Japanese Translator written test--only need to translate the first page
TRW Spec 204654 清洁度要求
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS ED TERS1.SCOPE (4)1.1S COPE (4)1.2P URPOSE (4)1.3O BJECTIVE (4)1.4P RODUCT C LASSES (4)1.4.1Class 1: Commercial Grade Electronic Products (4)1.4.2Class 2: General Automotive Electronic Products (4)1.4.3Class 3: Automotive Electronic Safety Products (4)1.5R ECOMMENDED S TANDARD N OTES (5)1.5.1Cleanliness per 204654 class <1,2,3>. (5)1.5.2Optional note modifiers <Wipe Test Required>, <Particulate Test Required>. (5)2.APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS (5)2.1TRW S PECIFICATIONS AND S TANDARDS (5)2.2I NDUSTRIAL S TANDARDS (5)2.3P RECEDENCE OF DOCUMENTS (5)Purchase Order (5)Procurement documents that reference this specification (5)This specification (5)Documents referenced herein (5)3.REQUIREMENTS (5)3.1G ENERAL R EQUIREMENTS (5)3.1.1Non-ionic Surface Contaminates and Particulates (5)3.1.2Ionic Surface Contaminates (5)3.1.3Ionic Ingredients / Contaminates (6)3.2T EST M ETHODS (6)3.2.1Non-ionic test method (6)3.2.1.1Wipe Test Method – Non particulate type contaminants. ( i.e. Oil, Grease, Flux, etc) (6)3.2.1.1.1Standard Viewing Conditions (6)3.2.1.1.2Acceptance Criteria (6)3.2.1.2Particle Contaminants Test Method (6)3.2.1.2.1Acceptance Criteria (7)3.2.2Ionic Test Method (7)3.2.2.1Ion Chromatography (7)3.2.2.2Alternative Test Method (7)3.2.3Test Specimen Definition (7)3.2.3.1Prototype or Production Printed Circuit Board (7)3.2.3.2Printed Circuit Board Mounted Electronic Component (7)3.2.3.3Electro-mechanical Component (8)3.2.3.4Mechanical Components (8)4.QUALIFICATION AND PROCESS MONITOR REQUIREMENTS (8)4.1I NITIAL Q UALIFICATION (8)4.2P ERIODIC C LEANLINESS T ESTING (8)4.2.1MSA Analysis (8)4.3P ROCESS C ONTROL (8)4.3.1Baseline Subtraction Correction (Class 1 and Class 2) (8)5.SUPPLIER REPORTING AND PACKAGING (9)5.1R EPORTING R EQUIREMENTS (9)5.2P ACKAGING R EQUIREMENTS (9)6.NOTES (9)6.1C LEANLINESS FACTORS (9)6.2E LECTROMECHANICAL C OMPONENTS (9)6.3M ETHANE S ULFONIC A CID (MSA) (9)7.ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS (11)7.1A LPHA O MEGAMETER 600SMD (11)7.1.1Test Apparatus and Materials (11)7.1.1.1Automated Resistivity of Solvent Extract Tester (11)7.1.1.1.1Approved Tester (11)7.1.1.1.2Tester Tools and Materials (11)7.1.1.1.3Extract solution (11)7.1.1.2Test Procedure (11)7.1.1.2.1Set-up (11)7.1.1.2.2Measurement – Static ROSE Tester Method (11)7.2A LPHA I ONOGRAPH 500 (12)7.2.1Test Apparatus and Materials (12)7.2.1.1Automated Resistivity of Solvent Extract Tester (12)7.2.1.1.1Approved Tester (12)7.2.1.1.2Tester Tools and Materials (12)7.2.1.1.3Extract solution (12)7.2.1.2Test Procedure (12)7.2.1.2.1Set-up (12)7.2.1.2.2Measurement – Dynamic ROSE Tester Method (12)7.3T REK/W ESTEK ICOM5000 (13)7.3.1Test Apparatus and Materials (13)7.3.1.1Automated Resistivity of Solvent Extract Tester (13)7.3.1.1.1Approved Tester (13)7.3.1.1.2Tester Tools and Materials (13)7.3.1.1.3Extract solution (13)7.3.1.2Test Procedure (13)7.3.1.2.1Set-up (13)7.3.1.2.2Measurement –Static ROSE Tester Method (13)1. SCOPE1.1 ScopeThis general specification sets forth TRW qualification and continuing cleanliness requirements forPrinted Circuit Boards, Electronic Components, Mounting Brackets, Cases and Housings. All Printed Circuit Boards, Electronic Components, Mounting Brackets, Cases and Housings regardless of end use or development stage which reference this specification shall meet these requirements withoutexception.This cleanliness specification pertains to three types of contaminates:Ionic –Salts and other materials that cause or promote electromigration orcorrosion.Non-ionic –Surface contaminates such as oils, detergents, surfactants or polyglycols thatattract moisture or act as insulators, inhibiting functionality of the componentor of its end use module.Particulates -- Solid particles of material that inhibit or restrict the functionality of thecomponent or its end use module1.2 PurposeDetermination of cleanliness may be made at the time of manufacture, at the receipt of thecomponents by TRW or prior to assembly and soldering. The application of this specification isintended to be in conjunction with detailed documents such as master drawings or parts list, outline drawings, artwork, etc. to define the cleanliness measurement method, cleanliness requirements for components and printed circuit boards from which electronic modules are assembled. The supplier must demonstrate process and quality control systems sufficient to assure continuing conformance to these standards.1.3 ObjectiveThe cleanliness determination is made to verify that printed circuit board, electronic components,mounting brackets and housings fabrication processes and subsequent handling and storage havehad no adverse effect on the ability of the end product module to survive environmental extremes of temperature and humidity. This specification identifies TRW cleanliness measurement methods,cleanliness requirements and inspection/reporting frequency.1.4 Product ClassesThe level of ionic cleanliness desired for the component shall be grouped into one of three classes as defined herein. The individual component document shall identify the particular level or class desired.When not otherwise noted on the individual drawing, Class 1 will be the default requirement.Individual printed circuit boards, electronic components, housings, molded components, and diecastings that have end-use requirements that necessitate a different level of performance will bespecified as either Class 2 or Class 3 on the individual component drawing.1.4.1 Class 1: Commercial Grade Electronic ProductsTypically specified for general automotive electronic products without safety reliabilityrequirements.1.4.2 Class 2: General Automotive Electronic ProductsTypically specified for aqueous clean safety products, and no-clean security and accessproducts.1.4.3 Class 3: Automotive Electronic Safety ProductsSpecified for high reliability automotive safety electronics products.1.5 Recommended Standard Notes1.5.1 Cleanliness per 204654 class <1,2,3>.1.5.2 Optional note modifiers <Wipe Test Required>, <Particulate Test Required>.2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTSThe following documents of issue in effect on the date of invitation for bids form a part of thisspecification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise noted in this document or on specific drawings, the following reference documents shall apply.2.1 TRW Specifications and StandardsTRW AUTOMOTIVE GLOBAL SUPPLIER QUALITY MANUAL2.2 Industrial StandardsIPC-TM-650 TEST METHODS MANUALMethod 2.3.25 Detection and Measurement of Ionizable Surface ContaminantsMethod 2.3.26 Ionizable Detection of Surface Contaminants (Dynamic Method)Method 2.3.26.1 Ionizable Detection of Surface Contaminants (Static Method)Method 2.3.28 Ion Chromatography2.3 Precedence of documentsIn the event of a conflict between documents, the descending order of precedence shall be asfollows:Purchase OrderProcurement documents that reference this specificationThis specificationDocuments referenced herein3. REQUIREMENTS3.1 General RequirementsPrinted Circuit Boards, electronic components, mounting brackets, cases, housings and any othercomponent or item that requires conformance to this document shall be free of contaminants asspecified herein. All classes of components shall be capable of meeting the non-ionic cleanlinessrequirements. For ionic requirements, Printed Circuit Boards, electronic components, mountingbrackets, cases, housings and any other component shall meet the requirements specified hereinbased upon their specified product class and component type.3.1.1 Non-ionic Surface Contaminates and ParticulatesUnless otherwise specified, items (as observed without the assistance of magnification) shall befree of visible oil, grease, flux, slag, trash, scale, metal particles, plastic particles, hair, dirt or anyother material or substance not intended to be part of the specified item.Items shall be free of polyglycol (unless intended to be part of the specified item).3.1.2 Ionic Surface ContaminatesUnless otherwise specified, ionic contaminants shall not exceed the maximum limit specified inTable I and Table II herein for the type of component and the class specified.3.1.3 Ionic Ingredients / ContaminatesThe following materials are prohibited for use as polymer component ingredients or surfacefinishes for all classes of parts and PCB’s.Potassium IodideCopper Iodide3.2 Test Methods3.2.1 Non-ionic test methodUnless otherwise approved by TRW, inspection of the component or item for non-ioniccontamination shall be performed using following test procedures. Testing shall be performedwhen requested by TRW for all component types and classes.3.2.1.1 Wipe Test Method – Non particulate type contaminants. ( i.e. Oil, Grease, Flux, etc)Wipe the test specimen with a clean, lint free, white cotton cloth or commercial paper wipeproduct moistened (but not saturated) with a high purity alcohol. After performing thisinspection, repeat this process (on a different test sample) with a black cloth to disclosecontamination that may not be visible on the white cloth.3.2.1.1.1 Standard Viewing ConditionsThe wipe test shall be performed under a lighting level of at least 200-foot candles on thesurface to be inspected. Visual inspection shall be supplemented with any aids necessary toproperly examine inaccessible or difficult to see surfaces. Lights shall be positioned toprevent glare on the surface to be inspected. Unless otherwise specified, visual inspection ofthe wipe or cloth is to be with the unaided eye, corrected for 20/20 vision (no magnification).In the event of dispute, a magnification, not to exceed 10X, shall be used.3.2.1.1.2 Acceptance CriteriaCleanliness shall be defined as the absence of noticeable contamination wiped onto the wipeor cloth. The presence of a smudge on the wipe or cloth shall be considered as evidence ofcontamination and it is rejectable.3.2.1.2 Particle Contaminants Test Method1) Minimum three samples per test.2) Testing must be carried out in a suitably clean environment.3) Pour isopropyl alcohol, de-ionized distilled water, or Petroferm Save OZ 6000 (a 50/50mix of de-ionized distilled water and isopropyl alcohol may be used) in a clean container.Fully submerge each test samples in the fluid for 10 seconds then remove samples fromthe container.4) The fluid shall be clean and previously filtered through a 5 micron max. filter.5) The volume of fluid and container used per test to be adequate to submerge each testsamples.6) If a rinse fluid other than isopropyl alcohol is used for this test, the tested componentsshall not be used in production.7) Filter the rinse fluid from the previous step through a 15 micron max. filter paper.8) Examine the filter under a stereo microscope equipped with a scaling objective at suitablemagnification.9) A particle counter may be used for component flushing and particle size determination asan alternative to the above procedure provided that the component rinse fluid is passedthrough a 15 micron max. filter paper after particle counting is complete. The filter papershould be filed along with the test results.3.2.1.2.1 Acceptance CriteriaThe 3 largest individual particles must not exceed 300 microns (0.012”) as m easured in adiagonal direction. All other remaining particles must not exceed 200 microns (0.008”) asmeasured in a diagonal direction.Fibers (Particles ≤ 100 microns in width and measure 60 times greater in length than in widthare considered fibers) less than 50 microns in width, which are identified as plastic,cardboard or metal are not allowed.3.2.2 Ionic Test MethodThe preferred inspection method for detection of ionic contamination is in accordance with ionchromatography per IPC-TM-650, method 2.3.38. For Class 3 components or items, ionchromatography is mandatory where specified in Table I and Table II herein. For Class 1 orClass 2 components or items, the alternate test methods defined in section 3.2.2.2 herein may beused. However, ion chromatography shall be used as the referee method in the event ofdisagreement or dispute.3.2.2.1 Ion ChromatographyComponents inspected using ion chromatography techniques shall be performed in alaboratory capable of performing ion chromatography testing. Laboratory capability may bedemonstrated through laboratory certification or other method approved by TRW.3.2.2.2 Alternative Test MethodThe preferred method of inspection for the detection of ionic contamination is in accordancewith ion chromatography per IPC-TM-650, method 2.3.38. However, for Class I and Class IIcomponents the alternative test methods as specified in section 7.0 may be used providedacceptable correlation between those methods and the ion chromatography method can bedemonstrated by the supplier. Use of these methods requires TRW permission so thatcorrelation can be verified.3.2.3 Test Specimen DefinitionAn acceptable test specimen is any printed circuit board, assembly or component that isrepresentative of production material. Test samples shall be chosen at random and shall not besubjected to any special or additional cleaning or handling precautions above and beyond thatwhich production material will receive. Test samples shall be of sufficient area and quantity toaccommodate the measurement methods as specified herein. Physical surface area of the testspecimen needs to be determined and shall be determined through actual measurement orderived through CAD data.As example, PCB area will be calculated by multiplying the PCB length by the width by thenumber of sides. The following example illustrates the calculation. A PCB panel with one ormore individual circuits measures 23.1 centimeters in length and measures 12.5 centimeterswide. As typical of most PCB’s it has two sides. The area would equal: 23.1 X 12.5 X 2 = 577.5square centimeters.3.2.3.1 Prototype or Production Printed Circuit BoardTest samples shall be selected from the PPAP sample submission, Design Verification,Product Validation or production lot. Solder mask changes are included in this category.3.2.3.2 Printed Circuit Board Mounted Electronic ComponentTest samples shall be selected from the PPAP sample submission, Design Verification,Product Validation or production lot.3.2.3.3 Electro-mechanical ComponentTest samples shall be selected from the PPAP sample submission, Design Verification,Product Validation or production lot.3.2.3.4 Mechanical ComponentsTest samples shall be selected from the PPAP sample submission, Design Verification,Product Validation or production lot. Mechanical components, which are in physical contactwith electronic assemblies, shall meet the same cleanliness requirements as other electroniccomponents within the specific assembly since they are frequently the source of dendritecausing ionic contaminants.4. QUALIFICATION AND PROCESS MONITOR REQUIREMENTSTRW intends to purchase only those materials that pass the requirements defined in Section 3.1herein. The tests in Tables I and II are the basis for product qualification and periodic monitoring ofmanufacturing process stability. Failure of the material to meet the requirements for qualification or periodic testing set forth herein shall be grounds for denial of approval, or may result in the return of nonconforming material for replacement or screening and may lead to loss of approval.4.1 Initial QualificationFor initial qualification, the supplier shall subject the minimum number of test samples to the type of testing specified in Table I herein. For ion chromatography test of small components, it isrecommended that a sufficient number of samples be used (the target surface area should be about 30-40 cm2), see section 3.2.3 herein. No production intent material shall be delivered until therequired testing has been successfully completed. Where failures occur, changes to the supplier’sprocess will be allowed provided such changes do not degrade the quality or reliability of thecomponent. All such changes shall be identified and supplied to TRW as part of the PPAP package.4.2 Periodic Cleanliness TestingUnless otherwise specified, cleanliness testing shall be performed upon each manufacturing lot or at least once a day, per Table II. The supplier shall subject the specified number of test samples to the type of testing specified in Table I herein. Where failures occur, TRW shall be notified immediatelyand production material shall not be shipped without TRW permission.4.2.1 MSA AnalysisInspection for all contaminants specified in Table II shall be performed. With prior TRWpermission, inspection for MSA may be excluded provided the following conditions have beenmet. The supplier must show that MSA is not used within their manufacturing processes and thesupplier must have successfully passed the initial qualification inspection for MSA.4.3 Process ControlThe component supplier is responsible to determine and implement the controls necessary to assure continued compliance to the cleanliness requirements specified herein. The supplier is alsoresponsible to assure that any monitoring techniques used for this process control correlate to theresults of ion chromatography testing. The test method and frequency of inspection shall bedocumented in the supplier’s control plan.4.3.1 Baseline Subtraction Correction (Class 1 and Class 2)A baseline factor which corresponds to the basic level of contaminants contained within themeasurement system may be subtracted from the actual readings of the measured component.This baseline factor may not exceed 20% of the limit specified for that given contaminant and theactual value subtracted shall be documented on the Certificate of Compliance provided to TRW.5. SUPPLIER REPORTING AND PACKAGING5.1 Reporting RequirementsFor those materials requiring periodic testing as defined in Table II, a Certificate of Compliance foreach lot of material shall be supplied with each lot of material. This will include the surfacecontamination levels measured during the required monitoring period for the samples representative of that lot and any baseline levels subtracted from the actual readings, if applicable. Contamination levels shall be reported in terms of micrograms per square centimeter.5.2 Packaging RequirementsThe finished printed circuit boards, electronic components and mechanical parts shall be packed in materials containing no ionic contaminants, silicones or sulfur containing material i.e. corrugatedmaterials, etc. which might degrade the solderability or cleanliness of the component. Components are to be packed and secured so as to prevent surface abrasion between components duringshipping and handling, unless bulk packaging is specified or approved. Conformance to theserequirements shall not be construed as an allowance to violate other TRW required packagingrequirements.6. NOTES6.1 Cleanliness factorsMany manufacturing processes include the use of cleaning steps, i.e. use of heated de-ionized water, etc. to achieve the requirements specified herein. For less stringent levels of cleanliness or forcertain types of components not prone to contamination, it may only be necessary to address obvious material and handling issues, i.e. careful selection of fluxes/mold release agents, use of finger cots, gloves, etc. An awareness of potential sources of contamination, whether from operators, materials or processes is usually the most effective step in developing a process with acceptable levels ofcomponent cleanliness.6.2 Electromechanical ComponentsElectromechanical components include those types of components that are both electrical andmechanical in function, such as relays, connectors, compliant pins, etc.6.3 MethaneSulfonic Acid (MSA)MethaneSulfonic acid (MSA) is an acid electrolyte that is commonly used in electroplating processes.Its chemical structure is CH3SO3H, it easily solubilizes metals and can be used to deposit tin, tin-lead, tin-bismuth, tin-copper, and electroless-nickel platings. MSA is a fairly stable compound but should be easily removed with standard rinsing processes.Notes for Table I and Table II:1/ For the appropriate type of component, the measured value for each type of contaminant listed shall not exceed that specified in the table. The samples shall be subjected to the measurement method specified such that the types of contaminants listed may be identified and measured if present.2/ Units of measure are in micrograms per square centimeter3/See section 4.2.1 for inspection requirements.7. Alternative Test MethodsAny one of the three following tests may be employed to satisfy the alternative test measurementmethods as specified in section 3.2.2.2 herein. Refer to IPC-TM-650 2.3.26 and 2.3.26.1 for additional information on these methods.7.1 Alpha Omegameter 600 SMDThis test is employed to determine the total surface ionic content extractable from the surface andbody of materials being tested. The test results are expressed as sodium chloride equivalence per square centimeter of unit area.7.1.1 Test Apparatus and Materials7.1.1.1 Automated Resistivity of Solvent Extract Tester7.1.1.1.1 Approved TesterOmegameter 600 SMD7.1.1.1.2 Tester Tools and MaterialsHydrometer (0.800 to 0.900)Clean room gloves and forcepsSodium chloride calibration solution7.1.1.1.3 Extract solution25% v/v deionized water (18 megohm-cm nominal resistivity)75% v/v 2-propanol, (electronic or HPLC grade)7.1.1.2 Test ProcedureThroughout the test procedure the test specimen must be handled with care. Do not touch thetest specimen with bare hands. The test specimen also should not be allowed to physicallycontact potentially contaminated surfaces. Clean room gloves and forceps will be employed forall test specimen handling.7.1.1.2.1 Set-up·Calculate the test specimen surface area as specified in section 3.2.3 herein.·Preheat the tester to 45 - 50 degrees C.·Measure the water alcohol ratio with the hydrometer to ensure that it is a75%/25% ratio of water and IPA·Calibrate the Omegameter 600 SMD as required7.1.1.2.2 Measurement – Static ROSE Tester Method·If required, set the tester volume to the minimum volume needed to completelycover the test specimen.·Enter the calculated surface area into the tester.·Set run time to 15 minutes·Set Pass/Fail per Table I or Table II as appropriate.·Begin test·Remove the test cell cover·Carefully insert the test specimen into the test cell. Replace the test cell coverquickly to minimize CO2 absorption.·Upon test completion log the total micrograms of sodium chloride equivalenceper square centimeter. Remove the test specimen from the test cell.·Calculate and record the “corrected” value using the TRW approved baselinesubtraction method (section 4.3.1 herein).7.2 Alpha Ionograph 500This test is employed to determine the total surface ionic content extractable from the surface and body of materials being tested. The test results are expressed as sodium chloride equivalence per square centimeter of unit area.7.2.1 Test Apparatus and Materials7.2.1.1 Automated Resistivity of Solvent Extract Tester7.2.1.1.1 Approved TesterAlpha Ionograph 5007.2.1.1.2 Tester Tools and MaterialsHydrometer (0.800 to 0.900)Clean room gloves and forcepsSodium chloride calibration solution7.2.1.1.3 Extract solution25% v/v deionized water (18 megohm-cm nominal resistivity)75% v/v 2-propanol, (electronic or HPLC grade)7.2.1.2 Test ProcedureThroughout the test procedure the test specimen must be handled with care. Do not touch thetest specimen with bare hands. The test specimen also should not be allowed to physicallycontact potentially contaminated surfaces. Clean room gloves and forceps will be employed forall test specimen handling.7.2.1.2.1 Set-up·Calculate the test specimen surface area as specified in section 3.2.3 herein.·Preheat the tester to 45-50 degrees C.·Measure the water alcohol ratio with the hydrometer to ensure that it is a75%/25% ratio of water and IPA·Calibrate the Ionograph 500 as required.7.2.1.2.2 Measurement – Dynamic ROSE Tester Method·If required, set the tester volume to the minimum volume needed to completelycover the test specimen.·Enter the calculated surface area into the tester.·Set run time to 15 minutes·Set Pass/Fail per Table I or Table II as appropriate.·Begin test·Remove the test cell cover·Carefully insert the test specimen into the test cell. Replace the test cell coverquickly to minimize CO2 absorption.·Upon test completion log the total micrograms of sodium chloride equivalenceper square centimeter. Remove the test specimen from the test cell.·Calculate and record the “corrected” value using the TRW approved baselinesubtraction method (section 4.3.1 herein).7.3 Trek/Westek ICOM 5000This test is employed to determine the total surface ionic content extractable from the surface andbody of materials being tested. The test results are expressed as sodium chloride equivalence per square centimeter of unit area.7.3.1 Test Apparatus and Materials7.3.1.1 Automated Resistivity of Solvent Extract Tester7.3.1.1.1 Approved TesterTrek/Westek ICOM 50007.3.1.1.2 Tester Tools and MaterialsHydrometer (0.800 to 0.900)Clean room gloves and forcepsSodium chloride calibration solution7.3.1.1.3 Extract solution25% v/v de-ionized water (18 megohm-cm nominal resistivity)75% v/v 2-propanol, (electronic or HPLC grade)7.3.1.2 Test ProcedureThroughout the test procedure the test specimen must be handled with care. Do not touch thetest specimen with bare hands. The test specimen also should not be allowed to physicallycontact potentially contaminated surfaces. Clean room gloves and forceps will be employed forall test specimen handling.7.3.1.2.1 Set-up·Calculate the test specimen surface area as specified in section 3.2.3 herein.·Preheat the tester to 45-50 degrees C.·Measure the water alcohol ratio with the hydrometer to ensure that it is a75%/25% ratio of water and IPA·Calibrate the ICOM as required7.3.1.2.2 Measurement –Static ROSE Tester Method·If required, set the tester volume to 40 ml per square inch [6.2 ml per squarecm].·Enter the calculated surface area into the tester.·Set run time to 15 minutes·Set Pass/Fail per Table I or Table II as appropriate.·Begin test·Remove the test cell cover·Carefully insert the test specimen into the test cell. Replace the test cell coverquickly to minimize CO2 absorption.·Upon test completion log the total micrograms of sodium chloride equivalenceper square centimeter. Remove the test specimen from the test cell.·Calculate and record the “corrected” value using the TRW approved baselinesubtraction method (section 4.3.1 herein).。
外刊每日精读 Japanese literature
外刊每日精读 | Japanese literature文章脉络【1】村田沙耶香自幼就被父母灌输“女德”【2】村田沙耶香在小说中隐射自己的遭遇【3】日本文学翻译步入了新时代【4】几本书里探讨了家庭生活的问题【5】村田沙耶香关于母性的观点【6】日本作者认为女性不应成为生育机器【7】作家在书中对女性的描写越发胆大【8】以男性的视角看待这些书籍会很有帮助经济学人原文Japanese literature：A world of their ownReaders in the West are embracing Japan’s bold women authors【1】Murata Sayaka has long kept company with imaginary friends. She first conjured them up as a child, while enduring bullying at school and hectoring at home. Her parents forced her to practise cooking and encourag ed “girlie” behaviour, thinking that would one day help attract a rich husband. “I didn’t feel like my body, my life, belonged to me,” Ms Murata says. She dreamed of flying away, ona spaceship with her fantasticalcompanions, to a planet where she would belong.【2】Throughout her fiction, Ms Murata questions what it means to be “normal” and writes sceptically about family life. Her work has struck a chord in Japan,her conservative home country. Her semi-autobiographical novel, “Convenience Store Woman”, wo n the prestigious Akutagawa literary prize in 2016. It has since been translated into more than 30 languages and sold over 1.5m copies.【3】Ms Murata’s work has helped usher in a new era ofJapanese literature in translation. “Convenience Store Woman” came out in English in 2018and its feminist undertones may have resonated amid the #MeToo movement, thinks Ginny Tapley Takemori, its translator. In 2020“breasts and Eggs”, a novel about pregnancy and beauty standards by Kawakami Mieko, another female Japanese author, also became an international bestseller. “Publishers used to ask for the next Haruki Murakami,” says David Boyd, a translator who has worked on Ms Kawakami’s books. “Now they ask: What’s going to be the next ‘Convenience Store Woman’?”【4】Though the settings may be unfamiliar to Western readers, thesebooks examine universal themes, such as the challenges of family life. In “Weaselsin the Attic” (2022), a novella made up of interlinking stories, OyamadaHiroko portrays an unhappily married couple who seek fulfilment by having a baby. “In Japan, it seems as if women are seen as incomplete unless they have a child,” says Ms Oyamada. Her short story “Spider Lilies” explores the related obsession withbreastfeeding. “When I had a baby, I felt like my breasts were a public asset,” the author says. “Strangers kept asking me: ‘Is the milk coming?【5】Ms Murata’s view of motherhood is even more caustic. The women inher fiction are often “monstrous”. In “Nothingness”, a short story, thefemale protagonist is incapable of maternal affection. Ms Murata once hoped her own mother would shower her with unconditional love. She now says the mother-daughter relationship usually involves “beautified abuse”.【6】Today’s literary stars belong to a long lineage of feminist writing in Japan. In the 1970s, amid anti-war and anti-capitalist feminist movements, the child-killing mother became a popular trope in fiction by Japanese women, says Iida Yuko of Nagoya University. Novelists including Oba Minako and Kono Taekoused disturbing imagery to rebel against a view of women as baby-making machines. Bookish types hope the new overseas interest in Japanese writers will extend to this period, too.【7】Yet the likes of Ms Murata are breaking new ground intheir bold depictions of sexuality. “Growing up and dating men, I never thought women could be sexual agents,” she says, noting that Japanese popular culture idealises subservient women. Her characters are aroused by things suchas stuffed toys and curtains: whereas heterosexual love often turns into a “manual”,intimacy with objects is more “creative”, she writes in “Vanishing World”, a sci-fi tale of a world where people breed through artificial insemination. “There’s always a hierarchy between man and woman,”echoes Ms Oyamada. In “Lost in the Zoo”, a short story, she likens unhappy familiesto caged animals, trapped by convention. A lesbian couple, by contrast, exude anair of liberty.【8】These books may be by and about women, but a man’s perspective can be useful, Ms Oyamada suggests. “When I depict men’s behaviour through the eyes of a woman, many people see it as an attack,” she says. “I can avoid that by speaking as a man.” She stages chauvinistic discussions between male characters in “Weasels in the Attic”,demonstrating their obliviousness to the demands of child-rearing. “Most men aren’t even aware of the pain they inflict on women,” she says. “It’s good that such pain is becoming more visible.”长难句：1.原文：In “Weasels in the Attic” (2022), a novella made up of interlinking stories, Oyamada Hiroko portrays an unhappily married couple who seek fulfilment by having a baby.2.分析：主句是主谓宾结构Oyamada Hiroko（主语）portrays（谓语动词）an unhappily married couple（宾语）。
我很喜欢我的专业是英日双语专业英语作文
我很喜欢我的专业是英日双语专业英语作文My Awesome English and Japanese Major!Hi there! My name is Timmy and I'm in the 5th grade. Today I want to tell you all about my major at school. It's super cool and fun! I'm an English and Japanese bilingual major. That means I study both English and Japanese languages. Isn't that awesome?I know what you might be thinking - "But Timmy, you're justa kid in elementary school. You can't have a major yet!" Well, you're right that I don't officially declare a major until college. But at my school, we get to pick an area to really focus on and dive deep into starting in 3rd grade. And I picked theEnglish/Japanese bilingual program!Why did I choose that you ask? A few reasons! First, I've always thought Japanese was such a neat language. The written characters are like tiny little pieces of art. And the sounds are so different from English. Like they have all these special vowel sounds that we don't have. When I was little, I thought speaking Japanese made you sound like a cute little anime character. And the culture is so rich and interesting too!At the same time, I know English is one of the most important languages in the world for business, science,entertainment, and more. So I want to get really, really good at that too. By being bilingual, I'll have way more opportunities when I'm older to travel, work internationally, or even just appreciate movies, books, and music in two languages instead of just one.In the bilingual program, we spend half our time in an English classroom, and half our time in a Japanese classroom. All of our core subjects like math, science, reading, and writing are taught in both languages. It's a lot of work, but I love the challenge!The English side is awesome because I get to read classics like The Giving Tree, Where the Red Fern Grows, and The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe. Shoutout to my favorite English teachers, Mr. Roberts and Mrs. Suzuki! For writing, we've worked on different styles like persuasive essays, short stories, poetry, and even scriptwriting. I actually wrote a play last year about a talking dog who runs for mayor. It was hilarious!Then we switch over to the Japanese classroom for the same core subjects, but everything is 100% in Japanese. I'll admit, when I first started I felt like I was learning a alien language from Mars. The grammar is so different, with things like subject/object particle markers. And shin-kyu accent marks honestly make mewant to cry sometimes. But thanks to awesome teachers like Sasaki-sensei and Yamamoto-sensei, I'm getting better every day!My favorite Japanese units so far were on samurai and ninjas (so cool!), haikus and tanka poetry (I wrote one about my dog Bingo), and the history of anime/manga. We also get to learn fun vocabulary for areas like martial arts, modern slang,anime/manga terms, and cultural customs like bowing. Did you know there are like a million different levels of bowing in Japanese? It's mind-boggling.On top of the language classes, we also takeelectives/cultural classes in areas like Japanese pop culture, calligraphy, origami, and my personal favorite - martial arts! I'm a yellow belt in karate right now, but someday I'll be a master like the Karate Kid. We have so much fun in those classes.One of the biggest challenges for me is trying to keep the two languages separate in my head. Sometimes I'll be speaking in Japanese and then an English word will pop out by accident. Or the opposite - I'll be speaking English and then blurt out a Japanese word I just learned without even realizing it. My teachers are always telling me "Timmy, one language at a time please!" It's a work in progress!Another fun aspect of the program is that we get pen pals from Japan that we can write letters to in Japanese. My pen pal's name is Akiko and she's from Tokyo. She taught me some awesome slang words that I try to slip into conversation to sound cool. Let me try one now..."TP'ing" is the shrimp ramen noodle flavor packet of all school programs! Did it work? Did I sound fresh? No? Aw man...What else can I tell you...oh yeah! A huge perk of this program is the immersion trips. Every other year, we get to go on a trip to Japan for like 2 or 3 weeks to be fully surrounded by the language and culture. We visit schools, historical sites, museums, and famous places like Tokyo, Kyoto, and Mount Fuji. The food is sooooo good - ramen, sushi, okonomiyaki, taiyaki, and more! I even attended a real Japanese anime convention called Comiket last time I went. My mind was blown by all the cool anime merch, costumes, guests, and events.I have to admit, being a bilingual major is not easy. The workload is intense and my brain feels fried by the end of every day. When I get stuck on a difficult grammar point, text reading, or translation, I sometimes want to give up. But then I remember how much I love the languages and cultures of both Japaneseand English. It's such a special opportunity that not every kid gets to have.My biggest goal is to become truly fluent in both languages.I have big dreams of maybe being an interpreter, translator, teacher, or voice actor someday. Or maybe I'll even write my own bilingual novels, manga, or anime shows! How cool would that be? I just know this bilingual education is already opening up so many doors for my future.So yeah, that's my major in a nutshell! It's very challenging but also incredibly rewarding. I'm grateful to have such amazing teachers, opportunities, and a community that supports me along this journey. If you're a kid who loves learning about other languages and cultures as much as me, I highly recommend looking into bilingual programs. They'll expose you to so many fresh perspectives and new ways of looking at the world.Well, that's all I've got for now. Thanks for reading about my passion! I'll leave you with one last blast of my awesome Japanese skills:"Watashi wa anata ni, 'Thank you...for your kind attention!' to iitai." Nailed it.Sayonara!。
人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全
人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全人力资源管理词汇大全第一章中英文职位对照1、高层管理 Senior Management首席执行官｜总裁｜总经理Chief Executive Officer/President/GM首席运营官 Chief Operation Officer副总经理|副总裁 Vice General Manager/VP总裁助理|总经理助理Assistant to President/Assistant to GM总监Director办事处首席代表Chief Representative of Business Office办事处经理 Business Office Manager分公司｜分支机构经理 Branch/Subsidiary Manager2、人力资源 Human Resources人力资源总监 Human Resources Director人力资源经理 Human Resources Manager人力资源主管 Human Resources Supervisor人力资源专员 Human Resources Specialist人力资源助理 Human Resources Assistant招聘经理 Recruitment Manager招聘主管 Recruitment Supervisor招聘专员 Recruitment Specialist招聘助理 Recruitment Assistant薪资福利经理Compensation ＆Benefits Manager薪资福利主管Compensation ＆Benefits Supervisor薪资福利专员Compensation & Benefits Specialist薪资福利助理Compensation & Benefits Assistant绩效考核经理 Performance Assessment Manager绩效考核主管Performance Assessment Supervisor绩效考核专员Performance Assessment Specialist绩效助理 Performance Assessment Assistant培训经理 Training Manager 培训主管 Training Supervisor培训专员 Training Specialist培训助理 Training Assistant员工关系主管 Employee Relations Supervisor企业文化专员 Corporate Culture Specialist3、行政|后勤 Administration ＆ Logistics行政总监 Administrative Director行政经理 Administrative Manager行政主管 Administrative Supervisor办公室主任 Office Administrator总经办主任 GM office Administrator行政专员|助理Administrative Specialist/Assistant经理助理｜秘书Assistant/Secretary to Manager前台接待｜总机|接待生Receptionist/Operator/Desk Clerk后勤 Logistics保安队长 Security Guard Team Leader保安 Security Guard司机 Driver档案资料管理员 File Clerk电脑操作员｜打字员 Computer Operator/Typist清洁工 Cleaner办公文员 Officer部门专员|助理Department Specialist/Assistant4、信息技术 Information Technology首席技术执行官 Chief Technology Officer首席信息官 Chief Information Officer技术总监 Technical Director技术经理Technical Manager技术主管Technical Supervisor高级硬件工程师 Senior Hardware Engineer硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer高级软件工程师 Senior Software Engineer软件工程师 Software EngineerERP技术开发ERP Technology Development StaffERP应用支持工程师 ERP Application Support EngineerERP实施工程师/顾问ERP Implementation人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全Engineer/Consultant系统集成工程师 System Integration Engineer系统分析员 System Analyst系统工程师 System Engineer数据库工程师|管理员 DatabaseEngineer/Administrator计算机辅助设计工程师 Computer Aided Design Engineer信息技术经理 IT Manager信息技术主管 IT Supervisor信息技术专员 IT Specialist项目总监 Project Director项目经理 Project Manager项目主管 Project Supervisor项目执行｜协调人员Project Specialist/Coordinator技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager技术支持主管 Technical Surport Supervisor技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer计量工程师 Measure Engineer标准化工程师 Standardization Engineer品质经理 Quality Manager品质主管Quality Supervisor品质工程师 Quality Engineer系统测试 System Testing软件测试工程师 Software Testing Engineer硬件测试工程师 Hardware Testing Engineer测试员 Test Engineer /Tester技术文员|助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant系统管理员｜网络管理员System Administrator/Network Administrator程序员 ProgrammerUI设计师 UI Developer/UI DesignerUI设计顾问 UI Design Consultant需求工程师 Demand engineer系统架构设计师 System Architect仿真应用工程师 CAE Engineer(Computer Aided Engineering）嵌入式硬件开发 Embedded hardware Development5、咨询 Consulting咨询总监 Consulting Director咨询经理 Consulting Manager专业培训师 Professional Trainer 咨询顾问 Consultant市场情报/信息分析员Market Intelligence Analyst咨询项目经理 Consult Project Manager咨询项目协调员 Consult Project Coordinator6、建筑结构|装潢Architectural Construction/Decoration首席/总建筑师 Chief Architect建筑设计经理 Construction Manager建筑设计师 Architect（偏设计）建筑制图师 CAD Drafter建筑工程师 Construction Engineer（偏建造）建筑结构工程师Construction Structural Engineer土木｜土建工程师 Civil Engineer给排水|暖通工程师Drainage/HVAC Project Engineer城市规划与设计师 City Designer/Planner室内外装潢设计师Interior and Exterior Decoration Designer装潢工 Decorator园艺|园林｜景观设计师 Gardening Designer电气工程师 Electrical Engineer测绘｜测量师 Mapping/Surveyor工程造价经理 Project Estimation Manager工程造价工程师 Project Estimator建造估算师 Construction Estimator工程预决算工程师 Project Budgeting Engineer预算分析师 Budget Analyst建筑工程经理 Construction Project Manager建筑工程验收 Construction Project Inspector工程监理人 Construction Supervisor施工员 Construction Staff智能大厦|综合布线Intelligent Building/Integrated Wiring工程总监 Project Director工程经理 Project Manager工程主管 Project Supervisor招商经理 Business Manager招商专员 Business Specialist合约经理 Contract Manager合同管理工程师 Contract Engineer房地产项目配套工程师Conveyance System人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全Engineer招标人 Tenderee投标人 Bidder/Tenderer投标/招标工程师 Tenders Engineer工程审计经理 Project Auditing Manager工程审计主管 Project Auditing Supervisor工程审计专员 Project Auditing Specialist安装工程师 Installation Engineer装潢工程师 Decoration Engineer报批报建经理 Construction Applying manager报批报建工程师Construction Applying Engineer水电工程师 Water and electricity engineer弱电工程师 Milliampere Engineer勘测工程师 Exploration Engineer设计协调员 Design Coordinator工程文员|助理 Engineering clerk幕墙工程师 Curtain Wall Engineer涂料研发工程师 Coating Development Engineer岩土工程师 Geotechnical Engineer7、酒店|餐饮｜娱乐 Hotel/Restaurant ＆ Food / Entertainment餐饮｜娱乐管理Restaurant ＆Food / Entertainment Services Management餐饮｜娱乐领班Restaurant & Food / Entertainment Services Supervisor服务员 Waiter礼仪|迎宾 Receptionist行政主厨|厨师长 Executive Chef厨师 Chef切配 Kitchen Operator美容化妆顾问 Beauty/Makeup Advisor化妆师|造型师 Make-up Artist宾馆|酒店经理 Hotel Manager宾馆|酒店营销 Hotel Marketing Staff大堂经理 Hall Manager楼面经理 Floor Manager前厅接待 Receptionist客房服务员|楼面服务员Room/Floor Service Attendant行李员 Bellperson清洁服务人员 Housekeeping Staff 8、财务｜审计｜税务 Finance/Auditing/Tax首席财务官 Chief Finance Officer总经济师 Chief Economist总会计师 Chief Accountant财务总监 Finance Director财务经理 Finance Manager财务顾问 Finance Advisor财务主管 Finance Supervisor财务｜会计助理 Finance/Accounting Assistant总帐主管 General Ledger Supervisor会计经理 Accounting Manager会计主管 Accounting Supervisor会计 Accountant出纳员 Cashier财务分析经理 Financial Analysis Manager财务分析主管 Finance Analysis Supervisor财务分析员 Finance Analyst成本经理 Cost Accounting Manager成本主管 Cost Accounting Supervisor成本会计 Cost Accounting Specialist资金经理 Treasury Manager资金主管 Treasury Supervisor资金专员 Treasury Specialist审计总监 Auditing Director审计经理 Auditing Manager审计主管 Auditing Supervisor审计专员 Auditing Specialist审计助理 Auditing Assistant税务经理 Tax Manager税务主管 Tax Supervisor税务专员 Tax Specialist税务助理 Tax Assistant统计员 Statistician投资总监 Investment Director投资经理 Investment Manager投资主管 Investment Supervisor投资专员 Investment Specialist应收会计 Account Receivable Accountant应付会计 Account Payable Accountant9、客服及技术支持Customer Service ＆Technical Support客服总监 Customer Service Director客服经理（非技术） Customer Service Manager人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全（Non—Technical)客服主管（非技术）Customer Service Supervisor （Non-Technical)客服专员|助理（非技术）Customer Service Specialist/Assistant (Non-Technical)售前｜售后技术支持经理Technical Support Manager售前｜售后技术支持主管Technical Support Supervisor售前｜售后技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer现场应用工程师 Field Application Engineer呼叫中心客服代表Call Center Customer Service Representative10、翻译 Translator英语翻译 English Translator日语翻译 Japanese Translator德语翻译 German Translator法语翻译 French Translator俄语翻译 Russian Translator韩语翻译 Korean Translator11、互联网开发|应用 Internet Development and Application互联网软件开发工程师Internet Software Engineer多媒体|游戏开发工程师Multimedia/Game Development Engineer网站营运经理 Web Operations Manager网站营运主管 Web Operations Supervisor网站营运专员 Web Operations Specialist网络工程师 Web Engineer网站策划 Website Designer网站编辑 Website Editor网页设计｜制作 Web Designer/Production网络信息安全工程师Information Security Engineer网络架构设计师 Network Architect Designer网站维护工程师 Website Maintenance Engineer12、销售 Sales销售总监 Sales Director销售经理 Sales Manager销售主管 Sales Supervisor 渠道｜分销经理 Channel/Distribution Manager 渠道|分销主管Channel/Distribution Supervisor客户经理 Sales Account Manager客户主管 Sales Account Supervisor大区销售总监 Regional Sales Director大区销售经理 Area Sales Manager区域销售经理 Regional Sales Manager销售代表 Sales Representative渠道｜分销专员Channel/Distribution Specialist客户代表 Sales Account Representative销售工程师 Sales Engineer电话销售代表 Telesales Representative电话销售审计专员 Telesales Audit Specialist 销售行政经理 Sales Administrative Manager销售行政主管 Sales Administrative Supervisor 销售行政专员｜助理Sales Administrative Specialist/Assistant商务经理 Business Manager商务主管 Business Supervisor商务专员 Business Specialist商务助理 Business Assistant销售助理 Sales Assistant汽车销售|经纪人Automobile Sales Representative|Brokers4S店经理 4S Shop Manager业务分析专员|助理Business Analysis Specialist/Assistant选址拓展｜新店开发 Location Development渠道|分销总监 Channel/Distribution Director13、公关|媒介 Public Relations/Media公关经理 Public Relations Manager公关主管 Public Relations Supervisor公关专员 Public Relations Specialist会务经理 Event Manager会务主管 Event Supervisor会务专员 Event Specialist媒介经理 Media Manager媒介主管 Media Supervisor媒介专员 Media Specialist公关|媒介助理Public Relations/Media Assistant人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全14、生物｜医疗 Biotechnology/Medical生物工程师 Bioengineer制药工程师 Pharmaceutical Engineer化工技术应用 Chemical Technical Application化学分析员 Chemical Analyst医药技术研发管理人员Pharmaceutical Technology R&D Management Staff医药技术研发人员 Pharmaceutical Technology R&D Specialist临床研究员 Clinical Researcher临床研究协调员 Clinical Research Coordinator 药品注册 Pharmaceuticals Register Specialist 药品生产|质量管理Pharmaceutical Manufacturing/Quality Management药品市场推广经理Pharmaceutical Marketing Manager药品市场推广 Pharmaceutical Marketing Staff医疗器械市场推广 Medical Equipment Marketing Staff医疗器械销售 Medical Equipment Sales Staff医药销售经理 Pharmaceutical Sales Manager医药销售主管 Pharmaceutical Sales Supervisor 医药销售代表Pharmaceutical Sales RepresentativeOTC销售经理 Over the Counter Sales Manager OTC销售主管 OTC Sales SupervisorOTC销售代表 OTC Sales Representative化工实验室研究员｜技术员 Chemical Laboratory Researcher|Technician药库主任|药剂师Pharmaceutical Warehouse Director｜Pharmacist医药学检验 Medical Examination医疗设备注册 Medical Devices Registration15、广告｜设计 Advertising/Designing艺术|设计总监 Artistic/Design Director广告客户总监 Advertising Account Director广告客户经理 Advertising Account Manager广告客户主管 Advertising Account Supervisor广告创意总监 Creative Advertising Director广告创意|设计经理Creative Advertising /Design Manager广告创意|设计师 Creative Advertising /Design Specialist文案 Copywriter企业策划经理 Business Planning Manager企业策划主管 Business Planning Supervisor企业策划人员 Business Planning Staff平面设计 Graphic Artist/Designer动画｜3D设计 Animation/3D Designer陈列设计｜展览设计Display/Exhibition Designer多媒体设计 Multimedia Designer包装设计 Package Designer工业｜产品设计 Industrial/Product Designer工艺品｜珠宝设计 Artwork/Jewelry Designer家具|家居用品设计Furniture/Household Product Designer玩具设计 Toy Designer平面设计经理 Graphic Design Manager语音｜视频开发工程师Digital Audio/Video Engineer版图设计工程师 Layout Design Engineer平面设计总监 Graphic Design Director16、律师｜法务 Lawyer/In—house Counsel律师|法律顾问 Lawyer/Legal Counsel律师助理 Lawyer Assistant法务经理 Legal Manager法务主管 Legal Supervisor法务 Legal Specialist法务助理 Legal Assistant知识产权|专利顾问Intellectual Property/Patent Consultant知识产权｜专利专员 IP/Patent Specialist17、采购Purchasing采购总监 Purchasing Director采购总监（国外）Purchasing Director （overseas)采购经理Purchasing Manager采购经理(国外） Purchasing Manager (overseas）采购主管Purchasing Supervisor采购主管（国外）Purchasing Supervisor (overseas）采购员 Purchasing Specialist采购员（国外）Purchasing Specialist人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全(overseas)采购助理 Purchasing Assistant18、物流｜运输 Logistics/Distribution物流总监 Logistics Director物流经理 Logistics Manager物流主管 Logistics Supervisor物流专员｜助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant订单管理 Order management供应链总监 Supply Chain Director供应链经理 Supply Chain Manager供应链主管 Supply Chain Supervisor供应链专员 Supply Chain Specialist物料经理 Materials Manager物料主管 Materials Supervisor物料专员 Materials Specialist仓库经理 Warehouse Manager仓库主管 Warehouse Supervisor仓库管理员 Warehouse Specialist运输经理 Transportation Manager运输主管 Transportation Supervisor海|空运操作 Sea ＆ Air Transportation Staff船务人员 Shipping Specialist集装箱业务员 Container Business Specialist快递员 Courier调度员 Dispatcher理货员 Warehouse Stock Management Staff19、质量|安全管理Quality/Security Management质量总监 Quality Director质量管理经理 QA Manager质量管理主管 QA Supervisor质量管理工程师|员 QA Engineer/Inspector测试经理 Test Manager测试主管 Test Supervisor测试工程师｜员 Test Engineer/Tester检验员 Quality Control Inspector可靠度工程师 Reliability Engineer失效分析工程师 Failure Analysis Engineer认证工程师|审核员Certification Engineer/Auditor体系工程师｜审核员 Systems Engineer/Auditor 安全|健康|环境经理Safety/Health/Environmental Manager安全|健康|环境主管Safety/Health/Environmental Supervisor安全｜健康｜环境工程师Safety/Health/Environmental Engineer食品检验 Food Inspector品控经理 QC Manager品控主管 QC Supervisor品控工程师 QC Engineer来料品控 IQC（Incoming Quality Control)制程品控 IPQC（Input Process Quality Control）过程品控 PQC（Process Quality Control）终检 FQC(Final Quality Control）出货品控 OQC（Outgoing Quality Control）质量管理｜验货员Quality Management Staff/Inspector材料｜设备质量管理 Material|Facility Quality Management医疗设备生产｜质量管理Medical Equipment Manufacture|Quality Management防损员 Loss Prevention Specialist20、服装｜纺织|皮革 Clothes/Textile/Leather服装|纺织设计总监Clothes/Textile Design Director服装｜纺织设计 Clothes/Textile Designer服装|纺织｜皮革跟单 Clothes/Textile/Leather Merchandiser打版师/制模工：Patterner/Pattern Maker样板设计师 Pattern Designer服装打样｜制版 Apparels Sample Production配色技术员 Color Matching Techncian裁剪车缝熨烫 Tailoring, Sewing and Ironing21、媒体 Media总编|副总编 Chief/Vice Chief Editor发行总监 Publishment Director编辑 Editor记者 Journalist / Reporter美工/美术编辑 Art Editor排版设计 Layout Designer校对|录入 Proofreader/Data Entry Staff出版|发行 Publishing/Distribution Staff人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全印刷机械机长 Printing Machine Operator印刷工 Printer印刷排版|制版 Layout Designer数码直印｜菲林输出 Digital/Film Printing调墨技师 Ink Technician美术指导 Art Instructor22、房地产 Real Estate房地产项目经理 Real Estate Project Manager房地产项目工程师Real Estate Project Engineer房地产开发|策划经理Real Estate Development/Planning Manager房地产开发|策划主管Real Estate Development/Planning Supervisor房地产开发|策划Real Estate Development/Planning Staff房地产评估师 Real Estate Appraiser房地产中介｜经纪人 Real Estate Agent/Broker房地产销售经理 Real Estate Sales Manager房地产销售主管 Real Estate Sales Supervisor房地产销售 Real Estate Sales Staff房地产销售助理 Real Estate Sales Assistant23、物业管理 Property/Realty Management物业顾问 Property/Realty Consultant物业管理经理Property/Realty Management Manager物业管理主管Property/Realty Management Supervisor物业管理专员｜助理Property/Realty Management Specialist/Assistant物业招商｜租赁｜租售Property/Realty Investment Promotion/Lease/Rent Staff物业设施管理人员Realty Facilities Management Staff物业维修人员 Realty Maintenance Staff24、电子|电器｜半导体｜仪器仪表Electronics/ElectricalAppliance/Semiconductor/Instruments and Meters集成电路设计 Integrated Circuit Design集成电路应用工程师Integrated Circuit Application Engineer 集成电路验证工程师Integrated Circuit Verification Engineer电子工程师|技术员Electronic Engineer/Technician电气工程师|技术员Electrical Engineer/Technician电路工程师｜技术员Circuit Engineer/Technician电声|音响工程师｜技术员Electroacoustic/AcousticEngineer/Technician半导体技术 Semiconductor Technology自动控制工程师|技术员Automatic Control Engineer/Technician电子软件开发 Electronic Software Development 嵌入式软件开发 Embedded Software Development 电池|电源开发 Battery/Power Development现场应用工程师 Field Application Engineer家用电器|数码产品研发 Household Electrical Appliance/Digital Products R＆D仪器｜仪表|计量 Instruments/Meters/Measurers 测试工程师 Testing Engineer射频工程师 Radio Frequency Engineer25、工程|机械 Engineering/Mechanical技术研发总监 Technical Design Direcor技术研发经理 Technical Design Manager技术研发主管 Technical Design Supervisor技术研发工程师 Technical Design Engineer工程经理 Project Manager工程主管 Project Supervisor产品工艺|制程工程师 Process Engineer产品规划工程师 Product Planning Engineer实验室负责人｜工程师 Lab Manager/Engineer工程｜设备经理 Engineering/Facility Manager工程|设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程｜设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer工程｜机械绘图员 Project/Mechanical Drafting Specialist工业工程师 Industrial Engineer机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer装配主管 Assembling Engineer人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全模具主管 Fooling Supervisor模具工程师 Tooling Engineer维修主管 Maintenance Supervisor机电工程师 Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师 Maintenance Engineer铸造｜锻造工程师 Casting/Forging Engineer注塑成型主管 Injection Molding Supervisor注塑工程师 Injection Engineer焊接工程师 Welding Engineer夹具工程师 Clamp Engineer/Fixture Engineer数控机床工程师 CNC Engineer结构工程师 Structural Engineer冲压工程师Punching Engineer/Stamping Engineer锅炉工程师 Boiler Engineer电力工程师 Electric Power Engineer光源与照明工程 Lighting Engineer汽车｜摩托车工程师Automotive/Motorcycle Engineer船舶工程师 Shipping Engineer科研人员 Research Specialist科研管理人员 Research Management Staff电子｜电器维修工程师 Electrical Maintenance Engineer公路|桥梁|港口｜隧道工程师 Road｜Bridge｜Harbor|Tunnel Project Engineer汽车设计工程师 Automobile Design Engineer汽车装配工艺工程师Automobile Assembly Engineer汽车电子工程师Automotive Electronics Engineer汽车结构工程师Automotive Structural Engineer26、市场|营销 Marketing市场|营销总监 Marketing Director市场|营销经理 Marketing Manager市场｜营销主管 Marketing Supervisor市场｜营销专员 Marketing Specialist市场助理 Marketing Assistant市场分析|调研人员 Marketing Analyst/Research Analyst运营经理 Operation Manager运营主管 Operation Supervisor 品牌经理 Brand Manager品牌主管 Brand Supervisor品牌专员 Brand Specialist市场通路经理 Trade Marketing Manager市场通路主管 Trade Marketing Supervisor市场通路专员 Trade Marketing Specialist市场企划经理 Marketing Planning Manager市场企划主管 Marketing Planning Supervisor市场企划专员 Marketing Planning Specialist促销经理 Promotions Manager促销主管 Promotions Supervisor促销督导 Promotions Superintendent促销员｜导购 Promotions Specialist业务发展经理 Business Development Manager业务发展主管 Business Development Supervisor 业务发展专员 Business Development Specialist 业务分析经理 Business Analysis Manager培训师 Trainer供应商管理经理 Supplier management Manager供应商管理主管Supplier management Supervisor供应商管理专员 Supplier management Enginior社会责任主管Social responsibility Supervisor渠道管理专员 Channel management Specialist媒介采购总监 Media Purchasing Director媒介采购经理 Media Purchasing Manager媒介采购专员 Media Purchasing Specialist27、通信技术 Communication Technology通信技术工程师 Communications Engineer有线传输工程师 Wired Transmission Engineer无线通信工程师Wireless Communication Engineer电信交换工程师Telecommunication Exchange Engineer数据通信工程师 Data Communication Engineer移动通信工程师Mobile Communications Engineer电信网络工程师Telecommunication Network Engineer通信电源工程师 Communication Power Engineer 28、批发｜零售 Wholesales/Retails人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全店长 Shop Manager卖场经理 Store Manager店员｜营业员 Shop Assistant/Salesperson收银员 Cashier营运督导 Operation Supervisor理货员|陈列员 Tally Clerk/Display Staff导购员 Purchasing Guider寻呼员｜话务员 Paging Operator29、金融 Finance分行行长 Branch President支行行长 Sub—branch President资产评估|分析员 Assets Appraiser/Analyst风险控制 Risk Control信贷管理员 Loan Management Staff信用调查｜分析人员Credit Investigator/Analyst信用控制员 Credit Controllor进出口｜信用证结算Import & export/L/C Settlement外汇交易 Foreign Exchange Dealer清算人员 Liquidation Staff高级客户经理｜客户经理Senior Customer Manager/Customer Manager客户主管 Customer Supervisor客户专员 Customer Specialist银行柜员 Bank Teller银行卡、电子银行业务推广 Bank Cards and E—banking Business Marketing证券|期货｜外汇经纪人 Securities（Stock）/Futures/Foreign Exchange Broker证券分析师 Securities Analyst股票｜期货操盘手 Stock/Futures Operators金融｜经济研究员Financial and Economic Researcher投资|基金项目经理Investment/Fund Project Manager投资|理财顾问Investment/Financing Consultant投资银行业务 Investment Banking Business基金分析师 Fund Analyst融资经理 Financing Manager融资主管 Financing Supervisor融资专员 Financing Specialist 保险精算师 Actuary保险业务经理 Insurance Business Manager保险业务主管 Insurance Business Supervisor保险代理｜经纪人 Insurance Agent/Broker理财顾问|财务规划师Financial Consultant/Finance Planner保险核保 Insurance Underwriter保险理赔 Insurance Settlement Staff保险客户服务 Insurance Customer Service保险内勤 Insurance Office Staff保险产品开发 Insurance Product developer30、贸易 Trading贸易经理 Trade Manager贸易主管 Trade Supervisor贸易专员｜助理 Trade Specialist/Assistant外贸经理 Overseas Trade Manager外贸主管 Overseas Trade Supervisor外贸专员|助理Overseas Trade Specialist/Assistant进出口经理 Import/Export Manager进出口主管 Import/Export Supervisor进出口专员 Import/Export Specialist业务跟单经理 Merchandising Manager高级业务跟单 Senior Merchandiser业务跟单 Merchandiser助理业务跟单 Assistant to Merchandiser货运代理 Shipping Agent报关主管 Customs Supervisor报关员 Customs Specialist单证员 Documentation Specialist31、操作工Technician钳工｜机修工 Locksmith/Mechanic钣金工:Metaler电焊工｜铆焊工 Electric Welding Worker车工|磨工|铣工｜冲压工|锣工Latheman/Grinder/Miller/Puncher/Turner模具工 Mould Worker电工 Electrician叉车工 Forklift Worker空调工 Air-Condition Worker电梯工 Lift Worker锅炉工 Steam Worker/Boiler人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全水工｜木工|油漆工 Plumber/Carpenter/Painter喷漆工 Spray Painter汽车修理工 Automotive Repairer技工 Technician / Engineer Trainee普工 General Worker搬运工 Porter包装工 Packer装配工 Assembler汽车修理人员 Vehicle Repairs医疗器械维修人员 Medical Equipment repairer切割工 Cutter32、生产|营运 Production/Operations工厂经理｜厂长 Plant/Factory Manager总工程师｜副总工程师Chief/Vice Chief Engineer技术总监 Technical Director技术经理 Technical Manager技术主管 Technical Supervisor生产总监 Production Director生产经理 Production Manager生产主管 Production Supervisor生产督导 Production Superintendent生产领班|线长 Production Team Leader制造工程师 Manufacturing Engineer生产文员 Production Clark项目总监 Project Director项目经理 Project Manager项目主管 Project Supervisor项目工程师 Project Engineer营运总监 Operations Director营运经理 Operations Manager营运主管 Operations Supervisor营运专员 Operations Specialist车间主任 Workshop Supervisor生产计划经理 Production Planning Manager生产计划主管 Production Planning Supervisor 生产计划协调员Production Planning Coordinator生产计划助理 Production Planning Assistant化验员 Laboratory Technician产品经理 Product Manager产品主管 Product Supervisor产品专员 Product Specialist 培训技师 Trainning Technician成本分析员 Cost Analyist环保工程师 Environmental Engineer增值产品开发工程师Value-added Product Developer污水处理工程师 Water Solution Engineer第二章 HRM相关词组1、HRM相关英语词组——以模块为顺序（1）、人力资源规划Human Resource Planning 人力资源计划strategic planning 战略规划long term trend 长期趋势requirement/demand forecast 需求预测availability/supply forecast 供给预测management inventory 管理人力储备downsizing裁减Human Resource Information System,HRIS 人力资源信息系统Administrative/Management Level 管理层次Administrative Line 直线式管理Delayering 扁平化Flat Organizational Structure 扁平化组织结构Horizontal Organizational Structure 扁平化组织结构division structure 事业部结构Line Authority 直线职权Line Manager 直线经理Line Structure 直线结构organization development，OD组织发展survey feedback 调查反馈quality circles 质量圈management by objective，MBO 目标管理Total Quality Management，TQM 全面质量管理team building 团队建设external environment 外部环境internal environment 内部环境Policy 政策corporate culture 企业文化Mission 目标Shareholders 股东informal organization 非正式组织multinational corporation，MNC 跨国公司人力资源管理常用英语词汇大全managing diversity 管理多样性Core Competence 核心竞争力Core Value 核心价值观Core Worker 核心员工Core Workforce 核心工作团队Corporate Culture 企业文化Corporate Identity 企业识别Corporate Image 企业形象（2）、招聘与配置Position 职位Job Vacancy 职缺Post a job 发布招聘信息job analysis 工作分析job analysis schedule,JAS 工作分析计划表Management Position Description Questionnaire，M PDQ 管理岗位描述问卷Competency Model 胜任特征模型Competency 胜任特征Job Code 工作编号，职位编号Job Context 工作背景Job Description 职位描述，工作说明Job Design 工作设计Job Enlargement 工作扩大化Job Enrichment 工作丰富化Job Qualification and Restriction 工作任职条件和资格Job Redesign 工作再设计Job Rotation 工作轮换Job Satisfaction 工作满意度Job specifications 工作说明书Job Standard 工作标准Job Stress 工作压力Job Surrounding 工作环境Job Specialization 工作专业化Job structure 工作结构Recruitment and placement招聘与配置Age Composition 年龄结构Age Discrimination 年龄歧视Sexual Discrimination 性别歧视Resume Inventory 简历数据库Resume 简历Employment Application Form 应聘申请表Recruiter 招聘人员Employment Consultant 招聘顾问Cost Per Hire 单位招聘成本Recruitment Ditch 招聘渠道Recruitment Examination 招聘考试Recruitment Method 招聘方法Intern (student）实习生Internship 实习Internal Recruitment 内部招聘Internal referral 内部推荐Internal Job Posting 内部职位公开招聘External Employment 外部招聘External Labor Supply 外部劳力供应External Recruiting Sources 外部招聘来源External Recruitment Environment 外部招聘环境External labor market 外部劳动力市场Labor Dispatching Agency 劳务派遣中介Labor Dispatch 劳工派遣Job Posting 公开招聘、工作公告Campus Recruiting 校园招聘E—Recruit 网络招聘Recruitment Website 招聘网站Advertising 广告Employment Agency 职业介绍所Applicant—Initiated Recruitment 自荐式招聘Application Blank 申请表Application forms 申请表employee requisition 员工申请表Employment at will 自由就业Employment Objective 应聘职位Selection 选择Initial Interview 初试Interview Planning List 面试计划表Interview 面试Interview Content 面试内容selection rate 选择率standardization 标准化validity 有效性objectivity 客观性norm 规范cutoff score 录用分数线aiming 准确度job knowledge tests 业务知识测试employment interview 求职面试unstructured interview 非结构化面试structured interview 结构化面试group interview 小组面试Occupational /Vocational interest test 职业兴趣测试board interview会议型面试Situational Interview 情景面试Behavioral Description Interview 行为描述面试Interview Method 访谈法Written Examination 笔试Employment 雇用offer letter 录用通知书Employment Offer/Enrollment 录用Promotion 晋升Promotion From Within ,PFW 内部提升Internal Promotion 内部晋升Demotion 降职Transfer 调动Dimission 离职Resignation 辞职Dismissal 解雇；开除Employee Turnover 员工流动Dimission Interview 离职面谈Exit Interview 离职面谈Dimission Rate 离职率Employee Turnover Rate 员工流动率Employment Separation Certificate 离职证明书Pink Slip 解雇通知Walking Papers解雇通知dismissal reason 解雇理由Severance pay解雇费/遣散费Release pay解雇费/遣散费Dismissal pay/wage 解雇费/遣散费Termination at Will 随意解雇Termination解雇；终止Downsizing精简裁员Unemployment Compensation 失业津贴Unemployment Insurance 失业保险Unemployment Rate 失业率Unemployment 失业（3)、培训和开发Human Resource Development(HRD）人力资源开发Employee Training Method 员工培训方法Training 培训Development 开发Orientation 定位Coaching 训练Mentoring 辅导Mentor 辅导员、导师business games 经营管理策略case study 案例研究conference method 会议方法role playing 角色扮演job rotating 工作轮换on boarding training 入职培训Orientation Training 入职培训On-the—job training (OJT）在职培训Apprenticeship Training 学徒式培训Apprenticeship 学徒制Apprentice 学徒Classroom Training 课堂培训Coach 教练Coaching 辅导教练Media 媒介Career 职业career planning 职业计划/规划career development 职业发展self—assessment 自我评价Career Anchors 职业锚/职业动机Vocational/Occupational Motivation 职业动机Career Counseling 职业咨询Career Curve 职业曲线Career Cycle 职业周期Career Development Method 职业发展方法Career Path Information 职业途径信息Career Path 职业途径Career planning and development 职业规划与职业发展career plateau 职业高原Career Stage 职业阶段Career Training 专业训练职业训练Career curves （maturity curves 职业曲线(成熟曲线）Career management system 职业管理系统Career support 职业支持。
Native Instruments MASCHINE MK3 用户手册说明书
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Native Instruments GmbH. The software described by this docu-ment is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise transmitted or recorded, for any purpose, without prior written permission by Native Instruments GmbH, hereinafter referred to as Native Instruments.“Native Instruments”, “NI” and associated logos are (registered) trademarks of Native Instru-ments GmbH.ASIO, VST, HALion and Cubase are registered trademarks of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH.All other product and company names are trademarks™ or registered® trademarks of their re-spective holders. Use of them does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them.Document authored by: David Gover and Nico Sidi.Software version: 2.8 (02/2019)Hardware version: MASCHINE MK3Special thanks to the Beta Test Team, who were invaluable not just in tracking down bugs, but in making this a better product.NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH Schlesische Str. 29-30D-10997 Berlin Germanywww.native-instruments.de NATIVE INSTRUMENTS North America, Inc. 6725 Sunset Boulevard5th FloorLos Angeles, CA 90028USANATIVE INSTRUMENTS K.K.YO Building 3FJingumae 6-7-15, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001Japanwww.native-instruments.co.jp NATIVE INSTRUMENTS UK Limited 18 Phipp StreetLondon EC2A 4NUUKNATIVE INSTRUMENTS FRANCE SARL 113 Rue Saint-Maur75011 ParisFrance SHENZHEN NATIVE INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Limited 5F, Shenzhen Zimao Center111 Taizi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, GuangdongChina© NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH, 2019. All rights reserved.Table of Contents1Welcome to MASCHINE (25)1.1MASCHINE Documentation (26)1.2Document Conventions (27)1.3New Features in MASCHINE 2.8 (29)1.4New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.10 (31)1.5New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.8 (31)1.6New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.7 (32)1.7New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.4 (33)1.8New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.3 (36)2Quick Reference (38)2.1Using Your Controller (38)2.1.1Controller Modes and Mode Pinning (38)2.1.2Controlling the Software Views from Your Controller (40)2.2MASCHINE Project Overview (43)2.2.1Sound Content (44)2.2.2Arrangement (45)2.3MASCHINE Hardware Overview (48)2.3.1MASCHINE Hardware Overview (48)2.3.1.1Control Section (50)2.3.1.2Edit Section (53)2.3.1.3Performance Section (54)2.3.1.4Group Section (56)2.3.1.5Transport Section (56)2.3.1.6Pad Section (58)2.3.1.7Rear Panel (63)2.4MASCHINE Software Overview (65)2.4.1Header (66)2.4.2Browser (68)2.4.3Arranger (70)2.4.4Control Area (73)2.4.5Pattern Editor (74)3Basic Concepts (76)3.1Important Names and Concepts (76)3.2Adjusting the MASCHINE User Interface (79)3.2.1Adjusting the Size of the Interface (79)3.2.2Switching between Ideas View and Song View (80)3.2.3Showing/Hiding the Browser (81)3.2.4Showing/Hiding the Control Lane (81)3.3Common Operations (82)3.3.1Using the 4-Directional Push Encoder (82)3.3.2Pinning a Mode on the Controller (83)3.3.3Adjusting Volume, Swing, and Tempo (84)3.3.4Undo/Redo (87)3.3.5List Overlay for Selectors (89)3.3.6Zoom and Scroll Overlays (90)3.3.7Focusing on a Group or a Sound (91)3.3.8Switching Between the Master, Group, and Sound Level (96)3.3.9Navigating Channel Properties, Plug-ins, and Parameter Pages in the Control Area.973.3.9.1Extended Navigate Mode on Your Controller (102)3.3.10Navigating the Software Using the Controller (105)3.3.11Using Two or More Hardware Controllers (106)3.3.12Touch Auto-Write Option (108)3.4Native Kontrol Standard (110)3.5Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (111)3.5.1Differences between Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (112)3.5.2Switching Instances (113)3.5.3Controlling Various Instances with Different Controllers (114)3.6Host Integration (114)3.6.1Setting up Host Integration (115)3.6.1.1Setting up Ableton Live (macOS) (115)3.6.1.2Setting up Ableton Live (Windows) (116)3.6.1.3Setting up Apple Logic Pro X (116)3.6.2Integration with Ableton Live (117)3.6.3Integration with Apple Logic Pro X (119)3.7Preferences (120)3.7.1Preferences – General Page (121)3.7.2Preferences – Audio Page (126)3.7.3Preferences – MIDI Page (130)3.7.4Preferences – Default Page (133)3.7.5Preferences – Library Page (137)3.7.6Preferences – Plug-ins Page (145)3.7.7Preferences – Hardware Page (150)3.7.8Preferences – Colors Page (154)3.8Integrating MASCHINE into a MIDI Setup (156)3.8.1Connecting External MIDI Equipment (156)3.8.2Sync to External MIDI Clock (157)3.8.3Send MIDI Clock (158)3.9Syncing MASCHINE using Ableton Link (159)3.9.1Connecting to a Network (159)3.9.2Joining and Leaving a Link Session (159)3.10Using a Pedal with the MASCHINE Controller (160)3.11File Management on the MASCHINE Controller (161)4Browser (163)4.1Browser Basics (163)4.1.1The MASCHINE Library (163)4.1.2Browsing the Library vs. Browsing Your Hard Disks (164)4.2Searching and Loading Files from the Library (165)4.2.1Overview of the Library Pane (165)4.2.2Selecting or Loading a Product and Selecting a Bank from the Browser (170)4.2.2.1[MK3] Browsing by Product Category Using the Controller (174)4.2.2.2[MK3] Browsing by Product Vendor Using the Controller (174)4.2.3Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank (175)4.2.3.1Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank on theController (179)4.2.4Selecting a File Type (180)4.2.5Choosing Between Factory and User Content (181)4.2.6Selecting Type and Character Tags (182)4.2.7List and Tag Overlays in the Browser (186)4.2.8Performing a Text Search (188)4.2.9Loading a File from the Result List (188)4.3Additional Browsing Tools (193)4.3.1Loading the Selected Files Automatically (193)4.3.2Auditioning Instrument Presets (195)4.3.3Auditioning Samples (196)4.3.4Loading Groups with Patterns (197)4.3.5Loading Groups with Routing (198)4.3.6Displaying File Information (198)4.4Using Favorites in the Browser (199)4.5Editing the Files’ Tags and Properties (203)4.5.1Attribute Editor Basics (203)4.5.2The Bank Page (205)4.5.3The Types and Characters Pages (205)4.5.4The Properties Page (208)4.6Loading and Importing Files from Your File System (209)4.6.1Overview of the FILES Pane (209)4.6.2Using Favorites (211)4.6.3Using the Location Bar (212)4.6.4Navigating to Recent Locations (213)4.6.5Using the Result List (214)4.6.6Importing Files to the MASCHINE Library (217)4.7Locating Missing Samples (219)4.8Using Quick Browse (221)5Managing Sounds, Groups, and Your Project (225)5.1Overview of the Sounds, Groups, and Master (225)5.1.1The Sound, Group, and Master Channels (226)5.1.2Similarities and Differences in Handling Sounds and Groups (227)5.1.3Selecting Multiple Sounds or Groups (228)5.2Managing Sounds (233)5.2.1Loading Sounds (235)5.2.2Pre-listening to Sounds (236)5.2.3Renaming Sound Slots (237)5.2.4Changing the Sound’s Color (237)5.2.5Saving Sounds (239)5.2.6Copying and Pasting Sounds (241)5.2.7Moving Sounds (244)5.2.8Resetting Sound Slots (245)5.3Managing Groups (247)5.3.1Creating Groups (248)5.3.2Loading Groups (249)5.3.3Renaming Groups (251)5.3.4Changing the Group’s Color (251)5.3.5Saving Groups (253)5.3.6Copying and Pasting Groups (255)5.3.7Reordering Groups (258)5.3.8Deleting Groups (259)5.4Exporting MASCHINE Objects and Audio (260)5.4.1Saving a Group with its Samples (261)5.4.2Saving a Project with its Samples (262)5.4.3Exporting Audio (264)5.5Importing Third-Party File Formats (270)5.5.1Loading REX Files into Sound Slots (270)5.5.2Importing MPC Programs to Groups (271)6Playing on the Controller (275)6.1Adjusting the Pads (275)6.1.1The Pad View in the Software (275)6.1.2Choosing a Pad Input Mode (277)6.1.3Adjusting the Base Key (280)6.1.4Using Choke Groups (282)6.1.5Using Link Groups (284)6.2Adjusting the Key, Choke, and Link Parameters for Multiple Sounds (286)6.3Playing Tools (287)6.3.1Mute and Solo (288)6.3.2Choke All Notes (292)6.3.3Groove (293)6.3.4Level, Tempo, Tune, and Groove Shortcuts on Your Controller (295)6.3.5Tap Tempo (299)6.4Performance Features (300)6.4.1Overview of the Perform Features (300)6.4.2Selecting a Scale and Creating Chords (303)6.4.3Scale and Chord Parameters (303)6.4.4Creating Arpeggios and Repeated Notes (316)6.4.5Swing on Note Repeat / Arp Output (321)6.5Using Lock Snapshots (322)6.5.1Creating a Lock Snapshot (322)6.5.2Using Extended Lock (323)6.5.3Updating a Lock Snapshot (323)6.5.4Recalling a Lock Snapshot (324)6.5.5Morphing Between Lock Snapshots (324)6.5.6Deleting a Lock Snapshot (325)6.5.7Triggering Lock Snapshots via MIDI (326)6.6Using the Smart Strip (327)6.6.1Pitch Mode (328)6.6.2Modulation Mode (328)6.6.3Perform Mode (328)6.6.4Notes Mode (329)7Working with Plug-ins (330)7.1Plug-in Overview (330)7.1.1Plug-in Basics (330)7.1.2First Plug-in Slot of Sounds: Choosing the Sound’s Role (334)7.1.3Loading, Removing, and Replacing a Plug-in (335)7.1.3.1Browser Plug-in Slot Selection (341)7.1.4Adjusting the Plug-in Parameters (344)7.1.5Bypassing Plug-in Slots (344)7.1.6Using Side-Chain (346)7.1.7Moving Plug-ins (346)7.1.8Alternative: the Plug-in Strip (348)7.1.9Saving and Recalling Plug-in Presets (348)7.1.9.1Saving Plug-in Presets (349)7.1.9.2Recalling Plug-in Presets (350)7.1.9.3Removing a Default Plug-in Preset (351)7.2The Sampler Plug-in (352)7.2.1Page 1: Voice Settings / Engine (354)7.2.2Page 2: Pitch / Envelope (356)7.2.3Page 3: FX / Filter (359)7.2.4Page 4: Modulation (361)7.2.5Page 5: LFO (363)7.2.6Page 6: Velocity / Modwheel (365)7.3Using Native Instruments and External Plug-ins (367)7.3.1Opening/Closing Plug-in Windows (367)7.3.2Using the VST/AU Plug-in Parameters (370)7.3.3Setting Up Your Own Parameter Pages (371)7.3.4Using VST/AU Plug-in Presets (376)7.3.5Multiple-Output Plug-ins and Multitimbral Plug-ins (378)8Using the Audio Plug-in (380)8.1Loading a Loop into the Audio Plug-in (384)8.2Editing Audio in the Audio Plug-in (385)8.3Using Loop Mode (386)8.4Using Gate Mode (388)9Using the Drumsynths (390)9.1Drumsynths – General Handling (391)9.1.1Engines: Many Different Drums per Drumsynth (391)9.1.2Common Parameter Organization (391)9.1.3Shared Parameters (394)9.1.4Various Velocity Responses (394)9.1.5Pitch Range, Tuning, and MIDI Notes (394)9.2The Kicks (395)9.2.1Kick – Sub (397)9.2.2Kick – Tronic (399)9.2.3Kick – Dusty (402)9.2.4Kick – Grit (403)9.2.5Kick – Rasper (406)9.2.6Kick – Snappy (407)9.2.7Kick – Bold (409)9.2.8Kick – Maple (411)9.2.9Kick – Push (412)9.3The Snares (414)9.3.1Snare – Volt (416)9.3.2Snare – Bit (418)9.3.3Snare – Pow (420)9.3.4Snare – Sharp (421)9.3.5Snare – Airy (423)9.3.6Snare – Vintage (425)9.3.7Snare – Chrome (427)9.3.8Snare – Iron (429)9.3.9Snare – Clap (431)9.3.10Snare – Breaker (433)9.4The Hi-hats (435)9.4.1Hi-hat – Silver (436)9.4.2Hi-hat – Circuit (438)9.4.3Hi-hat – Memory (440)9.4.4Hi-hat – Hybrid (442)9.4.5Creating a Pattern with Closed and Open Hi-hats (444)9.5The Toms (445)9.5.1Tom – Tronic (447)9.5.2Tom – Fractal (449)9.5.3Tom – Floor (453)9.5.4Tom – High (455)9.6The Percussions (456)9.6.1Percussion – Fractal (458)9.6.2Percussion – Kettle (461)9.6.3Percussion – Shaker (463)9.7The Cymbals (467)9.7.1Cymbal – Crash (469)9.7.2Cymbal – Ride (471)10Using the Bass Synth (474)10.1Bass Synth – General Handling (475)10.1.1Parameter Organization (475)10.1.2Bass Synth Parameters (477)11Working with Patterns (479)11.1Pattern Basics (479)11.1.1Pattern Editor Overview (480)11.1.2Navigating the Event Area (486)11.1.3Following the Playback Position in the Pattern (488)11.1.4Jumping to Another Playback Position in the Pattern (489)11.1.5Group View and Keyboard View (491)11.1.6Adjusting the Arrange Grid and the Pattern Length (493)11.1.7Adjusting the Step Grid and the Nudge Grid (497)11.2Recording Patterns in Real Time (501)11.2.1Recording Your Patterns Live (501)11.2.2The Record Prepare Mode (504)11.2.3Using the Metronome (505)11.2.4Recording with Count-in (506)11.2.5Quantizing while Recording (508)11.3Recording Patterns with the Step Sequencer (508)11.3.1Step Mode Basics (508)11.3.2Editing Events in Step Mode (511)11.3.3Recording Modulation in Step Mode (513)11.4Editing Events (514)11.4.1Editing Events with the Mouse: an Overview (514)11.4.2Creating Events/Notes (517)11.4.3Selecting Events/Notes (518)11.4.4Editing Selected Events/Notes (526)11.4.5Deleting Events/Notes (532)11.4.6Cut, Copy, and Paste Events/Notes (535)11.4.7Quantizing Events/Notes (538)11.4.8Quantization While Playing (540)11.4.9Doubling a Pattern (541)11.4.10Adding Variation to Patterns (541)11.5Recording and Editing Modulation (546)11.5.1Which Parameters Are Modulatable? (547)11.5.2Recording Modulation (548)11.5.3Creating and Editing Modulation in the Control Lane (550)11.6Creating MIDI Tracks from Scratch in MASCHINE (555)11.7Managing Patterns (557)11.7.1The Pattern Manager and Pattern Mode (558)11.7.2Selecting Patterns and Pattern Banks (560)11.7.3Creating Patterns (563)11.7.4Deleting Patterns (565)11.7.5Creating and Deleting Pattern Banks (566)11.7.6Naming Patterns (568)11.7.7Changing the Pattern’s Color (570)11.7.8Duplicating, Copying, and Pasting Patterns (571)11.7.9Moving Patterns (574)11.7.10Adjusting Pattern Length in Fine Increments (575)11.8Importing/Exporting Audio and MIDI to/from Patterns (576)11.8.1Exporting Audio from Patterns (576)11.8.2Exporting MIDI from Patterns (577)11.8.3Importing MIDI to Patterns (580)12Audio Routing, Remote Control, and Macro Controls (589)12.1Audio Routing in MASCHINE (590)12.1.1Sending External Audio to Sounds (591)12.1.2Configuring the Main Output of Sounds and Groups (596)12.1.3Setting Up Auxiliary Outputs for Sounds and Groups (601)12.1.4Configuring the Master and Cue Outputs of MASCHINE (605)12.1.5Mono Audio Inputs (610)12.1.5.1Configuring External Inputs for Sounds in Mix View (611)12.2Using MIDI Control and Host Automation (614)12.2.1Triggering Sounds via MIDI Notes (615)12.2.2Triggering Scenes via MIDI (622)12.2.3Controlling Parameters via MIDI and Host Automation (623)12.2.4Selecting VST/AU Plug-in Presets via MIDI Program Change (631)12.2.5Sending MIDI from Sounds (632)12.3Creating Custom Sets of Parameters with the Macro Controls (636)12.3.1Macro Control Overview (637)12.3.2Assigning Macro Controls Using the Software (638)12.3.3Assigning Macro Controls Using the Controller (644)13Controlling Your Mix (646)13.1Mix View Basics (646)13.1.1Switching between Arrange View and Mix View (646)13.1.2Mix View Elements (647)13.2The Mixer (649)13.2.1Displaying Groups vs. Displaying Sounds (650)13.2.2Adjusting the Mixer Layout (652)13.2.3Selecting Channel Strips (653)13.2.4Managing Your Channels in the Mixer (654)13.2.5Adjusting Settings in the Channel Strips (656)13.2.6Using the Cue Bus (660)13.3The Plug-in Chain (662)13.4The Plug-in Strip (663)13.4.1The Plug-in Header (665)13.4.2Panels for Drumsynths and Internal Effects (667)13.4.3Panel for the Sampler (668)13.4.4Custom Panels for Native Instruments Plug-ins (671)13.4.5Undocking a Plug-in Panel (Native Instruments and External Plug-ins Only) (675)13.5Controlling Your Mix from the Controller (677)13.5.1Navigating Your Channels in Mix Mode (678)13.5.2Adjusting the Level and Pan in Mix Mode (679)13.5.3Mute and Solo in Mix Mode (680)13.5.4Plug-in Icons in Mix Mode (680)14Using Effects (681)14.1Applying Effects to a Sound, a Group or the Master (681)14.1.1Adding an Effect (681)14.1.2Other Operations on Effects (690)14.1.3Using the Side-Chain Input (692)14.2Applying Effects to External Audio (695)14.2.1Step 1: Configure MASCHINE Audio Inputs (695)14.2.2Step 2: Set up a Sound to Receive the External Input (698)14.2.3Step 3: Load an Effect to Process an Input (700)14.3Creating a Send Effect (701)14.3.1Step 1: Set Up a Sound or Group as Send Effect (702)14.3.2Step 2: Route Audio to the Send Effect (706)14.3.3 A Few Notes on Send Effects (708)14.4Creating Multi-Effects (709)15Effect Reference (712)15.1Dynamics (713)15.1.1Compressor (713)15.1.2Gate (717)15.1.3Transient Master (721)15.1.4Limiter (723)15.1.5Maximizer (727)15.2Filtering Effects (730)15.2.1EQ (730)15.2.2Filter (733)15.2.3Cabinet (737)15.3Modulation Effects (738)15.3.1Chorus (738)15.3.2Flanger (740)15.3.3FM (742)15.3.4Freq Shifter (743)15.3.5Phaser (745)15.4Spatial and Reverb Effects (747)15.4.1Ice (747)15.4.2Metaverb (749)15.4.3Reflex (750)15.4.4Reverb (Legacy) (752)15.4.5Reverb (754)15.4.5.1Reverb Room (754)15.4.5.2Reverb Hall (757)15.4.5.3Plate Reverb (760)15.5Delays (762)15.5.1Beat Delay (762)15.5.2Grain Delay (765)15.5.3Grain Stretch (767)15.5.4Resochord (769)15.6Distortion Effects (771)15.6.1Distortion (771)15.6.2Lofi (774)15.6.3Saturator (775)15.7Perform FX (779)15.7.1Filter (780)15.7.2Flanger (782)15.7.3Burst Echo (785)15.7.4Reso Echo (787)15.7.5Ring (790)15.7.6Stutter (792)15.7.7Tremolo (795)15.7.8Scratcher (798)16Working with the Arranger (801)16.1Arranger Basics (801)16.1.1Navigating Song View (804)16.1.2Following the Playback Position in Your Project (806)16.1.3Performing with Scenes and Sections using the Pads (807)16.2Using Ideas View (811)16.2.1Scene Overview (811)16.2.2Creating Scenes (813)16.2.3Assigning and Removing Patterns (813)16.2.4Selecting Scenes (817)16.2.5Deleting Scenes (818)16.2.6Creating and Deleting Scene Banks (820)16.2.7Clearing Scenes (820)16.2.8Duplicating Scenes (821)16.2.9Reordering Scenes (822)16.2.10Making Scenes Unique (824)16.2.11Appending Scenes to Arrangement (825)16.2.12Naming Scenes (826)16.2.13Changing the Color of a Scene (827)16.3Using Song View (828)16.3.1Section Management Overview (828)16.3.2Creating Sections (833)16.3.3Assigning a Scene to a Section (834)16.3.4Selecting Sections and Section Banks (835)16.3.5Reorganizing Sections (839)16.3.6Adjusting the Length of a Section (840)16.3.6.1Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Software (841)16.3.6.2Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Controller (843)16.3.7Clearing a Pattern in Song View (843)16.3.8Duplicating Sections (844)16.3.8.1Making Sections Unique (845)16.3.9Removing Sections (846)16.3.10Renaming Scenes (848)16.3.11Clearing Sections (849)16.3.12Creating and Deleting Section Banks (850)16.3.13Working with Patterns in Song view (850)16.3.13.1Creating a Pattern in Song View (850)16.3.13.2Selecting a Pattern in Song View (850)16.3.13.3Clearing a Pattern in Song View (851)16.3.13.4Renaming a Pattern in Song View (851)16.3.13.5Coloring a Pattern in Song View (851)16.3.13.6Removing a Pattern in Song View (852)16.3.13.7Duplicating a Pattern in Song View (852)16.3.14Enabling Auto Length (852)16.3.15Looping (853)16.3.15.1Setting the Loop Range in the Software (854)16.4Playing with Sections (855)16.4.1Jumping to another Playback Position in Your Project (855)16.5Triggering Sections or Scenes via MIDI (856)16.6The Arrange Grid (858)16.7Quick Grid (860)17Sampling and Sample Mapping (862)17.1Opening the Sample Editor (862)17.2Recording Audio (863)17.2.1Opening the Record Page (863)17.2.2Selecting the Source and the Recording Mode (865)17.2.3Arming, Starting, and Stopping the Recording (868)17.2.5Using the Footswitch for Recording Audio (871)17.2.6Checking Your Recordings (872)17.2.7Location and Name of Your Recorded Samples (876)17.3Editing a Sample (876)17.3.1Using the Edit Page (877)17.3.2Audio Editing Functions (882)17.4Slicing a Sample (890)17.4.1Opening the Slice Page (891)17.4.2Adjusting the Slicing Settings (893)17.4.3Live Slicing (898)17.4.3.1Live Slicing Using the Controller (898)17.4.3.2Delete All Slices (899)17.4.4Manually Adjusting Your Slices (899)17.4.5Applying the Slicing (906)17.5Mapping Samples to Zones (912)17.5.1Opening the Zone Page (912)17.5.2Zone Page Overview (913)17.5.3Selecting and Managing Zones in the Zone List (915)17.5.4Selecting and Editing Zones in the Map View (920)17.5.5Editing Zones in the Sample View (924)17.5.6Adjusting the Zone Settings (927)17.5.7Adding Samples to the Sample Map (934)18Appendix: Tips for Playing Live (937)18.1Preparations (937)18.1.1Focus on the Hardware (937)18.1.2Customize the Pads of the Hardware (937)18.1.3Check Your CPU Power Before Playing (937)18.1.4Name and Color Your Groups, Patterns, Sounds and Scenes (938)18.1.5Consider Using a Limiter on Your Master (938)18.1.6Hook Up Your Other Gear and Sync It with MIDI Clock (938)18.1.7Improvise (938)18.2Basic Techniques (938)18.2.1Use Mute and Solo (938)18.2.2Use Scene Mode and Tweak the Loop Range (939)18.2.3Create Variations of Your Drum Patterns in the Step Sequencer (939)18.2.4Use Note Repeat (939)18.2.5Set Up Your Own Multi-effect Groups and Automate Them (939)18.3Special Tricks (940)18.3.1Changing Pattern Length for Variation (940)18.3.2Using Loops to Cycle Through Samples (940)18.3.3Using Loops to Cycle Through Samples (940)18.3.4Load Long Audio Files and Play with the Start Point (940)19Troubleshooting (941)19.1Knowledge Base (941)19.2Technical Support (941)19.3Registration Support (942)19.4User Forum (942)20Glossary (943)Index (951)1Welcome to MASCHINEThank you for buying MASCHINE!MASCHINE is a groove production studio that implements the familiar working style of classi-cal groove boxes along with the advantages of a computer based system. MASCHINE is ideal for making music live, as well as in the studio. It’s the hands-on aspect of a dedicated instru-ment, the MASCHINE hardware controller, united with the advanced editing features of the MASCHINE software.Creating beats is often not very intuitive with a computer, but using the MASCHINE hardware controller to do it makes it easy and fun. You can tap in freely with the pads or use Note Re-peat to jam along. Alternatively, build your beats using the step sequencer just as in classic drum machines.Patterns can be intuitively combined and rearranged on the fly to form larger ideas. You can try out several different versions of a song without ever having to stop the music.Since you can integrate it into any sequencer that supports VST, AU, or AAX plug-ins, you can reap the benefits in almost any software setup, or use it as a stand-alone application. You can sample your own material, slice loops and rearrange them easily.However, MASCHINE is a lot more than an ordinary groovebox or sampler: it comes with an inspiring 7-gigabyte library, and a sophisticated, yet easy to use tag-based Browser to give you instant access to the sounds you are looking for.What’s more, MASCHINE provides lots of options for manipulating your sounds via internal ef-fects and other sound-shaping possibilities. You can also control external MIDI hardware and 3rd-party software with the MASCHINE hardware controller, while customizing the functions of the pads, knobs and buttons according to your needs utilizing the included Controller Editor application. We hope you enjoy this fantastic instrument as much as we do. Now let’s get go-ing!—The MASCHINE team at Native Instruments.MASCHINE Documentation1.1MASCHINE DocumentationNative Instruments provide many information sources regarding MASCHINE. The main docu-ments should be read in the following sequence:1.MASCHINE Getting Started: This document provides a practical approach to MASCHINE viaa set of tutorials covering easy and more advanced tasks in order to help you familiarizeyourself with MASCHINE.2.MASCHINE Manual (this document): The MASCHINE Manual provides you with a compre-hensive description of all MASCHINE software and hardware features.Additional documentation sources provide you with details on more specific topics:▪Controller Editor Manual: Besides using your MASCHINE hardware controller together withits dedicated MASCHINE software, you can also use it as a powerful and highly versatileMIDI controller to pilot any other MIDI-capable application or device. This is made possibleby the Controller Editor software, an application that allows you to precisely define all MIDIassignments for your MASCHINE controller. The Controller Editor was installed during theMASCHINE installation procedure. For more information on this, please refer to the Con-troller Editor Manual available as a PDF file via the Help menu of Controller Editor.▪Online Support Videos: You can find a number of support videos on The Official Native In-struments Support Channel under the following URL: https:///NIsupport-EN. We recommend that you follow along with these instructions while the respective ap-plication is running on your computer.Other Online Resources:If you are experiencing problems related to your Native Instruments product that the supplied documentation does not cover, there are several ways of getting help:▪Knowledge Base▪User Forum▪Technical Support▪Registration SupportYou will find more information on these subjects in the chapter Troubleshooting.1.2Document ConventionsThis section introduces you to the signage and text highlighting used in this manual. This man-ual uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of potential issues. The icons introducing these notes let you see what kind of information is to be expected:This document uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of poten-tial issues. The icons introducing the following notes let you see what kind of information can be expected:Furthermore, the following formatting is used:▪Text appearing in (drop-down) menus (such as Open…, Save as… etc.) in the software and paths to locations on your hard disk or other storage devices is printed in italics.▪Text appearing elsewhere (labels of buttons, controls, text next to checkboxes etc.) in the software is printed in blue. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find the same text appearing somewhere on the screen.▪Text appearing on the displays of the controller is printed in light grey. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find the same text on a controller display.▪Text appearing on labels of the hardware controller is printed in orange. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find the same text on the controller.▪Important names and concepts are printed in bold.▪References to keys on your computer’s keyboard you’ll find put in square brackets (e.g.,“Press [Shift] + [Enter]”).►Single instructions are introduced by this play button type arrow.→Results of actions are introduced by this smaller arrow.Naming ConventionThroughout the documentation we will refer to MASCHINE controller (or just controller) as the hardware controller and MASCHINE software as the software installed on your computer.The term “effect” will sometimes be abbreviated as “FX” when referring to elements in the MA-SCHINE software and hardware. These terms have the same meaning.Button Combinations and Shortcuts on Your ControllerMost instructions will use the “+” sign to indicate buttons (or buttons and pads) that must be pressed simultaneously, starting with the button indicated first. E.g., an instruction such as:“Press SHIFT + PLAY”means:1.Press and hold SHIFT.2.While holding SHIFT, press PLAY and release it.3.Release SHIFT.Unlabeled Buttons on the ControllerThe buttons and knobs above and below the displays on your MASCHINE controller do not have labels.。
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
职位翻译大全
Director Human Resources Human Resources Director Human Resources Manager Human Resources Supervisor Human Resources Specialist Human Resources Assistant Recruitment Manager Recruitment Supervisor Recruitment Specialist Recruitment Assistant Compensation & Benefits Manager
Purchasing Purchasing Director Purchasing Director(overseas) Purchasing Manager Purchasing Manager(overseas) Purchasing Supervisor Purchasing Supervisor(overseas) Purchasing Specialist Purchasing Specialist(overseas) Purchasing Assistant Logistics/Distribution Logistics Director Logistics Manager Logistics Supervisor Logistics Specialist/Assistant Supply Chain Director Supply Chain Manager Supply Chain Supervisor Supply Chain Specialist Materials Manager Materials Supervisor Materials Specialist Warehouse Manager Warehouse Supervisor Warehouse Specialist Supplier/Vendor Management Transportation Manager Transportation Supervisor Sea & Air Transportation Staff Shipping Specialist Courier Dispatcher
sbs一总词汇表
朗文SBS一册词汇表Unit 1: alphabet（字母表）/address（地址）/actor（男演员）/actress（女演员）/athlete（运动员）/president（总统）/fax（传真）/apartment（公寓）/social（社会的）/security（保障）/license（执照）/famous(著名的)Unit 2: globe（地球仪）/notebook（笔记本）/blackboard（黑板）/dictionary（词典）/attic（阁楼）/garage （车库）/basement（地下室）/Italian（意大利人）/Italy(意大利)/ country（国家）/absent（缺席）/at the dentist（在牙医处）/restaurant（饭店）/interesting（有趣的）/even（甚至）/movie theater（电影院）/yard（院子））/shame（羞愧）/except（除了）Unit 3: cafeteria（自助餐厅)/mathematics（数学）/shine-shining（照耀，灿烂的）/title(名称，标题) /nickname （绰号，昵称）/ right now（现在，目前）/instrument （乐器）/play the piano（弹钢琴）/play cards（打牌）/chess（国际象棋）/play baseball （打棒球）/listen to music（听音乐）/ shake hands（握手）/ kiss （接吻）/ bow（鞠躬）/ hug（拥抱）/study（学习）/plant（种植）Unit 4: fix her sink（修理她的水槽）/brush their teeth(刷他们的牙齿)/feed his cat（喂他的猫）/paint our bathroom（粉刷我们的浴室）/read her e-mail（看她的邮件）/of course（当然）/neighbor（邻居）/laundromat （洗衣房）/health club（健身房）/do my exercises（做运动）/attract my attentions（吸引我的注意力）Unit 5: married（已婚）-single（未婚）/handsome（帅气的）/expensive(昂贵的)/cheap(便宜的)/ hotel（宾馆）/bored（无聊的）/clinic（诊所）/repairperson（修理工）/stomach（胃)/ be on vacation（正在放假中）/have a terrible time（度过一段糟糕的时光）/to tell you the truth（告诉你实话）/in fact（事实上）/rain cats and dogs（下倾盆大雨）Unit 6:wife（妻子）/husband（丈夫）/granddaughter（孙女，外孙女）/grandson（孙子,外孙）/niece （侄女，外甥女）/nephew（侄子，外甥）/bake-baking(烘，烤) / teenager（青少年）/bark-barking（狗叫）/sentimental（多愁善感的）/band（乐队）/yard（院子）/ corner( 角落)/wedding day（结婚日）/make a lot of noise（制造噪音）/vacuum one’s rug（给地毯吸尘）/play the drum（打鼓）/ have a big argument （发生了激烈的争吵）/a special day（特殊的一天）/have a wonderful time（玩的特别开心）/wedding gown （结婚礼服）/get to know each other（互相开始了解）/apartment building（公寓楼）/act in a play（在话剧中表演）/ popular music(流行音乐)Unit 7:bakery（面包房）/church（教堂）/almost（几乎）/upset（沮丧的）/neighborhood (小区)/ stove (火炉)/ cockroach(蟑螂)/ tenant(租客)/ convenient(方便的)/ owner(物主)/ sidewalks(人行道)/ refrigerator(冰箱) /around the corner from（在拐角处的另一边）/across from（在…对面）/gas station(加油站)/movie theater(电影院)/shopping mall（购物中心）/talk about(谈论)/more than(超过)/in the center of town(在镇中心)/drug store(药房)/hair salon(美发廊)/barber shop（理发店）/department store(百货商店)/clothing store （服装店）/video store(音像店)/washing machine(洗衣机)Unit 8: blouse（女式衬衫）/suit（西装）/belt（皮带）/pants（裤子，短裤）/tie(领带)/pajamas（睡衣裤）/bracelet（手镯）/stockings（长袜）/earrings（耳环）/mittens（手套）/boots（靴子）/purse（女士手袋）/briefcase（公文包）/ clothesline（晒衣竿）/striped(条纹的)/polka dot（圆点花样的）/necklace( 项链)/jeans(牛仔裤)/gloves(手套)/closet（壁橱）/upset(沮丧的，心情低落的)/look for(寻找)/inexpensive(不贵的)/have a lot of trouble(遇到很多麻烦)/wallet(钱包)/ring（戒指）/sandals（凉鞋）/slippers（拖鞋）/shorts(短裤)/popular(流行的) / wool (羊毛) /cotton (棉) /leather (皮革) frustrated (沮丧的)/ culture (文化)/ common (普通的,普遍的)/ traditional (传统的)Unit 9:sell-sold/（卖）visit-visited（参观，拜访，去…玩）/language（语言）/Spanish（西班牙语，西班牙人，西班牙的）/Spain(西班牙)/Japanese（日语，日本人，日本的）/Japan（日本）/French（法语，法国人，法国的）/France（法国）/German（德语，德国人，德国的）/Germany(德国)Korean（韩语，韩国人，韩国的）/Korea（韩国）/Russian（俄语，俄罗斯人，俄罗斯的）/Russia（俄罗斯）/radio programs(电台节目)/ grocery store（杂货店）/suburb（市郊，郊区）/neighborhood(小区)/ city(城市)/ forget（忘记）-forgot/ a little（一些,有点）/ culture（文化）/country（国家）/weekend（周末）Unit 10:baby-sit（照顾婴儿）/ jog（慢跑）/athletic（运动的）/activity（活动）/active（积极的）/choir （唱诗班）/concert（音乐会，合唱队）/ author（作者）/orchestra (管弦乐队)/ during（在……期间）/spend（花费）/alone（独自）/rare（稀有的）/outdoor（户外）museum (博物馆)/ important (重要的) /see a play（看演出）/international restaurant（国际饭店）/ do yoga（做瑜伽）/ an outgoing person （一个外向的人）/go hiking（徒步旅行）/millions of（数以百万）/go to church（去教堂）/on the weekend （在周末）/musical instrument(乐器)Unit 11:boss（老板）/rarely（很少）/escalator（自动扶梯）/journalist（记者）/ fortunate（幸运的）/scientist（科学家）/laboratory（实验室）/experiment（实验）/unfortunately（不幸地）/think about （想念）/straight hair（直发）/curly hair（卷发）/look like（像）/ close friends（亲密的朋友）/make a movie（拍电影）/get together with sb（和某人在一起）/news reporter（新闻记者）/travel around the world（环游世界）/prime minister（总理）Unit 12:nervous（紧张的）/scared（恐惧的）/embarrassed(尴尬的)/tired（疲劳的）/shiver（颤抖）/perspire(出汗)/ blush(脸红)/yawn(打哈欠/bathtub(浴缸)/typewriter(打字机)/ carpet（地毯）/flashlight（手电筒）/strange(奇怪的，奇异的)/stranger (陌生人)/ sink（水槽）/broken(坏了)/ bite one’s nails（咬指甲）/cover one’s eyes（蒙住眼睛）/walk back and forth（来回走）/company（公司）/staff （全体员工）/energetic（精力充沛的，活跃的）/employee（雇员）/employer(雇主) / employ( 雇佣) /nobody（没人）/receptionist（接待员）/secretary（秘书）/flu（流感）/deliver（送）/as a result（结果是）/answer the telephone（接电话）/type letters（打字）/sort the mail（把信分类）/on strike（罢工中）/rush to one’s jobs（匆匆去上班）/mail carriers（邮递员/美语）/direct traffic（指挥交通）Unit 13:chef（厨师）/ mechanic（机修工)/salesperson（销售员）/hope-hoping(希望)/file（处理文件）/tool（工具）/customer（顾客）/skill（技能）/operate（经营，管理，操作，动手术）/operation(手术n.) / equipment(设备，装备)/ reception room（前台接待处）/ cash register（收银机）/ construction worker（建筑工人）/play the trumpet(吹喇叭)/ type（打字）/act（表演）/look for work（找工作）/find jobs（找到工作）/ depressed(沮丧的，心情低落的)be upset about(为某事感到沮丧)/apply for（申请）/driver’s license（驾照）/application form（申请表格）/have to do sth（不得不干某事，必须干某事）/in person（亲自）/pick up（捡起，取）/go downtown（到市区）/attach（附上）/attachment(附件) / submit（提交，呈送）/application fee（申请费用）/wait in a long line（排长队）/have an eye examination（进行视力测试）/believe it or not（不管你是否相信）/take a written test（考笔试）/finally （最后，终于）/crowded（拥挤的）Unit 14: Words: plumber（水管工人）/ immediately（立刻）/ iron（熨烫，熨斗）/ celebrate（庆祝）/celebration(庆祝n.) / entire（全部的）/ college（大学）/ forecast（预报）/ future(未来) / high school （高中）/ a used car（一辆二手车）/ save a lot of money（存一大笔钱）/ look forward to sth（期待某事）/ look forward to doing sth（期待做某事）/ according to（根据）/ take a long vacation(休一个长假)/ go sailing(去航海) / shave（刮胡子）/ cashier（收银员）/ lawyer（律师）/ painter（画家）/ pilot（飞行员）/ translator(翻译员)/ carpenter（木匠）/ architect（建筑师）/ suitcase（旅行箱）/ wonder（想知道）/ happen（发生）/ fire（开除）/ salary（工资）/ accident （意外，事故）/ believe (相信)/look for my pants(寻找我的裤子)/ get married（结婚）/ take a trip（去旅行）/ have a bad cold（得了重感冒）/ a million(100万)/ fortune teller（算命先生）/ get a haircut（理发）/ just in case（只是为了以防万一）Unit 15: headache（头疼）/stomachache（胃疼）/backache（腰疼）/earache（耳朵疼）/fever （发烧）/cough（咳嗽）/sore throat（喉咙疼）/invite（邀请）/invitation(邀请n.)/ prepare for sth（为…做准备）/step（台阶,步骤）/carpet（地毯）/arrive(到达) /spaghetti（意大利面条）/dessert（餐后甜点）/cracker(薄脆饼干)/fence（栅栏）/serve(为…服务，招待) / guest(客人)/make an appointment (做预约)/dust the furniture（擦家具上的灰）/ask for seconds(再要一份)Unit 16: supervisor(主管，管理者，监督者)/even though（即使）/on time（准时）/in time(及时) / shout at sb（对着某人叫）/leave（left）for work（出发去上班）/read a magazine（看杂志）/a day off （休一天假）/repair shop(修理店) / do exercises（做运动）/buy groceries（买一些杂货）/make dinner （做晚饭）/ rush out of the house（冲出房门）/get off the train（下火车/try to do sth(试着做某事)Unit 17:sick（生病的）-healthy(健康的)/tiny（微小的）-enormous（庞大的）/dull（阴暗的，枯燥的）-shiny（光亮的）/comfortable（舒适的）-uncomfortable（不舒适的）/recommend（推荐，V）/toothpaste （牙膏）/factory（工厂）/dimples（酒窝）/freckles（雀斑）/hero（英雄）/childhood（童年）/business school（商学院）/some day（将来某一天）/communicate with sb（和某人交流）/over the Internet （通过网络）/an exciting future（一个令人振奋的未来）/in your spare time（在你的业余时间）/grow up-grew up（成长）/elementary school（小学）/assembly line（装配线，流水线）。
爱的教育英文简介
爱的教育英文简介《爱的教育》简介Love education is the work of the Italian writer Yami Si Si, is a famous childrens literature, is considered to be one of the ten novels of the Italians must read, is the history of the worldsliterary history, Recognized as the most lovable and educational reading. Zhu Guangqian, Feng Zikai, Mao Dun, 某ia Yan and other scholars have this book was listed as the focus of Rieter Academy. 1986 was included in the European Series by UNESCO. 1994 was included in the World Childrens Literature Award - International Andersen Award young people must read the book. In 2022 by the Ministry of Education designated as primary and secondary school language new curriculum outside the reading bibliography. Love education goes beyond the limits of the times and borders, translated into hundreds of words, has sold more than 15,000,000 copies, becoming one of the worlds most popular books.《爱的教育》主要内容Love of Education, a book with a small boy Amways eyes, starting from the first day of the fourth grade in October began to write; has been written in the second year in July, the book a total of 100 articles, including occurred in the Amway A variety of touching stories, parents e某hortation inspired articles in his diary, and the wonderful Monthly Story that 10 teachers read in class. Each chapter of each section, all the love the performance of the essence of deep, most vividly, as large as the country, society, the nations big love, small to parents, teachers, friends love between me, everywhere e某citing, touching. Over the past 100 years this book has been selling well, and has repeatedly been adapted for theanimation, movies, comic books, readers all over the world. And in the middle of the Italian school childrens books, this one is considered the most common. The purpose of this book is to write about the friendship between the children, not for the class and social status of the friendship. In this book, the world of primary school students lively and splashed in front of us. It is impossible for adults to understand the friendship of children. But read these diaries, who should re-evoke the feelings of childhood. This is the greatest success of Amichetus. When Amicas wrote this book, his heart was filled with the fire of youth. So the rhetoric and the structure of the book, although not pay attention, but a single emotion can make the reader very touched. And love education with the same nature, more description of a friendship book, called GliAmicio, is the masterpiece of the two books, and very moving. Oamsonmorleys Italian literary phenomenon / odernItalianLiterature 341-34 page said: Yami Si Si or can be considered nearly half a century to Italys most famous writer. He only has some small creativity, his works are also very Usually, and he has a weakness - a pessimism for the sadness of our Anglo-Sa某ons, who wrote the best of the few little characters in the book: his description, almost e某actly as photographed, But there was a lot of travels: he traveled a lot of travels: La Spagna, LMarocco, Ricordi Di Lonara (1880), etc. This is just an impressionist travel chronicle, so someone gave him a emblem called literary business Traveler (ridicule its purpose of travel specifically for travel to make money.) Having said that, these travels are all funny, and sometimes slightly touched, and funny and moved are also appropriate.Love of education, formerly known as heart, in Italian is theheart means. The original book in 1904 has three hundred versions, countries probably have a translation, the title is inconsistent. As early as the English translation is still heart, under the marked an Italian pupils diary, the Japanese translation was renamed love school. The translator thinks: if the name of heart, in our country can not e某press the content, an Italian pupils diary, it seems less love school to simple. But the book is not only described in the school, even the social and family situation has, so again renamed love education.Education of Love was introduced in 1923 to our country, in the Oriental magazine serial. A publication is welcomed by the education sector, the early 20th century, early 80s and early 21st century have been selling in the country for a while, can be said that more than any of the education or education. Over the past 100 years, has always been popular, as of around 2022, there are more than 100 kinds of te某t translation, and many times was adapted into cartoons, movies, comic books, affecting the world, become one of the most lovable and education Se某 reading, is the world recognized literary masterpiece, and is a life in the growth of must read.Love education by Mr. 某ia Mianzun in 1924 day control, the English translation of this book translated into Chinese, cartoonist Mr. Feng Zikai for illustrations and cover, published by the Shanghai Kai Ming bookstore. There is no love between education and no love, as the pond has no water, says Mr. 某ia Mianzun, who translated love education. There is no water, no pond, no love without education.《爱的教育》作品赏析Love education is the Italian writer Yami Si Si 10 years to complete the creation. The book uses the form of a diary, tells astory called Anlike fourth grade boys growth story, so the title is also called an Italian fourth grade pupils diary. The content mainly includes a variety of touching stories that take place around Amway, the inspirational essays written by parents in his diary, and the wonderful monthly stories that teachers read in class. Each chapter of each section, all the love performance was fine in depth, most vividly, as large as the country, society, the nations big love, small to parents, teachers, friends love between me, everywhere e某citing. And that many plump characters also left us a deep impression, such as pregnant with chivalrous and let Amway Ke deeply proud of the Friends of Caron; good learning, helpful people on behalf of Luosi; vanity narrow Of the wattoni; arrogant Noborius; there are simple and lovely little mason; strong Keluo Si ... ...The whole works of the language simple, bright, filled with a broad humanitarian spirit and warm human beauty, so that works in the subtle see the truth, ordinary in the sublime. It can be said that the author with the key to love, opened the hearts of people, with love eyes and strokes to convey the best of our lives and the soul. Love education tells the story of the primary school student Anlie Ke, then the primary school after the Amway how it In his growth process what will happen Continued love education narrative middle school student An Like due to weakness , Follow the story of his uncle to the countryside to live. Uncle Ba某in to strict education so that Amway in the natural environment to appreciate the different from the social and other kind of more broad and broad love so that he really aware of the value of nature and life, feel the mystery of life; Respect for personality, love for work and the pursuit of ideals. From the uncle to Amways original manuscript, wecan appreciate the unique clean and peaceful, while the book like poetry beautiful and beautiful te某t, contains the passion of love, and the vision and vision of the future. Continued love education published by the majority of readers welcome, for many years selling well, and was adapted for the film, TV series, cartoons, comic books, in different forms of the worlds hundreds of millions of young people to grow.Quality education is actually love education, is the motherland, parents, teachers, friends, sincere love, love is the fundamental education. Adolescence is a vital stage in the life of the people, in the process of youth growth, we teach them in addition to teach their knowledge, but also should give them what Continued love education gives us a model of quality education. Amways uncle Bashin is a retired captain, he has a poet-like delicate language, philosophers as keen insight, biologists as profound knowledge, gentlemans demeanor and character. He took Annieko to the vast society, and talked about it. He is sometimes harsh, sometimes mild, sometimes e某cited, sometimes low, tells a lot of touching stories, profound philosophy, so that Amway learned a lot of classroom can not learn things. Love education is about emotional education, and continued love education is the will of education. Which seems calmly dialogue, but filled with life, love of nature, full of optimism and the spirit of the ugly phenomenon of social ruthless lash. After reading is memorable, thought-provoking. This book is the best reading ofquality education, is the teacher, parents, young people must read the educational classics.Ordinary and delicate strokes reflected in the almost perfect parent-child love, the feelings of teachers and students, friends offriendship, country love ... ... this everywhere filled with love novel contains the kind of deep, rich feelings The love of love is really great. Love education in the succinct pure love of human nature is one of the most sincere education, and education to love in sublimation.Although everyones life e某perience is different, but you will from the love Education , to e某perience those who have e某perienced those similar feelings, but we may be different behavior of this attitude.It makes me touched also led to some of my thinking about love.Love, like the air, every day around us, because of its invisible and often we will be ignored, but our life can not be missing it, in fact, his meaning has been integrated into life.As the parents love, Amway has the parents Common reading and writing diary, and now a lot of students on the diary also hung a small lock. The simplest thingis the most easily overlooked, as this deep love in the deep love of parent-child.Many people can not feel the love is great because it is not only for the individual, but also the whole nation is proud of the dignity and emotions.Love is a no end of the trip, walking along the way to see, it will be very easy, every day there will be due to the new things sentiment, learning and enrichment. So, wanted to continue to go on, and even put enthusiasm, do not care it will continue How this time, this feeling has sublimated as a love, a love for life.This is the love of education attractive and tell us the truth. This book uses the diary in the form of a record of the fourth grade primary school student An Like around the various touchinglittle story. It contains the ordinary people pure heart of praise,filled with warm human nature of the United States, is a child and adults are worth reading a love of the classic.Children around the world like to read love education, some countries to love education as a primary school students to learn te 某tbooks.。
汉翻英
他从着火的房屋营救出一男孩，人们称赞他这一英勇行为。
我们应不遗余力地去实现梦想。
我一进门就听到有人敲门。
她上课很容易睡着，老师很生气。
他转身来正好看见玛丽在聚会途中悄悄离去，因而感到非常不安。
只要全心全意投身于学习，你终将会达到成为一名专家的长远目标。
我真希望你能拿出一个更好的问题解决办法，能让每人接受。
会上有人建议应意识到这一事实：领导的计划出了毛病。
他定期给家寄钱，他认为这是一件正确的事。
人的学习能力似乎是无限的。
我已了解清楚，他的结论是以事实为根据的。
据史密斯教授说，幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。
Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have.这故事非常滑稽，比尔一边读一边不停地笑。
The story was very funny and Bill kept laughing while reading it.你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的?How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course?她要求学生独立思考，而不是告诉他们该思考什么。
She asked her students to think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.司机应对这次事故负责。
他的车撞倒了一棵树和一个骑车的人。
The driver is responsible for this accident. His car knocked down a tree and a man on his bike.虽然祖母体弱多病，她却承担起了家里的所有家务。
Sickly and weak as Grandma is, she has taken on all the housework in the family.在坚强意志的推动下，亚历克斯终于完成了他所承担的任务。
如何检索日本专利文献的英文文本
日本专利文献的检索在OA中，若对比文件为日本专利文献，且该专利文献族中仅有日文文本而没有例如中文或英文的文本。
这样，一般只得阅读并分析该日文文本，这对于其中不懂日文的人员可能是比较困难。
不过，还好，日本国特许厅提供有一种机译服务，其可将日文文本翻译为英文文本。
既然是机译，错误就不可避免，而且很可能会不少，但总归是寥甚于无，对于理解专利文献还是有所帮助的。
1、进入日本国特许厅网站www.ipdl.inpit.go.jp2、点击右上角“To English Page”的控件(圆圈标示)，进入英文界面。
在该界面上，显示有包括：专利与实用新型、商标、外观设计、及资料库目录等栏目。
对于“专利与实用新型”，我们可点选第一控件“Patent & Utility Model Gazette DB”或第二控件“Patent & Utility Model Concordance”的任一者，以供进行检索。
3、现以日本专利JP特开2002-85943A为例分别通过“Patent & Utility Model Gazette DB”与“Patent & Utility Model Concordance”进行检索。
3-1、“Patent & Utility Model Gazette DB”，点击左下角的“search”即可，进入下一界面。
如此，点击左上角所显示的文件名，并进入下一界面。
上面粉红色的“DETAIL”控件，进入下一界面。
在该界面上即可查阅该日本专利经机译后的英文文本。
点击上面蓝色的各部分，即可显示与其对应的英文文本。
3-2、“Patent & Utility Model Concordance”根据界面上的说明，在“kind code”中输入“Unexamined”，在“Document Number”中输入“2002-85943”，点击左下角的“search”即可，进入下一界面。
办公英语系列——办公室职位职衔职务职称中英文对照
办公英语系列——办公室职位职衔职务职称中英对照办公英语系列——办公室职位职衔职务职称中英对照医疗/护理Medicine / Nursing医生（中、西医）Medical Doctor医学管理人员Healthcare / Medical Management医药技术人员Medical Technician药库主任/药剂师Pharmacist护士/护理人员 urse / Nursing Personnel临床协调员Clinical Coodinator临床研究员Clinical Researcher麻醉师Anesthesiologist心理医生Psychologist/Psychiatrist医药学检验Clinical Laboratory咨询/顾问Consultant专业顾问Senior Consultant咨询总监Consulting Director / Partner咨询经理Consulting Manager咨询员Consultant公务员Official公务员Official在校学生Student应届毕业生Graduating Student实习生Intern/Trainee培训生Trainee/Intern培训生Trainee服务Service美容/健身顾问Exercise Coach/Fitness Trainer餐饮/娱乐经理Banquet Services Manager宾馆/酒店经理Reception Manager领班Supervisor服务员Service Staff营业员/收银员/理货员Shop Clerk/Salesperson厨师Chief/Cook导游Tour Guide司机Chauffeur/Driver保安Security寻呼员/话务员Paging Operator建筑/房地产Construction/Real Estate建筑工程师Architect结构/土建工程师Structural Engineer电气工程师Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程师Drainage/HV AC Engineer工程造价师/预结算Budgeting Specialist建筑工程管理Construction Management工程监理Engineering Project Supervisor室内外装潢设计Decorator城市规划与设计Urban Design/Planning建筑制图CAD Drafter施工员Construction Crew房地产开发/策划Real Estate Development/Planning 房地产评估Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易Real Estate Agent/Broker物业管理Property Management翻译Translator英语翻译English Translation日语翻译Japanese Translator德语翻译German Translator法语翻译French Translator俄语翻译Russian Translator西班牙语翻译Spanish Translator朝鲜语翻译Korean Translator其他语种翻译Other Language Translator兼职Part Time高级管理Senior Management首席执行官/总经理CEO/GM/President副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee总监Director合伙人Partner总裁/总经理助理CEO/GM/President Assistant物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager物流主管Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant物料经理Materials Manager物料主管Materials Supervisor采购经理Purchasing Manager采购主管Purchasing Supervisor采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易经理/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser业务跟单Merchandiser助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser仓库经理/主管Warehouse Manager仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist运输经理/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor报关员Customs Specialist单证员Documentation Specialist船务人员Shipping Specialist快递员Courier理货员Warehouse Stock Management文字/艺术/设计Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer编辑/作家/撰稿人Editor/Writer记者Journalist / Reporter校对/录入Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计Layout Designer艺术/设计总监Creative/Design Director影视策划/制作人员Entertainment Planning / Production导演Director摄影师Photographer音效师Recording / Sounds Specialist演员/模特/主持人Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计//美术设计Graphic Artist/Designer纺织/服装设计Clothing / Apparel Designer工业/产品设计Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计Artwork/Jewelry Designer科研人员Research Specialist Staff科研管理人员Research Management科研人员Research Specialist Staff律师/法务Legal律师Lawyer法务人员Legal Personnel律师助理Paralegal/Legal Assistant书记员Court Clerk教师Professor/Teacher教学/教务管理人员Education/School Administrator助教Teaching Assistant讲师Lecturer家教Tutor生产/营运/工程Manufacturing/Operations/Engineering工厂经理/厂长Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师Chief Engineer项目经理/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师Project Engineer营运经理Operations Manager营运主管Operations Supervisor生产经理/车间主任Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor 生产计划协调员Production Planning Executive/Officer生产主管/督导/领班Production Supervisor/Team Leader技术/工艺设计经理/主管Technical/Industrial Design Mgr./Spvr.技术/工艺设计工程师Technical/Industrial Design Engineer实验室负责人/工程师Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备经理Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程/设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer电气/电子工程师Electrical/Electronics Engineer机械工程师Mechanical Engineer机电工程师Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师Maintenance Engineer质量经理QA Manager质量主管QA Supervisor质量工程师QA Engineer质量检验员/测试员QA Inspector认证工程师Certification Engineer安全/健康/环境经理/主管Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全/健康/环境工程师Safety/Health/Environment Engineer工程绘图员Project Drafting Specialist机械制图员Drafting Specialist化验员Laboratory Technician技工Technician / Engineer Trainee电工Electrician服装打样/制版Clothing/Apparel Sample Production行政/人事/后勤Admin./HR/Support Services行政/人事总监Admin/Human 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Designer/Production技术文员/助理Technical Clerk/Assistant销售Sales销售总监Sales Director销售经理Sales Manager区域销售经理Regional Sales Manager客户经理Sales Account Manager渠道/分销经理Channel/Distribution Manager渠道主管Channel Supervisor销售主管Sales Supervisor销售代表Sales Representative / Executive销售工程师Sales Engineer医药代表Pharmaceutical Sales Representative保险代理Insurance Agent销售助理Sales Assistant / Trainee商务经理Business Manager商务专员/助理Business Executive/Assistant销售行政经理Sales Admin. Manager销售行政主管Sales Admin. Supervisor售前/售后技术服务经理Technical Service Manager售前/售后技术服务主管Technical Service Supervisor售前/售后技术服务工程师Technical Service Engineer售后/客户服务（非技术）经理Customer Service Manager 售后/客户服务（非技术）主管Customer Service Supervisor 售后/客户服务（非技术）专员Customer Service Executive 经销商Distributor。
From“Japanese Devil”to“Chinese Hero”
From“Japanese Devil”to“Chinese Hero”“Before we came to China, the Jap-anese government told us we were liber-ating the Chinese people from the enslav-ing hands of the Whites and they would welcome the Japanese army. However, I found that was a lie after I came to China,which was ruined by the war launched by Japan.…What we were fighting was an aggressive war.”This year marks the 70tll anniversary of the victory of China’s War of Resis-tance against Japanese Aggression and victory over global fascism. In early Sep-tember, the Chinese Govemment and the Chinese people held grand celebrations.Among all the foreign veterans invitedto the ceremony, Kobayashi Kancho, a Japanese veteran of the Chinese Eighth Route Army, drew much public atten-tion. I accompanied him during the whole event, giving me a great oppor-tunity to know of his experiences. One remark perhaps best summarized his ideals and faith: “The Communist Party changed me from a Japanese devil to a comrade”.Kobayashi was born to a Buddhist abbot on September 2, 1919. Smart and eager to learn, he passed the exam to becomea monk. However, monks at that militaristic era could not escape being conscripted into the army. In the summer of 1940, with an enlistment order, he was one of the soldiers sent to Shandong Province in eastern China.During a mopping-up operation,he was captured by the East Sea Bat-talion of the Jiaodong Branch of the Eighth Route Army in Shandong. He attempted to commit suicide twice,but failed. Later, being moved by the policy of“good treatment to ca ptives”and educated repeatedly by the staff of theEnemy-Study Office of the Eighth Route Army, he decided to join it.He actively participated in the anti-war propaganda work and became the head of the Bingai branch of the Anti-War Alliance. On the recommen-dation of Shu Tong, a senior leader and director of the Political Department of the Shandong Military Area, he joined the Communist Party of China as a foreign member. When the war ended,he stayed in the Jinan Foreign Affairs Office helping with the repatriation of Japanese prisoners of the war and civil-ians who had been in China.In 1953, at the age of 34, he was appointed vice president of the Fengzhen People’s Hospital in Inner Mongolia. On December 18, 1955, he returned to Japan with his family.Find-ing it hard to get a job, he faced many difficulties. Monitored by the Japanese Govemment, he finally got a position in a shipping company, as a shipboard translator on a meager income. He stilltook every opportunity to make speech-es telling the truth about Japanese ag-gression. Kobayashi was as excited as a child when telling these stories. Though he is now aged 96 and his family keeps urging him to have more rest, he could not contain his excitement. He said, “If it were not for the CPC's lenient poli-cies, I would have committed suicide. Before we came to China, the Japanese Government told us we were liberating the Chinese people from the enslaving hands of the Whites and the Chinese welcomed us. However, I found that was a lie after I came to China, which was ruined by the war launched by Ja-pan. In China, every Chinese hated the apanese. I came to realize that all I had been told was false. What we were fighting was an aggressive war. When I was captured, I attempted to kill my-self. However, thanks to the policies of the Party and the care of the leaders, I saw through the nature of the aggres-sive war and decided to use my own experiences to awaken other Japanesesoldiers from the lies and persuade them to stay away from the evil war.” Recalling the p ast, he would often dissolveinto tears when mentioning something that touched hin and would burst into hearty laughter when talking about something pleasing. I listened to his stories with full attention. Though I had heard some of them many times, I listened as if they were told for the first time.Kobayashi was quite happy to at-tend the 70th anniversary celebrations in China. However, he scared us on September l, when his blood pressure soared t0 190, probably because he was extremely excited. However, he com-forted us saying that he would be fine with a little rest. He slept early, with a hypertension pillin his mouth.I was almost awake for the whole night. Every other minute or so, I would look at the emergency beeper in my hand to see whether he had called me. Fortunately, nothing happened that night.Kobayashi got up at about 3 o’clock in the moming and put on his clothes, waiting to go to the Great Hall of the People to receive the honor med-al. In the morning, his blood pressure dropped t0 130, making everybody relieved. Upon arriving at the Hall, I contacted our comrades from the Min-istry of Health to check his blood pres-sure again. This time, it was 110, back within the normal range.I was relieved after one n ight’s worries. Kobayash i kept asking me about the ceremony procedures and how he should behave, for fear that he might make a mistake. He even told me in advance what he would say in the planned interview so I could tell him of anything inappropriate. Such a habit to take everything into full consideration attests to his status as a veteran soldier of the Eighth Route Army and a senior member of the CPC. When President Xi Jinping pinned the honor medal on him, I saw tears in his eyes even though I was standing quite a distance away. I believed it was caused by excitement and the feeling of happiness. After the medal award ceremony, Chairman Yu Zhengsheng of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference shook hands with hun twice and told him to take care ofhimself.。
行业翻译类词汇
行业翻译类词汇－头衔职务词汇首席技术执行官 CTO/VP Engineering技术总监/经理 Technical Director/Manager信息技术经理 IT Manager信息技术主管 IT Supervisor信息技术专员 IT Specialist项目经理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor项目执行/协调人员Project Specialist / Coordinator系统分析员 System Analyst高级软件工程师Senior Software Engineer软件工程师 Software Engineer系统工程师 System Engineer高级硬件工程师Senior Hardware Engineer硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer通信技术工程师 Communications EngineerERP技术/应用顾问 ERP Technical/Application Consultant 数据库工程师 Database Engineer技术支持经理Technical Support Manager技术支持工程师Technical Support Engineer品质经理 QA Manager信息安全工程师Information Security Engineer软件测试工程师Software QA Engineer硬件测试工程师Hardware QA Engineer测试员 Test Engineer网站营运经理/主管Web Operations Manager/Supervisor网络工程师 Network Engineer系统管理员/网管 System Manager/Webmaster网页设计/制作 Web Designer/Production技术文员/助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant其他 Other销售 Sales销售总监 Sales Director销售经理 Sales Manager区域销售经理Regional Sales Manager客户经理 Sales Account Manager渠道/分销经理 Channel/Distribution Manager 渠道主管 Channel Supervisor销售主管 Sales Supervisor销售代表Sales Representative / Executive销售工程师 Sales Engineer医药代表Pharmaceutical Sales Representative保险代理 Insurance Agent销售助理Sales Assistant / Trainee商务经理 Business Manager商务专员/助理 Business Executive/Assistant 销售行政经理 Sales Admin. Manager销售行政主管 Sales Admin. Supervisor售前/售后技术服务经理Technical Service Manager售前/售后技术服务主管Technical Service Supervisor售前/售后技术服务工程师Technical Service Engineer售后/客户服务（非技术）经理Customer Service Manager售后/客户服务（非技术）主管Customer Service Supervisor售后/客户服务（非技术）专员Customer Service Executive经销商 Distributor其他 Others市场/公关/广告 Marketing/PR/Advertising市场/广告总监 Marketing/Advertising Director/VP 市场/营销经理 Marketing Manager市场/营销主管 Marketing Supervisor市场/营销专员 Marketing Executive/Communication 市场助理Marketing Assistant / Trainee产品/品牌经理 Product/Brand Manager产品/品牌主管 Product/Brand Supervisor市场通路经理Trade Marketing Manager市场通路主管Trade Marketing Supervisor促销经理 Promotions Manager促销主管 Promotions Supervisor促销员 Promotions Specialist市场分析/调研人员Market Analyst/ Research Analyst公关/会务经理Public Relations Manager公关/会务主管 Public Relations Supervisor公关/会务专员Public Relations Executive媒介经理 Media Manager媒介人员 Media Specialist企业/业务发展经理Business Development Manager企业策划人员 Corporate Planning广告策划/设计/文案 Advertising Creative/Design/Copy writer 其他 Others财务/审计/统计/金融 Finance/Accounting/Banking财务总监 CFO/Finance Director/VP财务经理 Finance Manager财务主管/总帐主管 Finance Supervisor会计经理/会计主管 Accounting Manager/Supervisor会计Accountant / Accounting Trainee出纳员 Cashier财务/会计助理 Finance/Accounting Assistant财务分析经理/主管 Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor财务分析员 Financial Analyst成本经理/成本主管 Cost Accounting Manager/Supervisor成本管理员 Cost Accounting Specialist审计经理/主管 Audit Manager/Supervisor审计专员/助理 Audit Executive/Assistant税务经理/税务主管 Tax Manager/Supervisor税务专员 Tax Executive证券经纪人 Stock Broker投资顾问 Investment Advisor注册分析师 Certified Investment/Financial Analyst投资/基金项目经理 Investment Manager融资经理/融资主管 Treasury Manager/Supervisor融资专员 Treasury Specialist行长/副行长 President/Vice-President/Branch Manager风险控制 Risk Management进出口/信用证结算Trading / LC Officer清算人员 Settlement Officer外汇主管 Foreign Exchange Supervisor高级客户经理/客户经理Senior Relationship Manager客户主管/专员 Relationship?Supervisor/Executive信贷/信用调查/分析人员 Loan/Credit Officer银行柜台出纳 Bank Teller统计员 Statistician其他 Others生产/营运/工程 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/ Engineer Trainee电工 Electrician服装打样/制版Clothing/Apparel Sample Production其他 Others行政/人事/后勤 Admin./HR/Support Services行政/人事总监Admin/Human Resources Director人事经理Human Resources Manager人事主管 Human Resources Supervisor人事专员 Human Resources Specialist人事助理 Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管 Recruiting Manager/Supervisor薪资福利经理/主管Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管 Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理 Training Specialist/Assistant行政经理/主管/办公室主任Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager行政专员/助理 Admin Staff/Assistant经理助理/秘书 Executive Assistant/Secretary前台接待/总机 Receptionist后勤 Office Support资料管理员Information / Data Management Specialist电脑操作员/打字员 Computer Operator/Typist其他 Others高级管理 Senior Management首席执行官/总经理 CEO/GM/President副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee总监 Director合伙人 Partner总裁/总经理助理 CEO/GM/President Assistant其他 Others物流/贸易/采购 Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch. 物流经理 Logistics Manager物流主管 Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理 Logistics Specialist/Assistant物料经理 Materials Manager物料主管 Materials Supervisor采购经理 Purchasing Manager采购主管 Purchasing Supervisor采购员 Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易经理/主管 Trading Manager/Supervisor外贸/贸易专员/助理 Trading Specialist/Assistant 业务跟单经理 Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单 Senior Merchandiser业务跟单 Merchandiser助理业务跟单 Assistant Merchandiser仓库经理/主管 Warehouse Manager仓库管理员 Warehouse Specialist运输经理/主管 Distribution Manager/Supervisor报关员 Customs Specialist单证员 document．tion Specialist船务人员 Shipping Specialist快递员 Courier理货员 Warehouse Stock Management其他 Others文字/艺术/设计 Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer 编辑/作家/撰稿人 Editor/Writer记者Journalist / Reporter校对/录入Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计 Layout Designer艺术/设计总监 Creative/Design Director影视策划/制作人员Entertainment Planning / Production导演 Director摄影师 Photographer音效师Recording / Sounds Specialist演员/模特/主持人 Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计/美术设计 Graphic Artist/Designer纺织/服装设计Clothing / Apparel Designer工业/产品设计 Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计 Artwork/Jewelry Designer其他 Others科研人员 Research Specialist Staff科研管理人员 Research Management科研人员 Research Specialist Staff律师/法务 Legal律师 Lawyer法务人员 Legal Personnel律师助理 Paralegal/Legal Assistant书记员 Court Clerk其他 Others教师 Professor/Teacher教师 ProfessorTeacher教学/教务管理人员 Education/School Administrator 助教 Teaching Assistant讲师 Lecturer家教 Tutor其他 Others医疗/护理Medicine / Nursing医生（中、西医） Medical Doctor医学管理人员Healthcare / Medical Management医药技术人员 Medical Technician药库主任/药剂师 Pharmacist护士/护理人员Nurse / Nursing Personnel临床协调员 Clinical Coodinator临床研究员 Clinical Researcher麻醉师 Anesthesiologist心理医生 Psychologist/Psychiatrist医药学检验 Clinical Laboratory其他 Others咨询/顾问 Consultant专业顾问 Senior Consultant咨询总监Consulting Director / Partner咨询经理 Consulting Manager咨询员 Consultant其他 Others公务员 Official公务员 Official在校学生 Student在校学生 Student应届毕业生 Graduating Student实习生 Intern/Trainee其他 Others培训生 Trainee/Intern培训生 Trainee服务 Service美容/健身顾问Exercise Coach/Fitness Trainer餐饮/娱乐经理 Banquet Services Manager宾馆/酒店经理 Reception Manager领班 Supervisor服务员 Service Staff营业员/收银员/理货员 Shop Clerk/Salesperson 厨师 Chief/Cook导游 Tour Guide司机 Chauffeur/Driver保安 Security寻呼员/话务员 Paging Operator其他 Others建筑/房地产 Construction/Real Estate建筑工程师 Architect结构/土建工程师 Structural Engineer电气工程师 Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程师 Drainage/HVAC Engineer 工程造价师/预结算 Budgeting Specialist 建筑工程管理 Construction Management工程监理 Engineering Project Supervisor 室内外装潢设计 Decorator城市规划与设计 Urban Design/Planning建筑制图 CAD Drafter施工员 Construction Crew房地产开发/策划Real Estate Development/Planning房地产评估 Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易 Real Estate Agent/Broker 物业管理 Property Management其他 Others翻译 Translator英语翻译 English Translation日语翻译 Japanese Translator德语翻译 German Translator法语翻译 French Translator俄语翻译 Russian Translator西班牙语翻译 Spanish Translator朝鲜语翻译 Korean Translator其他语种翻译Other Language Translator其他 Others其他 Others兼职 Part Time职位词汇MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS内政部OPERATIONS DIVISION 行动处Data Processing Centre数据处理中心Head主任Deputy Head副主任Immigration Auto-Clearance System移民自动通关系统Head主任IMMIGRATION CHANGI AIRPORT樟宜机场移民检查站Commander指挥Deputy Commander副指挥Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (IT & Training)助理指挥（资讯科技及培训）Assistant Commander (Manpower & document．tion)助理指挥（人力及立档归案）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations)助理指挥（地面行动）System Administrator系统管理员WOODLANDS JOINT OPERATIONS COMMAND 兀兰联合行动指挥处Woodlands Checkpoint兀兰检查站Commander指挥Deputy Commander副指挥Assistant Commander (Finance & Manpower)助理指挥（财务及人力）Assistant Commander (Operations-Intelligence-Enforcement)助理指挥（行动－情报－执法）Assistant Commander (Training & IT) 助理指挥（培训及资讯科技）Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations)助理指挥（地面行动）Manpower/Admin Officer人力/行政事务员System Administrator系统管理员Logistics Officer后勤员Operations Officer行动事务员Duty Officer, Joint Operations Room联合行动指挥室值勤员Duty Officer Car Arrival Secondary Team Office汽车抵境辅助队办事处值勤员Duty Officer Car Departure Secondary Team Office 汽车离境辅助队办事处值勤员Duty Officer Bus Arrival/Departure Secondary Team Office巴士抵境/离境辅助队办事处值勤员Train Checkpoint火车关卡检查站Assistant Commander (Train) 助理指挥（火车）Duty Officer值勤员TUAS JOINT OPERATIONS COMMAND 大士联合行动指挥处Commander指挥Deputy Commander副指挥Assistant Commander (Arrival)助理指挥（抵境）Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations)助理指挥（地面行动）Assistant Commander (Corporate Services)助理指挥（行政服务）System Administrator/Information Officer系统管理员/资讯员Manpower/Admin Officer人力/行政事务员Duty Officer, Joint Operations Room联合行动指挥室值勤员IMMIGRATION SEABASE CHECKPOINT移民海基检查站Commander指挥Assistant Commander (Seabase)助理指挥（海基）Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (IT & Training)助理指挥（资讯科技及培训）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations)助理指挥（地面行动）Seamen's Section海员组Duty Officer值勤员Singapore Cruise Centre新加坡游轮中心Duty Officer, Arrival Office 抵境办事处值勤员Duty Officer, Departure Office 离境办事处值勤员Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal丹那美拉渡轮码头Duty Officer, Arrival Office 抵境办事处值勤员Duty Officer, Departure Office 离境办事处值勤员Changi Ferry Terminal樟宜渡轮码头Duty Officer值勤员Changi Immigration Control Post樟宜移民检查站Duty Officer值勤员Jurong Fishing Port裕廊渔港检查站Duty Officer值勤员COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CORPORATION (CISCO) 工商保安机构SINGAPORE CORPORATION OF REHABILITATIVE ENTERPRISES (SCORE)新加坡复员技训企业管理局HUMAN RESOURCE DIVISION 人力资源司Director司长Senior Assistant Director (Personnel Services)高级助理司长（人事服务）Assistant Director (HASE)助理司长（内政高级执行员）Human Resource Executive (HASE & General Services)人力资源执行员（内政高级执行员及一般服务）Senior Human Resource Executive (SIR & General Services) 人力资源高级执行员（新加坡移民及登记局及一般服务）Senior Manager (Home Affairs Uniformed Services)高级经理（内政制服服务）Senior Human Resource Executive (Home Affairs Uniformed Services)人力资源高级执行员（内政制服服务）Human Resource Executive (Home Affairs Uniformed Services)人力资源执行员（内政制服服务）Assistant Director (Human Resource Planning)助理司长（人力资源策划）Senior Human Resource Executive (Compensation & Benefits)人力资源高级执行员（赔偿及利益）Human Resource Executive (Performance Management)人力资源执行员（表现管理）Senior Human Resource Executive (Systems Planning)人力资源高级执行员（系统策划）Human Resource Executive (Recruitment & Establishment)人力资源执行员（招募及铨叙）Assistant Director (Human Resource Development)助理司长（人力资源发展）Manager (Human Resource Development)经理（人力资源发展）Human Resource Executive (Human Resource Development)人力资源执行员（人力资源发展）Senior Human Resource Executive (People Matter Management System-HR Operation)人力资源高级执行员（人事管理系统－人力资源运作）Human Resource Executive (People Matter Management System - Developing Capability)人力资源执行员（人事管理系统－发展能力）Human Resource Executive (People Matter Management System - Managing Vacancies)人力资源执行员（人事管理系统－空缺管理）Manager (Human Resource Development)经理（人力资源发展）Human Resource Executive (Human Resource Development)人力资源执行员（人力资源发展）FINANCE DIVISION 财务司Director司长Assistant Director (Finance) 助理司长（财务）Assistant Director (Internal Audit)助理司长（内部审计）Ag Assistant Director (Finance Systems)代助理司长（财务系统）Senior Audit Executive高级审计执行员Audit Executive审计执行员Senior Budget Executive (Budgetary Control)高级预算执行员（预算管制）Budget Executive (Revenue, Fees & Charges)预算执行员（收入、费用及收费）Budget Executive (Establishment & Expenditure Control)预算执行员（铨叙及开支管制）Senior Finance Executive高级财务执行员Manager (Admin) 经理（行政）Registry & Admin Administrator档案与行政主任Senior Registry Officer高级档案员RESEARCH DIVISION研究司Director司长Statistician统计师Senior Research Officer高级研究员Research Officer 研究员TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 科技局Director局长Technology Planning Branch科技策划组Deputy Director副局长Senior Assistant Director (Technology Policy & Development)高级助理局长（科技政策及发展）Assistant Director (Technology Admin)助理局长（科技管理）Technology Projects Executive科技项目执行员Technology Development Executive科技发展执行员Technology Policy Executive科技政策执行员Information Technology Department资讯科技处Deputy Director副局长Senior Assistant Director (ITD)高级助理局长（资讯科技）Senior Assistant Director (Infrastructure)高级助理局长（基础设施）Assistant Director (Info Infrastructure Planning)助理局长（资讯基础设施策划）Head, IT Projects资讯科技项目主任Head, Infrastructure基础设施主任Executive Consultant执行顾问Senior Consultant高级顾问Consultant顾问Associate Consultant副顾问PRESIDENTIAL COUNCIL FOR RELIGIOUS HARMONY总统宗教和谐理事会NATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION COUNCIL全国罪案防范理事会NATIONAL COUNCIL AGAINST DRUG ABUSE 全国反嗜毒理事会NATIONAL FIRE PREVENTION COUNCIL全国防火理事会FIRE SAFETY APPEALS ADVISORY BOARD防火安全上诉咨询委员会SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE新加坡警察部队POLICE HEADQUARTERS警察总部Commissioner of Police 警察总监Deputy Commissioner of Police副警察总监Director (Special Duties)局长（特勤）Quality Service Manager优质服务经理PUBLIC AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT公共事务局Director局长Deputy Director副局长Assistant Director (Information)助理局长（新闻）Head Protocol礼宾司主任Protocol Officer礼宾官Head Planning策划主任Planning Officer策划官Planning Officer (Internal Communications)策划官（内部关系）Assistant Director (Media Relations)助理局长（传媒联络）Media Relations Officer传媒联络官Media Analyst & Research Officer传媒分析兼研究官Assistant Director Corporate Communications助理局长（企业关系）Head Multimedia 多媒体主任Head Publications出版主任Manager Heritage Centre文物馆经理ADMIN & FINANCE DEPARTMENT行政及财务局Director局长Deputy Director副局长Admin Division行政署Head Admin行政主任Officer-in-Charge 主管Finance Division财务署Assistant Director A&F (Budget & Revenue)助理局长[行政与财务 ]（预算及收入）Assistant Director A&F (Audit & Superannuation)助理局长[行政与财务 ]（审计及退休金）Assistant Director A&F (Accounts & Remuneration)助理局长[行政与财务 ]（帐目及薪酬）Assistant Director A&F (INVEST)助理局长[行政与财务 ]MANPOWER DEPARTMENT人力局Director局长Assistant Director (Personnel)助理局长（人事）Assistant Director (Planning)助理局长（策划）Assistant Director (Recruitment)助理局长（招募）Assistant Director (Discipline & Awards)助理局长（纪律及奖赏）Head HUS Career Review Project内政制服服务职业检讨计划主任Head Senior Officers' Personnel Centre高级警官人事中心主任Head Junior Officers' Personnel Centre初级警官人事中心主任Manpower Officer JO Personnel Centre初级警官人事中心人力官Head Civilian Officers' Personnel Centre文职人员人事中心主任Police Discipline Board警察纪律委员会AO, Police Discipline Board警察纪律委员会裁决官Welfare Division福利署Assistant Director MP (Welfare)助理局长（福利）Head Welfare Operations福利行政主任Head Welfare Planning福利策划主任Manpower Officer (Workplace Health)人力官（职所卫生）POLICE NATIONAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT警察国民服役局Director局长Head NS (F) Personnel国民服役人事主任Assistant Director PNS (NS Planning)助理局长（国民服役策划）Head Corporate Services行政服务主任Assistant Director PNS NS (men) Personnel助理局长（国民服役警察人员）Planning Officer NS Manpower国民服役人力策划官Planning Officer NS Policy国民服役政策策划官Head Provost & GD 纠察及一般职务组主任OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT行动局Director Operations行动局长1 Deputy Director Operations第一副行动局长2 Deputy Director Operations第二副行动局长Assistant Director Operations (Operations Management)助理行动局长（行动管理）Assistant Director Operations (Operations Planning)助理行动局长（行动策划）Assistant Director Operations (Operations Policy & Development)助理行动局长（行动政策及发展）Assistant Director Operations (Security Planning)助理行动局长（保安策划）Assistant Director Operations (Community Involvement)助理行动局长（社区联系）LICENSING DIVISION 执照署Assistant Director Operations (Licensing)助理行动局长（执照）Operations Officer Licensing执照行动签发官Licensing Officer Public Entertainment Licensing Unit公共娱乐执照组执照签发官Assistant Licensing Officer Public Entertainment Licensing Unit公共娱乐执照组执照签发官助理Officer-in-Charge, General Licensing Unit 一般执照组主管Assistant Controller of Martial Arts 助理武术团体事务官Officer-in-Charge, Arms & Explosives枪械及火药管制主任RADIO DIVISION (R DIVISION) 无线电署（'R' 署）OC Radio 无线电署署长PLANNING & ORGANISATION DEPARTMENT策划及组织局Director局长Assistant Director (Conceptual & Implementation Planning) 助理局长（构思及策划执行）Assistant Director (Foreign Relations)助理局长（外交关系）Assistant Director (Organisation & Resource)助理局长（组织及资源）Assistant Director (Special Duties)助理局长（特勤）POLICE TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT警察科技局Director局长Deputy Director副局长Assistant Director, Planning & Monitoring Division助理局长（策划及监察署）Assistant Director, Conceptualisation & Requirements Division助理局长（构思及需求处）Assistant Director, System Review & Audit Division助理局长（系统检讨及审查署）Assistant Director, System Management Division助理局长（系统管理署）Assistant Director, Corporate Services Division助理局长（行政服务署）Programme Manager, Programme Management Team程序经理（程序管理组）Assistant Director, Infocomms Service & Support Division助理局长（资讯通信服务及辅助署）LOGISTICS DEPARTMENT警需局Director局长Deputy Director副局长Assistant Director, Strategic Planning & Finance助理局长（策略性策划及财务）Head Audit & Procurement 审查及采购主任Head Manpower & Corporate Services人力及行政服务主任Assistant Director, Armament & Operations Equipment 助理局长（军械及行动装备）Assistant Director, General Supplies & Services助理局长（普通装备）Assistant Director, Automotive Engineering & Management助理局长（车辆工程及管理）Head Logistics Readiness Control警需策划主任SERVICE DEVELOPMENT AND INSPECTORATE DEPARTMENT服务发展及督察局Director局长Deputy Director副局长Service Quality Officer服务素质官Assistant Director (Internal Investigation)助理局长（内部调查）Assistant Director (Inspectorate & Review)助理局长（督察及检讨）CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT刑事侦查局Director, Criminal Investigation Division局长Deputy Director, Criminal Investigation Division副局长Assistant Commissioner (Special Duties)助理警察总监（特勤）Operations, Investigation Policy and Training行动、侦查政策及培训署AD CID (Operations & Investigation Policy)助理局长（行动及侦查政策）Head Operations Development行动发展主任Head Operations Management行动管理主任Head International Affairs Branch国际事务组主任Head Prosecution Branch提控组主任Research and Planning 研究及策划组Head主任Specialised Crime Division专门罪案调查署Assistant Director CID (Specialised Crime)助理局长（特定罪案）Head Secret Societies Branch私会党取缔组主任Head Anti-Vice Branch肃娼组主任Head Gambling Suppression Branch肃赌组主任Head Intellectual Property Rights知识产权组主任Major Crime Division 重大罪案调查署Assistant Director CID (Major Crime)助理局长（重大罪案）Head Special Investigation Section特别调查组主任Head Serious Sexual Crime Branch严重性罪案组主任Technology Crime Division 科技罪案署Head Technology Crime Investigation Branch科技罪案调查组主任Head Technology Crime Forensics Branch科技罪案剖析法证组主任Head Technology Crime Research Branch科技罪案研究组主任School of Criminal Investigation刑事侦查学校Commandant校长Deputy Commandant副校长Head Curriculum Development & Methodology课程发展及教学主任Head Training Review & Research培训检讨及研究主任Investigation Support & Services Division侦查辅助及服务署Assistant Director CID, Investigation Support & Services助理局长（侦查辅助及服务）Head Criminal Records Office刑事档案主任Head Forensics Management剖析法证管理主任Head Specialised Interview特别盘问主任Head Corporate Services企业服务主任CID Intelligence Division情报署Assistant Director CID Intelligence 助理局长Head Field Intelligence Branch实地情报组主任Head Intel Analysis & Processing Branch情报分析及处理组主任Head Criminal Law Branch刑事法主任COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT商业事务局Director局长Deputy Director (Admin & Intel)副局长（行政及情报）Deputy Director (Operations)副局长（行动）Commercial Crime Division商业罪案署Assistant Director助理局长Head Finance Fraud Branch金融欺骗案调查组主任Head General Fraud Branch一般欺骗案调查组主任Securities & Maritime Fraud Division证券及海事欺骗案调查署Assistant Director助理局长Head Maritime & Investment Fraud Branch海事及投资欺骗案调查主任Head Securities Fraud Branch证券欺骗调查主任Corporate Fraud Division公司欺骗案调查署Assistant Director助理局长Financial Investigation Division金融调查署Assistant Director助理局长Head Suspicious Transactions Reports Office可疑交易举报处主任Head Proceeds of Crime Unit追索犯罪得益组主任Head Financial Investigation Branch金融调查组主任Intelligence Division情报署Head主任Strategic Planning & Training Division策略性规划及培训署Head主任Support & Services Division辅助及服务署Assistant Director助理局长Head Manpower, Administration & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任Head Operations Support Branch行动辅助组主任POLICE INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT警察情报局Director局长Deputy Director副局长Assistant Director (Intelligence Collection)助理局长（情报收集）Assistant Director (Intelligence Operations) 助理局长（情报行动）Assistant Director (Intelligence Service & Support)助理局长（情报服务及支援）Assistant Director (Intelligence Doctrine & Development)助理局长（情报准则及发展）Assistant Director (Intelligence Analysis) 助理局长（情报分析）Assistant Director (Intelligence Processing)助理局长（情报处理）Head MAL人力、行政及警需主任'A' DIVISION (CENTRAL POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'A' 警区（中央警署）Commander署长Deputy Commander副署长Head Investigation调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Merah East Neighbourhood Police Centre红山东邻里警局局长CO Rochor Neighbourhood Police Centre梧槽邻里警局局长'D' DIVISION (CLEMENTI POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'D' 警区（金文泰警署）Commander署长Deputy Commander副署长Head Investigation调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Merah West Neighbourhood Police Centre红山西邻里警局局长CO Clementi Neighbourhood Police Centre金文泰邻里警局局长CO Jurong East Neighbourhood Police Centre裕廊东邻里警局局长CO Queenstown Neighbourhood Police Centre女皇镇邻里警局局长'E' DIVISION (TANGLIN POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'E' 警区（东陵警署）Commander署长Deputy Commander副署长Head Investigation调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任CO Bishan Neighbourhood Police Centre碧山邻里警局局长CO Bukit Timah Neighbourhood Police Centre武吉知马邻里警局局长CO Orchard Neighbourhood Police Centre乌节邻里警局局长CO Kampong Java Neighbourhood Police Centre甘榜爪哇邻里警局局长CO Toa Payoh Neighbourhood Police Centre大巴窑邻里警局局长'F' DIVISION (ANG MO KIO POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'F' 警区（宏茂桥警署）Commander署长Deputy Commander副署长Head Investigation调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任CO Ang Mo Kio North Neighbourhood Police Centre宏茂桥北邻里警局局长CO Ang Mo Kio South Neighbourhood Police Centre宏茂桥南邻里警局局长CO Hougang Neighbourhood Police Centre后港邻里警局局长CO Sembawang Neighbourhood Police Centre三巴旺邻里警局局长CO Serangoon Neighbourhood Police Centre实龙岗邻里警局局长CO Yishun North Neighbourhood Police Centre义顺北邻里警局局长CO Yishun South Neighbourhood Police Centre义顺南邻里警局局长'G' DIVISION (BEDOK POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'G' 警区（勿洛警署）Commander署长Head Investigation调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任CO Bedok North Neighbourhood Police Centre勿洛北邻里警局局长CO Bedok South Neighbourhood Police Centre勿洛南邻里警局局长CO Changi Neighbourhood Police Centre樟宜邻里警局局长CO Geylang Neighbourhood Police Centre芽笼邻里警局局长CO Marine Parade Neighbourhood Police Centre马林百列邻里警局局长CO Pasir Ris Neighbourhood Police Centre白沙邻里警局局长CO Tampines Neighbourhood Police Centre淡滨尼邻里警局局长'J' DIVISION (JURONG POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'J' 警区（裕廊警署）Commander署长Deputy Commander副署长Head Investigation调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Batok Neighbourhood Police Centre武吉巴督邻里警局局长CO Bukit Panjang Neighbourhood Police Centre武吉班让邻里警局局长CO Choa Chu Kang Neighbourhood Police Centre蔡厝港邻里警局局长CO Jurong West Neighbourhood Police Centre裕廊西邻里警局局长CO Nanyang Neighbourhood Police Centre南洋邻里警局局长CO Woodlands Neighbourhood Police Centre兀兰邻里警局局长TRAFFIC POLICE DEPARTMENT交通警局Commander局长Administration Branch行政组Head Admin处长OC Testing Unit考车组主任Customer Service Support Officer客户服务辅助员Implementation Task Force执行工作队Head主任Operations and Training Branch行动及培训组Head主任Traffic Investigations Branch交通事故调查组Head Traffic Investigation交通事故调查主任Officer-in-Charge Violation Reports交通违例报告组主任Research & Planning Branch研究及策划组Head主任POLICE COAST GUARD警察海岸卫队Commander司令Deputy Commander Police Coast Guard/Head Ivs & Intel 副司令（警察海岸卫队 /调查及情报主任）Head Operations & Security行动及保安主任Head Logistics 警需主任Head Training & Development培训及发展主任Head Manpower & Admin 人力及行政主任CO Kallang Region加冷区司令CO Gul Region卡尔区司令CO Lim Chu Kang Region林厝港区司令CO Seletar Region实里达区司令Commanding Officer Technical Maintenance技术维修处主任Commanding Officer POLCOM警察通讯中心主任CO Service & Support服务及辅助组主任SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND 特别行动指挥处Commander司令Deputy Commander副司令Head Admin & Logistics 行政及警需主任Head Operations行动主任Head Training培训主任CO STAR Unit特种部队指挥官Head MAL STAR特种部人力、行政及警需主任POLICE DOG UNIT警犬组Officer-in-Charge 主任GURKHA CONTINGENT辜加兵团AIRPORT POLICE机场警署Commander署长Deputy Commander副署长Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Manpower Officer人力官POLICE SECURITY COMMAND警察保安指挥处Commander司令Deputy Commander副司令Head Operations & Intelligence行动及情报主任CO Istana Security Unit 总统府保安组主任Manpower Officer人力官Head Planning & Development策划及发展主任TRAINING COMMAND 训练局Commander局长Deputy Commander副局长CO Basic Training Centre基本训练中心指挥官CO Advanced Training Centre高级训练中心指挥官Director of Music 警察乐队总监Commandant, National Police Cadet Corps 全国学生警察团指挥官Head Training Development & Control发展及管制培训主任Head Doctrine Management准则管理主任Head Corporate Services行政服务主任Head Training Infrastructure & Development基础设施及发展主任Head People Development人力培训主任VOLUNTEER SPECIAL CONSTABULARY志愿特警团Commander司令Admin & Finance Officer行政及财务员Assistant Admin Officer助理行政事务员INTERNAL SECURITY DEPARTMENT内部安全局Duty Office值勤处Counter Terrorism Centre反恐中心SINGAPORE CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE新加坡民防部队HQ SINGAPORE CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE新加坡民防部队总部。
第一次到陌生国家生活的感受英语作文
第一次到陌生国家生活的感受英语作文My Big Adventure in a New CountryHi, my name is Emma and I'm 10 years old. A few months ago, my family moved from our home in the United States to a different country called Japan. It was a really big change and at first I was pretty nervous about it. But it has turned out to be an amazing adventure!The first thing I noticed when we got off the airplane in Tokyo was how different everything looked. The writing on the signs was in Japanese characters instead of English letters. The cars and taxis drove on the other side of the road. And there were vending machines everywhere selling hot and cold drinks.Our new home in Tokyo is really cool but also really different from our old house. Instead of a big yard, we live in a tall apartment building. Our apartment itself is pretty small compared to our house back home, but it feels cozy. We have to take our shoes off when we go inside, which was weird at first but I'm used to it now.One of the biggest adjustments has been the food here. Japanese food is delicious but very different from what I'm used to. My favorite is ramen, which is noodles in a savory broth withyummy toppings like sliced pork, boiled egg, and nori seaweed sheets. But some stuff has been pretty hard to get used to, like the slimy, fishy-tasting natto fermented soybeans. Yuck!Another big change is school. Instead of sitting at desks, we sit on the floor at tables that are low to the ground. We also have to wear uniforms – for girls it's a sailor-style outfit with a short skirt and a cute little jacket. At lunchtime, we eat kyushoku, which is a traditional Japanese school lunch served on trays with little separate dishes. It usually has rice, a main dish like fish or meat and veggies, some pickled vegetables, miso soup, and milk. It's healthy but can be a little plain compared to pizza and chicken nuggets back home!One of the hardest things has been learning Japanese. The writing system with all its different alphabets is super confusing. And pronunciation is really hard with all the unusual sounds. But I'm trying my best and can now understand and say basic phrases for introducing myself, counting, talking about the weather, and so on. My Japanese language teacher is really nice though and makes the lessons fun with games and songs.Getting around Tokyo has been an adventure in itself! The city is absolutely huge with an amazing subway and train system to get everywhere. My dad says back in the US we'd have to drivean hour or more to get anywhere, but here we can be halfway across Tokyo in 15 minutes by hopping on the subway. The stations and trains are spotlessly clean too.There are so many awesome things to see and do in Japan's capital. We've visited beautiful gardens, incredible shrines and temples, mindblowing museums, wacky themed cafes and shops, and the wow futuristic new cities within Tokyo. One of the coolest things was getting to watch real-life sumo wrestlers practice and compete up close. They are HUGE!My favorite thing so far though has been meeting new friends. The Japanese kids I've met through my local neighborhood class and school have been so welcoming and fun to hang out with, even with the language barrier at first. We now play classic games like hide and seek, skip rope songs, and even video games together. I'm trying to learn some Japanese pop culture too like anime and manga.Making new friends has helped me feel more at home here. But I also really miss my friends and family back in the States. Using video chat has helped, but it's not the same as being able to hang out in person. The time difference is rough too – when my friends are just starting their day, I'm getting ready for bed!Overall though, living in Japan has been an unbelievable experience that I'm so grateful for. It's pushed me to try new things, like using chopsticks skillfully, and step out of my comfort zone. I've grown up a lot from having to navigate a totally new language, culture, customs, and way of life. It hasn't always been easy, but that's made the rewards all the sweeter.I feel like a little ambassador getting to represent my home country and share my culture with new Japanese friends too. They are always asking me about things like American holidays, foods, games and pop culture. Sometimes it's hard to explain, but it makes me appreciate my own traditions more.Who knows, maybe I'll end up as a translator or international businesswoman when I grow up to work between Japan and America! For now though, I still have two more years here to soak up as much as I can. I'm going to miss Japan like crazy when we eventually move back home. But I'll always have these amazing memories and the confidence of knowing I can thrive anywhere in the world. My time here has made me braver, more adaptable, and excited to explore other new cultures and places. Bring on the next adventure!。
日语专业职业发展形势【英文】
– converts speech from Japanese to Chinese/ English, or vice versa (especially at technical, political or other meetings) – listens, understands and memorizes content
4
F:\\apps\dapp\CEPC Central Filing 00-01\Career education administration\Career Planning Talks\Japanese Studies-RH\Teaching Materials
(b) Jobs Directly Related to your Degree
3. Teacher, Japanese as Foreign Language
– prepares material for imaginative and interesting lessons involving the class as a group and individually, so as to develop oral skills – gets involved in social activities – runs specialist courses for adults or business people, which may require knowledge of scientific, technical or commercial terms
CAREERS EDUCATION & PLACEMENT CENTRE
Career Planning Talk for Japanese Studies Students
TRANSLATOR范文
TRANSLATOR范文TRANSLATORSandy Bin 15/F,TOWARD ,BRIGHT CHINA,BUILDING,BEIJING.STRENGTHS AND QUALIFICATIONSHigh levels of enthusiasm and mitment to a suessful sales,marketing or enthusiasm and mitment to a suessful sales,marketing or munications career.Strong leadership qualities;able to schedule priorities and perform/delegate aordingly to effectively aomplish tasks to hand.Working knowledge of both written and verbal Japanese and French.Broad perspective of Japanese people,culture,and customs,as well as Japanese-American diplomatic relations.Computer literate in most popular software,including WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1(including JapaneseWordPerfect),Lotus 1-2-3,DrawPerfect and Computer Aided Design(CAD).JAPANESE-AMERICAN RELATIONSServed as liaison between Japanese diplomats and the Japanese-American Relations Group and with the Japanese press during the Prime Minister’’s Stay.Translated correspondence and filed inquiries from the Japanese population in the Boston business munity.Organized travel itineraries for Japanese officials visiting the New England area.SALES/MARKETING/ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLSFounded international resumes,a pany designed for the creation of English and Japanese resumes,and ran it from 1989-1991.Designed and circulated posters,banners and invitations in order to introduce the Japanese munity to New England.EDUCATIONYale University,New Haven,CTM.A. East Asian Studies,expected to be received June 1995.Harvard University,Cambridge,MAM.A. Psychology and Japanese Studies,May 1989EMPLOYMENT HISTORY1991-Present Technical Writer/Junior Programmer1989-1990 Assistant to the Japanese Ambassador1989-1990 Sales Representative1987-1988 Marketing RepresentativeFunctional portion of the resume focuses on candidate’’s unique qualifications,skills,and aomplishments.Chronological portion of the resume briefly summarizes candidate’’s employment history.。
日语翻译英语怎么说
日语翻译英语怎么说你知道日语翻译的英语怎么说吗?下面压力看看吧。
日语翻译的英文释义：Japanese Translator日语翻译的英文例句：日语的动词放在句尾，把日语翻译成英语有时候有提前揭秘的感觉。
With Japanese verbs coming at the end I sometimes feel that translating Japanese into English is like giving away the punch line.他把日语翻译成英语.He translated Japanese into English.科技日语翻译应注意的几个问题Regard some problems in Scientific Japanese Translation/我想请一位日语翻译。
I'd like to have a Japenese interpretor.我刚找到日语翻译的工作。
I just got a job as a Japanese translater.我刚找到日语翻译的工作。
I just got a job as a Japanese translater.川端康成曾从事唐人小说的现代日语翻译。
Kawabata had been engaged in the translation of T angs Fictions into modern Japanese.浅析高职学生的科技日语翻译能力的培养Brief Analysis on Training of the Scientific Japanese Translation Ability of Higher Vocational Students回国后在一家生产电脑显示器的公司做日语翻译，工作了将近三年。
It's been nearly 3 years since I worked as an Japanesetranslator for a comany which produdces graphoscope.主要运作公司对某权限内分发资料备忘录相关的任何人员不承担义务日语翻译。
Field-specific knowledge
Field-Specific Knowledge:Why You Need it to Translate Wellby William LiseWhat Is Field-Specific Knowledge?This sounds like a trivial question, but the issue of the relevance of field-specific knowledge is one that usual evokes somewhat-heated discussion when it rears its ugly head on such fora as the honyaku mailing list. It is likely that such heated argument is encouraged by a misunderstanding of just what field-specific knowledge might be, especially when some advocates of it might have been former (or even current) practitioners in the fields in which they translate. To alleviate any grief about this at the outset, allow me to present my personal definition of field-specific knowledge.A level of knowledge of the field of the source text that enables the translator to perform a "reality check," of both the source text and the translator's target-language text.Note that the above definition makes no mention of:academic degrees in the field of interestexperience as a professional in the field of interest, andformal qualifications granted by any certifying organization.The definition, therefore, is entirely pragmatic, and therefore entirely appropriate for the field of translation, in which no qualifications can replace the ability to translate well.Is There Such a Thing as "General" Translation?If we exclude literally translation from the discussion and focus on expository writing, it is safe to say that any message worthy of transmission to a reader must be about "something." Stated in reverse, a text that is "general" to the extreme approaches the state of being "about nothing," another way of saying that it approaches being worthless. Sometimes translators confuse and mistakenly apply the concepts of technical and non-technical by classifying texts which fall outside technical and scientific areas "general." Nothing could be farther from the truth, unless of course the text is about "nothing," which is unlikely if someone is paying to have it translated.A translator doing a translation of an article on politics or economics is doing a translation about "something" and needs field-specific knowledge about that "something" just as much as someone translating a scientific paper on fiber optics needs to know about fiber optics. Perhaps the phrase "I do general translations" is a way of sending the message "I am so afraid of not getting enough work that I will do anything." If so, it conveys the message very well. A perusal of self-descriptions of translators in a number of media reveals that large number of our colleagues seem to be taking this approach.Another problem with the perception of speciality is that of specifying an unbelievable number of fields of specialty. For example, the JAT Directory of members has in it descriptions such as: Specialize in electronics, chemistry, business, economics, environmental issues, politics, Japanese culture, Bhuddism, and automotive painting robots and associated control systems, and general translation.While the above is a made up example, I assure you that there are examples as outlandish as the above collection of fields. People who choose to characterize their specializations in this way are fortunate that the directory is not generally accessible to discerning that class of clients who wouldbe astounded (shocked?), but should also remember that their colleagues are also reading these descriptions, which telegraph the message that such translators indeed have no specialization. I have written in more detail about diversification elsewhere.Why Does a Translator Need Field-Specific Knowledge?Typically, translators with a specialty in field A will be the first to develop an awareness of their lack of qualifications to translate in field B. Some generalists, however, are more easily tempted to "crossover" from one field with which they are not familiar to another field which is similarly unfamiliar.What are the rewards for working in a field familiar to you (or becoming familiar with the field in which you work)? At the risk of stating the obvious, here are a few examples.QualityNaturally, you will do a better job if you understand what you are translating, because you know the required terminology and style.More OutputSince you will not have to fumble and stumble before you fall, you will be more prolific.Higher IncomeNaturally, the above two advantages will lead to higher income (unless you start charging less for work you find easy to do).ReliefFrom what, you might ask? From the feeling that you have deceived the client into thinking that you knew what you are doing.Stated in reverse, the translator who habitually works in unfamiliar fields runs the risk of poor-quality translations, done at slow speed, with the resulting low income, and with a nagging feeling that the translator has put something over on the client. That doesn't make a very good recommendation for a career in translation, does it?One translation organization feels so strongly about taking on work that is beyond the comprehension of the translator that they have written it into their code of professional conduct. The following is from the Code of Professional Conduct for individuals of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting (in the UK).4.2 SubjectsSubject to 4.5 below, a Member shall refuse work which he knows to be beyond his competence, either linguistically or because of lack of specialised knowledge, unless the work is to be sub-contracted to another translator or interpreter having the necessary competence, in which case the provisions of this Code and in particular section 3.3 shall apply.(Section 4.5 sets forth the system by which translators shall warn their clients of the risks involved in them "going over their heads," and Section 3.3 requires translators to inform their client that they are giving the work to another translator.)Is a Formal Education in the Field Necessary?A resounding no on this one, as has been proven by a number of my colleagues. Someone intelligent and diligent enough to learn a foreign language well enough to translate from that language is likely to have what it takes to learn enough "real knowledge" to translate in a specific field. Success stories abound, and examples can be found among, for example, translators who frequent the honyaku mailing list.How To Acquire Field-Specific KnowledgeIt is probably safe to say that most J/E translators did not come to translation out of design, but rather out of fortune or misfortune. Few of us have specialized training in the fields in which we have chosen to translate. In many cases, the fields are chosen because of the market composition, rather than because of the translator's interest or knowledge in the field. Yet without knowledge, the translator will eventually be found out to be working in the dark. It might take a while, but it will probably happen.How can a "non-specialized" translator go about acquiring enough field-specific knowledge to do justice to the expectations of a translation client? The answers are probably as numerous as are J/E translators, but here are a few suggestions.Take Courses in the SubjectI include this suggestion not because I have taken the suggestion myself (having started out as an engineer, it was not necessary), but merely because others have either suggested it or mentioned that they have done this themselves. It takes time; it takes money; but anything worth getting has a price.Read What Your Clients ReadThis suggestion might only have validity if your client is not an agent. Few agents have any need or desire to learn the fields in which their translators work.For the translator working with a direct client, however, knowledge of the field can mean the difference between having happy clients and having no clients. Confronted face-to-face with a translator, most clients will need very little time to see through a false front of knowledge which the translator does not have.Trade journals are an excellent place to start. They are not as heavy in content as scholarly journals, and will also provide exposure to some of the business aspects of your client's industry. When visiting a client, why not just ask for suggestions for reading? Another approach is to steal a look at the client's magazine rack (often found in waiting areas of Japanese clients. If your client is exporting from Japan, you can trust that he/she will be reading foreign magazines; find out what they are and read them.Should the Translator Bother to Do All of This?This is a very personal question, of course. There are some translators who translate because they are capable of translating and because it pays the bills, regardless of their hatred of the subjects they are forced to translate, or perhaps even of the very activity of translation itself. My personal approach would be to do something else, but that is difficult for me to say, because I like translation and have knowledge and interest in the subjects in which I translate.。