现代大学英语基础写作（下）笔记

现代大学英语基础写作（下）笔记
Writing
Unit 1 错误!未定义书签。

1. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2) 错误!未定义书签。

2. Coordination & Subordination (P12) 错误!未定义书签。

Coordination 错误!未定义书签。

Subordination 错误!未定义书签。

Unit 2 错误!未定义书签。

1. Decription (Places)(P21-22) 错误!未定义书签。

2. Parallelism (P31-32) 错误!未定义书签。

Unit 3 错误!未定义书签。

1. Narration (Objective Reports) (P42) 错误!未定义书签。

2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52) 错误!未定义书签。

Circumstances of using passive voice 错误!未定义书签。

Unit 4 错误!未定义书签。

1. Description: objects (P64) 错误!未定义书签。

2. Variety(多样性)（P76）错误!未定义书签。

Unit 5 错误!未定义书签。

1. Narration: chain of action (P82) 错误!未定义书签。

Showing &telling in narration 错误!未定义书签。

未教（P93）错误!未定义书签。

Unit 6 错误!未定义书签。

1. Description: People (P102) 错误!未定义书签。

2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明，简洁(打印) 错误!未定义书签。

Unit 7 错误!未定义书签。

1. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126) 错误!未定义书签。

Unit 8 错误!未定义书签。

1. Personal Letters (P150) 错误!未定义书签。

Unit 1
1. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2)
Types :personal experience/imaginative fiction/historical narrative
How to write:
①A topic sentence
②First person point of view
③In chronological order
④Using transitions
⑤Vivid details
2. Coordination & Subordination (P12)
Coordination
Definition :combine ideas/create equal emphasis
How to coordinate
Words &phases :
①A coordinating conjunction
②A pair of correlative conjunction
③In the same kind of grammatical construction
Clauses ①“,”+”fan boys”
②“;”+”conjunctive adverbs”(however) Coordination
Subordination
Definition :combine ideas/create unequal emphasis
How to subordinate
subordinate clauses :①Subordinating conjunction
②Relative pronouns Phrase or single words
Unit 2
1. Decription (Places)(P21-22)
Definition: a word picture
Types :◆objective: no any personal comment
◆Subjective: free to interpret details
Methods of organization:
①Using the sense (look ,smells ,sounds)
②Using the spatial order(空间顺序)
③Using chronological order
Tips :
On a dominant impression (主要印象)
Don’t use too many adjectives and adverbs
Precise nouns and vivid verbs
Don’t qualify every noun with adjective
2. Parallelism (P31-32)
Definition :
Express equally important ideas in the same grammatical form types :
①parallel words (gerund 动名词，nouns ,verbs)
②parallel phrases (prepositional phrases, verb phra ses)
③parallel clauses
Unit 3
Narration (Objective Reports) (P42)
Types ：First person :“I”
Third person: “he””she””they”
2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52)
Tips:
①replace the verb” be”
②Don’t overuse the pattern ”there be”
③Use the active voice instead of the passive voice(被动) Circumstances of using passive voice
①The performer of an action is unknown or too well-known
②Emphasize the recipient (接受者)
③You don’t want to mention the performer
Unit 4
1. Description: objects (P64)
Methods of organization:
①Usin g the sense (look ,smells ,sounds)
②Using the spatial order(空间顺序)
③Listing functions
④Using chronological order
Tips on how to describe an objects
how you got the object
Basic factual information(size, shape, texture<质地>) Useful features
Focus on the most important of the object
Why it is important
Your feeling (how you like it)
Variety(多样性)（P76）
How to use sentence variety
Vary sentence opening
Vary sentence structure
Invert sentence(倒装句) occasionally
Tips
Put a adverb before the subject
Put the verb or direct object before the subject
Begin with a prepositional phrase, or an infinitive phrase Unit 5
1. Narration: chain of action (P82)
Showing &telling in narration
Tell a story
Showing:
dramatizing a scene and creating a dialogue
Make it more vivid
Used in a short narrative relating a single event Telling :
summarizing what happened
Include a greater number of events and details
In longer narratives ,used along with “showing”
未教（P93）
Unit 6
1. Description: People (P102)
How to describe a person
Dominant impression approach (P22)
Select details but don’t give too much
Concrete vivid details
Don’t overload adj. adv.
More showing than telling
Use anecdotes（趣事)
Ways of organizing a descriptive essay about a person Focus on one feature or quality/use anecdotes Describes from appearance and personality
List a few characteristic features/explain briefly
2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明，简洁(打印)
Reduce long clauses to shorter phrases
Reduce phrases to single words
Avoid there be
Don’t overuse “very, really, totally and other modifiers”
Eg. Very tired exhausted/ really hungry famished
Replace redundant(多余的) expressions
the event that if/oval in shape oval
Remove nominalizations
Verb a/an noun verb
Eg. Give an analysis of analyze
Unit 7
1. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126)
Summary paragraphs
A typical paragraph:
develop an idea;
The topic sentence + supporting sentences
The summary paragraph:
Consist of simple facts or conclusions without explanation or evidence Basic structure of a historical narrative
Open with a brief introduction of the person or organization Provide a brief account of major phases/events, particularly turning points Conclude with a remark to summarize or to emphasize a specific point Unit 8
1. Personal Letters (P150)
Layout/Format
Date / salutation /body/closing/signature
Language
Simple, clear and straightforward sentence
Informal/colloquial words
Contractions
Linking words or phrases
Organization
Begin by asking how he/she is getting on/refer to current correspondence Talked your shared interests
State the purpose
End your letter with a friendly phrase of some kind。