英语翻译 文档
英语段落翻译
1.Human beings live in the realm of nature. They are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it. Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, and the food he eats. We are connected with nature by "blood” ties and we cannot live outside nature.人类生活在大自然的王国里.他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物，无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连，离开大自然，我们将无法生存。
2. But to return to our theme， the bitter truth is that those human actions which violate the laws of nature, the harmony of the biosphere， t hreaten to bring disaster and this disaster may turn out to be universal. Ho w apt then are the words of ancient Oriental wisdom: live closer to nature, my friends, and its eternal laws will protect you！但是,回到我们原先的主题上，令人难以接受的事实是那些违背了自然规律、破坏了生物圈和谐的人类行为将会带来灾难,而这种灾难也许是全球性的。
英语汉语翻译
英语汉语翻译
It is a great honor for me to stand here and address to you.
出席今晚这个仪式，能够在这里向您们发表讲话，我感到非常荣幸。
At the beginning, I'd like to give my sincere gratitude to all of you who have devoted yourselves to the progress of this project.
首先，我要表达对你们对这个项目发展做出贡献的真诚感谢。
从开始到现在，这个项目遇到了许多困难，但是你们勇敢地坚持了下来，最终成功克服了困难。
最后，我相信，在我们大家的共同努力下，一定能够按时顺利完成这个项目。
Once more, I'd like to express my sincere admiration and gratitude to you.
最后，我还要再次对大家表达我真诚的敬佩和感谢。
大学英语2全文翻译（完整版）
1.With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动。
2. Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.3. Early I searched through the earth for earth ware so as to research inearthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震.4. I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning.我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱.5. She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears.她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠。
6. I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.7. The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里。
8. The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom.顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗.9. The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心.10. The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice.公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已。
英语翻译
3 bMy family members have a close relationship because our family has some rules.我的家人有一个密切的关系,因为我们的家庭有一些规则。
◆Family dinners◆家庭聚餐My mother makes it a rule that everyone should sit down at the table and have dinner together.我妈妈一个规则,每个人都应该坐在桌上,一起吃晚饭。
I think this is one of the easiest and most important rules to have asa family.我认为这是最简单和最重要的规则之一,一个家庭。
Eating meals together creates a sense of belonging.吃饭在一起创造了一种归属感。
What’s more, keeping the habit will add to everyone’s enjoyment.更重要的是,保持这个习惯将增加每个人的享受。
◆_________________◆_________________Although it is hard for us to keep this routine at first, it has turned out to be a good habit.虽然我们很难保持这个例程,它已经变成了一种好习惯。
After dinner we usually have our playtime, and then 7:00 pm is bath 晚饭后我们通常有游戏,然后晚上7点洗澡time;7:30 pm is time to have some milk; at7:50 pm my mother reads a story, and then lights go out at 8:00pm.时间;时间是7:30一些牛奶;at7:50点我妈妈读一个故事,然后灯晚上八点出门。
如何翻译Word文档？三种翻译方法介绍
前几天看到一篇不错的Word文档，小编想要翻译成英文分享给国外的网友。
但是小编的英语翻译能力不是很好，那么该如何翻译Word文档呢？还真的是让人头大。
不过小编已经找到翻译方法了。
一起来看看是什么方法吧。
方法一：利用文档翻译器
借助软件：文档翻译器
操作步骤：
1、在软件首页找到“文档翻译”，然后点击“点击上传文档”将Word文档添加进去。
2、然后在页面中设置翻译形式为“简体中文→英文”，然后点击“翻译”就可以了。
文档翻译器不仅仅是能实现文档的翻译哦，还能实现语音翻译文字，短句翻译哦，功能很多，一款多用哦。
方法二：在线Word文档翻译
网址：迅捷PDF在线转换器
操作步骤：
1、在网站首页找到“文档处理”，然后点击其中的“Word在线翻译”进入操作页面。
2、然后将Word文档添加进去，在自定义设置栏里设置语言翻译类型为“简体中文→英文”，然后点击“开始翻译”就可以了。
这个迅捷PDF在线转换器网站不仅仅能实现Word文档翻译，还能实现PDF 转图片，PDF转Word等文档转换哦。
方法三：利用Word 2016
借助工具：Word 2016
操作步骤：
1、首先，全选Word文档，然后点击页面中的“语言”，接着点击“翻译”，选择其中的“翻译所选文字”。
2、然后在信息检索选项栏里，设置翻译：源语言为简体中文，目标语言为英文。
点击“→”翻译Word文档，然后点击“插入”就可以了。
大家可以根据自己的需要选择适合自己的方法，以上是有关Word文档翻译的三个方法，希望对大家有所帮助。
中国传统文化英语翻译Word 文档
1.香囊(scented sachet)，古代也称“香袋”，通常是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织的袋子，里面塞满香草(aromatic herbs)。
香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫和避邪。
香囊不仅有用，而且可作装饰品。
它们的形状和大小各异，有圆形、椭圆形和其他形状。
它们通常配有精致的图案，每个图案都象征着特别的含义。
例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(peony flower)等图案象征女性;松树和仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。
漂亮的香囊不仅是装饰品，而且含有丰富的文化和历史内涵。
翻译：Scented sachets, also called “fragrant bags” in ancient times, are bags usually sewed with cloth or weaved with multicolor silk threads and stuffed with aromatic herbs. The fragrant bags were originally used for absorbing sweat, repelling insects and warding off evils. Scented sachets are not only useful, but also ornamental. They come in different shapes and sizes, such as round, oval and many others. And they are normally decorated with elaborate patterns, with each pattern symbolizing a special meaning.For instance,a double-fish or double-butterfly pattern smybolizes the love between a man and a woman;patterns like lotus or peony flowers symbolize women;pine and crane patterns symbolize longevity and a guava pattern is the symbol of lots of children.A nice scented sachet is not just an ornament,but more of something that contains cultural and historical richness.2.中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。
一键翻译pdf英文文档
一键翻译pdf英文文档
您可以使用各种在线或离线的工具来进行PDF英文文档的翻译。
以下是一种简单的方法：
1. 在您的计算机上安装一个PDF阅读软件，如Adobe Acrobat Reader。
2. 打开需要翻译的PDF文档。
3. 使用PDF阅读软件中的文本选择工具（通常为鼠标指针形状的图标），选择需要翻译的文本。
4. 右键点击所选的文本，选择“复制”将其复制到剪贴板上。
5. 打开您常用的在线翻译网站，如谷歌翻译、百度翻译等。
6. 在翻译网站的输入框中粘贴刚才复制的文本。
7. 选择原文语言和目标语言，例如从英语翻译成中文。
8. 点击“翻译”按钮，即可得到翻译后的结果。
请注意，自动翻译工具可能无法完全准确地翻译所有内容。
对于专业性较强或语义较复杂的文档，建议寻求专业翻译人员的帮助，以确保准确传达文档的意思。
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文+参考译文
文档简介文档简介一，一， 英语翻译经典文章之英语翻译经典文章之 英文原稿英文原稿 二，二， 中文翻译中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！英文原稿BrianIt seems my only request (It seems my only request (““please, let me sleep please, let me sleep””) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you that can help you when you’’re in doubt. Especially during the night Situa on what to do I’I’m sleeping m sleeping Do not enter my roomYou You’’re not sure if re not sure if I’I’I’m sleeping m sleeping and you want to checkNot your business Don Don’’t enter my room You You’’re under the re under the effect effect of drug of drugs s and you feel like entering my roomDon Don’’t enter my fucking room You saw a super cute video on you tu be and you want me to see it Don Don’’t enter my room Send me the link on FB World war 3 just started Don Don’’t care Don Don’’t enter my fucking room You or one of your friends want to want to ““have fun have fun”” with me I’I’m straight. m straight. m straight. I’I’I’m sorry m sorryDon't even touch my room door You want to clean my room Thanks but Thanks but I’I’I’ll take care of it myself ll take care of it myself Pu n just legalized gay marri agesThat That’’s wonderful! Finally !But don But don’’t enter my roomI’I’m not home m not homeDon Don’’t even think of entering my roomI’I’m m home, it it’’s day me, you knocked and I answered answered ““yes, come in yes, come in”” You can enter my room中文翻译中文翻译小子：小子：我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。
英语翻译
1 .你好，安娜。
你的老师叫什么名字？——他叫蒂姆。
Hi, Anna. What’s your teacher’s name? – Tim.2. 他从哪儿来，安娜。
--他从新西兰来。
Where is he from. Anna? –He is from New Zealand.3. 他们是从美国来的吗？-不是，他们是从英国来的。
Are there from the USA? -No. they are from the United Kingdom.4. 今天他们不太高兴。
They are not very happy today.5. 安娜现在不在迪厅。
Anna is not at the disco now.6.他们是印度人，他们讲印地语和英语。
They are the Indians, they speak Hindi and English.7.他是秘鲁人，他讲西班牙语，不讲英语。
He is from Peru, he speaks Spanish, don't speak English.8.我是老师，我教中文。
I'm a teacher. I teach Chinese.9.玛丽不喜欢吃鱼。
Mary doesn't like fish.10.你会讲法语吗？是的，会一点。
Do you speak French? Yes, just a little.11.有些人让苔妮娅帮他们购买生日礼物。
Some people ask Tania to help them to buy birthday presents.12.杰克每天都在因特网上冲浪，为他们的电视节目寻找故事。
Jack surfs the Internet every day and looks for stories for their TV programs.13.他最近研究的每个个故事读起来都像一个新的世界。
英语翻译
汉译英1，新经理的工作是让这家公司能恢复盈利状况The new manager's job is to restore the company to profitability2，为恢复公众对司法制度的信心必须采取有力的措施.Drastic measures will have to be taken to restore public confidence in the legal system. 3，警方已排除该谋杀案中有抢劫的动机.The police have excluded robbery as a motive for the murder4，起初我是想要它来还一些债务，后来就变得只能说是贪婪I went from the need to pay off a few debts to what can only be described as greed5，他生病的整个阶段都表现出非凡的忍耐力。
He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness6，马拉松是一项考验耐力的运动The marathon is a test of endurance7，在这个小区里，孩子们缺少安全的游玩场所There is a deficiency of safe play areas for children in this community.8，这项计划有明显的缺陷，它不可能成功。
There’re clear deficiencies in this plan and it can’t possibly succeed9除了常规工作外，他们还干些零活，以补充收入。
They are doing extra jobs outside their regular ones to supplement their incomes10，我丈夫和我分别加薪8%和10%。
英语翻译
1.同时，我们的对外开放采取了多种形式，包括搞经济特区，开放十四个沿海城市。
In the meantime, we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways, including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 costal cities.2.会谈中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。
During the talks, their discussion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights.3.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.4.期待大学毕业生即使在竞争激烈的时代中也要活得正直，彬彬有礼，富有爱心是否要求过高了？Is it too much to expect that, even in this hard-edged, competitive age, a college graduate will live with integrity, civility—even compassion?5.在任何情况下，中国绝不首先使用核武器。
Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.6.没有知识分子，我们的事情就不能做好，所以我们要好好团结、依靠他们，使他们富起来。
Without intellectuals, our work cannot be done well, and we should therefore do a good job of uniting with them, relying on them and making them rich.7.在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起到所希望的作用，必须接受必要的教育。
英语翻译
英语翻译1.The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity .译文一：黑人依然生活在物质富裕的汪洋大海中贫乏的孤岛上。
译文二：黑人仍生活在贫困的孤岛上，尽管放眼四周，是一片繁华景象。
2.as wise as Solomon像所罗门国王一样有智慧智如诸葛亮3. carry coal to Newcastle把煤运到纽卡斯尔运槟榔到广东4.all roads lead to Rome5.kill two birds with one stone6.He moved in the direction of his desire, chanting Apache scalp-music. (Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky)他唱着《阿帕切头皮曲》，朝他理想的方向走去了。
7.At 11:15 this morning,the Prime Minister, speaking to the nation from Number Ten Downing Street, announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。
今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号———英国首相府邸向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。
8.He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.译文一：他不是一个抽烟的人，但他父亲是一个一支接一支不停抽烟的人。
译文二：他不抽烟，但他父亲却一支接一支不停地抽。
译文三：他不抽烟，但他父亲是个不熄火的老烟枪。
英语翻译
1.His weariness and increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热。
他于是下了决心,一碰到舒适的阴凉处,就坐下来休息。
2. It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.我原打算一月份访问中国,后来不得不推迟,这使我非常失望。
3.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.据目击者说，凶手共开了三枪，肯尼迪显然是被第一枪击中的。
4.Memories of that historic and happy occasion still linger.那历史的回忆和快乐的occasion仍然挥之不去。
5.The most notable is the further willingness of people to speak their minds.最值得注意的是，人们更愿意说出他们的想法。
6.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.我花了一整天在雇骡邮差曾经引导我指着一条河远边上的小屋前，默默地拒绝了我给他的钱，骑上。
7.He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spenthis vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the south.他飞在前一天他就上格鲁吉亚去度假享受高加索的阳光工程建设任务完成他本来在南方后。
高级英语1Unit4Oxford翻译
精品文档Unit4牛津Therearecertainthingsintheworldthataresopraiseworthythatitseemsaneedless,i ndeedanalmostlaughablethingtopraisethem;suchthingsareloveandfriendship,foodands leep,springandsummer;suchthings,too,arethewisestbooks,thegreatestpictures,theno blestcities.ButforallthatImeantotryandmakealittlehymninproseinhonourofOxford,ac ityIhaveseenbutseldom,andwhichyetappearstomeoneofthemostbeautifulthingsinthe world.此世间确有诸多凡物，它们本身便是值得人们去品味和赞誉的，譬如说爱情和友谊、美食和睡梦、春色和夏日，还有如那些注满了智慧的书卷、注满了心血的画作和注满了圣意的城邦。
也许对于这些凡物而言，再多的赞誉已无非是陈词滥调，荒唐可笑的，但我之所以还是想要对上述这些事物品味、赞誉一番，都是为了向牛津城表示我的敬意。
牛津城对我来说，就是这世间极其罕见，又最为美丽的地方之一。
Idonotwishtosingleoutparticularbuildings,buttopraisethewholeeffectofthepla ce,suchasitseemedtomeonadayofbrightsunandcoolair,whenIwanderedhourafterhour amongthestreets,bewilderedandalmostintoxicatedwithbeauty,feelingasapoorman mightwhohaspinchedallhislife,andmadethemostofsinglecoins,andwhoisbroughtintothe presenceofaheapofpiled-upgold,andtoldthatitisallhisown.我并不想单独从牛津城里遴选出一些建筑来赞誉；我想要赞誉的是这块土地上所映射出的一种整体效果。
英语翻译
第一单元我累了，昨晚我不该那么晚睡觉。
1.I'm tired,I should not have gone to bed so late last night. 我和鲍勃不是很熟，不过我们偶尔一起出去喝一杯。
2.I don't/didn't know Bob very well,but we go/went out for an occasional drink together. 我们应该都去火车站接她。
3.We are supposed to meet her at the train station. 你可以清楚的看到有人快淹死，而你却没有采取行动救他们。
4.You could clearly see people drowning,but/and yet you took no action to save them. 包括周末在内，仅仅还有12 天时间可以用来买圣诞礼物。
5.Including weekends,there are only twelve more days to buy Christmas presents. 如果不立即采取行动，许多野生动物就会因饥饿而死亡。
6.Without immediate action,many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger. 第二单元那首歌总是会让她回想起在芝加哥度过的那个晚上。
1.That songs always reminded her of the night spent in Chicago. 街角处刚好有一位警察，我便向他问路。
2.There happened to be a policeman on the corner,so I asked him the way. 由于天气恶劣，今天所有去纽约的航班都延误了。
3.All flights to New York today are delayed because of the bad weather. 谁要负责谁就必须赔偿损失。
英语翻译’
英语翻译’Translation: "她在学校里学习很努力，每天晚上都很晚才回家。
"English: "She studies very hard at school and doesn'tcome home until late every night."Bilingual examples:1.她在学校里学习很努力，每天晚上都很晚才回家。
She studies very hard at school and doesn't come home until late every night.2.他在工作中很出色，敬业且专注。
He excels in his job,being dedicated and focused.3.他喜欢在家里做饭，并尝试了许多新的食谱。
He enjoys cooking at home and has experimented with many new recipes.4.她很善良，总是乐于帮助别人。
She's very kind and always willing to help others.5.他在学校里很受欢迎，经常与同学们交往。
He's very popular at school and often socializes with his classmates.6.她喜欢学习不同的语言和文化，以扩展自己的知识面。
She enjoys learning different languages and cultures in order to expand her knowledge.7.他很有耐心，能够处理棘手的工作和人际关系。
He's very patient and able to handle difficult tasks and interpersonal relationships.8.她在游泳中表现卓越，赢得了多个比赛的冠军。
英语文章翻译
英语文章翻译英语文章翻译（通用12篇）经典文章阅读对英语专业学生文化素质的养成具有无可替代的作用。
下面是店铺带来的经典英语文章翻译，欢迎阅读！英语文章翻译篇1有两个贫苦的樵夫靠上山捡柴糊口，有一天，他们在山里发现两大包棉花，两人喜出望外。
棉花轻且贵，当下俩人各背了一包棉花赶路回家。
There once were two poor woodsmen who made a living by collecting woods in the mountain. One day, they happened to discover two large bag of cotton in the mountain and felt surprisingly happy. The cotton was light but valuable, so they carried it on their back and went back home.走着走着，其中一名樵夫眼尖，看到山路上扔着一大捆布，他就和同伴商量。
扔下棉花，背布回家。
他的同伴却有不同的看法，认为自己背着棉花已走了一大段，到了这里丢下棉花，岂不枉费了先前的辛苦，坚持不愿换布。
发现布的樵夫则尽其所能背起布走。
又走了一段路，背布的樵夫望见不远处的地上散落着数坛黄金。
心想这下真的发财了，赶忙用挑柴的扁担挑黄金。
他的同伴仍是不愿丢下棉花，并怀疑黄金不是真的。
发现黄金的樵夫只好自己挑了两坛黄金，和背棉花的伙伴赶紧回家。
When they were walking home, one of the woodsmen spotted a large bundle of cloth beside the road. So he discussed with his partner whether to discard the cotton and take the cloth instead. But his partner held a different view that since he had carried the cotton for such a long way, he would not change it with cloth because all his previous effort would turn out to be in vain. Therefore, the other woodsman abandoned the cotton and carried the cloth on his back. After walking for a while, thewoodsman who carried the cloth spotted several jars of gold disseminated on the ground not far away. He felt so thrilled that he was going to be a wealthy man. So he gave up the cloth and used his carrying pole to carry two jars of gold, while his partner was still reluctant to abandon the cotton and wondering whether the gold was real or not.谁知道刚走到山下。
英文翻译稿
Implementation Arrangements of HaJia Railway Project Project Institutional and Implementation ArrangementsI. Project Administration MechanismsThis project follows the implementation arrangement model that has already been successfully used for the ShiZheng, NanGuang and GuiGuang railway projects.As with past World Bank financed railway projects, the Ministry of Railway s (MOR) through its Foreign Capital and Technical Import Center (FCTIC) will be responsible for: (i) overseeing the project implementation including monitoring, reporting, and compliance with safeguards; (ii) financial management of the World Bank loan, including disbursement and reporting; and (iii) all World Bank financed procurement with the support of an independent procurement company. FCTIC will provide implementation progress reports every half year. The World Bank will also supervise this project closely through half yearly supervision missions.The Ministry of Railways formed a Preparatory Group (PG) for the HaJia Passenger Dedicated Railway Line Company on September 4, 2009, staffed primarily by the Ministry of Railways’ regional Harbin Railway Administration. The Preparatory Group, led by the Harbin Railway Administration, is tasked with the day to day responsibility for the railway line construction. This includes the procurement, management and supervision of all contracts for non-World Bank funded civil works, installation of goods and equipment funded by the World Bank loan through contractors, coordination with the Heilongjiang provincial government and local government entities responsible for resettlement and land acquisition and transfer of funds to that end to local authorities, monitoring of project progress, as well as reporting to the Ministry of Railways on physical progress, safeguards and financial management.The Preparatory Group will manage the procurement of non-World Bank funded contracts using the well-defined standards and procedures established by the Ministry of Railways for the construction of such railway lines. Goods procured by FCTIC will be delivered to the Preparatory Group and its contractors for installation. For reporting, FCTIC will draw on inputs from the Preparatory Group.A project company, the HaJia Passenger Dedicated Railway Line Company (HRC), is expected to be formed for the construction and management of the line as a successor to the Preparatory Group. The controlling share of the company will be held through an investment arm by the Ministry of Railways. The other major shareholder is expected to be the Province of Heilongjiang through a provincial investment body. The percentage of shares will be provisionally defined based on the project cost estimates for constructionand land acquisition contributed by the Ministry of Railways and the Province respectively, and will be adjusted based on actual equity contributions.The establishment of such special purpose entities is common in the railway sector, where the Ministry of Railways oversees over 120 similar companies. Those companies strictly follow well-established technical standards and directives from the Ministry, which regulate the construction and management of such lines. The Ministry plays a control role in terms of planning, standards, management and acceptance of works. As per previous projects, some of the specific features of this joint venture are yet to be decided, including who will own the rolling stock, how it will be operated and how the interfaces will be managed. Once the HaJia Railway Company is formed, it is expected that, as in the past, staff from the Preparatory Group will be transferred to the new company, occupying similar roles and functions. The HRC will then take over all the Preparatory Group’s responsibilities. Because of this, all references in the World Bank’sproject-related documents to the Preparatory Group will become references to HRC upon its establishment.The Preparatory Group will monitor the implementation of safeguards with the support of independent environment and resettlement and land acquisition monitoring consultants. Land acquisition, resettlement and construction may commence shortly after appraisal. Though the procurement of the World Bank financed goods and equipment will not start until about two years after loan signing (the World Bank does not finance civil works), the World Bank’s task team will carry out supervision activities together with FCTIC to ensure that implementation proceeds in accordance with agreements reached during project preparation.As per other railway projects supported by the World Bank, the Ministry of Railways will continue to carry the legal responsibility for implementation, as the main shareholder in HRC, and provide additional support to HRC whenever needed. There is little risk to implementation even if construction starts before the specific company details are settled. When the project company is formed, the World Bank will confirm that the project company meets, at a minimum, the capacity of the Preparatory Group currently in place.Reporting: The Ministry of Railways will monitor and evaluate the progress of the project on a six-monthly basis. The Ministry, through FCTIC, will prepare by February 15 and August 15 of each year (starting August 15, 2011 and until completion of the project), a project progress report, reporting on the overall project progress, on any significant changes or challenges, and on performance indicators. The report will include as annexes the progress report for the Ministry of Railways prepared by the Preparatory Group, the environmental report and the resettlement report.II. Financial Management, Disbursements and Procurementa.Financial ManagementThe FM capacity assessment identified the following principal risk: the project financial staffs in the Preparatory Group are assigned from Harbin Railway Bureau, which has not managed World Bank- financed projects before.Mitigation measures agreed include: (a) World Bank loan proceeds will be exclusively managed by FCTIC who is familiar with World Bank operations; (b) a project Financial Management Manual (FMM) will be issued to standardize the FM and disbursement procedures; and (c) some training will be provided to the project financial staff in the Preparatory Group to furnish them the necessary knowledge in managing WorldBank-financed operations.The overall pre-mitigation FM risk has been assessed as “Moderate” andpost-mitigation has been assessed as “Low”.Budgeting: Counterpart funding represents the vast majority of project funding (over 95 percent). It consists of shareholders’ contributions and domestic loans. Shareholders’ contributions include funds from the Ministry of Railways as well as funds and land from the Heilongjiang provincial g overnment. The shareholders’ contributions will be reflected as equity contributions in the HaJia Railway Company upon its establishment. Domestic loans will be mobilized by the Finance Department of the Ministry of Railways. In accordance with the project implementation plan and construction progress, the Preparatory Group will prepare an annual investment budget. This budget will be reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Railways’ Finance Department and FCTIC. Based on the approved budget, the Preparatory Group and upon its incorporation the HaJia Railway Company will receive government appropriations and domestic loans mobilized by the Ministry of Railways. For budget variances arising during execution, necessary authorization and close monitoring should be by the company. Timely and accurate information on variances should be used as the basis for mid-term adjustments.Flow of Funds: The World Bank loan proceeds will flow from the World Bank into a project designated account to be set up at and managed by FCTIC. The loan proceeds will either be disbursed from the World Bank to contractors directly based on withdrawal applications, or through the designated account managed by FCTIC.Accounting and Financial Reporting: The administration, accounting and reporting of the project will be set up in accordance with Circular #13: “Accounting Regulations f or World Bank Financed Projects,” issued in January 2000 by the Ministry of Finance.Both FCTIC and the Preparatory Group will be managing, monitoring and maintaining respective project accounting records and retaining original supporting documents. The Preparatory Group will prepare the project financial statements on its implemented project activities, which will then be used by FCTIC for preparing consolidated project financial statements (following the format in accordance with the aforementioned Circular #13 agreed with the Ministry of Finance) for annual reporting. As part of the progress report, no later than 45 days following each calendar year semi-annual period (the due dates will be August 15th and February 15th), the FCTIC will prepare interimfinancial reports (IFRs) to report the usage of loan proceeds in the form and substance satisfactory to the World Bank.Internal Control: The policy, procedures and regulations applicable to the accounting of the project have already been issued and are in use by the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Railways. In addition, a financial management manual used for all World Bank financed railway projects will be distributed to all project financial staff to enable alignment with the World Bank’s financial ma nagement and disbursement requirements. The Ministry of Railways has its own internal inspection division. This division will operate as the internal auditor for this project and will conduct compliance and transaction-oriented examinations on a regular basis.Audit: The Audit Service Center for Foreign Loan and Assistance Projects (ASC) of the China National Audit Office (CNAO) and the CNAO’s resident office in Harbin willaudit the project. One consolidated annual audit report, encompassing all project related activities, will be issued in the name of ASC and will be due to the World Bank within 6 months after the end of each calendar year.b. DisbursementsDisbursement Arrangements: Four disbursement methods will be available for the project: advance, reimbursement, direct payment and special commitment. Supporting documents required for the different disbursement methods will be documented in the Disbursement Letter issued by the World Bank. A designated account denominated in US dollar will be opened at a commercial World Bank acceptable to the World Bank and will be managed by FCTIC.The World Bank loan would be disbursed against eligible expenditures (including taxes) as in the following table.Table A: Disbursement ArrangementsofLoan(in2. Front-end Fee 0.75Total 300.00c.ProcurementThe overall project risk for procurement is assessed as moderate.The key issue and risk concerning procurement for implementation of the project is the possible influence of domestic procurement practice. In view of these risks, the followingactions will take place during implementation: (i) provision of training to FCTIC on procurement procedures of World Bank financed projects; (ii) where necessary, early procurement support missions by the World Bank’s procurement specialist; (iii) annual field procurement supervision missions to review procurement actions.General Procurement for the proposed project would be carried out in accordance with the World Bank’s "Guidelines: Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits" dated May 2004, revised in October 2006 and May 2010; and "Guidelines: Selection and Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers" dated May 2004, revised in October 2006 and May 2010, and the provisions stipulated in the legal agreements. The various items under different expenditure categories are described in general below. For each contract to be financed by the Loan, the different procurement methods or consultant selection methods, the need for pre-qualification, estimated costs, prior review requirements, and time frame will be agreed between the Borrower and the World Bank in the Procurement Plan during appraisal. The Procurement Plan will be updated annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvement in institutional capacity.Only two types of procurement are foreseen:Procurement of Goods: Goods procured under this project will include: goods for the communication, signaling, and electrification system, operation and maintenance equipment, and rails, beams, bearings, and other materials required for the proposed HaJia Railway Project. The procurement will be undertaken using the World Bank’s Sample Bidding Documents for all International Competitive Bidding (ICB) and the Chinese Model Bidding Documents, agreed with or satisfactory to the World Bank, for all National Competitive Bidding.Selection of Consultants: Consultant services provided by firms and individuals for the project will be identified during implementation. An amount of US$300,000 is tentatively allocated to consultant services and an overseas training and study tour. Short lists of consultants for services estimated to cost less than US$300,000 or equivalent per contract may be composed entirely of national consultants in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2.7 of the World Bank’s Consultant Guidelines. Select consultant services may be carried out by universities and government research institutions.Procurement Plan: FCTIC will develop a Procurement Plan for project implementation, which provides the basis for the procurement methods. This plan will be agreed between the Borrower and the Project Team at appraisal and will be available at FCTIC’s office. It will also be available in the project’s database and on the World Bank’s external website. The Procurement Plan will be updated in agreement with the Project Team annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvements in institutional capacity.Table B: Details of the Thresholds for Procurement Methods and Prior ReviewThresholds for Procurement MethodsGoods <=US$100,000 ShoppingConsultant Services<=US$200,000 CQS <=US$100,000 SSSThresholds for Prior ReviewGoods>=US$500,000The first NCB contract irrespective of contractsumPrior ReviewConsultant Services Consultant firm selection>=US$100,000Prior Review All SSS contracts (either firm or individual)Prior ReviewAll individual consultantselection >=US$50,000Prior ReviewNCB=National Competitive Bidding; CQS= Consultants’ Qualifications;SSS=Single Source Selection.III. Environmental and SocialEnvironmental Impacts: The project is anticipated to have positive benefits in terms of mobility and accessibility in the project region, facilitation of passenger and freight travel and regional economic and social development. Due to the large scale of civil works and project characteristics, the project has the potential to cause substantial social and environmental impacts, which have been thoroughly assessed and can be adequately avoided, minimized and/or mitigated with measures developed in the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). Manageable adverse impacts are primarily related to: (i) crossing sensitive sites such as a water resource protection area; (ii) community impacts such as land acquisition and resettlement; (iii) noise, dust, soil erosion and social disturbance during construction; (iv) noise, safety issues and loss of community connectivity during operation.Social Impacts: The project resettlement planning indicates that the land acquisition and resettlement happens in six counties and districts in two municipalities. In total, an estimated 1,705 households with 6,927 persons will be relocated; 21,244 mu (1,416 ha) land will be permanently acquired; and 9,972 mu (665 ha) of land will be temporarily acquired for the project construction. An estimated total of 23 enterprises will be affected, as well as 11,879 persons.Project preparation has included a social assessment and indigenous population screening along the planned railway line. The reports concluded that, while there are nine villages with minority households or individuals, there is no minority village or community within the project corridor, which was defined as the area within five kilometer distance on either side of the railway. Based on the finding of the social assessment, OP 4.10 is not triggered.Due Diligence Review: The upgrade of the Harbin Rail Station is not part of the project but is related. The Task Team carried out a due diligence review on the corresponding resettlement. It is being upgraded since June 2010, will use 835 mu land, lead to the demolition of 14 enterprises and 33,508 square meters of houses. Among these impacts, only 83 mu land, 9 enterprises and 5500 square meter houses do not belong to the Ministry of Railways. The resettlement is being implemented according to Chinese regulations.Key Measures Taken by the Borrower to Address Safeguards IssuesThe Ministry of Railways has prepared an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project. The EMP, IA and RAP meet the World Bank requirements of OP 4.01 and 4.12 respectively.Mitigation Measures: To address potential impacts, The Ministry of Railways has requested 3rd Railway Survey & Design Institute (TSDI), a Class A licensed EIA consultant in China, to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment with guidance and advice from the World Bank’s environmental team. In summary, the Ministry implemented a three-fold approach to minimize environmental and social impacts:∙Avoidance: Alternative analysis has been carefully conducted to avoid the environmental and social sensitive areas to the extent possible, as one of the most important mitigation measures to minimize potential adverse environmental andsocial impact. The selected alignment led to reduced house and structuredemolition, especially in the urban areas, and has avoided a number of sensitivesites, including nature reserves and cultural heritage sites.∙Reduced footprint: The project has been designed with state-of-the art engineering. Bridges and tunnels will be constructed for more than 55 percent ofthe alignment (51 percent bridges, 4 percent tunnels). As such, it reduces theecological footprint and the need for land acquisition.Comprehensive mitigation. Detailed environmental design plans (green corridors and landscaping), environmental management plans, and resettlementaction plans have been prepared in order to minimize or compensate forunavoidable impacts from the project.Environmental Management Plan: A stand-alone Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed based on the findings of the EIA report. The EMP detailed the environmental management and supervision organizations and responsibilities, mitigation measures, capacity training plan, monitoring plan, and budget estimates of EMP implementation. EMP measures to be implemented by the contractors will be incorporated into bidding documents and contracts to ensure effective implementation. EMP implementation will be managed by the Ministry of Railways (FCTIC) through the Preparatory Group. An environmental management unit will be established in the Preparatory Group with dedicated environmental staff. The contractors and supervision engineers will need to assign qualified environmental staff to their team to ensure effective implementation of the EMP.Resettlement Mitigation Measures: The scope of land acquisition has been minimized by using bridges and tunnels on more than 55 percent of the total railway length and by adjusting the alignment of the railway line to reduce housing and structure demolition, especially in the urban areas.Compensation and Restoration Measures: Compensation for permanently and temporarily acquired land will be conducted according to the provincial land regulation stated in the Resettlement Action Plan. All affected villages will lose less than five percent of farmland, which means no village is seriously affected by the projec t’s land acquisition. People who have lost rural land and houses will be compensated equivalent to the replacement price of the house plus a plot of land provided by the village committees, and people who lost an urban house will be compensated according to market value. Temporarily used land will be restored and returned to the land owner. All compensation will be based on agreements to be reached with the affected farmers, urban citizens and enterprise owners after meaningful consultation. Infrastructure restoration will be directly financed and conducted as part of a contractor’s contract.Capacity: The FCTIC has many years of experience with World Bank projects. The Preparatory Group and local governments will be trained to enhance their implementation capacity in accordance with the Environmental Management Plan and Resettlement Action Plan, which include detailed internal and external monitoring arrangements for their implementation. External consultants on environmental aspects and land acquisition will monitor the implementation of both these plans by all parties involved and provide guidance to the Preparatory Group accordingly.Consultation: During preparations the environmental assessment and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), public consultations were conducted in accordance with the World Bank’s OP4.01 and OP4.12. These were supplemented by a combination of opinionsurveys and public meetings in the townships, village committee and affected villagers’ homes. Stakeholders such as local authorities, civil society, and the affected population were consulted through diverse ways like TV, newspaper, meetings, and focus groups on land acquisition matters. The local governments were consulted on the alignment and location of stations. All the affected villages are informed, investigated and consulted. Specific public concerns have been incorporated in project design, the Environmental Management Plan and the Resettlement Action Plan.Disclosure: The Environmental Management Plan and Resettlement Action Plan have been disclosed in accordance with the World Bank’s policy and were sent to the Infoshop on xx. Information related to the Environment Assessment has been disseminated using posters and bulletins in townships and villages, a local newspaper (Heilongjiang Daily) and through the internet. The draft Environmental Impact Assessment document was disclosed through the Heilongjiang, Harbin and Jiamusi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPB) and the HaJia Railway Preparation Group on August 25, 2010 Information disclosure on project land acquisition and resettlement was distributed in the affected villages and communities during the resettlement impact investigation and planning process.Grievance Handling: A contact point will be set up to collect and respond to grievances and the contact information, including contact agencies, contact persons and telephone numbers, for this grievance channel will be made public prior to the project appraisal. The Resettlement Action Plan indicates that any grievance should be rapidly handled through the Preparatory Group resettlement management system, external monitor, local government system, or even court system.IV. Monitoring & EvaluationThe Ministry of Railways collects sufficient data to allow satisfactory monitoring and reporting of the outcomes and results of the project as part of its regular operations. FCTIC will compile data and include them in the semi-annual progress reports. The Preparatory Group will be tasked to collect relevant data to enable monitoring of these indicators. The cost of data collection, monitoring and evaluation will be covered by the administrative budget of the Ministry of Railways and the Preparatory Group. No additional budget is required.Since this is a new line, it is anticipated that most outcomes and results will only be measureable after the completion and commissioning of the project. During project implementation, progress monitoring will focus on intermediate result indicators which capture physical progress in the implementation of the project and impact of the program on employment.During project implementation, a set of indicators will be defined to measure the broader impact of the project on economic development in the first five years of implementation of the new line (2015-2020).。
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常用翻译技巧总结个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。
首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。
翻译题里考察三方面内容：1、专有名词（如operational research expert）、习惯用法（如depend on）及多义词的翻译 (如school、set的多义)2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等3、具体句型（定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等）其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。
可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题（常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解）一、常用方法英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。
常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。
这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。
1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。
英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。
英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。
因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。
因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句子离不开介词和冠词。
另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。
总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
如：（1）What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）(3) Indeed, the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。
（增译名词）(4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词）（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语）2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。
增译法的例句反之即可。
又如： (1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。
（省译物主代词）(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。
（省译物主代词）(3)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。
在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。
在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。
在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
如：(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
(名词转动词)（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)(4) I’m all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。
（介词转动词）（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。
（动词转名词）（6）In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。
（形容词转名词）（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。
（被动语态转主动语态）（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型转换)（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)4.拆句法和合并法（和唐静老师的很想象）：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。
拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。
汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。
所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。
这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。
如：(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。
（在主谓连接处拆译）（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。
中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。
（在定语从句前拆译）（3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。
（在定语从句前拆译）（4）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest beingmountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。