瞬间动词变持续动词

延续性动词与终止性动词：动词按其动作发生的方式，动作发生过程的长短，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

延续性动词表示的动词是一种延续的动作，这种动词可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。

如：learn，work，stand，lie，know，walk，keep，have，wait，watch，sing，read，sleep，live终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词，表示的动作不能延续，即动作发生立即结束，产生某种结果。

在有了某种结果之后，就不能再继续下去。

如：leave，start，set out，arrive，reach，get to，begin，stop，shut，turn off，marry，put，put on，get up，wake，fall，join，receive，finish，end，complete，become，come，go，die，close，open，break，give，jump，buy，borrow等。

1．终止性动词的用法
1）终止性动词可用来表示某一动作的完成，因此可用于现在完成时。

如：The plane has arrived飞机到了。

I have finished my homework．我已完成了作业。

2）终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以其现在完成时（只限于肯定式）不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。

如：①他死了三年了。

误：He has died for three years．
②他来这儿三个月了。

误：he has come here for three months．
①②两句中的动词die和come都为终止性动词，它们可用于完成时，但不能同表示一段
时间的状语for three years ／months连用。

那这两句如何译成英语呢？我们可采用下列方法：
A．用能够表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。

如：①He has been dead for three years．
②He has been here for three months．
将短暂性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一段时间连用，其常用的方法有如下几种：基本变化规则
a)用延续性动词代替终止性动词
1、用have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry
2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die
4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up
6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
e) “ be＋名词”代终止性动词
join the Party ／League→be a Party ／League member，
go to school→be a student
join the army→be a soldier等。

f) “去掉短语中的短暂性动词”代终止性动词
get to know→know，come to work→work，
begin to study→study
put on →be on , turn on ---be on, turn off---be off go away---be away
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → hav e been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. havemarried → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
B．把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语，原动词的完成时改为过去时。

如：①He died three years ago．②He came here three months ago．
C．用“It is ／has been ＋一段时间＋since（一般过去时）”结构。

如：
①It is ／has been three years since he died．
②It is ／has been three months since he came here．
D．用“多长时间＋has passed ＋since（一般过去时）”结构。

如：
①Three years has passed since he died．
②Three months has passed since he came here．
3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已成为一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。

如：I haven't heard from him for two weeks．我已两个星期没收到他的信了
4）终止性动词的否定式同until一起连用，构成“not．．．until”结构，意为“直到……才……”，表示这个动作直到until所表达的时间到来时才发生。

如：We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops．直到雨停了我们才会去参观长城。

—When did you go to bed last night？昨晚你几点钟点上床睡觉的？
—I didn't go to bed until my father got home．直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡觉。

5）在while（表示“一段时间”）引导的从句中，不能用终止性动词，但when可以，因为when可表示“时间的点”，也可表示“一段时间”。

如：误：While I got to the village，it was dark．正：When I got to the village，it was dark．6）终止性动词肯定式的完成时不能和how long连用。

如:误：How long have you borrow the book？可改用延续性动词或与when连用的一般过去时。

正：How long have you kept the book？正：When did you borrow the book？
2．延续性动词的用法
1）延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时可以同一段时间状语连用。

如：I have waited for him for nearly two hours．我等他快两个小时了。

2）终止性动词不能和表一段时间的状语连用。

同样，延续性动词也不能和表示短暂时间的时间点连用。

如：误：It rained at eight yesterday morning．rain为延续性动词，而at eight是表示时间点的状语，显然矛盾。

如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的行为，可以借助come，get，begin 等终止性动词来表达。

上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning．
3）在until引导的时间状语从句中，若主句的谓语动词是持续性动词，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含义不同。

试比较She listened to the radio until her father came back．她一直听收音机到她父亲回来。

She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back．直到她父亲回来才听收音机。

【强化训练】
（1）My brother ____ the Youth League for two years．
A．has been in B．has entered C．has taken part in D．has joined in
⑵—____have you been away from home？—（I have been away from home）For five years．
A．How much B．What time C．How long D．When
（3）The meeting ____ for five hours．
A．has finished B．has ended C．has been over D．has stopped
（4）When Jack arrived，he and Mary______ for almost an hour．
A．had gone B．had set off C．had left D．had been away
（5）The baby ____ for eleven hours．
A．fell asleep B．has fallen asleep C．has got to sleep D．has been asleep
（6）While I ____ Beijing，it was raining very hard．
A．got to B．reached C．arrived in D．visited
（7）—How long have you ____ ？—Since two years ago．
A．fallen ill B．been ill C．left home D．married
（8）—What was the party like？—Wonderful．
（9）—It is weeks since he ____ ．—So it is．We'd better ask someone else to help us．A．fell ill B．was ill C．is ill D．has been ill
10）I'll lend you my book，but you can only＿＿it for three days．
A．borrow B．keep C．take D．got。