文体学Varieties of language部分
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And cutting across these social boundaries are differences in the ways of women and men, old and young. Each group tends to have its distinctive ways of speaking.
A variety which correlates with the various periods of the development of language is called TEMPORAL DIALECT.
Regional dialect
Language varies from region to region. Owing to the physical boundaries of oceans and mountains, people who live in different places tend to develop different speech patterns.
So there are individual, temporal, regional, social and standard varieties respectively.
DIATYPIC VARIETIES
commonly called REGISTERs
are language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put.
Ethnic varieties
Ethnic groups tend to develop and maintain distinctive speech ways of their own. Hence the rise of ethnic varieties.
This is especially true to BLACK ENGLISH. It is developed by the urban Black Americans in the US, and it is as rule-governed and systematic, as rich in its communicative expression and adaptability, as other varieties of English.
associated with different users of the language.
These are relatively permanent features of the language user in a speech event.
Users in a society can be defined in terms of their individual, temporal, regional, and social affiliations, and their range of intelligibility, etc.
Different socioeconomic status groups tend to show different patterns of characteristics in language use.
Typical example: William Labov (拉波夫), a famous sociolinguist conducted a survey at several departments in the City of New York in the middle of 1960s.
Individual dialect --- Idiolect
A specific person will display his or her own features of speech or writing habits.
The traits of speech or writing often point to a person’s individuality which leads to a person’s style.
In this way, registers may be distinguished according to field of discourse, mode of discourse, and tenor of discourse.
DIALECTS
individual dialect, temporal dialect regional dialect social dialect standard dialect
The constant features of the situational circumstances of speech events that can be consistently related to variations in language use fall into two main groups:
The most striking characteristics of Black English are:
1. Phonologically, it is most salient in frequent simplification of consonant cluster and deletion of the final stop consonant.
Such varieties do not depend on the people who use the language, but on the occasion when it is used.
Different types of language are selected as appropriate to different types of occasion.
That my book = That’s my book
The coffee be cold there = The coffee’s always cold there
Байду номын сангаас
one group relates to the relatively permanent characteristics of the user in speech events;
the other relates to the user’s use of language in such events;
That is to say social dialect can be classified as: Socioeconomic status varieties Ethnic varieties Gender varieties Age varieties
Socioeconomic status varieties
2. The characteristic use of verb be:
the omission of the contracted form in the present tense (‘s), and the use of be to express a habitual state of affairs and to show habitual action, as in:
Such variety is called REGIONAL DIALECT.
So far as the English speaking world is concerned, there are British English, American English, Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English, Canadian English, and other international varieties.
VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE
语言变体
Outline
Two kinds of varieties Dialects Registers The mutual dependence between register
and dialect The social meaning of language varieties
The objective of his survey was to examine the relationship between speakers’ social status and their phonological VARIATIONS.
调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的[r]音的 情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后[r]音的保留被认为是社会 中上层人士说话的标志。
This type of variety is called INDIVIDUAL DIALECT or IDIOLECT.
Temporal dialect
Language changes over times, and so description of the language at a given point of time is likely to give rise to a historical variety.
and they yield two main kinds of situational varieties: dialectal and diatypic.
DIALECTAL VARIETIES commonly called DIALECTs are language variations that are
Social Dialect
A variety associated with certain social group is referred to as SOCIAL DIALECT.
The social groups may identify themselves as separate socioeconomic classes or as ethnic groups.
The findings help explain the social basis for linguistic variation ---- even subtle differences in social stratification may be reflected in language use.
The choice is determined by the convention that a certain kind of language is appropriate to a certain use.
The occasion can be classified along three dimensions, each presenting an aspect of the situation and the part played by the language in them.
Two kinds of varieties
Modern linguistics has worked out a system of variety categories to help isolate these consistent relationships between:
particular features of language, and the particular situations in which they might possibly occur.
A variety which correlates with the various periods of the development of language is called TEMPORAL DIALECT.
Regional dialect
Language varies from region to region. Owing to the physical boundaries of oceans and mountains, people who live in different places tend to develop different speech patterns.
So there are individual, temporal, regional, social and standard varieties respectively.
DIATYPIC VARIETIES
commonly called REGISTERs
are language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put.
Ethnic varieties
Ethnic groups tend to develop and maintain distinctive speech ways of their own. Hence the rise of ethnic varieties.
This is especially true to BLACK ENGLISH. It is developed by the urban Black Americans in the US, and it is as rule-governed and systematic, as rich in its communicative expression and adaptability, as other varieties of English.
associated with different users of the language.
These are relatively permanent features of the language user in a speech event.
Users in a society can be defined in terms of their individual, temporal, regional, and social affiliations, and their range of intelligibility, etc.
Different socioeconomic status groups tend to show different patterns of characteristics in language use.
Typical example: William Labov (拉波夫), a famous sociolinguist conducted a survey at several departments in the City of New York in the middle of 1960s.
Individual dialect --- Idiolect
A specific person will display his or her own features of speech or writing habits.
The traits of speech or writing often point to a person’s individuality which leads to a person’s style.
In this way, registers may be distinguished according to field of discourse, mode of discourse, and tenor of discourse.
DIALECTS
individual dialect, temporal dialect regional dialect social dialect standard dialect
The constant features of the situational circumstances of speech events that can be consistently related to variations in language use fall into two main groups:
The most striking characteristics of Black English are:
1. Phonologically, it is most salient in frequent simplification of consonant cluster and deletion of the final stop consonant.
Such varieties do not depend on the people who use the language, but on the occasion when it is used.
Different types of language are selected as appropriate to different types of occasion.
That my book = That’s my book
The coffee be cold there = The coffee’s always cold there
Байду номын сангаас
one group relates to the relatively permanent characteristics of the user in speech events;
the other relates to the user’s use of language in such events;
That is to say social dialect can be classified as: Socioeconomic status varieties Ethnic varieties Gender varieties Age varieties
Socioeconomic status varieties
2. The characteristic use of verb be:
the omission of the contracted form in the present tense (‘s), and the use of be to express a habitual state of affairs and to show habitual action, as in:
Such variety is called REGIONAL DIALECT.
So far as the English speaking world is concerned, there are British English, American English, Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English, Canadian English, and other international varieties.
VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE
语言变体
Outline
Two kinds of varieties Dialects Registers The mutual dependence between register
and dialect The social meaning of language varieties
The objective of his survey was to examine the relationship between speakers’ social status and their phonological VARIATIONS.
调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的[r]音的 情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后[r]音的保留被认为是社会 中上层人士说话的标志。
This type of variety is called INDIVIDUAL DIALECT or IDIOLECT.
Temporal dialect
Language changes over times, and so description of the language at a given point of time is likely to give rise to a historical variety.
and they yield two main kinds of situational varieties: dialectal and diatypic.
DIALECTAL VARIETIES commonly called DIALECTs are language variations that are
Social Dialect
A variety associated with certain social group is referred to as SOCIAL DIALECT.
The social groups may identify themselves as separate socioeconomic classes or as ethnic groups.
The findings help explain the social basis for linguistic variation ---- even subtle differences in social stratification may be reflected in language use.
The choice is determined by the convention that a certain kind of language is appropriate to a certain use.
The occasion can be classified along three dimensions, each presenting an aspect of the situation and the part played by the language in them.
Two kinds of varieties
Modern linguistics has worked out a system of variety categories to help isolate these consistent relationships between:
particular features of language, and the particular situations in which they might possibly occur.