
Breastfeeding Faces Challenges in China
Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specif ic condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.
Upon hearing her baby wail, Zhang Shuyi finds herself at her wit’s end. Although she was previously confident that she would be able to breastfeed her child properly, she worries that she might not be able to give her baby enough milk.
After giving birth to her son two years ago, 35-year-old Zhang, a doctor at the Capital Institute of Pediatrics in Beijing has continued to practice exclusive breastfeeding in strict accordance with international standards.
Task 12 (Page 54)
1) Para K Its topic sentence: Complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors inf luence infant-feeding practices in the developing countries.
2) Para O Its topic sentence: Perhaps more lasting benefits will be achieved by emphasizing the education of mothers on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.
Academic Survival Skills
Task 1 (Page 58)
Question 2S trong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that “for most Nigerians, urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty” for the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children. W eak author version: For most Nigerians, the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children, thus “urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty”(Anyanwu, 1985).
Question 3 Strong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that it would be better if emphasis could be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally availab le staple foods.” Weak author version: It will be better if emphasis can be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods” (A nyanwu, 1985).
Task 2 (Page 59)
1) Direct quotation. 2) The original source is quoted with a brief explanation in the beginning of the sentence. 3) The original source is quoted with the author’s comment inserted in the middle of the sentence.
Task 3 (Page 59)
A summary is much shorter than the original source for it only contains the main idea, omitting the details, while a paraphrase is usually the same length as the original source, making changes in vocabulary and structures about some diff icult words and expressions.
Task 4 (Page 60)
2) Chinese big cities suffer from congestion due to the steadily increasing number of vehicles.
3) Some complex sentences may be meaningless.
4) Learners are active for they attempt to learn from their experiences.
5) Some educators believe that the choice of major makes the biggest difference for students entering college, while others think differently.
6) Social networking services (SNS) has changed the way people socialize.
7) H irshi and Gottfredson advance the theory of “self-control” to explain people’s propensity to commit or refrain from crimes.
Task 6 (Page 64)
Paragraph 2 Summary: Gordon and Taylor argue that the difficulties experienced by people with writing will become easier if they learn to deal with their reactions to it appropriately.
Paragraph 3 Summary: Frick argues that education has been signif icantly changed by technology at some major turning points in history. The f irst example was the primitive modes of communication in prehistoric times.
Paragraph 4 Summary: Hewitt believes that acts of academic dishonesty undermine the validity of the measure of learning.
Paragraph 5 Summary: Edelso argues that besides natural resources, there are more important factors determining the wealth of people—the fundamental political and
legal institutions of a nation. 典型的焊接缺陷：
未焊透。