医学英语综合教程第四单元

医学英语综合教程第四单元
Unit 4 An introduction to Pathology
Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In clinical practice and medical In clinical practice and medical education, pathology also has a wider meaning: pathology constitutes a large body of scientific knowledge, ideas and investigative methods essential for the understanding and practice of modern medicine.
病理学是研究疾病的科学，在临床实践和医学教学中，病理学的含义更为广泛：病理学友一系列的知识、观点和研究方法构成，它们对理解现代医学及医学实践至关重要。

Pathology is not synonymous with the morphology of disease; this is an outmoded perception. Pathology includes knowledge and understanding of the functional and structural changes in disease, from the molecular level to the effects on the individual.
病理学不等同于疾病组织的形态学，把两者等同起来是一种过时的看法。

病理学包括对疾病功能及结构的认识和理解，从分子水平到对个体的影响。

Pathology is continually subjective to change, revision and expansion as the application of new scientific methods illuminates our knowledge of disease.
病理学是一门不断发展变化的学科，随着运用新的科学方法来阐述疾病知识，病理学也会不断地改变、更新和拓展。

The ultimate goal of pathology is the identification of the causes of the disease, a fundamental objective that leads the way to disease prevention.
病理学的根本目的在于明确疾病的病因，从而达到防治疾病的基本目标。

The scope of pathology病理学的范围
Pathology is the foundation of medical science and practice. Without pathology, the practice of medicine would be reduced to myths and folklore.
病理学是医学科学和实践的基础。

没有病理学，医学实践也将回到神话和民间传说。

Clinical and experimental pathology临床病理学和实验病理学Scientific knowledge about human disease is derives from observation on patients or, by analogy, from experimental studies on animals and cell culture. The greatest comes from the study in depth of tissue and body fluids from patients.
人们对人类疾病的科学知识来自于对病人的观察，或者通过类比的方法对实验动物和细胞培养的实验性研究。

最大的贡献来自于病人组织和体液的深入研究。

Clinical pathology临床病理学
C linical medicine is based on a longitudinal approach to patient’s illness –the patient’s history, the examination and investigation and the treatment. Clinical pathology is more concerned with a cross-sectional analysis at the level of the disease itself, studied in
depth – the cause and mechanism of the disease, and the effects upon the various organs and systems of the body. These two perspectives are complementary and inseparable, clinical medicine cannot be practiced without an understanding of pathology; pathology is meaningless if it is bereft of implications.
临床医学对病人的疾病的纵向研究，即患者的病史,检查，问诊和治疗。

而临床病
理学更关注的是疾病本身的横向研究，深层次研究发病原因和机制，以及疾病对人体
各个器官和系统的影响。

这两方面相辅相成、不可分割。

不理解
病理学，临床医学无
从开展；而没有了临床意义，病理学也就失去了存在价值。

Experimental pathology实验病理学
Experimental pathology is the observation of the effects of the manipulations on experimental systems such as animal models of disease or cell cultures. Fortunately, advances in cell culture technology have reduced the usage of the laboratory animals in medical research and experimental pathology. However, it is extremely difficult to reproduce in cell cultures the physiological milieu that prevails in the intact human body.
实验病理学是一种对诸如疾病动物模型或细胞培养等实验系统的操作效果的观察。

幸运的是，细胞培养技术的进步，减少了在医学研究和实验病理学中对实验动物的使用。

然而，通过细胞培养复制完整机体中普遍存在的生理环境仍然是极其困难的。

【单元4后一篇】
Types of Breast Cancer乳腺癌的类型
The type or breast cancer you have helps determine the best approach to treating the disease Get the facts on types of breast cancer and how they
differ .Your doctor suspects that you have breast cancer. To confirm the diagnosis, a pathologist analyzes a tissue sample ( biopsy 活组织检查) taken from the lump or suspicious area in your breast. This will tell if you have cancer or some other. benign condition. if the biopsy does show cancer, the results provide your doctor with information about the type of breast cancer and help determine treatment options乳腺癌的类型可以帮助确定治疗疾病最有效的方法，知道乳腺癌的类型的事实以及如何
不同，当医生知道你患乳腺癌时，为了确诊，病理医师会分析取自于乳腺的瘤中或可
疑部分的活组织检查，这将告诉你是否患乳腺癌或其他一些良性
的情况。

如果活组织
检查确实显示为癌，这个结果会提供给医生关于乳腺癌类型的信息并且帮助确诊治疗
的选择。

The biopsy results appear on a pathology report, which provides detailed information including the type of breast cancer. if it's invasive or nonlnvasive, the tumor grade- how closely the cancer cells resemble normal tissue--if the cancer is sensitive to hormonal therapies and if it has too much of a protein called HER-2.
活组织检查结果显示在病理学报告中病理学报告提供了详细的信息，包括乳腺癌的类
型是否具有侵袭性，肿块级别-癌细胞与正常组织的相似度这个癌症是否对激素疗法敏感及它是否含有大量叫做HER—2的一种蛋白质。

Sophisticated lab tests can also analyze breast cancer tissue for molecular and genetic features of breast cancer cells. Understanding all these aspects of a cancer helps your doctor tailor your treatment plan
精细的实验室检查也可以分析乳腺癌组织来获得乳腺癌细胞的分子和基因特点，了解
了癌症的这些所有方面帮助医生制定治疗方案。

Common types of breast cancer乳腺癌类型
The most common types of breast cancer begin either in your breast s milk ducts (ductal carcinoma) or in the milk-producing 9lands (.lobular carcinoma) The point
origin is determined by the appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope .最
常见的乳腺癌的类型起源要么为乳腺的输入管（导管癌）要么为产乳的腺体（小叶癌）起源部位是由在显微镜下癌细胞的出现决定的。

In situ breast cancer乳腺原位癌
In situ ( noninvasive breast cancer refers to cancer in which the cells have
remained within their place of origin --they haven't spread to breast tissue around the
duct or lobule. The most common type of noninvasive breast cancer( 非侵袭性乳腺癌) is ductal carcinoma in situ( DCIS 乳腺亭管原位癌I . which is confined to the lining of the milk ducts. The abnormal cells haven't spread through the duet walls into surrounding breast tissue. With appropriate treatment. DCIS has an excellent Prognosis(预后).
乳腺原位（非浸润性）癌指的是细胞停留在他们起源部位的癌-癌细胞并没有扩散到导管或小叶周围的乳腺组织，非侵袭性乳腺癌最常见的类型是乳腺导管原位癌，他局限
于乳腺导管的上皮，异常细胞没有通过导管壁扩展到周围的乳腺组织，经过适当的治疗，DCIS有一个良好的预后。