高一英语Grammar The passive voice一周化沪教

照对市爱民阳光实验学校Grammar The passive voice一周强化
在前面，我们学习了被动语态的构成及根本用法。

今天，我们将继续学习它的义、构成及一些特殊用法。

一、义：被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。

e.g.Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些电脑在昨晚被盗了。

(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
在上面的文段里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调人们最关心的是事故的受害者a boy。

The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话那么说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁〔某个过路人？或肇事司机？〕送的不重要。

he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须罗嗦。

二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词〞构成。

人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。

现以do为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

1．一般式〔一般现在，一般过去，一般将来〕：am/ is/ are，was/ were, is going to be /will be +done
e.g.Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover.
环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。

2．进行时〔现在进行、过去进行〕：be(am/is/ are，was/were )＋being＋done e.g.The classroom is being cleaned.
3．完成时〔现在完成、过去完成〕：have/has, had＋been＋done
e.g.My homework has been finished.
All the repair work had been done by the end of last month.
4．情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be动词＋done
e.g.Young trees should be well looked after.
幼树苗必须得到精心的呵护。

Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
5．不式的被动语态：to be done
e.g.The work is asked to be done as soon as possible.
要求立即开始做那项工作。

三、使用被动语态注意的几点
1．带双宾语的主动结构的句子，变为被动语态结构时，只能将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍要保存。

如果保存的是间接宾语，要在间接宾语之前加上介词to或for。

如：
His father left him this house.
→He was left a house by his father.或This house was left (to) him by his father.
She teaches us English.
→ We are t aught English by her.或English is taught to us by her. 2．主动语态中的不带to的动词不式作宾补变为被动语态时，要加上不式符号to。

这类动词有hear, feel, help, listen to, look at, make, watch, observe, see, notice。

如：The boss made him work over twelve hours a day.
→He was made to work over twelve hours a day.
We saw him play football on the playground.
→He was seen to play football on the playground.
3．短语动词用于被动语态作为一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

如：The meeting has been put off.
This is a photo of the power station that has been set u p in my hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
4．不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die, disappear, end(vi.结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
5．有些及物动词和及物动词短语〔多表示“静态〞〕不能用于被动语态，常见的有have, cost, lack, last, own, hold, succeed in, belong to。

6．有些不及物动词以主动形式表示被动意义，常见的有cut, wash, write, sell。

如：
The cloth washes long.
这种布料耐洗。

The book sells well.
那书很畅销。

注意：当need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。

如：
Your hair wants cutting. (=Your hair wants to be cut)
你的头发该理了。

The floor requires washing. (= The floor requires to be washed).
地板需要冲洗。

The book is worth reading. (=The book is worthy to be read)
这本书值得一读。

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。

特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。

解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

判断以下句子的正误
1．物价上涨了
(×)The price has been risen.
(√)The price has risen.
(×)The price has raised.
(√)The price has been raised.
2．事故发生在上个星期。

(×)The accident was happened last week.
(√)The accident happened last week.
3．请坐下
(×)Please seat.
(√)Please be seated.
四、过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
1．系表结构中的过去分词是表示主语的特征或状态；而被动结构那么是表示主语是动作的承受者。

试比拟：
Our building is surrounded with the trees.〔系表〕
The film is usually showed on Sunday.〔被动〕
The windows are broken. We should mend them. 〔系表〕
There was a big storm last night and the windows were all broken. 〔被动〕
2．系表结构不能带有by引导的短语；而被动结构中可以用by引导的短语引出动作的执行者。

试比拟：
The book is well written. 〔系表〕
The book was written by Lu Xun.〔被动〕。