水利水电类专业英语

1.Because of the enormous damage or potential damage caused by a flood of the magnitude that occurs once in a hundred years or less, stream gaging records of 10, 20, or 30 years are inadequate, although of some use, in planning flood control projects or for the spillway design of any large dam.
由于量级在100年一遇或者更罕见的洪水引起的巨大破坏或潜在破坏，在洪水控制工程的规划或任意大型大坝的溢洪道的设计中，10年、20年或30年的水流测量记录尽管有些用途，但还是不够的。

2.The foundation, including abutments, should be of rock or consolidated materials sufficiently strong to support the structure and they must be watertight or so nearly so that excess leakage can be prevented by sealing any cracks or fissures in the foundation with a grouting material or closing the leakage paths by placing a blanket of impervious material in the reservoir area upstream from the dam site.
地基包括坝肩，是由岩石或坚固的材料构成，足以承受结构的荷载，并且必须防水，或者能通过灌浆材料封堵地基中的裂缝或裂隙，或在坝址上游库区铺一层不透水材料来封闭渗漏通道，从而防止过量的渗漏，做到接近防水。

3.An adjustment of capacity of a storage reservoir may prove to be necessary; this, or any new design data may disclose the need of changing the axis location of the dam even though the reservoir site remain the same.
对水库的储水量调整可能是必要的，或者说，即使水库地址没变，依据新的设计数据，有必要对坝轴线位置进行调整。

4.This is determined by the plan formulation studies in which evaluation are made to test whether the inclusion of more than one project function is economically justified.
这是由规划制定研究所决定的，对此工程包含一个以上功能在经济上是否合理作出评价
5.Consideration will also have been given to whether one site, or set of sites, would have important and possibly overriding advantages or disadvantages to the next-best available alternative from environmental impact standpoints.
从环境影响的立场，我们也必须考虑到，是否一个坝址或一系列坝址，有比仅次于最好的可选坝址有更重要的和可能首要的利弊。

6.The amounts of active storage capacity will have been selected by the plan formulation procedures whereby costs and accomplishments are estimated for a range of reservoir sizes, benefit values assigned to the different kind and variable amounts of accomplishments, and comparative economic evaluations made for the range of reservoir sizes.
有效库容的大小是依据规划制定步骤得出的，由此，可对如下几项的费用和实效进行评价：一定范围水库尺寸、由于不同种类和不同数量实效所带来的效益值，以及该水库尺寸范围的可比较的经济评估。

7.efore beginning the field investigation, a thorough search should be made for available information relating to the stream and to the area under consideration including a variety of maps, air photos, and reports.
在开始现场调查之前，应该对与河流和研究区域相关的可用资料，作彻底的搜查，包括各类地图、航片和报告。

8.The agricultural soil survey maps and reports are surficial and intended for agricultural interests. These maps and reports are of value to the engineer because such items as soil profile descriptions, ground surface conditions, natural vegetation, drainage, meteorological data, flood danger, and similar data are included.
农业土壤勘测地图和报告是粗浅的、供农业利益服务的。

这些地图和报告对工程师来说是有价值的，因为这些条款如：土壤剖面描绘、地表条件、天然植被、排水系统、气象数据、洪灾，和其它类似信息都包含在内。

9.At this stage of investigation, field studies, including geologic mapping or the checking of existing geologic maps, should be completed for the more promising areas. Limited sampling of selected areas and preliminary testing will provide more reliable data on the area. New estimates of the volume of material available in the area should be based on the additional data collected since the initial reconnaissance.
在这个调研阶段，现场研究，包括绘地质图或校核现有地质图，应该针对更合适的区域完成。

所选区域的有限的取样和初步的测试，将提供该地区更可靠的数据。

对该地区材料储量的新的评估，应该建立在自最初勘测以来，收集的附加数据的基础之上。

10.They should record the usual geologic and soils descriptions, and their observations are of great importance during drilling and sampling; for example, notes an organic material, moisture content, water levels, degree of cementation and uniformity of the materials.
他们应该记录一般性的地质情况和土质特性，钻孔和取样过程中，他们的观察是很重要的。

比如，记录有机材料、含水量、水位、胶结程度和材料的均匀性。

11.Today the planning, design, construction, and operation of dams frequently involves the services of geophysicists, seismologists, earthquake engineers, and legal experts in addition to geologists and engineers experienced in soils and rock mechanics.
今天，大坝的规划、设计、施工和运行，除了需要在岩土力学方面富有经验的地质学家和工程师外，常常还需要地球物理学家、地震学家、地震工程师和法律专家的帮助
12.he most significant geologic hazards include landslides, earthquakes, land subsidence, leakage through points or erodible formations and the presence in critical locations of liquefiable sediments. The case histories of dam and reservoir failures include reviews of catastrophes（灾难）attributable to each of these hazards.
最严重的地质危险包括滑坡、地震、大地沉降、通过某些点或易受侵蚀的岩层的渗漏，以及在关键位置的易液化沉积物的存在。

大坝和水库失事的案例历史，包括可归因于每次危害的灾难评论。

13.A sufficient preliminary investigation should include a canvass（详细调查）of the literature for reports, maps, and photos, a reconnaissance（勘查）of the project area to detect geologic conditions which could affect project feasibility, the geologic mapping of the dam and reservoir site, as well as the location of sources of construction materials.
一个充分的初步调研应该包括：一个对文献的详细调查，以获取报告、地图和照片；一个对工程区域的查勘，以探测可能影响工程可行性的地质条件、大坝和水库地址的地质绘图、以及建筑材料来源的定位14.All available geologic and topographic maps, photographs of the site area, and data from field examinations of natural outcrops, road cuts, and other surface conditions should be utilized in the selection of the site and preliminary evaluation of the foundation.
所有可用的地质和地形图、坝址区照片、和来自于对天然露头、道路切口和其他表面条件的现场检查的数据，应当被用于坝址的选择和地基的初步评价。

15. The data collection continues on a more detailed basis through the design phase. Data are also collected continuously during construction as the foundation is exposed, to correlate with previously obtained information and to evaluate the possible need for design changes.
贯穿于设计阶段，数据收集在一个更加细致的基础上继续进行。

随着基础的揭露，施工中也要持续地收集数据，以与先前获得的资料相对照，并评价对设计进行更改的可能需要。

16.As-built geology drawings should be developed even though revisions in design may not be required by changed geologic conditions, since operation and maintenance problems requiring detailed foundation information may develop.
尽管地质条件的改变不要求设计上的修订，也应该完善竣工地形图，因为在工程的运行和维护中，可能会滋生需要详细的地基资料才能解决的问题。

17.However, there are certain general similarities which permit presentation of types of designs, for example, the earth dam can be further classified into three basic types according to the location of impervious zone: homogeneous dam, central core dam, inclined core dam.
然而，有某些一般的类似性，这些类似性规定了所设计坝型的表现形式，例如，根据防渗区的位置，土坝可以进一步分为三种基本形式：均质坝、心墙坝、斜墙坝。

18.Seepage through the dam, foundation and abutment must not exert excessive forces which will result in instability of the dam or abutments while piping, if not controlled, will eventually result in the release of the pool 通过坝体、地基和坝肩的渗流不应该产生过度的渗透压力，当发生管涌时，那会导致坝体或坝肩的失稳，如果不被控制，最终将导致水库的宣泄
19.The top of the dam must be high enough to allow for settlement of the dam and foundation and also to provide sufficient freeboard to prevent waves from a maximum pool from overtopping the dam;
考虑到大坝和地基的沉降，也为了提供足够的安全超高来防止最大库容时的水浪发生漫坝，坝顶必须足够高。

20.Alignment. The alignment of an earth dam should be such as to minimize construction costs but such alignment should not be such as to encourage sliding or cracking of the dam? Normally the shortest straight line across the valley will be satisfactory, but local topographic and foundation conditions may dictate otherwise.
定线。

土坝的定线应尽量使建设费用降到最少，但也不应因此导致坝体滑坡或开裂。

通常横跨河谷的最短直线是满足要求的。

但是，当地的地形和地基条件可能要求采用另外的方案。

21.f the upstream cofferdam top is wide, or if a significant part of the closure has been constructed and a danger of overtopping exists, then consideration should be given to using the part of the downstream fill as a temporary source of borrow to quickly raise the cofferdam.
如果上游围堰堰顶较宽或大部分接缝已建成且存在漫顶的危险,那么应考虑把部分下游填土用作临时取土源，以便迅速提高围堰
22.The upstream dry rubble masonry or placed-rock zone is no longer used. The upstream slopes are constructed at or about the normal angle of repose of the rock, and a compacted bedding layer of small rock is placed on the upstream face to support the facing.
上游干性毛石圬工或干砌块石区已不再采用。

上游坡度按照岩石休止法向角施工，而且在上游面放置一层小石夯实垫层以支撑面板。

23.The concrete facing was slip formed in panels 12.2 m wide with horizontal contraction joints except near the periphery where intermediate vertical joints, terminating in horizontal contraction joints, were introduced to control cracking of the slab in zones where horizontal tensile strains were expected.
混凝土面板采用滑模施工，面板宽度为12.2m，设有水平收缩缝，在周边缝附近不设水平伸缩缝，而设置延伸至水平伸缩缝为止的中间垂直缝，以控制可能出现水平拉应变的区域内的面板开裂。

24.A profile is a developed elevation of the intersection of a dam with the original ground surface, rock surface, or excavated surface along the axis of the dam, the upstream face, the downstream face, or other designated location. 剖面图是沿着坝轴线、上游面、下游面或者其他指定位置展开的大坝与原地面、岩层面或开挖面相交的正视图。

25.A basic philosophy of concrete dam design is that dams should be designed according to rational and consistent criteria to ensure safe, economical, functional, durable, and easily maintained structures.
混凝土坝设计的基本定律是：大坝设计按照合理、可靠的原则，确保结构的安全性、经济合理性、实用性和耐久性，并且便于维护。

26.Concrete Properties. The concrete properties which must be accurately determined include compressive, tensile, and shear strength; the instantaneous and sustained modulus of elasticity; Poisson' s ratio; and coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and diffusivity. These properties are determined by laboratory tests of the design concrete mix.
混凝土特性。

必须精确确定的混凝土特性包括：抗压、抗拉和抗剪强度、瞬时和长期弹性模量、泊松比、热膨胀系数、热传导系数、比热以及扩散系数。

这些特性指标都是在实验室对混凝土拌合物进行测试得出27.The factor of safety against sliding on any plane of weakness within the foundation is also assessed using the shear-friction and its value should be not less than 4.0, 2.7 and 1.3 for the Usual, Unusual, and Extreme Loading
Combinations, respectively.
地基内软弱面上抗滑稳定分析，也采用抗剪断安全系数来评价。

对于正常组合、非正常组合及特殊组合，其值分别不应小于为4.0、2.7和1.3。

28.To produce a satisfactory design, the engineer conceives and constructs a design layout, makes a stress analysis for the design, reviews the results to determine appropriate changes in the design shape which will improve the stress distributions, and draws a new design layout incorporating the changes.
为完成一个令人满意的设计，工程师构思并拟定一个设计布置方案，对该设计进行应力分析，评价结果，以确定对设计外形进行适当的改变，来改善应力分布，并画出改变后的新的设计布置图
29.The largest central angle practicable should be used, and consideration given to the fact that the bedrock topography may be inaccurately mapped and the arch abutments may need to be extended to points of somewhat deeper excavation than originally planned.
应采用实际最大的中心角，同时还应考虑到这样一个事实：基岩地形图的绘制可能会不精确，拱坝坝肩可能需要延长到比最初计划的还要深点的地方。

30.To ensure that the dam is smooth in both the horizontal and vertical directions, the arch radii centers must lie along the reference plane in plan and be connected by smooth continuous curves in elevation called lines of centers.
为了确保坝体在水平和垂直方向都是光滑的，所有拱圈的半径中心在平面上必须沿着基准面排列，并且沿高程方向上用光滑连续的曲线连接，称之为中心线。

31.Gravity dams can be analyzed by the Gravity Methods, Trial-load Twist（扭曲）Analysis, or the Beam and Cantilever Method, depending upon the configuration of the dam, continuity between the blocks, and the degree of refinement required.
按大坝结构、坝段的连续性以及需要精化的程度，重力坝的分析方法有：重力法、试载扭曲分析、梁与悬臂梁分析。

32The method provide a direct method of calculating stresses at any point within the boundaries of a transverse section of a gravity dam, and the results are substantially correct, except for horizontal planes near the base of the dam where the foundation yielding affects the stress distributions.
这种方法，可以直接计算出重力坝横断面边缘范围内任意点的应力，并且有足够的准确性，除了在靠近坝基的水平面上，因为地基的沉陷影响了该处的应力分布。

33.A factor of safety for overturning is not usually tabulated（列表）with other stability factors. Before bodily overturning of a gravity dam can take place, other failures may occur such as crushing of the toe material and cracking of the upstream material with accompanying increases in uplift pressure and reduction of the shear resistance.
抗倾覆安全系数，一般不和其他稳定系数一起列表给出。

因为在重力坝整体倾覆能发生之前，其他的破坏可能发生，如：随着扬压力的增加和抵抗剪力的降低，坝趾材料的压碎和上游材料的开裂。

34.Because of their oscillatory（振动的）nature, earthquake forces are not considered as contributing to the overturning tendency. A factor of safety for overturning may be calculated if desired by dividing the total resisting moments by the total moments tending to cause overturning about the downstream toe.
由于地震振动的特性，地震荷载不作为导致大坝倾覆趋势的因素来考虑。

理想情况下，抗倾覆安全系数可以按如下方法计算：即，以下游坝趾为转轴，总的阻滑力矩除以引起倾覆的总力矩。