Motivation

Traditional Approach e.g.: Scientific Management
Human Relations Approach e.g.: Hawthorne studies
Human Resource Approach e.g.: Theory X and Y
Contemporary Approach
What are the major elements of Expectancy Theory? E P expectancy P O expectancy
Major Elements of Expectancy Theory
期望值(E) EP expectancy Probability that effort will lead to desired performance 效价(V) Valance (value of outcome)
Content Perspectives on Motivation
② Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Highly satisfied Area of satisfaction Motivators Achievement Recognition Responsibility Work itself Personal growth Motivators influence level of satisfaction
Punishment
Withdrawal of positive rewards
Schedules of Reinforcement • Timing for reinforcement is important • Continuous Reinforcement • Partial Reinforcement:
Contents of needs
Determined by experience
Relationship among needs
Process Perspectives on Motivation
① Equity Theory: A process theory that focuses on individuals’ perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to other. What are common results from the unequal treatment among people (employees)? 1. 2. 3. 4. Change inputs Change outcomes Distort perceptions Leave the job How should managers manage such situations?
Compare the similarity difference with ERG theory
Comments
① Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1. Low-order needs take priority – they must be satisfied before higher-order needs are activated. 2. Once a need is satisfied, it declines in importance and the next higher need is activated
Exercises
Manager’s Challenge
Why do Pfizer need to motivate its employees
What Can Motivate You
Money? Reward? Future Development? Anything else…
Different people are motivated by different things but definitely by something.
Comments
② Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
1. On the one hand, providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels. 2. On the other hand, recognition, challenge, and opportunities for personal growth are powerful motivators and will promote high satisfaction and performance
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
Area of dissatisfaction
Highly dissatisfied
Hygiene Factors Working condition Pay Security Company policy
Hygiene factors influence level of dissatisfaction
Case Study
Read the case of Vision Service Plan (VSP) on P703, the nation’s largest provider of eyecare benefits. Try to find out how it uses both hygiene factors and motivators to manage its employees.
LOGO
Motivation
Presented by Maggie On May 29 2012
Contents
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Why do people need to be motivated?
What is the concept of motivation? What approaches of motivation can be applied in organizations? (How to motivate people?) Job design for motivation
Contemporary Approach
Content Theories
• What do people need?
Things to motivate people
Process Theories
• How do people select behavior and determine if their needs choices are Ways (Process) successful? of motivating people
- Importance of goals for organization - People feel focus and compelled
How do goals increase motivation?
- Goal difficulty - Goal acceptance - Feedback
Comparison of Content Theories Models
Similarity/ Difference Hierarchy of needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ERG Theory Two-Factor Theory Acquired Needs Theory
Reinforcement Tools
Employee increases work rate
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
Slow work rate Supervisor requests faster work
Employee continues slow work
Reinforce –ment Theories
• How do people understand behavior and its consequences?
‘Carrot-andstick’ methods
Content Perspectives on Motivation
① Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
② Expectancy Theory: A process theory that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.
Keyword
Motivation
The arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.
:
Need Behavior Rewards
A simple model of motivation
Evolvement of Perspectives on Employee motivation
Effort
Performance
Outcome (Pay, recognition, etc.)
PO expectancy Probability that performance will produce desired outcome
期望理论
期望理论的基本描述：
激励力(M)=期望值(E) ×效价(V)
Practice: Equity Theory
Exercise:
1. Do you think people will equally distribute porridge as expected? 2. If no, what methods do you think can regulate people’s behavior? 3. Which solution is considered the fairest?
Reinforcement Perspective on Motivation
Reinforcement Theory: simply looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences. It focuses on changing or modifying the employees’ on-the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishment.
努力、绩效、奖赏
效价和期望值的不同结合会产生不同的激 励力量:
E E E E E 高 中 高 低 低 * * * * * V V V V V 高 中 低 高 低 = = = = = M M M M M 高 中 低 低 低
Goal Setting Theory
Goal Setting Theory: A motivation theory in which specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement. Why does goal setting increase motivation?
Case Study
Read the case of Google on P705. Try to find out how equity theory explains the success of a new motivational program at Google.
Process Perspectives on Motivation