CAD多通道混频器电路设计

CAD多通道混频器电路设计
摘要
随着时代的进步以及新技术、新材料的出现，电子工业技术得到了蓬勃的发展，大规模、超大规模的集成电路不断出现并越来越复杂，像以往单一靠手工绘图已不可能，这就促进了计算机辅助设计和绘图的发展，protel正是在这样的环境和背景下产生的。

Protel DXP以其界面的友好、直观和用户操作的便利，成为世界范围内应用于电子线路设计与印制电路板设计方面最流行的软件。

混频是一种频率变换过程，是将信号从某一频率变换为另一频率，把已调制信号(调幅波或调频波)的载波频率从高频变换成固定的中频。

设计的混频器电路，带有8个输入通道，2个输出通道，利用多通道设计方法，子图上建立一个输入通道，一个输出通道。

本论文介绍了应用Protel DXP设计多通道混频器电路的方法，采用自顶向下的层次原理图的设计方法来进行设计。

关键词:Protel DXP，多通道混频器电路，自顶向下，层次原理图
目录
1. 设计要求 (3)
1.1. 课题的内容和要求.........................................错
误～未定义书签。

1
1.2. 方案的分析与选取.........................................1 2. 系统总体设计.. (1)
2.1. 系统总体设计方案 (1)
2.2. 层次原理图的设计 (2)
2.3. 多通道的设计.............................................2 3. 系统详细设计.. (4)
3.1. 原理图总图 (4)
3.2. 子图模块的设计 (5)
3.2.1. 电源电路系统模块的设计 (5)
3.2.2. 接收器电路系统模块的设计 (6)
3.2.3. 信号输入信道系统模块的设计 (6)
3.2.4. 信号输出信道与LED电平指示系统模块的设计 (7)
3.2.5. 监控器电路系统模块的设计 (7)
3.2.6. 混频器电路系统模块的设计 (8)
3.2.7. 带通滤波器电路系统模块的设计 (8)
3.3. 报表生成 (9)
3.3.1.网络表文件 (9)
3.3.2 原理图报表(元器件清单) (9)
3.4. 印刷电路板的绘制 (24)
3.4.1 电路板的规划 (24)
3.4.2 使用设计同步器向PCB传递设计信息 (24)
3.4.3 元件的自动布局及手工调整 (24)
3.4.4 元件的自动布线 (24)
3.4.4.1 多通道在PCB的布线 (24)
3.4.5 元件标注及边框的调整 (26)
3.4.6 覆铜 (28)
3.4.7 建立项目元件库 (28)
4. 主要问题及解决办法 (28)
5. 收获与体会 (28)
6. 参考文献 (29)
1. 设计要求
1.1. 课题的内容和要求
混频是一种频率变换过程，是将信号从某一频率变换为另一频率，把已调制信号(调幅波或调频波)的载波频率从高频变换成固定的中频。

设计的混频器电路，带有8个输入通道，2个输出通道。

利用多通道设计方法，子图上建立一个输入通道，一个输出通道。

1.2. 方案的分析与选取
方案一:在整张图纸上设计出所有电路，但如果在大规模设计中将原理图绘制在同一张图纸上，那么该原理图将显得臃肿、庞杂，检测和修改起来
相当困难，交给其他设计者则难以读懂，从而造成设计交流的困难。

方案二:采用层次原理图的设计方法完成原理图的设计。

采用层次化设计后，原理图按照某种标准划分为若干功能部分，分别绘制在多张原理图纸
上形成子图，同时，这些子图由一张主图来说明它们之间的联系，各
张子图与主图及各张子图之间是通过输入/输出端口或网络标号建立
起电气连接，这样有效地解决了方案一所面临的问题。

所以本设计将采取方案二的层次原理图的设计方法。

2. 系统总体设计
2.1. 系统总体设计方案
整个系统由电源电路系统、接收器电路系统、信号输入信道系统、信号输出信道与LED电平指示系统、监控器电路系统、混频器电路系统、带通滤波器电路系统一共7个系统模块所组成。

1
2.2. 层次原理图的设计
本设计采用自顶而下的层次原理图的设计方法，由电路方块图生成基本模块的电路原理图。

如下图1
图1 自顶向下的设计流程图
2.3. 多通道的设计
所谓多通道设计其实就是对同一个通道(子图)的多次引用。

PROTEL DXP支持多通道设计。

多通道设计可以大大提高设计效率，节省重复画图和布线的时间。

画原理图时，通过Repeat命令复制子图。

PCB布线时，通过ROOM格式来复制已有的布线格式。

(1) 画出需要重复的子图。

(2) 在顶层原理图里放置这个子图生成的Symbol，如图2
2
图2
(3) 修改这个Symbol的属性，标志符为:Repeat(原理图元件标志符，第一个通道，最后一个通道)，原理图元件标志符应尽量简单，因为当项目被编译时，原理图元件标志符会自动加到各元件名字后面，如
R3--->R3_MC1，如下图3所示:
3
图3 改后的Symbol的属性
(4)修改PORT的名字，如下图4:
图4
(5)在顶层原理图中利用总线和标签来连线。

(6)编译PCB工程。

3. 系统详细设计
3.1. 原理图总图
4
图5 多通道混频器电路总图
3.2. 子图模块的设计
3.2.1. 电源电路系统模块的设计
电路板工作电压为直流+15伏和-15伏，包含有稳压和滤波部分的设计，如图6。

图6 电源电路系统
5
3.2.2. 接收器电路系统模块的设计
由一级集成运算放大电路和一级功率放大电路组成，如图7
图7 接收器电路系统
3.2.3. 信号输入信道系统模块的设计
主要由多级集成运算放大电路组成，如图8
图8 信号输入信道系统
6
3.2.
4. 信号输出信道与LED电平指示系统模块的设计
由三级集成运算放大电路和显示电路组成，如图9
图9 信号输出信道与LED电平指示系统
3.2.5. 监控器电路系统模块的设计
由一级电压跟随器和一级集成运算放大电路组成，如图10
图10 监控器电路系统
7
3.2.6. 混频器电路系统模块的设计
由两级集成运算放大电路组成，如图11
图11 混频器电路系统
3.2.7. 带通滤波器电路系统模块的设计
由两级集成运算放大电路组成，如图12
图12 带通滤波器电路系统
8
3.3. 报表生成
3.3.1 网络表文件
执行“Design ? Netlist ? Protel”命令，将生成所需的网络表文件。

3.3.2 原理图报表(元器件清单)
打开原理图文件，执行“Rport?Bill of Materials”命令，将生成原理图的元器件清单。

如下表
Quan
Description Designator Footprint LibRef tity Capacitor C1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C7_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C8_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C9_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C10_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1
Capacitor C10_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C10_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C10_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C10_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C10_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C10_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C10_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C11 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C12 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C13_COUT1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C13_COUT2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C14_COUT1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C14_COUT2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C15 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C15_COUT1 CAPR5-4X5
Cap2 1 Capacitor C15_COUT2 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN1 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN2 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN3 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN4 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN5 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN6 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN7 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C16_CIN8 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN1 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN2 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN3 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN4 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN5 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN6 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN7 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C18_CIN8 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C19 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C20 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Polarized Capacitor (Surface Mount) C21 CC2012-0805 Cap Pol3 1 Capacitor C23_COUT1 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor
C23_COUT2 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C24 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor
C25_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C25_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor
C25_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C25_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor
C25_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1
Capacitor C25_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C25_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C25_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C26_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C27_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C27_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C27_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C27_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C27_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C27_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C27_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1
Capacitor C27_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C28_COUT1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C28_COUT2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C29_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C30_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C31_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C31_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C31_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C31_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C31_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C31_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1
Capacitor C31_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C31_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C32_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN3 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN4 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN5 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN6 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN7 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C33_CIN8 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C34 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C35 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor
C35_COUT1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C35_COUT2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C37
RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C38 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C39_COUT1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C39_COUT2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C40_COUT1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C40_COUT2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C41 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C42 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C43 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C44 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Polarized Capacitor (Surface Mount) C45 CC2012-0805 Cap Pol3 1 Polarized Capacitor (Surface Mount) C46 CC2012-0805 Cap Pol3 1 Polarized Capacitor (Surface Mount) C47 CC2012-0805 Cap Pol3 1 Polarized Capacitor (Surface Mount) C48 CC2012-0805 Cap Pol3 1 Capacitor C49_COUT1 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C49_COUT2 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor
C50_COUT1 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C50_COUT2 CAPR5-4X5 Cap2 1 Capacitor C51_COUT1 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 Capacitor C51_COUT2 RAD-0.3 Cap 1 High Conductance Fast Diode D1 DIO7.1-3.9x1.9 Diode 1N914 1
High Conductance Fast Diode D2 DIO7.1-3.9x1.9 Diode 1N914 1
DIO10.46-5.3x2
1 Amp General Purpose Rectifier D3 .8 Diode 1N4004 1
DIO10.46-5.3x2
1 Amp General Purpose Rectifier D4 .8 Diode 1N4004 1
DIO10.46-5.3x2
1 Amp General Purpose Rectifier D5 .8 Diode 1N4004 1
DIO10.46-5.3x2
1 Amp General Purpose Rectifier D6 .8 Diode 1N4004 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS1_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED
DS1_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS2_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS2_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs
LED DS3_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS3_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS4_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS4_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS5_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS5_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS6_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED
DS6_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS7_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS7_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS8_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS8_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS9_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS9_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS10_COUT1 LED-0 LED0 1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED DS10_COUT2 LED-0 LED0 1 Fuse F1 PIN-W2/E2.8 Fuse 2 1 RCA Phono Jack, Right Angle,
Thru-Hole, Snap-In Headphone RCA/4.5-H2 RCA 1 RCA Phono Jack, Right Angle,
Thru-Hole, Snap-In J1 RCA/4.5-H2 RCA 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60 320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN1 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN2 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN3 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1
IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN4 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN5 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN6 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN7 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J2_CIN8 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J3_COUT1 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 IEC Mains Power Outlet, EN60
320-2-2 F Class I, PC Flange Rear
Mount, Chassis Socket J3_COUT2 IEC7-2H3 Plug AC Female 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit
(Non-Normalling) J4_CIN1 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit
(Non-Normalling) J4_CIN2 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit
(Non-Normalling) J4_CIN3 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit
(Non-Normalling) J4_CIN4 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit
(Non-Normalling) J4_CIN5 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit
(Non-Normalling) J4_CIN6 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit
(Non-Normalling) J4_CIN7 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 Jack Socket, 1/4" [6.5mm], Thru-Hole,
Vertical, 3-Conductor Open Circuit J4_CIN8 JACK/6-V3 Phonejack3 1 (Non-Normalling)
RCA Phono Jack, Right Angle,
Thru-Hole, Snap-In J5 RCA/4.5-H2 RCA 1 RCA Phono Jack, Right Angle, Thru-Hole, Snap-In J6 RCA/4.5-H2 RCA 1 Header, 3-Pin, Right Angle J8 HDR1X3H Header 3H 1 Amplifier Transistor NPN Silicon Q1 29-04 BC338-25 1
Amplifier Transistor PNP Silicon Q2 29-04 BC328-25 1 Resistor R1 AXIAL-
0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R3_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1
1 Resistor R3_CIN
2 AXIAL-0.
3 Res1 1 Resistor R3_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R3_CIN
4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R3_CIN
5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R3_CIN
6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R3_CIN
7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R3_CIN
8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R4_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R4_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R4_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R4_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R4_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R4_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R4_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R4_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R5_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R6_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Thermistor R7 R2012-0805 Res Thermal 1
Resistor R8_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R8_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R9 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R10 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R11_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R11_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R11_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R11_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R11_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R11_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R11_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R11_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R12_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R12_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R12_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R12_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R12_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R12_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R12_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R12_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R13 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R14 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R15_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R15_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R16 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R17 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R18 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R19 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R20_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R21_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R22_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R23_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R23_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R23_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R23_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R23_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R23_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R23_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1
Resistor R23_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R24 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R25_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R25_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R25_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R25_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R25_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R25_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R25_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R25_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R26_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R27_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R27_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R27_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R27_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R27_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R27_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R27_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R27_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R28_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1
Resistor R28_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R28_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R28_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R28_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R28_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R28_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R28_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R29 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R30 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R31 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R32 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R33 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R34 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R35 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R36 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R37_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R37_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R38_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R38_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R39 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R40_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1
Resistor R40_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R40_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R40_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R40_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R40_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R40_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R40_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R41_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R42_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R42_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R43_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R43_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R43_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R43_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R43_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R43_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R43_CIN7 C1608-0603
Res3 1 Resistor R43_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R44_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R44_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R45_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R45_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R45_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R45_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R45_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R45_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R45_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R45_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R46_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN5 C1608-0603
Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R47_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R48_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R49_CIN1 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R49_CIN2 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R49_CIN3 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R49_CIN4 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R49_CIN5 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R49_CIN6 C1608-0603 Res3 1
Resistor R49_CIN7 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R49_CIN8 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R50_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R50_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R50_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R50_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R50_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R50_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R50_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R50_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN3 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN4 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN5 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN6 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN7 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R51_CIN8 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Thermistor R52 R2012-0805 Res Thermal 1 Resistor R53 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R54 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R55_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R55_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R56_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R56_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R57 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R58 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Semiconductor Resistor R59 AXIAL-0.5 Res Semi 1 Resistor R60_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R60_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3
Res1 1 Resistor R61 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R62 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R63_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R63_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R64_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R64_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R65_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R65_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R66 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R67 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R68 C1608-0603 Res3 1 Resistor R69_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor
R69_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1
Resistor R70_COUT1 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 Resistor R70_COUT2 AXIAL-0.3 Res1 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN1 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN2 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN3 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN4 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN5 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN6 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN7 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 SPDT Subminiature Toggle Switch,
Right Angle Mounting, Vertical
Actuation S1_CIN8 TL36WW15050 SW-SPDT 1 12 Way Switch S2 DIP-13(14) SW-12WAY 1 Single-Pole, Single-Throw Switch S3 SPST-2 SW-SPST 1 Center-Tapped Transformer (Coupled
Inductor Model) T1 TRF_5 Trans CT 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U1 MUA08A LM833MM 1 3-Terminal Low-Current Positive
Fixed Voltage Regulator U2 29-04 MC78L15ABP 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U2B_CIN1 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier
U2B_CIN2 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U2B_CIN3 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U2B_CIN4 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U2B_CIN5 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U2B_CIN6 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U2B_CIN7 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier
U2B_CIN8 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U3 N08E LM833N 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U4A_COUT1 N08E LM833N 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U4A_COUT2 N08E LM833N 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U5A_COUT1 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U5A_COUT2 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier
U5B_COUT1 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U5B_COUT2 M08A LM833M 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier U6_CIN1 N-8_A SSM2017P 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier U6_CIN2 N-8_A SSM2017P 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier U6_CIN3 N-8_A SSM2017P 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier U6_CIN4 N-8_A SSM2017P 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier U6_CIN5 N-8_A SSM2017P 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier
U6_CIN6 N-8_A SSM2017P 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier U6_CIN7 N-
8_A SSM2017P 1 Self-Contained Audio Pre-Amplifier U6_CIN8 N-8_A SSM2017P 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational
Amplifier U7_CIN1 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational Amplifier U7_CIN2 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational Amplifier U7_CIN3 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational Amplifier U7_CIN4 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational Amplifier U7_CIN5 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational Amplifier U7_CIN6 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational Amplifier U7_CIN7 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Low-Noise, Precision Operational Amplifier U7_CIN8 H-08A OP27CJ 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U8 N08E LM833N 1 Low-Noise JFET-Input Operational
Amplifier U9 D008 TL071D 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U9A_CIN1 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U9A_CIN2 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U9A_CIN3 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U9A_CIN4 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U9A_CIN5 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier
U9A_CIN6 M08A LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U9A_CIN7 M08A
LM833M 1 Dual Audio Operational Amplifier U9A_CIN8 M08A LM833M 1 Three-Terminal Low-Current
Negative Fixed Voltage Regulator U11 29-04 MC79L15ABP 1 Dot/Bar Display Driver U12_COUT1 N18A LM3915N 1
Dot/Bar Display Driver U12_COUT2 N18A LM3915N 1 Potentiometer VR1
VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN1 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN2 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN3 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN4 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN5 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN6 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN7 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR2_CIN8 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN1 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN2 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN3 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN4 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN5 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN6 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN7 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR3_CIN8 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN1 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN2 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN3 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN4 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN5 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN6 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN7 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR4_CIN8 VR5 RPot 1 Square Trimming Potentiometer VR5 POT4MM-2 RPot SM 1 Square Trimming Potentiometer VR6 POT4MM-2 RPot SM 1 Potentiometer VR7_COUT1 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR7_COUT2 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR8 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN1 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN2 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN3 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN4 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN5 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN6 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN7 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR9_CIN8 VR5 RPot 1
Potentiometer VR10_CIN1 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR10_CIN2 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR10_CIN3 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR10_CIN4 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR10_CIN5 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR10_CIN6 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR10_CIN7 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR10_CIN8 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN1 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN2 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN3 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN4 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN5 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN6 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN7 VR5 RPot 1 Potentiometer VR11_CIN8 VR5 RPot 1
3.4. 印刷电路板的绘制
3.4.1 电路板的规划
2 确定一块16095.00*11010.00mil的印刷电路板。

3.4.2 使用设计同步器向PCB传递设计信息
在原理编辑器或在PCB编辑器中实现原理图向PCB板图的转化。

经检查元器件封装和网络都正确。

3.4.3 元件的自动布局及手工调整
网络表和元件封装装载入到印刷电路板编辑器，设置完自动布局规则后，接下来进行元器件的自动布局。

自动布局完成后，通过考虑“机械安装”、“电气性能”、“美观紧凑”这几方面的因素进行手工调整，最后调整印刷电路板的边框。

3.4.4 元件的自动布线
3.4.4.1 多通道在PCB的布线
(1)将元件导入到pcb文件。

(2)将其中的一个room如mc1拽到布线区域，然后将属于这个room的元件
布局到这个room中。

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(3)对room布线，如图13
图13 自动布线的room空间
(4)复制room空间格式，命令为:Design—rooms—Copy Room’s Formats，此时鼠标变成十字形，现点击源room，然后点击目标room，复制后的结
果如图14:
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图14 复制后的room空间
(5)最后将剩下的线布通。

3.4.5 元件标注及边框的调整
自动布线完成后，电路板上的元件的标注会显得十分杂乱，必须对其进行调整，通常将元件的标注放置在元件的正中间，并调整电路板的边框。

如图15所示:
26
图15 PCB总图
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3.4.6 覆铜
为增强电路板的抗干扰能力，可对整个电路板的接地网络进行覆铜。

3.4.7 建立项目元件库
将设计所用元件封装存入一个自己命名的元件库中。

4. 遇到的问题与解决方法
由于对Protel PXD软件掌握得不太熟悉，往往对软件的操作上不能应用自
如，常常做到某一步骤的时候翻阅课本或请教一下同学，尤其在绘制原理图的时候遇到一些难找的元器件。

但完成了所要求的设计后，进入仿真阶段，按照课本的步骤进行仿真，但不知什么原因结果仿真不出来，同时也不知到如何修改参数或其他的。

5. 收获与体会
经过这一次的课程设计，让我对Protel PXD软件比之前更加熟悉，懂得了理
论知识与实际结合是十分重要的，只有理论知识而不亲自动手来设计只是空谈，身为一个工科生不仅要掌握好理论知识，更重要的是把理论知识用到实际设计中去。

对于我们现在的水平，一个完整的设计完全不是我们自己一个人能够凭着自己的思维所设计的，而是要在网上还有图书馆搜索资料把别人的设计的精粹用到自己的课程设计中，从而变成自己的设计。

而在设计的过程中我们能学到平时在课堂上学不到的知识，同时对电子工程产生了浓厚的兴趣。

随着科技的发展以及生活的体会，我们都知道电子产业在当今经济社会占十分重要的地位，就凭我们现在的知识水平只是冰山一角，想要在电子领域有所成就，必须打好基础的同时还要不断地研究有关电路的知识，有了扎实的基础加上以后在社会的工作经验，相信我们以后能在电子领域有所发展。

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6.参考文献
[1] 王浩全、傅英明、洪华、龙怀冰.Protel DXP电路设计与制版实用教程[M].。