HKCEE - biology - 1994 - paper I - A

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2023-2024年香港中学文凭考试特别考试安排申请指南（修订版）说明书

Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination 2023 and 2024Category A (Senior Secondary Subjects)Applications for Special Examination Arrangementsfrom Candidates with special needsApplication Guide1.Introduction1.1 Candidates with special needs (such as candidates with disabilities) entering for the HongKong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSE) may apply before the examination to the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (the HKEAA) for special examination arrangements (SEAs) (e.g. sitting examination at special centres, extra time allowance, braille/enlarged question papers, etc.) or exemption from component(s)/part(s) of an examination. For candidates requiring the use of special equipment (e.g. CCTV, computer), such equipment should be provided by the schools or the candidates. In cases where a candidate’s request for SEAs violates the assessment objectives, the application/request will NOT be approved.1.2 Where a candidate has been exempted from component(s)/part(s) of an examination, his/herresults for the affected component(s)/part(s) will be assessed by the HKEAA based on his/her performance in the other component(s)/part(s) of the examination sat. The component(s) exempted will be indicated on the candi date’s certificate. However, the reason s for granting the exemption and the SEAs made will NOT be recorded.2.Major updatesMajor updates are summarised below. Please refer to the relevant section and annex for details.3.Timeline for submitting applications and processing of applications4. Candidates with SEAs in previous public examinationsIf a candidate (e.g. repeater, private candidate) has been given exemption and/or SEAs in a previous HKDSE/Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE)/Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE) and wishes to have SEAs in the forthcoming HKDSE, he/she must submit a fresh application.SEAs would NOT be arranged for him/her in the forthcoming HKDSE automatically based on previous provisions in a public examination.5. Documentary evidence requiredEach application should be accompanied by an up-to-date medical/assessment report (valid throughout the examination period*) issued by the Hospital Authority, Department of Health, Education Bureau (EDB), a registered medical practitioner, or a professional (e.g. audiologist, speech therapist, psychologist). The medical/assessment report(s) submitted should support the special needs of the candidates and state the SEAs required by the candidates (if applicable). In cases where a candidate’s application is not supported by documentary evidence or the information/justifications submitted do not sufficiently support the special needs of the candidate, the applications will NOT be processed. Candidates with obvious and permanent disabilities (e.g. total blindness, colour vision deficiency) may provide the previous medical/assessment report.* Counted from 1 January of the examination year (except for cases due to accidents or urgent medical conditions). For example, candidates with specific learning disabilities who apply for SEAs in the 2023 HKDSE should submit a psychological assessment report issued within 4 years before the public examination (i.e. on or after 1 January 2019).Depending on the nature of special needs, candidates are required to submit the following documents:6. Special Examination Arrangements6.1 The special examination arrangements (SEAs) applicable to candidates with different types ofspecial needs are listed below: (1) Physical disabilities (i) Candidates requesting extra time allowance (ETA) are required to take a speed test.Based on the HKEAA speed test results, recommendations given by the doctor/specialist (e.g. physiotherapist, occupational therapist) and school practice, the HKEAA will decide whether ETA will be given and (ifyes) the amount of ETA to be given. For papers involving multiple-choice (MC) questions, the arrangements of ETA are as follows: For candidates with physical disabilities who need to take more than 9 hours of examination (including ETA) on the same day, instead of being provided with ETA, they may be given an abridged version (approximately 50%) of the question paper to be completed in normal examination time. In other words, the candidate will be exempted from approximately 50% of the question paper. The information on abridged question paper will be provided to candidates together with the notification of application results. Remarks: For details of the exemption arrangements, please refer to para 1.2.(ii)Depending on the recommendations of the doctor/specialist, candidates may apply for supervised break(s) during an examination, enlarged (single-sided black and white)question papers, specially-designed supplementary answer sheet/graph paper/MC answersheet (please refer to Annex 4for details), writing on alternate lines/alternate pages,circling MC answers on the question papers instead of filling in the MC answers sheets,etc. (Note: The provision may vary in different subject/paper examinations. Fordetails, please refer to the notification of application results.)(iii)Candidates may be exempted from the listening components/speaking examination or be allowed to use a word processor to type the answers if documentary proof can beprovided to substantiate the needs. If a candidate is allowed to use a word processor totype the answers, the word processor should only be used as a type-writer. Access to theInternet or functions such as calculation, spell-check, grammar-check, translation,thesauri and ‘displaying associated terms’ in the Chinese character input method are notallowed. The candidate/school should provide such equipment and software. Thecandidate may also request to receive question-answer (QA) books in overlay PDFformat for typing the answers directly onto the QA books with a word processor.(2) Visual disabilities(i)The amount of ETA to be given for individual subjects/papers depends on thenature/design of the papers concerned. Detailed information is given below and in thenotification letters on SEAs.(ii)Apart from ETA, depending on the needs of individual candidates, they may be provided with Braille/enlarged (single-sided black and white) question papers, specially-designed supplementary answer sheet/graph paper/MC answer sheet (please refer to Annex 4 for details), and be allowed to use Brailler/magnifier/CCTV and other specialised equipment in the examination. The candidate/school should provide such equipment. Candidates with cortical visual impairment or visual disability may also be provided with question papers of the following special font size and word- and line-spacing (if applicable):●Chinese papers: font size 18, with 2.5 pt for word-spacing and 35 pt for line-spacing.●English papers: font size 16, with double space-bar for word-spacing and 35 pt forline-spacing.Note: Enlarged question papers are printed in B/W only. For candidates who need to read the normal question papers containing coloured diagrams/photographs (ifapplicable), schools may apply for using ancillary equipment (e.g. magnifier, CCTV)for them, as appropriate.(iii)Candidates with visual disabilities may apply for supervised break(s) during an examination, writing on alternate lines/alternate pages, circling MC answers on the question papers instead of filling in the MC answers sheets, etc. Those with severe visual disabilities may also request to use question-answer (QA) books in overlay PDF format for typing the answers directly onto the QA books with a word processor.(Note: The PDF format question-answer (QA) books are not applicable for screen reader.)(iv)Educationally blind candidates (i.e. the corrected better eye having a visual acuity of 0.1 or below, or a visual field 20 degree or below) are eligible for exemption from the following papers/questions:HKDSE Geography●specific map reading questions (i.e. the MC questions in Paper 1 Section A that use amap extract); and/or●data/skill-based/structured questions involving map reading skills in Paper 1 andPaper 2. (Note: The relevant sections consist of optional questions. Candidateswho are approved for the exemption will NOT be provided with the optionalquestions concerned in the exam papers and they have to choose from the remainingquestions to answer the required number of questions, which means that they willhave fewer choices.)Candidates with severe visual disabilities (i.e. the corrected better eye having a visual acuity lower than 6/120 (0.05), or a visual field 20 degree or below) may be exempted from questions involving complex diagrams, tables, graphs and pictures in HKDSE English Language Paper 3 (Listening and Integrated Skills).For candidates with severe visual disabilities [e.g. total blindness, the corrected better eyehaving a visual acuity lower than 6/120 (0.05) or a visual field 20 degree or below], forquestions that involve complicated pictures, where appropriate, text labels/descriptionswill be provided on the pictures concerned. Exemption will be given in case theprovision of text labels/descriptions on the pictures concerned is not possible (e.g. unfairassistance may be given if text labels/descriptions are provided). In order to preservethe secrecy of question papers, candidates will be informed of the questions to beexempted and the adjusted examination time right before the start of the examinationsession. Candidates have to indicate at the time of application whether they want to beexempted from such questions.For candidates with visual disabilities who need to take more than 9 hours of examination(including ETA) on the same day, instead of being provided with ETA, they may be givenan abridged version (approximately 50%) of the question paper to be completed innormal examination time. In other words, the candidates will be exempted fromapproximately 50% of the question paper. The information on abridged question paperwill be provided to candidates together with the notification of application results.Remarks: For details of the exemption arrangements, please refer to para 1.2.(3) Aural disabilitiesThe SEAs made will normally be based on the severity of the aural disabilities. Details are as follows:To sit written examinations (including Listening components) at special centres; and tosit Speaking examination at special centre, facing or with the side of normal hearingtowards other speakers.②To sit written examinations (including Listening components) and Speakingexamination at special centres.③To sit written examinations at special centres.④To sit Speaking examination at special centres.⑤Exemption from the Listening components.⑥Exemption from the Speaking examination and School-based Assessment (SBA) ofEnglish Language.Remarks:(i)If a candidate’s left and right ears differ in the severity of aural disabilities, the better ear(except for cases of unilateral HI) will be used for the consideration of specialexamination arrangements.(ii)For details of the exemption arrangements, please refer to para 1.2.prolonged and/or additional pauses in the Listening components and/or (ii) extended examination time in the Speaking examination of language subjects. They have to indicate at the time of application whether they would like to be considered for the SEA(s). However, they are NOT eligible for extended preparation time in the Speaking examination of language subjects.(4) Oral disabilitiesOral disabilities are classified as mild, moderate or severe. Candidates with severe oral disabilities are eligible for exemption from the Speaking examination of language subjects and School-based Assessment (SBA) of English Language. Candidates with mild/moderate oral disabilities are eligible for sitting the Speaking examination with extended examination time at special centres. They have to indicate at the time of application whether they would like to be considered for the SEA(s). However, they are NOT eligible for extended preparation time in the Speaking examination of language subjects.Remarks: For details of the exemption arrangements, please refer to para 1.2.(5) Specific learning disabilities (SLD)(i)Candidates who meet the diagnostic criteria of SLD (Dyslexia) are eligible for SEAsincluding ETA (normally 25% for both conventional and multiple-choice (MC) papers)*and supervised break(s) during an examination. Other SEAs may include the provisionof special question papers (e.g. single-sided black and white, single-sided black and whiteenlarged or single-sided ivory-colour), specially-designed supplementary answersheet/graph paper/MC answer sheet (please refer to Annex 4for details), writing onalternate lines/one side of an answer book, or circling MC answers on a question paperinstead of filling in boxes on an answer sheet. (Note: The provision may vary indifferent subject/paper examinations. For details, please refer to the notification ofapplication results.)* ETA 5% for Visual Arts 1B/2B(ii)Use of a word processor instead of writing may be considered for the following candidates:●candidates with illegible handwriting —the schools should provide a copy of thecandidates’ handwritten Chinese and English composition work in a recent internaltest or examination for the consideration of the HKEAA.●candidates with extremely slow handwriting speed (i.e. those who cannot cope withthe examination even with the extra time stated above) —reports from occupationaltherapists/medical practitioners should be submitted as supporting evidence. Speedtests will be conducted for the candidates by the HKEAA for consideration of such arequest.●if a candidate requires the use of a word processor due to other reasons, the reasonsshould be specified on the application form with supporting documents provided.If a candidate is allowed to use a word processor to type the answers, the word processorshould only be used as a type-writer. Access to the Internet or functions such ascalculation, spell-check, grammar-check, translation, thesauri and ‘displaying associatedterms’in the Chinese character input method are not allowed. The candidate/schoolshould provide the computer facilities in public examinations. The candidate may alsorequest to use question-answer (QA) books in overlay PDF format for typing the answersdirectly onto the QA books with a word processor.software in Liberal Studies (2023 HKDSE) / Citizenship and Social Development (2024HKDSE) and seven elective subjects (i.e. Chinese History, Ethics and Religious Studies,Geography, Health Management and Social Care, History, Literature in English, andTourism and Hospitality Studies):(a)the candidate has a confirmed diagnosis of SLD, and the candidate’s writing abilityin the first language has been assessed on a standardised test with relevant norm(currently, the Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading andWriting for Junior Secondary School Students –Second Edition [HKT-JS(II)] isconsidered relevant) administered by a qualified educational/clinical psychologistwith professional practice training and the test results indicate that the candidate hassevere writing difficulties; and(b)the candidate will be provided with the speech-to-text software in internal schoolassessment(s)/examination(s) before the HKDSE so that he/she is familiar with thearrangements and can apply it effectively in the public examination.Eligible candidates will only be allowed to use the built-in speech-to-text software thatcomes with MacBook Air in the public examination. Candidates will have their speechconverted into text via the software and the word processor, such as MS Word or Pages.They may edit the text with the keyboard and/or allowable Chinese character inputmethods, such as Cangjie, Quick, Pinyin, Stroke and Q9 input methods. Thosefunctions on the speech-to-text software that might affect the fairness or appropriatenessof the software must be removed or disabled prior to it being used in the publicexamination.Practice in internal assessment(s)/examination(s), preferably from Secondary 5, is highlyrecommended for candidates whose applications to adopt the SEA have been accepted bythe HKEAA so that they are familiar with the SEA and can use it effectively in the publicexamination. If a candidate decides to withdraw from using the software, he/she shouldinform the HKEAA in writing as soon as possible, preferably in November of theSecondary 6 school year (for applications submitted in Secondary 5) or in February of theexamination year (for applications submitted in Secondary 6 and private candidates).School candidates must do so via their schools.In case a candidate is seriously ill and unable to speak clearly for using the software orhe/she cannot use the software due to technical problems, he/she should work on thepaper in handwriting.Schools should provide the computer facilities (including the speech-to-text software andprinter), Chinese character input method (if applicable), examination venue(classroom/function room/hall), noise-blocking setup and earmuffs (if applicable) andinvigilation personnel for their candidates in the public examination. Private candidatesshould provide for themselves the computer facilities (including the speech-to-textsoftware) and Chinese character input method (if applicable).Please refer to Annex 7for the guidelines on the use of speech-to-text software in thepublic examination.(6) Candidates with other disabilities/special needs(i)SEAs will be made for the candidates concerned with reference to the nature and severityof the candidates’special needs, the recommendations of the specialists given in themedical/assessment reports (if applicable) and the special arrangements made in internalexaminations. In general, ETA will only be given where there is clear evidence tojustify the need. The request should be supported by the relevant medicaldoctor/specialist and the school should have been providing ETA for the candidate ininternal examinations. The ETA given will normally not exceed 25% and will beconsidered by the Committee on a case by case basis.(ii)Candidates may be allowed to sit the examination in a single room, a room with fewer candidates or in a familiar examination environment due to the nature of the special needs(e.g. likely to create noise during the examination; very sensitive to normal backgroundnoise such as normal school activities, school bells, etc.; very difficult to adapt to anunfamiliar environment; or other medical conditions such as Tourette’s Syndrome).Such request should be clearly stated in the application for SEAs withrationale/recommendation made by the schools/specialists. The candidates concernedmay be allowed to sit the examinations (except speaking examination) in their ownschool special centre (i.e. home centre). Private candidates should also state suchrequest with rationale/ recommendation made by specialists in the application for SEAs.(iii)Candidates with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may apply for the provision of plain text labels/descriptions for questions that involve high level comprehension/interpretationof cartoons or complicated pictures, where appropriate. The plain text labels/descriptions describe the layout of the cartoons or pictures in the text format withoutgiving any interpretation or revealing the underlying meaning of these cartoons orpictures, which would otherwise compromise the assessment objectives of the subjectsconcerned. Samples of the plain text labels/descriptions for Liberal Studies, ChineseHistory and History are avai lable for downloading under ‘Services to Special NeedsCandidates’ from the HKEAA website.Candidates with ASD should indicate in the application for SEAs whether they need thisSEA and for which subject(s) [normally applicable to Liberal Studies (2023 HKDSE) /Citizenship and Social Development (2024 HKDSE), Chinese History, and History].Schools should provide the candidates concerned with the same arrangement in internalexaminations.The provision of plain text labels/descriptions to questions that involve high-levelcomprehension/interpretation of cartoons or complicated pictures is based on professionaljudgment with reference to the assessment objectives of the subjects concerned. If plaintext labels/descriptions are provided, the candidates concerned will be given a set ofspecial question paper with plain text labels/descriptions (normally printed double-sidedon A3 white paper and output as A4 booklet) in addition to the normal question paperbefore the start of the examination session. If a candidate is also allowed to use questionpaper in special format (e.g. single-sided black and white enlarged), the plain textlabels/descriptions will be provided on the relevant special question paper. If thequestions do not require plain text labels/descriptions, the normal question paper orspecial question paper without plain text labels/descriptions will be provided asappropriate.6.2 Use of Screen ReadersCandidates satisfying the following criteria may be eligible for the use of screen reader in the public examinations. The candidate:(i) has a confirmed diagnosis of SLD, and the candidate’s word reading ability in the firstlanguage has been assessed on a standardised test with relevant norm (currently, the HongKong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading and Writing for Junior SecondarySchool Students – Second Edition [HKT-JS(II)] is considered relevant) administered by aqualified educational/clinical psychologist with professional practice training and the testresults indicate that the candidate has severe word reading difficulties; or(ii) has a diagnosis of neurological impairment such as cerebral palsy, cerebral visual impairment or brain injuries, and is assessed by a professional (e.g. an occupationaltherapist) to have severe reading difficulties; or(iii) is blind or has severe visual disability, and is assessed by an occupational therapist to have significantly low Braille reading speed due to poor finger touch; or (iv) has lost his/her eyesight recently and thus cannot read Braille materials.Except for (iv), practice in previous assessments/examinations is highly recommended for candidates applying to use the screen reader in public examinations so that they are familiar with the arrangements and can apply it effectively in the public examinations.Screen reading will not be allowed in the following papers in which reading comprehension skills is tested:In the public examination, candidates may use any of the following text-to-speech software designated by the HKEAA:Candidates must specify the text-to-speech software they intend to use in the public examination when they submit the application for use of screen reader. They must use the software designated by the HKEAA. Special consideration may be given if the school can produce evidence that the students have all along been using another software not designated by the HKEAA in tests/internal examinations.Schools should provide the computer facilities (including the text-to-speech software), examination venue and invigilation personnel for their candidates in the public examination.Private candidates should provide for themselves the computer facilities (including the text-to-speech software). Please refer to Annex 5for the guidelines on the use of screen readers in the public examination.6.3 School-based Assessment (SBA)For information regarding the special arrangements for SEN candidates in conducting SBA, schools may visit the SBA section of the HKEAA website (.hk/en/sba/info_corner/). In cases where a school cannot provide special arrangements for a particular student, the matter should be brought to the attention of the HKEAA in writing by the principal of the school for HKEAA's special consideration at the beginning of the school year. Such cases, once approved, may include exemption from part or whole of the SBA tasks. The application form for SBA exemption is available for downloading from ‘HKDSE Online Services’ (https://.hk/).7. Examination venues, invigilator staff and any ancillary aids/equipment7.1 Schools presenting special needs candidates for the public examinations have to provideexamination venues, invigilation staff and any ancillary aids/equipment with regard to the provision of special examination arrangements (SEAs) to these candidates. Centre schools are also required to assist in examination administration (including the return of candidates’ answer scripts after the examination).7.2 Candidates who are given SEAs (e.g. ETA, prolonged and/or additional pauses in theListening components, supervised breaks, Braille/special question papers, special answer sheets/books, ancillary aids/equipment, etc.) will be arranged to sit the examinations at special centres which are normally set up in secondary schools (mostly classrooms with a few school halls). Examination procedures in special centres are the same as those in other centres.However, extra invigilators are available to offer assistance to candidates if necessary.Remarks:(i)SEN candidates with non-standard SEAs (including but not limited to ETA other than25%, use of ancillary aids/equipment, prompters, and longer/more frequent supervisedbreaks), emotional disturbance, psychiatric problems, adjustment problems and medicalillnesses will normally be accommodated at home centres. Other own school SENcandidates from the same school would also be accommodated at the home centre as faras possible.(ii)In general, candidates will be given different amounts of ETA and/or supervised breaks at special centres. To facilitate the smooth conduct of examinations, candidates arenormally NOT allowed to withdraw from the approved supervised breaks.(iii)All candidates who sit the Listening components of language subjects in special centres will be given a 5-minute supervised break after completing Part A in order to synchronisethe time for broadcasting the listening materials of Part B. Candidates should abide bythe regulations on supervised breaks. For details, please refer to the Handbook forCandidates of the examination year.7.3 Examination rooms in a special centre are usually accessible by lift or on the same floor as themain entrance. Depending on the supply of special centres in various districts, candidates may not be arranged to take the examinations in their chosen examination district.8. Listening Components and Speaking examination of Language Subjects8.1 Candidates who are granted ETA in written examinations may be provided with (i) prolongedand/or additional pauses in the Listening components and/or (ii) extended preparation and/or examination time in the Speaking examination of language subjects. They have to indicate at the time of application whether they would like to be considered for the SEA(s).8.2 In general, candidates who sit Speaking examination at special centres, except for SLDcandidates, will be arranged to sit the examination with Oral Examination Assistants to facilitate the conduct of the group discussion; whereas SLD candidates will normally sit the Speaking examination with other SLD candidates.9. Hospital candidatesHospital candidates applying to take the examination in the hospital must obtain the doctor’s written permission certifying the candidate is fit for the examination. The application must be submitted with the necessary documents at least 1 working day (Monday to Friday, excluding public holidays) before the examination. For example, applications for examinations held on Monday must be submitted no later than Friday of the preceding week.。

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获奖者davidh.hubelm.d.精品文档

.部分会议特邀专家简介特邀报告人汇集了中外认知神经科学领域（Perception，Language and the Brain，Attention & Memory，Social Behavior & Social Cognitive Neuroscience，Cognitive Impairment，和Neural Imaging & Modeling）的国内外知名学者35人，其中包括诺贝尔奖生理学奖（医学奖）获得者David H. Hubel 教授和10多位中外院士。

现简单介绍部分与会专家如下：诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获奖者David H. Hubel, M.D.David Hubel（1926－），美国神经生物学家，哈佛大学医学院神经生物学教授，由于对脑部视觉系统的信息处理研究的重大贡献，与Wiesel 和Sperry 分享1981年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

简历：z 生于加拿大安大略省z 1947年，在加拿大蒙特利尔的麦基尔大学（McGill College）获得物理学学士学位。

z 1951年，获得该校医学院医学博士学位。

z 1958年，Hubel 进入美国的约翰霍普金斯大学，开始视觉皮层研究。

z 1959年，哈佛医学院教授。

z 20世纪六七十年代，利用微电极技术进行动物脑的单细胞记录，从事视觉研究。

z 1981年，因发现了中枢视觉通路中细胞的感受野特性，获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

z 1995年，Hubel DH 出版《Eye, Brain and Vision》，Scientific AmericanLibrary.z 2005年，Hubel DH & Wiesel TN. 《Brain and Visual Perception——The Storyof a 25-Year Collaboration》，Oxford University Press.（A）知觉（Perception）（1）George Sperlingz 1974年实验心理学会成员z 1985年国家科学院院士z 1992年美国艺术与科学院院士z 因为他为心理学界做出的突出贡献，曾获得多项荣誉，包括：美国心理学会最高科学成就奖（1988），实验心理学会的Howard Crosby Warren 奖章（1996），美国光学学会的Edgar D. Tillyer 奖（2002），国际神经网络学会的Helmholtz 奖（2004）。

访李政道博士粤教版高三上册语文教案

访李政道博士粤教版高三上册语文教案访李政道博士粤教版高三上册语文教案李博士的谈话，使人们认识到作为科学家应具有的素质和能力，并解答了存在于大多数中国人心中的普遍的几个疑问，使人们对于科学、科学家有了更深层次的认识和理解。

以下是整理的访李政道博士粤教版高三上册语文教案，欢迎大家借鉴与参考!《访李政道博士》教案教学目标：1.了解人物访谈的特点及技巧;理解文中词语的含义。

2.把握全文信息，准确理解访谈核心;研究重点语句，理解访谈内容。

教学重点、难点：研究重点词句，理解访谈内容;把握课文特点，了解访谈技巧。

教具：多媒体。

一、导入李政道(Tsung-Dao Lee)美国物理学家。

1926年11月25日生于中国上海市，原籍江苏苏州。

1944-1946年先后就读于浙江大学、西南联合大学。

1946年入美国芝加哥大学物理系研究院学习，1950年6月获哲学博士学位。

1953-1960年历任美国哥伦比亚大学助理教授、副教授、教授，1960-1963年任普林斯顿高等研究院教授，1964年至今任哥伦比亚大学费米物理教，1984年至今任哥伦比亚大学“大学教授”。

李政道教授曾获:诺贝尔物理学奖(1957)、爱因斯坦科学奖(1957)、法国国立学院布德埃奖章(1969, 1977)、伽利略· 伽利莱奖章(1979)、意大利共和国最高骑士勋章(1986)、埃. 马诺瑞那爱瑞奇科学和平奖(1994) 等。

他是美国艺术和科学院院士(1959)、美国国家科学院院士(1964)、意大利林琴科学院院士(1986)和台湾“中央研”院士(1957)。

李政道教授关于弱相互作用中宇称不守恒定律以及其一些对称性不恒的发现，是极为重要的划时代贡献，为此，李政道教授和杨振宁教授共获1957年诺贝尔物理学奖。

他自幼酷爱读书，整天手不释卷，连上卫生间都带着书看，有时手纸没带，书却从未忘带。

抗战争时期，他辗转到大西南求学，一路上把衣服丢得精光，但书却一本未丢，反而一次比一次多。

微生物名人堂John E. Walker

微生物名人堂John E. WalkerJohn E. Walker AutobiographyI was born in Halifax , Yorkshire on January 7th, 1941 to Thomas Ernest Walker and Elsie Walker (ne Lawton ). My father was a stone mason, and a talented amateur pianist and vocalist. I was brought up with my two younger sisters, Judith and Jennifer, in a rural environment overlooking the Calder valley near Elland, and then in Rastrick. I received an academic education at Rastrick Grammar School , specializing in Physical Sciences and Mathematics in the last three years. I was a keen sportsman, and became school captain in soccer and cricket. In 1960, I went to St. Catherine's College, Oxford , and received the B.A. degree in Chemistry in 1964.In 1965, I began research on peptide antibiotics with E. P. Abraham in the Sir Willian Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford , and was awarded the D. Phil. degree in 1969. During this period, I became aware of the spectacular developments made in Cambridge in the 1950s and early 1960s in Molecular Biology through a series of programmes on BBC television given by John Kendrew, and published in 1966under the title The Thread of Life. These programmes made a lasting impression on me, and made me want to know more about the subject. Two books, Molecular Biology of the Gene by J. D. Watson, first published in 1965, and William Hayes' Bacterial Genetics helped to assuage my appetite for more information. My knowledge of this new field was extended by a series of exciting lectures for graduate students on protein structure given in 1966 by David Phillips, the new Professor of Molecular Biophysics at Oxford . Another series of lectures given by Henry Harris, the Professor of Pathology and published in book form undThen followed a period of five years working abroad, from 1969-1971, first at The School of Pharmacy at theUniversity of Wisconsin, and then from 1971-1974 in France, supported by Fellowships from NATO and EMBO, first at the CNRS at Gif-sur-Yvette and then at the Institut Pasteur.Just before Easter in 1974, I attended a research workshop in Cambridge entitled Sequence Analysis of Proteins. It was sponsored by EMBO (The European Molecular Biology Organization), and organised by Ieuan Harris fromthe Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) and by Richard Perham from the Cambridge University Department of Biochemistry. At the associated banquet, I found myself sitting next to someone that I had not met previously, who turned out to be Fred Sanger. In the course of our conversation, he asked if I had thought about coming back to work in England . I jumped at the suggestion, and with some trepidation, approached Ieuan Harris about the possibility of my joining his group. After discussions with Fred Sanger, it was agreed that I could come to the Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry (PNAC) Division at the LMB for three months from June 1974. More than 23 years later, I am still there.It goes without saying that this encounter with Fred Sanger and Ieuan Harris transformed my scientific career. In 1974, the LMB was infused throughout its three Divisions with a spirit of enthusiasm and excitement for research in molecular biology led by Max Perutz (the Chairman of the Laboratory), Fred Sanger, Aaron Klug, Francis Crick, Sidney Brenner, Hugh Huxley, John Smith and Csar Milstein, which was coupled with extraordinary success. For example, alongthe corridor from my laboratory Fred was inventing his methods for sequencing DNA, immediately across the corridor Csar Milstein and Georges Kouml;hler were inventing monoclonal antibodies, and elsewhere in the building, Francis Crick and Aaron Klug and their colleagues were revealing the structures of chromatin and transfer RNA.Fred's new DNA sequencing methods were applied first to the related bacteriophages fX174 and G4, and then to DNA from human and bovine mitochondria. I analyzed the sequences of the proteins from G4 and from mitochondria uIn 1978, I decided to apply protein chemical methods to membrane proteins, since this seemed to be both a challenging and important area. Therefore, in search of a suitable topic, I read the literature extensively. The enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation from the inner membranes of mitochondria were known to be large membrane bound multi-subunit complexes, but despite their importance, they had been studied hardly at all from a structural point of view. Therefore, the same year, I began a structural study of the ATP synthase from bovine heart mitochondriaand from eubacteria. These studies resulted eventually in acomplete sequence analysis of the complex from several species, and in the atomic resolution structure of the F catalytic domain of the enzyme from bovine mitochondria, giving new insights into how ATP is made in the biological world. Michael Runswick has worked closely with me throughout this period, and has made contributions to all aspects of our studies.In 1959, I received the A. T. Clay Gold Medal. I was awarded the Johnson Foundation Prize by the University of Pennsylvania in 1994, in 1996, the CIBA Medal and Prize of the Biochemical Society, and The Peter Mitchell Medal of the European Bioenergetics Congress, and in 1997 The Gaetano Quagliariello Prize for Research in Mitochondria by the University of Bari, Italy. In 1995, I was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1997, I was made a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge and became an Honorary Fellow of St. Catherine's College, Oxford .I married Christina Westcott in 1963. We have two daughters, Esther, aged 21 and Miriam, aged 19. At present, both of them are university students, studying Geographyand English, respectively, at Nottingham-Trent and Leeds Universities .From Les Prix Nobel 1997.。

生物化学定义

绪论•1 生物化学定义Biochemistry•2 生物化学研究的主要内容2.1 生物体的物质组成2.2 物质代谢及其调控糖代谢电子传递和氧化磷酸化脂代谢氨基酸代谢核苷酸代谢代谢调控DNA的合成RNA的合成和加工蛋白质合成基因表达调控2.3 物质的分子结构与功能的关系•3 生物化学在生物科学中的地位和作用Membership Statistics as of February 1, 2004:Totals by Membership TypeMember (active) 1,890Member (emeritus) 91Foreign Associate 336Total 2,317Totals by Scientific disciplineAnimal, Nutritional, and Applied Microbial Sciences 46Anthropology 74Applied Mathematical Sciences 50Applied Physical Sciences 88Astronomy 81Biochemistry 166Biophysics 60Cellular and Developmental Biology 88Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience 48Chemistry 200Computer and Information Sciences 35Economic Sciences 58Engineering Sciences 84Environmental Sciences and Ecology 51Evolutionary Biology 41Genetics 84Geology 86Geophysics 90Human Environmental Sciences 19Immunology 54Mathematics 118Medical Genetics, Hematology, and Oncology 100Medical Physiology and Metabolism 59Microbial Biology 47Physics 186Physiology and Pharmacology 56Plant Biology 58Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences 48Psychology 56Social and Political Sciences 44Systems Neuroscience 42Total 2,317•4 生物化学和人类生活的关系及在工农业﹑畜牧业和医药业上的意义日常生活血清检验药物研制HIV(structure)吸烟损害公众健康! •5如何学习生物化学对教材内容作全面了解,分析比较，明确概念; 从化学本质和结构特点出发，联系物质的性质和功能;对每章的重点内容应深入钻研，弄懂,记熟, 轮番复习﹑默念以加强记忆。

赵国屏与合成生物学的故事

20岁插队，30岁上大学，35岁赴美留学，42岁博士研究生毕业，44岁回国，46岁任职中国科学院，57岁当选院士。

赵国屏院士的人生经历可谓传奇，每一步都充满了挑战与奋斗，但对他自己来说，其实也颇为简单，“一切都起源于初中时读了《科学画报》上讲DNA双螺旋模型奠定遗传的分子基础和电子显微镜揭示了亚细胞结构的文章，从而下决心一辈子要搞生物学。

此后的一切，只是不论遇到什么环境的变化，我都坚守了这一心仪的‘使命’，以实践我在中学读书时所确立的为中国人民幸福服务的‘初心’罢了！”赵国屏院士与合成生物学的故事也与他一生不变的“初心和使命”密切相关。

如同他在初中时就被生命的分子机制所吸引以及50岁时义无反顾地接受中国科学院的重托，与李载平、裴钢院士一起领衔人类基因组研究一样，2007年，他参加中国科学院规划2050年重大交叉前沿科技领域发展路线图的工作，在负责“生命起源、进化和人造生命”部分的研讨过程中，逐步感受到生命科学和生物技术领域又一个新的革命正在来临。

因此，他除了推动组织国内外相关科学家的系列研讨，还带领团队于2008年申请获批成立了中国科学院的“合成生物学重点实验室”。

此后经10年探索，终于在一个分子微生物学实验室的基础上，建立起工程化的研究体系，在“建物致知”和“建物致用”两个赋能方向上都取得了重要的科学突破，并取得了使能技术的颠覆性创新成果。

2018年以后，他又直面中国生物医药产业创新发展的核心难点，致力于将科研成果经转化型研究转化为产品，再推动监管科学创新，为合成生物学成果的“产业转化”保驾护航。

他的奋斗历程和卓越成果，既在科学发展战略趋势的研判中，展现了中国科学家的全球前瞻视野；又在科学创新道路的探索中，体现了中国科学家勇担重任、踏实认真、锲而不舍的传统精神。

“合成生物学的内核就是‘会聚’，是工程科学、系统科学、计量科学以及合成科学等与生命科学的会聚。

而其研究任务，主要就是两个方面：一是工程化生命的合成，即赋能生命科学研究，形成‘建物致知’的新策略；二是生命过程的工程化，即赋能生物工程和代谢工程，强化‘建物致用’的可预见性，实现高效设计与精准调控。

1994年诺贝尔生理与医学奖汇总

• G蛋白质接受各种第一信使的信号后，按不同信息需求, 再经由第二信使（cAMP,IP3）分别进行各种生物途径, 而调整生理活动。 • 很久以来,人们就知道细胞之间交换信息是通过激素或其他腺体,神经元，以及其他组织分泌的信息物质.直到80年代初人们才知道细胞是如何接受外界信息并作出相应的反应.G-蛋白的发现具有重要的意义,为生理学家们在这个领域的研究提供了广泛的前景
1.1.2
G蛋白激活 cAMP环化酶
Gs的调节作用：Gs偶联受体激活腺苷酸环化酶的模型
1.1.3cAMP信号通路的反应链：激素→G蛋白偶联受体→G蛋白 →AMP环化酶→cAMP →cAMP依赖的蛋白激酶A→基因调空蛋白 →基因转录
G蛋白活化的腺苷酸环化酶
cAMP的合成与降解
cAMP特异地活化cAMP依赖的蛋白激酶
1994年诺贝尔生理与医学奖
G蛋白及其在细胞转导中的作用
演讲人:侯祥
一获奖者简介
• 吉尔曼(G.Gilman) Gilman于1941年出生于美国康涅狄格州 1962年毕业于耶鲁大学并取得生物化学学士学位 1971-1979年在Vrginia大学药理学系任副教授 1979-1981年在 Dollas大学药理学系任副教授 1981至今任教授
反应链：胞外信号分子→G-蛋白偶联受体→G-蛋白→ →IP3→胞内Ca2+浓度升高→Ca2+结合蛋白(CaM)→细胞反应
磷脂酶C(PLC)→
→DG→激活PKC→蛋白磷酸化或促Na+/H+交换使胞内pH
双信使系统Double Messenger system磷脂酰Fra bibliotek醇信号通路模式图
信号分子-受体 G蛋白
1.G蛋白 • 受体与配体结合后即与膜上的偶联蛋白结合，使其释放活性因子,再与效应器发生反应。由于这些偶联蛋白的结构和功能极为类似,且都能结合并水解GTP，所以通常称G蛋白 • G蛋白是三聚体GTP结合调节蛋白的简称,位于质膜内胞浆一侧,由α、β和γ三个亚基组成, βγ二聚体通过共价结合锚于膜上起稳定α亚基的作用,而α亚基本身具有GTP酶的活性.

英国物理学家RobertHooke用自制的显微镜首次发现了细胞

细胞工程不仅可以在植物与植物之间、动物与动物之间、微生物与微生物之间进行杂交，甚至可以在动物与植物或微生物之间进行融合，形成前所未有的杂交物种。

三色“组装鼠”问世
sheep
＋
goat
Sheep-goat chimera
细胞工程主要研究内容
动植物细胞与组织培养细胞融合染色体工程胚胎工程细胞遗传工程
第三节体外培养的动物细胞的特性
动物细胞的生长方式及类型
细胞特化
肌肉细胞
神经细胞
红细胞
脂肪细胞
精子细胞
细菌
贴附依赖型（anchorage-dependent）非贴附依赖型（anchorage-independent）兼性贴附型
贴附依赖型细胞（贴附型细胞）
概念
细胞的生长必须有给予贴附的支持物表面，细胞依赖自身分泌的或培养基中提供的贴附因子才能在该表面上生长。
胚胎工程：对哺乳动物的胚胎进行某种人为的工程技术
操作获得人们所需的成体动物。
Manipulation of a cattle embryo and twin calves
Test- tube baby
细胞遗传工程
第二节细胞生物学基础
细胞的基本共性
➢ 细胞表面都有细胞膜（磷脂双分子层与蛋白质） ➢ 细胞都含有两种核酸（DNA与RNA） ➢ 细胞蛋白质合成的机器─核糖体 ➢ 细胞增殖都以一分为二的方式进行分裂
原核细胞缺少粗面内质网和高尔基复合体结构，无法对蛋白质进行糖基化和其他一系列翻译后加工修饰。这就决定了某些生物药品不能用原核细胞表达。
体外培养细胞的生长与增殖过程
原代培养期传代期衰退期
培养细胞的生命期（Life Span of Culture Cells）

屈光圻医生奖学金

24
梁力其先生獎學金 Mr. Ricky Leung
中三英文科成績優異。 Outstanding performance in F.3 English Language
25
周陳影霞老師紀念獎學金 Mrs. Chau Chan Ying Ha Mem.
中三數學科成績優異。 Outstanding performance in F.3 Mathematics
List of Scholarship Holders (2009/2010)
Scholarships
Merits of the holders
1
屈光圻醫生獎學金 Dr. K.K.Watt
香港高級程度會考成績優異。 Outstanding academic results in HKALE
2
李月仙女士紀念獎學金 Madam Lee Yuet Sin Mem.
何式芬校長紀念獎學金 10 Ms. Ho Seck Fun Mem.
地理科成績優異。 Outstanding performance in Geography
11
麥釗校長紀念獎學金 Mr. Mak Chiu Mem.
物理科成績優異。 Outstanding performance in Physics
rship Holders
7M LEE CHUN HO
李俊顥
5C CHUNG CHI HO
鍾志豪
7M WAI TSZ YAN
韋芷茵
6A CHAN HEI WA
陳希樺
6B CHAN HAY MAN
陳熙民
6M SUEN CHIT YUEN
孫哲遠
6M SUEN CHIT YUEN
孫哲遠

分子生物学ppt课件

基因组大小(Mb)
0.58 1.83 4.20 4.60 13.50 12.50 466 165 97 2700 3000
基因数
470 1743 4100 4288 6034 4929 30000 13601 18424 30000 25000
染色体数*
无无无无 16 16 21 4 6 20 23
包括：
结构基因组学
功能基因组学
三个亚领域.
比较基因组学
28
29
一、病毒基因组二、原核生物基因组三、真核生物基因组
30
一、病毒基因组
基因组（genome） 1个配（精子或卵子），1个单倍体细胞或1个病毒所包含的全套遗传物质的总和。病毒核酸或为DNA或为RNA，可以统称为病毒染色体。
完整的病毒颗粒具有蛋白质外壳，以保护病毒核酸不受核酸酶的破坏，并能识别和侵袭特定的宿主。
分子生物学
Molecular Biology
1
What is Molecular Biology?
分子生物学是从分子水平研究生命现象、生命规律和生命本质的学科。
核心内容是从分子水平研究基因和基因的活动，这些活动主要通过核酸和蛋白质的活动来实现。
医学分子生物学主要研究人体生物大分子和大分子体系的结构、功能、相互作用及其与疾病发生、发展的关系。
16
三、基因的结构特点和分类
基因的结构
结构基因：编码区序列（coding region sequence ）
在细胞内表达为蛋白质或功能RNA的DNA序列
转录调控序列：非编码序列（non-coding sequence）
基因表达需要的调控区（regulatory region）序列，包括启动子（promoter）、增强子（enhancer）等。

科学家利用植物制备抗肿瘤抗体

科学家利用植物制备抗肿瘤抗体
杰斐逊医学院的科学家正在利用烟草制备能定向杀死癌细胞的单克隆抗体，这可能是一种廉价而快速的生产抗肿瘤抗体的方法，该项技术将来有望应用在人身上。

使用小鼠制备的标准单克隆抗体能够识别人结肠直肠癌细胞上的特定蛋白质抗原，而且已经被用于治疗转移性肿瘤以及防止一些高危病人的复发。

但是通过这种技术大批量生产抗体的成本昂贵，研究人员希望能找到替代技术。

费城托马斯·杰斐逊大学的Hilary Koprowski博士和Kisung Ko,博士将编码直肠癌抗体DNA插入烟草中，使植物成为抗体的生产工厂。

该研究成果发表在Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences网络版上。

Koprowski博士和Ko博士此前已经发现烟草制备的单克隆抗体能中和狂犬病病毒并对受感染的小鼠有预防疾病的作用，他们想知道植物抗体是否能用于肿瘤的免疫治疗。

他们首先证明从烟草叶中纯化的单克隆抗体能识别并结合到人直肠癌细胞上；然后他们将人直肠癌细胞移植到裸鼠（免疫敲除的小鼠）的背上，再注射从植物制备的抗体，40天中观察肿瘤的生长，发现肿瘤的生长受到了抑制，其作用与哺乳动物细胞制备的抗体相似。

试验结果表明植物生物技术是一种更安全、廉价的单克隆抗体生产方法。

目前，杰斐逊医学院的科学家正在寻找产业界的合作伙伴来大规模生产抗体，他们下一步的研究工作将是单克隆抗体治疗人结肠直肠癌的I期临床试验。

同时，他们也在使用实验动物研究单克隆抗体对其他类型肿瘤的作用，包括乳癌和肺
癌。

分子生物学常用参考书目

二十一世纪是分子生物学发展的世纪，生命科学将进入一个新的时代——后基因组时代postgenomics
二十一世纪分子生物学发展的趋势：
1.功能基因组学 functional genomics 依附于对DNA序列的了解，应用基因组学的知识和工具
去了解影响发育和整个生物体的特征序列表达谱。酿酒酵母16条染色体的全部序列于1996年完成。
…
1997
Wilmut成功获得克隆羊—Dolly诞生；
1998
Renard 克隆牛诞生（体细胞→个体）；
…
2000 ,6.26 中、美、日、德、法、英6国，宣布人类基因组草图发表。
2000 ,10月科学家宣布将于2001年3月完成河豚鱼的基因组测序。
2000,12月14日英美等国科学家宣布绘出拟南芥基因组的完整图谱。
2003年4月14日六国科学家完成了人类基因组序列图的绘制，实现了人类基因组计划的所有目标。
二十世纪是以核酸为研究核心，带动分子生物学向纵深发展：
•
50年代双螺旋结构
•
60年代操纵子学说
•
70年代DNA重组
•
80年代PCR技术
•
90年代DNA测序
生命科学从宏观→微观→宏观；由分析→综合的时代。
分子生物学常用参考书目
2024/2/1
第一章绪论
一、什么是分子生物学？
Instant Notes in Molecular Biology
---Turner et al.
Molecular biology seeks to explain the relationships between the structure and function of biological molecules and how these relationships contribute to the operation and control of biochemical processes.

2010_HKCEE_PressRelease_FULL_chi_publish

新聞稿2010香港中學會考放榜參與2010年香港中學會考的122,387名考生將於明日( 8月4日)收到成績通知書。

今年共有 83,059 ( 67.9% )日校考生及33,246 ( 27.2% )自修生參與會考。

整體考生人數較去年上升5.9%。

考獲符合入讀中六最低成績要求的考生共有58,699人，較去年上升0.7%。

應考最少六科而其中最佳六科成績達14總積點或以上的考生共有26,583人，佔全體考生31.4%，與2009年的比率相若。

今年共有16名考生獲取10A／5*等級，41名考生獲取9A／5*等級的優異成績。

首次應考的日校考生，在英國語文科的成績與去年相若，考獲各個等級的人數比例只有低於1%的輕微變動。

在中國語文科方面，獲取第1等級 (上升0.9%)、第2等級(上升3.2%)及第4等級(上升3.1%)的比率較往年上升，而考獲第3等級 (下跌4.5%)及第5等級 (下跌0.9%) 的比率則較去年下跌，「不予評級」的考生比率亦顯著下降1.4%。

今年共有1,789名( 2.4% )首次應考的日校考生於中國語文科獲取5*等級，約佔第5等級中表現最佳的三分一考生；英國語文科則有1,211名( 1.7% )考生考獲5*，約佔第5等級中表現最佳的五分一。

全體考生於五科(包括中國語文及英國語文科)或以上獲取E級或第2等級以上成績佔 56.1%，比率與去年相同。

香港考試及評核局秘書長張永明博士說︰「2010年是別具歷史意義的一年，今年是我們為學校考生舉辦的最後一屆會考。

一直以來，不論在本地或海外，香港中學會考均得到高度評價。

基於過往舉辦會考及高考的經驗，我們對籌辦2012年的香港中學文憑考試充滿信心。

」為確保有特殊需要的考生可得到合適的評核，考評局今年共設立40個特別試場，並為941名考生提供特別考試安排。

今年共有兩名考生於考試期間作弊，被取消有關科目的成績。

詳細成績統計資料已於附錄中列出。

…/1成績發放的安排︰學校考生須返回所就讀學校領取成績通知書；自修生將透過郵寄方式收到成績通知書。

《学海无涯》歌词农夫

学海无涯
农夫-学海无涯(粤)
农夫书院美好人生
有两个训导陆永与c君
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望住块黑板日日都咁刻板食完个早餐仲有冇零用钱食晏bio堂要入lab学下劏牛眼点知一劏就闹同学仔攞黎玩最后就攞嚟衰记缺点都要排队点解又要比钱班会
冇着皮鞋又匿埋死都唔去早会prefect又出动捉人倾计起哄啲功课一系就抄一系唔交miss一系就闹一系唔教
读书为左识字为左沙纸
定系为左我老妈子
学海系天涯
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放得暑假我个人松晒
万卷书万里路
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在早会中我祷告
hey yo 你有冇听到
读万卷书不如行万里路
行晒铜锣湾啲店铺
难怪每一科都肥佬
妈妈想知道爸爸少少燥
点解科科都炒到咁离谱
即刻抄广告嗰一句口号
求学不是求得到分数
来寻求啲知识上堂训下先舒适
上堂hae下搵野食搵野食
落到球场比晒力比晒力
a班比人话系精英班
b班又比人话系精灵班
士多啤梨啤梨苹果橙
abcde班点样拣
fama college beautiful life
we have six wing and c-kwan be your guide
we need to 努力做人
hkcee三十分
c班比人话系傻仔班
d班又比人话系萝底橙
biology makes me cry
chemistry makes me cry
中西史都makes me cry
农夫啲歌makes me smile 以上就是关于学海无涯的歌词，感谢您的阅读！。

具有杀线虫活性的几丁质-蛋白质复合物[发明专利]

专利名称：具有杀线虫活性的几丁质-蛋白质复合物
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：罗伯特·奥斯汀·米尔殊,拉塞尔·J·麦坎德利什,巴巴拉·J·伊斯特伍德
申请号：CN85104021
申请日：19850522
公开号：CN85104021A
公开日：
19870114
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：由甲壳纲类的含几丁质生物废料制造几丁质-蛋白质复合物。

这种复合物不同于几丁质和脱乙酰壳多糖，具有对农业和园艺有用的干扰和杀线虫活性。

应用方法是将杀线虫有效量的复合物与植物生长培养基混合。

此复合物还提供一种慢性释放氮源，使得它特别适宜于与肥料和土壤调节剂联合使用。

申请人：IGI生物科技公司
地址：美国马里兰州哥伦比亚
国籍：US
代理机构：中国专利代理有限公司
更多信息请下载全文后查看。

透明质酸综述

341934 透明质酸发现玻璃体中的多糖KARL MEYER, JOHN W. PALMER摘要:Mörner 的研究证实了玻璃体中黏液的存在。

随后的所有工作人员都使用他的制备方法：用稀醋酸沉淀稀释后的天然玻璃体液。

在杜克·埃尔德最近关于玻璃体性质的书籍中，他给出了玻璃体的浓度为0.021%，即总蛋白质的30%。

我们能够找到的关于玻璃体中黏液的唯一分析是Mörner 的数据：N,12.27%；S，1.19%。

为了准备用于其他研究的假定玻璃体黏液，我们通过非常温和的方法获得了一种高分子量的游离多糖酸，它以盐样组合明显存在于玻璃体液中。

与细菌的某些特定多糖相比，它似乎是高等动物特有的一种物质。

结论:通过不采用强水解剂的方法，从牛眼的玻璃体液中获得了高分子量的多糖酸。

该酸的表观当量约为450。

已知的成分是铀酸、氨基糖，可能还有戊糖。

在32°解离常数已确定为4.58×10-5。

未来可以将多糖酸与青光眼的发病机制联系起来。

文献来源：KARL MEYER, JOHN W.P ALMER. THE POL YSACCHARIDEOF THE VITREOUS HUMOR[J].J. biol. chem, 1934, 9：629-634.1985透明质酸研究概况透明质酸研究概况沈渤江，凌沛学，张天民摘要：Meyer 和Palmer 于1934年从牛眼玻璃体中分离出一种高黏性物质，命名为透明质酸（HA）。

此名称是由Hyaloid（透明的、玻璃状的）与Uronic Acid（糖醛酸）复合而成的。

五十年来，无论在HA 分布和化学结构方面还是在其生理功能和临床应用方面的研究均取得了较大进展。

各种经典分离技术的应用，加上近年来新技术的出现，不仅可以从多种组织中分离出HA，而且已有了商品生产。

产品从生化试剂发展到了具有较高临床价值的药物。

我国近年来也开始了药用HA 制备和临床应用的研究，并取得了一定进展。

石墨烯量子点提高DNAzyme在细胞水平上的稳定性

doi：10.3969／j.issn.2095⁃1736.2021.02.026石墨烯量子点提高DNAzyme在细胞水平上的稳定性黄奇萍1，2，刘慧1，2，张井岩1，2，郑静1，2（1.华东理工大学生物反应器工程国家重点实验室；2.华东理工大学药学院，上海200237）摘要为了提高脱氧核糖核酸酶（又称DNAzyme）的稳定性，以石墨烯量子点（GQDs）为载体，负载两个靶向TNF⁃α基因的DNAzyme，考察该体系在分子和细胞水平抑制TNF⁃α蛋白表达的能力。

体外分子水平的研究发现，DNA⁃zyme与GQDs结合后，不仅保持了原有的DNAzyme活性，而且稳定性得到了提高。

结果初步表明GQDs可以作为DNAzyme的载体。

细胞水平的进一步研究发现，该体系与Hela细胞共培育36h后，TNF⁃α蛋白水平表达量降低了50%，而单独DNAzyme作用的细胞中TNF⁃α蛋白表达量则基本不变，这表明GQDs可以将该DNAzyme载入细胞内，并提高了DNAzyme在细胞内的活性。

结合分子水平的实验结果，初步推测DNAzyme活性的提高是因为GQDs载体的作用而使它在细胞水平的稳定性得到改善。

关键词脱氧核糖核酸酶；石墨烯量子点；稳定性；TNF⁃α中图分类号R914；R965文献标识码A文章编号2095⁃1736（2021）02⁃0026⁃06 Graphene quantum dots improve the stability of DNAzyme in cells HUANG Qiping1，2，L IU Hui1，2，Z HANG Jingyan1，2，ZHENG Jing1，2（1.State⁃Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering；2.School of Pharmacy，East China University of Science and Technology，S hanghai200237，C hina）Abstract In this work，w e employed Graphene quantum dots（GQDs）as a carrier loading two RNA⁃cleaving Deoxyribonuclease （DNAzymes）to explore their activities at molecular and cellular levels.The two DNAzymes were designed and synthesized based on the mRNA of TNF⁃α（TNF⁃DNAzyme1and TNF⁃DNAzyme2）.We demonstrated that the TNF⁃DNAzymes／GQDs conjugates were sta⁃ble in solution，a nd the catalytic activity of the DNAzymes remained in the presence of GQDs.The expression level of TNF⁃αin Hela cells was significantly decreased after the incubation with TNF⁃DNAzymes and GQDs.In contrast，t he expression level of TNF⁃αin Hela cells was barely changed after the incubation with TNF⁃DNAzymes alone，w hich indicated that GQDs could be used as a carrier to deliver TNF⁃DNAzymes into cells，t hus the activity of TNF⁃DNAzymes in cellular level could be greatly improved.Based on the control experiments，w e inferred that the improved activity of DNAzymes could be due to their improved stability with GQDs.Howev⁃er，w e could not rule out which caused by the higher accumulation of DNAzymes in the cells or other mechanisms.Key words DNAzyme；graphene quantum dots；stability；TNF⁃α自1994年首次发现Pb2+依赖性切割RNA的单链DNA片段（又称脱氧核糖核酸酶或者DNAzyme）至今，科学家相继发现了更多具有不同催化功能的DNA⁃zyme［1⁃2］。

万方数据杯参考题库

1. “黄河口地区环境脆弱性的遥感反演”这篇论文有几个作者，是否同单位的？（）A（6，否） B(6，是) C（7，否） D（7，是）2. “微通道换热器两相分配特性对空调系统性能的影响”这篇论文有几个作者，是否同单位的？（）A（6，否） B(6，是) C（7，否） D（7，是）3. “三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖研究及其临床意义”这篇论文有几个作者，是否同单位的？（）A（11，否） B(11，是) C（12，否） D（12，是） 9 否4. “永磁球形电机的支持向量机模型的参数寻优”这篇论文有几个作者，是否同单位的？（）A（5，否） B(5，是) C（6，否） D（6，是）5. “鹅myf6基因的克隆,胚胎期以及填饲后表达特征分析”这篇论文有几个作者，是否同单位的？（）A（5，否） B(5，是) C（6，否） D（6，是）6. “黄河口地区环境脆弱性的遥感反演”这篇论文的通讯作者和第一作者是同一个人吗？A否B是7. “微通道换热器两相分配特性对空调系统性能的影响”这篇论文的通讯作者和第一作者是同一个人吗？A否 B是8. “三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖研究及其临床意义”这篇论文的通讯作者和第一作者是同一个人吗？A否 B是9. “永磁球形电机的支持向量机模型的参数寻优”这篇论文的通讯作者和第一作者是同一个人吗？A否 B是10. “鹅myf6基因的克隆,胚胎期以及填饲后表达特征分析”这篇论文的通讯作者和第一作者是同一个人吗？A否 B是11. 《光谱学与光谱分析》这本期刊是否被SCI收录？A否 B是12. 《制冷学报》这本期刊是否被SCI收录？A否 B是13. 《解剖与临床》这本期刊是否被SCI收录？A否 B是14. 《电工技术学报》这本期刊是否被SCI收录？A否 B是15. 《农业生物技术学报》这本期刊是否被SCI收录？A否 B是16. 题目为“中韩科技政策的比较研究”的论文是一篇什么论文？A学位论文 B 期刊论文 C会议论文（A）17. 题目为“区域生态环境脆弱性评价研究——以鄂尔多斯市为例”的论文是一篇什么论文？A学位论文 B 期刊论文 C会议论文（）18. 题目为“世界非物质文化遗产标准视域下陈式太极拳的传承研究”的论文是一篇什么论文？A学位论文 B 期刊论文 C会议论文（）19. 题目为“一个基于中间件的大型分布式信息系统的实现”的论文是一篇什么论文？A学位论文 B 期刊论文 C会议论文（）20 《弧线型导向板超级稻定向播种装置》这个专利目前是不是有效专利？A否B是21. 《透反电光特性曲线相匹配的单盒厚透反蓝相液晶显示器》这个专利目前是不是有效专利？A否 B是22. 《薯蓣皂苷元哌嗪类衍生物及其制备方法》这个专利目前是不是有效专利？A否 B是23.《食品中硼酸的测定》这篇文献的中图分类号A（TS20） B(TS21) C（TS22） D（TS23）24. 《高粱种子生产技术操作规程》这篇文献的中图分类号A（S33） B(S34) C（S35） D（S36）25. 《桑树种子和苗木》这篇文献的中图分类号A（S5） B(S6) C（S7） D（S8）26. 《高粱杂交种繁育制种技术操作规程》这篇文献的中图分类号A（S34） B(S35) C（S36） D（S37）27.《籼型杂交水稻“三系”原种生产技术操作规程》这篇文献的中图分类号A（S33） B(S34) C（S35） D（S36）28.《棉花原种生产技术操作规程》这篇文献的中图分类号A（S56） B(S57) C（S58） D（S59）29.《防盗报警控制器通用技术条件》这篇文献的中图分类号A（D6） B(D7) C（D8） D（D9）30.“论提升图书馆员的亲和力”这篇文献作者的单位是哪里的？A杭州电子科技大学图书馆 B解放军医学图书馆 C扬州大学图书馆 D中国地质图书馆31.“初论图书馆建筑智能化与图书馆信息化”这篇文献作者的单位是哪里的？A杭州电子科技大学图书馆 B解放军医学图书馆 C扬州大学图书馆 D中国地质图书馆32.“中国地方政府环境保护支出的效率分析”这篇文献作者的单位是哪里的？A杭州电子科技大学图书馆 B解放军医学图书馆 C中南财经政法大学财政税务学院 D安庆师范学院政法学院33.“农民工图书馆的建设与发展思路”这篇文献作者的单位是哪里的？A中国地质图书馆 B中共贵州省委党校图书馆 C梧州学院图书馆 D扬州大学图书馆34.《用于毒物清除的流向变换催化燃烧技术》是科技成果还是专利？A科技成果 B专利35. 《一种突缩突扩式消能工流态的判别方法》是科技成果还是专利？A科技成果 B专利36.《薯蓣皂苷元哌嗪类衍生物及其制备方法》是科技成果还是专利？A科技成果 B专利37.《洮河水沙时空格局与演变机制研究》是科技成果还是专利？A科技成果 B专利38.如果要保证查全率，检索“雾霾治理”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题D全部 E关键词（）39. 如果要保证查全率，检索“民用航空器”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题 D全部 E关键词（）40. 如果要保证查全率，检索“电传操纵系统”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题 D全部 E关键词（）41. 如果要保证查全率，检索“民事优先权制度”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题D全部 E关键词（）42. 如果要保证查全率，检索“一体化实时监控”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题 D全部 E关键词（）43. 如果要保证查全率，检索“安全风险控制”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题 D全部 E关键词（）44. 如果要保证查全率，检索“交通流量动态预测”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题 D全部 E关键词（）45. 如果要保证查全率，检索“自适应机翼”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A题名 B摘要 C主题 D全部 E关键词（）46.如果要保证查准率，检索“雾霾治理”的文献选择哪个字段最好？（A关键词 B题名C主题 D摘要 E全部）47. 如果要保证查准率，检索“嵌入式系统”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A关键词 B题名 C主题 D摘要 E全部（）48. 如果要保证查准率，检索“民事优先权制度”的文献选择哪个字段最好？A关键词 B题名 C主题 D摘要 E全部（）49.“雾霾治理”主题的文献中，那种文献是有法律状态的？A学位论文 B法律法规 C专利文献 D会议文献 E科技成果（）50. “自适应机翼”主题的文献中，那种文献是有法律状态的？A学位论文 B法律法规 C专利文献 D会议文献 E科技成果（）51. “嵌入式系统”主题的文献中，那种文献是有法律状态的？A学位论文 B法律法规 C专利文献 D会议文献 E科技成果（）52 “民用航空器”主题的文献中，那种文献是有法律状态的？A学位论文 B法律法规C专利文献 D会议文献 E科技成果（）53.下面哪一个检索式将检索出“浙江和上海社区养老”方面的文献？ ()A(浙江 OR 上海) AND 社区养老 B (浙江 AND 上海) OR 社区养老C(浙江 AND 上海) AND 社区养老54. 下面哪一个检索式将检索出“小学和初中图书馆建设”方面的文献？（）A(小学 OR 初中) AND 图书馆建设 B (小学 AND 初中) OR 图书馆建设 C(小学 AND 初中) AND 图书馆建设55. 下面哪一个检索式将检索出“小学和初中艺术教育”方面的文献？）A(小学 OR 初中) AND 艺术教育 B (小学 AND 初中) OR 艺术教育 C(小学 AND 初中) AND 艺术教育56. 下面哪一个检索式将检索出“水稻和小麦种子培育”方面的文献？（）A(水稻 OR 小麦) AND 种子培育 B (水稻 AND 小麦) OR 种子培育 C(水稻 AND 小麦) AND 种子培育57. 下面哪一个检索式将检索出“水稻和小麦品种改良”方面的文献？（）A(水稻 OR 小麦) AND 品种改良 B (水稻 AND 小麦) OR 品种改良 C(水稻 AND 小麦) AND 品种改良58. 下面哪一个检索式将检索出“汽车尾气的治理和控制”方面的文献？（）A(治理 OR 控制) AND 汽车尾气 B (治理 AND 控制) OR 汽车尾气C(治理 AND 控制) AND 汽车尾气59. 下面哪一个检索式将检索出“金融危机的预测和预警”方面的文献？（）A(预测 OR 预警) AND 金融危机 B (预测 AND 预警) OR 金融危机 C(预测 AND 预警) AND 金融危机60. 检索“舞蹈培训”的有关文献，检索式应该是哪个？()A舞蹈 + 培训 B舞蹈—培训 C舞蹈 AND 培训 D舞蹈 OR 培训61. 检索“平面广告设计”的有关文献，检索式应该是哪个？ ()A平面广告 + 设计 B平面广告—设计 C平面广告AND设计 D平面广告 OR设计62. 检索“浙江房地产”的有关文献，检索式应该是哪个？（）A房地产 + 浙江 B房地产—浙江C房地产AND浙江 D房地产OR浙江63. 检索“技术改造”的有关文献，检索式应该是哪个？（）A技术改造 * 技改 B技术改造—技改 C技术改造AND技改D技术改造 OR 技改64. 检索“房屋质量检测”的有关文献，检索式应该是哪个？A房屋质量 + 检测 B房屋质量—检测 C房屋质量AND检测 D房屋质量 OR 检测（ ) 65.用检索词“计算机”是否能检索到把计算机称作“电脑”的文献？A否 B是66. 用检索词“光伏电池”是否能检索到“太阳能光伏电池板”的文献？A否 B是67. 是否能用检索词“转基因食品”去检索“转基因水稻”的文献？A否 B是68. 是否能用检索词“工程热物理”去检索“工程物理”的文献？A否 B是69. 用检索词“锂电池”是否能检索到“锂离子电池”的文献？A否 B是70. 用检索词“老年痴呆症”是否能检索到“阿尔茨海默病”的文献？A否 B是71. 能否用检索词“数字资源”去检索“电子资源”的文献？()A否 B是72.万方数据库的期刊文献是否能看到引文信息？A否 B是73.万方数据库的科技成果能看到科技报告全文吗？（）A能 B不能74、万方知识服务平台网址是：A: B: C: D:、万方学位数据库涵盖多少一级学科：A:11 B:12 C:13 D:1076、万方知识服务平台客户服务电话是：A：4000-115-888 B:4008-123-123 C：4000-123-456 D:4000-789-78977、万方数据知识服务新浪微博是：A: wanfangdata B: wfcontributeC: wf D: wanfang78、论文相似性检测算法是什么？A:加减 B：四舍五入 C：基于滑动窗口的低频特征部分匹配算法79、论文相似性检测是否支持批量检测？A：是 B：不是80、论文相似性检测是否可以识别参考文献？A：是 B：不是81、论文相似性检测是否支持断点续传续检？A：不支持 B支持82、中国学术期刊数据库简称是？A: CSPD B:ASPS C:CDDB D:STPT83、以下哪些不是为万方数据知识服务平台中已收录的资源：A．学术期刊 B．专利技术 C．政策法规 D．旧方志84、以下哪项资源不提供全文下载服务：A、学位论文 B．会议论文 C.外文文献 D．法律法规85、万方数据查询服务中心可以提供（）个检索选项？A．17 B．18 C．19 D．2086、吴铁军发表过一篇文章，篇名为“”，请问收录这篇文章的期刊是哪年哪期？A: 2010年9期 B:2010年8期 C:2011年9期 D: 2010年10期87、查询作者卜雷在“第四届全国研究生生物能及生物基产品研讨会”发表的一篇文章，记录会议地点是哪个城市？A:杭州 B:上海 C:成都D：武汉73、检索《图书馆工作与研究》是否是核心期刊?A:不是 B :是88、检索《中国图书馆学报》的ISSN是？ BA: 1001-8667 B: 1001-8867 C: 1002-8867 D: 1001-886889、以下哪项不是期刊检索时可以提供的检索字段?A．题名 B．导师 C．作者 D．关键词90、知识服务平台有一个实用的功能，方便使用者知道文章被引用的情况，它是（）服务A．引用通知 B．自动添加引用 C．引用添加 D．在线引用变动91、知识脉络分析服务可进行多达（）个知识点的比较分析A．8 B．10 C．5 D．392、将检索结果导出时不可以选择以下哪几种格式：A．参考文献格式 B．XML格式 C.查新格式 D自定义格式93、检索结果页面中不可以提供以下哪些排序方式： DA．相关度优先 B．新论文优先 C．经典论优先 D．论文长度优先94、在万方数据知识服务平台的学术期刊导航中，没有哪种分类方式：A．学科 B．地区 C．时间 D．首字母95、文章篇名为“Developing a Computer Forensics Program in Police Higher Education”，请检索该篇文章的作者是谁？A: Liu Zhijun B: Liu Zhijun C: Zhijun D: Liu jun96、文章篇名为“Developing a Computer Forensics Program in Police Higher Education”文献类型是什么？A: 学位论文B: 会议论文 C: 期刊论文97、检索专利名称中包含复合热稳定剂，且公开日在2009年由南京工业大学申请的专利。