计算机专业英语第3章
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Reading Material ——Linux Operating System
Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvaids, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linux is an implementation of the Unix design philosophy, which means that it is a multi-user system. Linux is open. This means that all programmers and users can have access to the source code as well as the right to modify it.
5
OS design strongly depends on two factors: architectural features of the computer on which it operates, and features of its application domain. The dependence on these two factors poses obvious difficulties in using an OS on computers with different architectures and different application domains.
15
Reading Material ——Linux Operating System
Linux is available in several formats. In order to get a better understanding of the way your Linux system works, or how to customize it to suit your needs, you should read the HOWTO documents. Linux is one of the more stable operating systems available today.
7
Key Words
allot concurrently considerable constraint criteria critical domain embody entrust illusion integral mechanism 分配 同时发生地 相当的，重要的 强制，约束 标准 批评的，临界的 领域，范围 使具体化 信托，委托 幻影，幻想 整体的 机制，机理
12
Notes
[4] Both the partitioning and the pool-based allocation approaches can be used to manage the memory resource. 译文：资源分区和基于资源池的分配方式都适用于 存储器资源管理。 本句的主语是由并列的两部分组成，即“ Both the partitioning and the pool-based allocation approaches”， 并且用被动态表示客观性。
●
2
Main Contents of the Text
Introduction ● Resource allocation and related functions ● Control of I/O Operations ● OS structure
●
3
Resource allocation criteria depend on whether a resource is a system resource or a usercreated resource. Two popular strategies for resource allocation are:
10
Notes
[2] The processes appear to run simultaneously because the user’s sense of time is much slower than the processing speed of the computer. 译文：由于用户的时间感觉比计算机的处理速度要慢得多， 所以几个程序看起来是同时执行的。 本 句 中 由 “ because” 引 导 原 因 状 语 从 句 ， “ …much slower than…”是比较结构。6Fra bibliotek
In early operating systems, this approach faced several difficulties due to the monolithic structure of the OS. Thus, operating systems did not provide clean interfaces between the architecture specific and architecture independent parts of their code. Hence the total porting effort was determined by the total size of OS code, rather than by the size of its architecture specific part.
16
3.2 Data Structures
Data structures organize data in ways that make algorithms more efficient. For example, consider some of the ways we can organize data for searching it. ● Data structures provide a more understandable way to look at data; thus, they offer a level of abstraction in solving problems. ● Data structures are reusable because they tend to be modular and context-free. They are modular because each has a prescribed interface through which access to data stored in the data structure is restricted.
第3章 Software Knowledge
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Operating System Data Structures Programming Language 专业英语应用模块
1
3.1 Operating System
What exactly does an operating system do? Basically, it performs a number of support functions. ● All modern operating systems are multitasking and can run several processes simultaneously. In most computers there is only one CPU, so a multitasking operating system creates the illusion of several processes running simultaneously on the CPU. ● Operating systems can use virtual memory to run processes that require more main memory than is actually available. With this technique, space on the hard drive is used to mimic the extra memory needed.
8
Key Words
mimic monolithic partition perceive perceptible primitive privilege suspend undergo utilization 模拟，模仿 整体的，完全统一的 分割 感知，认知 可察觉的，感觉得到的 原始的，基本的 特权 暂停，挂起 经历 利用
9
Notes
[1] The most common mechanism used to create this illusion is time slice multitasking, whereby each process is run individually for a fixed period of time. 译文：产生这种错觉的最常用机制是时间分割多任务处理， 以每个过程各自运行固定的一段时间的方式来实现的。 过 去 分 词 短 语 used to create this illusion 作 定 语 ， 修 饰 mechanism ； 由 whereby 引 导 的 是 非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 。 whereby：by means of which，以…方式；凭借。
Partitioning of
resources; Allocation from a pool.
4
To facilitate execution of I/O operations, most operating systems have a standard set of control instructions to handle the processing of all input and output instructions. These standard instructions, referred to as the Input/Output Control System (IOCS), are an integral part of most operating systems. They simplify the means by which all programs being processed may undertake I/O operations.
13
Notes
[5] Taking advantage of this facility, data read from one location may be distributed throughout computerized system. 译文：利用这一功能，读自某一设备的数据 可以分布贯穿整个计算机处理系统。 现在分词短语Taking…做伴随状语；过去分词 短语read from one location作定语，修饰主语 data。
11
Notes
[3] Operating systems can use virtual memory to run processes that require more main memory than is actually available. 译文：实际可用空间不够时，为了运行那些需要更多主存储 空间的程序，操作系统可以利用虚拟存储器。 本句中，to run processes…到句末为目的状语；由that引导的 定语从句修饰和限定processes；than后面省略了主语that (that 意指main memory)。
Reading Material ——Linux Operating System
Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvaids, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linux is an implementation of the Unix design philosophy, which means that it is a multi-user system. Linux is open. This means that all programmers and users can have access to the source code as well as the right to modify it.
5
OS design strongly depends on two factors: architectural features of the computer on which it operates, and features of its application domain. The dependence on these two factors poses obvious difficulties in using an OS on computers with different architectures and different application domains.
15
Reading Material ——Linux Operating System
Linux is available in several formats. In order to get a better understanding of the way your Linux system works, or how to customize it to suit your needs, you should read the HOWTO documents. Linux is one of the more stable operating systems available today.
7
Key Words
allot concurrently considerable constraint criteria critical domain embody entrust illusion integral mechanism 分配 同时发生地 相当的，重要的 强制，约束 标准 批评的，临界的 领域，范围 使具体化 信托，委托 幻影，幻想 整体的 机制，机理
12
Notes
[4] Both the partitioning and the pool-based allocation approaches can be used to manage the memory resource. 译文：资源分区和基于资源池的分配方式都适用于 存储器资源管理。 本句的主语是由并列的两部分组成，即“ Both the partitioning and the pool-based allocation approaches”， 并且用被动态表示客观性。
●
2
Main Contents of the Text
Introduction ● Resource allocation and related functions ● Control of I/O Operations ● OS structure
●
3
Resource allocation criteria depend on whether a resource is a system resource or a usercreated resource. Two popular strategies for resource allocation are:
10
Notes
[2] The processes appear to run simultaneously because the user’s sense of time is much slower than the processing speed of the computer. 译文：由于用户的时间感觉比计算机的处理速度要慢得多， 所以几个程序看起来是同时执行的。 本 句 中 由 “ because” 引 导 原 因 状 语 从 句 ， “ …much slower than…”是比较结构。6Fra bibliotek
In early operating systems, this approach faced several difficulties due to the monolithic structure of the OS. Thus, operating systems did not provide clean interfaces between the architecture specific and architecture independent parts of their code. Hence the total porting effort was determined by the total size of OS code, rather than by the size of its architecture specific part.
16
3.2 Data Structures
Data structures organize data in ways that make algorithms more efficient. For example, consider some of the ways we can organize data for searching it. ● Data structures provide a more understandable way to look at data; thus, they offer a level of abstraction in solving problems. ● Data structures are reusable because they tend to be modular and context-free. They are modular because each has a prescribed interface through which access to data stored in the data structure is restricted.
第3章 Software Knowledge
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Operating System Data Structures Programming Language 专业英语应用模块
1
3.1 Operating System
What exactly does an operating system do? Basically, it performs a number of support functions. ● All modern operating systems are multitasking and can run several processes simultaneously. In most computers there is only one CPU, so a multitasking operating system creates the illusion of several processes running simultaneously on the CPU. ● Operating systems can use virtual memory to run processes that require more main memory than is actually available. With this technique, space on the hard drive is used to mimic the extra memory needed.
8
Key Words
mimic monolithic partition perceive perceptible primitive privilege suspend undergo utilization 模拟，模仿 整体的，完全统一的 分割 感知，认知 可察觉的，感觉得到的 原始的，基本的 特权 暂停，挂起 经历 利用
9
Notes
[1] The most common mechanism used to create this illusion is time slice multitasking, whereby each process is run individually for a fixed period of time. 译文：产生这种错觉的最常用机制是时间分割多任务处理， 以每个过程各自运行固定的一段时间的方式来实现的。 过 去 分 词 短 语 used to create this illusion 作 定 语 ， 修 饰 mechanism ； 由 whereby 引 导 的 是 非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 。 whereby：by means of which，以…方式；凭借。
Partitioning of
resources; Allocation from a pool.
4
To facilitate execution of I/O operations, most operating systems have a standard set of control instructions to handle the processing of all input and output instructions. These standard instructions, referred to as the Input/Output Control System (IOCS), are an integral part of most operating systems. They simplify the means by which all programs being processed may undertake I/O operations.
13
Notes
[5] Taking advantage of this facility, data read from one location may be distributed throughout computerized system. 译文：利用这一功能，读自某一设备的数据 可以分布贯穿整个计算机处理系统。 现在分词短语Taking…做伴随状语；过去分词 短语read from one location作定语，修饰主语 data。
11
Notes
[3] Operating systems can use virtual memory to run processes that require more main memory than is actually available. 译文：实际可用空间不够时，为了运行那些需要更多主存储 空间的程序，操作系统可以利用虚拟存储器。 本句中，to run processes…到句末为目的状语；由that引导的 定语从句修饰和限定processes；than后面省略了主语that (that 意指main memory)。