Singularity Theory on Buckling of Compressible Slender Rods with Deformation of Cross Section

合集下载

The Dominant Balance at Cosmological Singularities

sections, we give an outline of the method of asymptotic splittings with a view to its eventual application to cosmological spacetimes in diﬀerent theories of gravity. For the sake of illustration, in the last Section we analyze the asymptotic behaviour of a FriedmannRobertson-Walker (FRW) universe ﬁlled with perfect ﬂuid in Einstein’s general relativity, which provides the simplest, nontrivial cosmological system. 2. Finite-time singularities: Deﬁnitions It is advantageous to work on any diﬀerentiable manifold Mn , although for speciﬁc applications we restrict attention to open subsets or Rn We shall use interchangeably the terms vector ﬁeld ˙ = f (x), with (·) ≡ d/dt. Also, we f : Mn → T Mn and dynamical system deﬁned by f on Mn , x will use the terms ’integral curve’ x(t, x0 ) of the vector ﬁeld f with initial condition x(0) = x0 , and ’solution’ of the associated dynamical system x(t; x0 ) passing through the point x0 , with identical meanings. Given a vector ﬁeld f on the n-dimensional manifold Mn , we deﬁne the notion of a general solution of the associated dynamical system as a solution that depends on n arbitrary constants of integration, x(t; C), C = (c1 , · · · , cn ). These constants are uniquely determined by the initial conditions in the sense that to each x0 we can always ﬁnd a C0 = (c10 , · · · , cn0 ) such that the solution x(t; C0 ) is the unique solution passing through the point x0 . Therefore, a property holds independently of the initial conditions if and only if it is a property of a general solution of the system. A particular solution of the dynamical system is any solution obtained from the general solution by assigning speciﬁc values to at least one of the arbitrary constants. The particular solutions containing k arbitrary constants can be viewed as describing the evolution in time of sets of initial conditions of dimension k strictly smaller than n. A particular solution is called an exact solution of the dynamical system when k = 02 . Thus, in our terminology, a particular solution is a more general object than any exact solution, the latter having the property that all arbitrary constants have been given speciﬁc values. The hierarchy: exact (no arbitrary constants) to particular (strictly less than maximum number of arbitrary constants) to general solutions, will play an important role in what follows. General, particular, or exact solutions of dynamical systems can develop ﬁnite-time singularities ; that is, instances where a solution x(t; c1 , · · · , ck ), k ≤ n, misbehaves at a ﬁnite ˙ = f (x) value t∗ of the time t. This is made precise as follows. We say that the system x (equivalently, the vector ﬁeld f ) has a ﬁnite-time singularity if there exists a t∗ ∈ R and a x0 ∈ Mn such that for all M ∈ R there exists an δ > 0 such that ||x(t; x0 )||Lp > M, (1)

金兹堡朗道理论

Ginzburg–Landau theoryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, named after Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity. In its initial form, it was postulated as a phenomenological model which could describe type-I superconductors without examining their microscopic properties. Later, a version of Ginzburg–Landau theory was derived from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer microscopic theory by Lev Gor'kov, thus showing that it also appears in some limit of microscopic theory and giving microscopic interpretation of all its parameters.Contents•1Introduction•2Simple interpretation•3Coherence length and penetration depth•4Fluctuations in the Ginzburg–Landau model•5Classification of superconductors based on Ginzburg–Landau theory•6Landau–Ginzburg theories in string theory•7See also•8References•8.1PapersIntroduction[edit]Based on Landau's previously-established theory of second-order phase transitions, Ginzburg and Landau argued that the free energy, F, of a superconductor near the superconducting transition can be expressed in terms ofa complex order parameter field, ψ, which is nonzero below a phase transition into a superconducting state and isrelated to the density of the superconducting component, although no direct interpretation of this parameter was given in the original paper. Assuming smallness of |ψ| and smallness of its gradients, the free energy has the form ofa field theory.where F n is the free energy in the normal phase, α and β in the initial argument were treated as phenomenologicalparameters, m is an effective mass, e is the charge of an electron, A is the magnetic vector potential, and is the magnetic field. By minimizing the free energy with respect to variations in the order parameter and the vector potential, one arrives at the Ginzburg–Landau equationswhere j denotes the dissipation-less electric current density and Re the real part. The first equation — which bears some similarities to the time-independent Schrödinger equation, but is principally different due to a nonlinear term —determines the order parameter, ψ. The second equation then provides the superconducting current.Simple interpretation[edit]Consider a homogeneous superconductor where there is no superconducting current and the equation for ψ simplifies to:This equation has a trivial solution: ψ = 0. This corresponds to the normal state of the superconductor, that is for temperatures above the superconducting transition temperature, T>T c.Below the superconducting transition temperature, the above equation is expected to have a non-trivial solution (that is ψ ≠ 0). Under this assumption the equation above can be rearranged into:When the right hand side of this equation is positive, there is a nonzero solution for ψ (remember that the magnitude of a complex number can be positive or zero). This can be achieved by assuming the following temperature dependence of α: α(T) = α0 (T - T c) with α0/ β > 0:•Above the superconducting transition temperature, T > T c, the expression α(T) / β is positive and the right hand side of the equation above is negative. The magnitude of a complex number must be a non-negative number, so only ψ = 0 solves the Ginzburg–Landau equation.•Below the superconducting transition temperature, T < T c, the right hand side of the equation above is positive and there is a non-trivial solution for ψ. Furthermorethat is ψ approaches zero as T gets closer to T c from below. Such a behaviour is typical for a second order phase transition.In Ginzburg–Landau theory the electrons that contribute to superconductivity were proposed to forma superfluid.[1] In this interpretation, |ψ|2 indicates the fraction of electrons that have condensed into a superfluid.[1] Coherence length and penetration depth[edit]The Ginzburg–Landau equations predicted two new characteristic lengths in a superconductor which wastermed coherence length, ξ. For T > T c (normal phase), it is given bywhile for T < T c (superconducting phase), where it is more relevant, it is given byIt sets the exponential law according to which small perturbations of density of superconducting electrons recover their equilibrium value ψ0. Thus this theory characterized all superconductors by two length scales. The second one is the penetration depth, λ. It was previously introduced by the London brothers in their London theory. Expressed in terms of the parameters of Ginzburg-Landau model it iswhere ψ0 is the equilibrium value of the order parameter in the absence of an electromagnetic field. The penetration depth sets the exponential law according to which an external magnetic field decays inside the superconductor. The original idea on the parameter "k" belongs to Landau. The ratio κ = λ/ξ is presently known asthe Ginzburg–Landau parameter. It has been proposed by Landau that Type I superconductors are those with 0 < κ< 1/√2, and Type II superconductors those with κ> 1/√2.The exponential decay of the magnetic field is equivalent with the Higgs mechanism in high-energy physics. Fluctuations in the Ginzburg–Landau model[edit]Taking into account fluctuations. For Type II superconductors, the phase transition from the normal state is of second order, as demonstrated by Dasgupta and Halperin. While for Type I superconductors it is of first order as demonstrated by Halperin, Lubensky and Ma.Classification of superconductors based on Ginzburg–Landau theory[edit]In the original paper Ginzburg and Landau observed the existence of two types of superconductors depending on the energy of the interface between the normal and superconducting states.The Meissner state breaks down when the applied magnetic field is too large. Superconductors can be divided into two classes according to how this breakdown occurs. In Type I superconductors, superconductivity is abruptly destroyed when the strength of the applied field rises above a critical value H c. Depending on the geometry of the sample, one may obtain an intermediate state[2] consisting of a baroque pattern[3] of regions of normal material carrying a magnetic field mixed with regions of superconducting material containing no field. In Type II superconductors, raising the applied field past a critical value H c1 leads to a mixed state (also known as the vortex state) in which an increasing amount of magnetic flux penetrates the material, but there remains no resistance to the flow of electric current as long as the current is not too large. At a second critical field strength H c2, superconductivity is destroyed. The mixed state is actually caused by vortices in the electronic superfluid, sometimes called fluxons because the flux carried by these vortices is quantized. Most pure elemental superconductors, except niobium and carbon nanotubes, are Type I, while almost all impure and compound superconductors are Type II.The most important finding from Ginzburg–Landau theory was made by Alexei Abrikosov in 1957. He used Ginzburg–Landau theory to explain experiments on superconducting alloys and thin films. He found that in a type-II superconductor in a high magnetic field, the field penetrates in a triangular lattice of quantized tubes offlux vortices.[citation needed]Landau–Ginzburg theories in string theory[edit]In particle physics, any quantum field theory with a unique classical vacuum state and a potential energy witha degenerate critical point is called a Landau–Ginzburg theory. The generalization to N=(2,2) supersymmetric theories in 2 spacetime dimensions was proposed by Cumrun Vafa and Nicholas Warner in the November 1988 article Catastrophes and the Classification of Conformal Theories, in this generalization one imposes thatthe superpotential possess a degenerate critical point. The same month, together with Brian Greene they argued that these theories are related by a renormalization group flow to sigma models on Calabi–Yau manifolds in thepaper Calabi–Yau Manifolds and Renormalization Group Flows. In his 1993 paper Phases of N=2 theories intwo-dimensions, Edward Witten argued that Landau–Ginzburg theories and sigma models on Calabi–Yau manifolds are different phases of the same theory. A construction of such a duality was given by relating the Gromov-Witten theory of Calabi-Yau orbifolds to FJRW theory an analogous Landau-Ginzburg "FJRW" theory in The Witten Equation, Mirror Symmetry and Quantum Singularity Theory. Witten's sigma models were later used to describe the low energy dynamics of 4-dimensional gauge theories with monopoles as well as brane constructions. Gaiotto, Gukov & Seiberg (2013)See also[edit]•Domain wall (magnetism)•Flux pinning•Gross–Pitaevskii equation•Husimi Q representation•Landau theory•Magnetic domain•Magnetic flux quantum•Reaction–diffusion systems•Quantum vortex•Topological defectReferences[edit]1.^ Jump up to:a b Ginzburg VL (July 2004). "On superconductivity and superfluidity (what I have and havenot managed to do), as well as on the 'physical minimum' at the beginning of the 21 st century". Chemphyschem.5 (7): 930–945. doi:10.1002/cphc.200400182. PMID15298379.2.Jump up^ Lev D. Landau; Evgeny M. Lifschitz (1984). Electrodynamics of Continuous Media. Course ofTheoretical Physics8. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN0-7506-2634-8.3.Jump up^ David J. E. Callaway (1990). "On the remarkable structure of the superconductingintermediate state". Nuclear Physics B344 (3): 627–645. Bibcode:1990NuPhB.344..627C.doi:10.1016/0550-3213(90)90672-Z.Papers[edit]•V.L. Ginzburg and L.D. Landau, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.20, 1064 (1950). English translation in: L. D. Landau, Collected papers (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1965) p. 546• A.A. Abrikosov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.32, 1442 (1957) (English translation: Sov. Phys. JETP5 1174 (1957)].) Abrikosov's original paper on vortex structure of Type-II superconductors derived as a solution of G–L equations for κ > 1/√2•L.P. Gor'kov, Sov. Phys. JETP36, 1364 (1959)• A.A. Abrikosov's 2003 Nobel lecture: pdf file or video•V.L. Ginzburg's 2003 Nobel Lecture: pdf file or video•Gaiotto, David; Gukov, Sergei; Seiberg, Nathan (2013), "Surface Defects and Resolvents" (PDF), Journal of High Energy Physics。

语言学名词解释及知识点（1）

语言学名词解释及知识点（1）语言学名词解释及知识点1.Linguistics is the scientific study of language./doc/cc11829409.html,ngugage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3.Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.(1)Arbitrariness任意性refers that there is no logic or intrinsic 固有的relationship between form(sound) and meaning.(2)Duality双重性means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level arecomposed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(3)Productivity多产性means language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(4)Displacement means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.(5)Cultural transmission: language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of the linguistic system must be learned by each speaker.(6)Interchangeability互换性means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages./doc/cc11829409.html,nguage is human unique.5.Six prmary factors of any speech event and language functions（Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics 1960 Jakobson）:(1)context语境——referential（to convey message and information）(2)message——poetic（to indulge in language for its own sake）(3)addresser陈述人——emotive（to express attitudes，feelings and emotions）(4)addressee受话人——conative（to persuade and influence others through commands and requests）(5)contact接触方法——phatic（to establish communion with others）(6)code编码（手语等）——metalingual元语言的（to clear up 表达intentions and meanings）/doc/cc11829409.html,nguage Functions: Informational信息功能；Interpersonal人际功能；Performative施为功能；Emotive；Directive；Phatic communion 寒暄功能；Metalingual（the analysis of language itself）；Recreational7.Scope of Linguistics(1)Microlinguistics微观语言学: sound: phonetic语音学, phonology音系学; form：morphology形态学, syntax句法学;meaning: semantics语义学; pragmatics语用学(2)Macrolinguistics宏观语言学: interdisciplinary交叉学科, sociolinguistics社会语言学, psycholinguistics心理语言学, applied linguistics应用语言学, anthropological linguistics人类语言学, computational linguistics计算机语言学8.Key Concepts in Linguistics(1)Descriptive描写means the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.(2)Prescriptive规定means the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in usinglanguage to tell people what they should say and not say.(3)Synchronic共时in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of communication at any particular time 时间点(4)Diachronic历时in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.时间段(5)Langue语言is the set of conventions and rules, it is abstract and relatively stable.(6)Parole言语is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules, it is concrete and varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.(7)Competence语言能力is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his or her language.(8)Performance语言表现is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (NoamChomsky Aspects of the Theory of Syntax in 1965)9.Phonetics语音学is defined as the scientific study of speech sounds, especially on its production, transmission and perception.10.Consonants辅音are sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air in the oral cavity.11.Vowels元音are produced when the air stream meets with no obstruction.12.Phonology音系学is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of a specific language. It aims to discover the principles that governs the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.13.Relationship between phonetics and phonology;(1)Phonetics is the basis for phonological study while phonology is the extension of phonetics.(2)Phonetics is gloal while phonology is local.(3)Phonetic transcription音标is in [ ] (square brackets) while ponemic transcription is in / / (slashes).14.Phoneme音位is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language and which can distinguish two words.(phonology)15.Phone音素is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.But a phone does not distinguish meaning. (phonetics)16.Allophone音素的变位means the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.17.Tone is useless in English. (X) ; English is tone-language. (X)18.Morphology形态学is the study of word-formation and the study of the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components, that is morphemes.19.Morpheme词素is the minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content(form and meaning), a unit which can not be devided without destroying or drastically极端地altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.20.Word is a minimum free form which is stable and relatively uninterruptible.21.Allomorph语素变体is any of the different shapes or phonetic forms of a morpheme. (cats,dogs,horses中的s,z,iz是复数词尾s的变体）22.Word-formation: compounding复合词(blackboard,wedding-ring,coffee table); derivation派生(happy-unhappy); coinage新造词; blending合成词(brunch,smog); back-formation逆生词(commentate is a back-formation from commentator); clipping缩减; acronymy缩写; analogical creation 类比创造; borrowing借词23.Types of Morphemes：(1)Affix词缀is the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.(2)Root词根is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.(free：friend；bound：-ceive）(3)Stem词干is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix may be added, eg.possibility+es/doc/cc11829409.html,paring inflectional屈折(不改变意义和词类，只能是后缀；三单,-ed,-ing,-en,pl,所有格,-er/-est) and derivational派生morphemes：①In terms of productivity②Whether the word class of the stem词干is changed or not③Grammatical need vs semantic need④Order: derivational morpheme + inflectional morpheme⑤Suffix后缀: derivational + inflectional; Prefix前缀: derivational25.Syntax is the study of the internal structure of sentences(clauses and phrases) and the rules that govern the formationof sentences.26.Morphology + Syntax= Grammar27.Autonomy自主性of syntax is the unique feature.28.Endocentric向心structure is one whose distribution is functionaly equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. There is a head中心语. (NP,VP,PP,AP,TP)29.Exocentric离心structure refers to a group of syntacticallyrelated words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, There is no head.30.Systemic Functional Grammar系统功能语法：related to social settingsGenerative Grammar生成语法（形式语言学，Chomsky）：do not care about social settings31.Semantics语义学is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.32.Reference指称意义means the relationship between the linguistic form and what it refers to in the non-linguistic world of experience or physical world.33.Sense is the inherent固有的meaning of the linguistic form; the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and decontextualized.34.Contextualism: one can derive meaning from observable contexts which include situational context and the linguistic context.35.Behaviorism: meaning is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls for the in the hearer.36.Semantic Componential Analysis语义成分分析法is the approach that analyze word meaning by decomposing is into its atomic features. It shows the semantic feature of a word.37.Pragmatics语用学is the study of meaning in context, the study of speakers’ meaning and the study of utterance meaning.38.Pragmatics = Meaning - Semantics39.Utterance 话语meaing: units of language in useSentence meaning: abstract units of the language system.40.Context is the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.41.Speech act theory 言语行为理论由Austin 提出How to DoThings with Words 196242.Locutionary act以言指事（言内行为）is the act of saying something in the full sense of “say”.43.Illocutionary act以言形事（言外行为）is the act performed in saying something.Illocutionary force: the most interesting part for pragmatic study.44.Perlocutionary acty以言成事（言后行为）is the act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer.45.Cooperative Principle(CP)合作原则——The essential thesis: Make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purposes or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.四个准则：maxim of quantity 数量准则；maxim of quality 质量准则（修辞）；relation；manner46.Sociolinguistics社会语言学is the subfield of linguistics that studies language in relation to society. It is interested in how social factors influence the structue and use of language.47.The key issue in sociolinguistics is variation./doc/cc11829409.html,nguage and Gender(1)Major ideas concerning language and gender:①Men and women speak differently.②Language is discriminatory against women.(2)Features of women’s language①Frequent use of hedges like “I’m afraid that…”, “I’m not sure but…”, “kind of ”, and “sort of “.②Abundant use of tag question as in “The lecture is terribly interesting, isn’t it?”③Greater us e of qualifiers and intensifiers than men: “awfully”, “lovely”, “terribly”, and “fascinating”, amongothers.④Preference for use of the standard form of a language, and more polite than men’s language(3)Language sexism①Job stereotypes: nurse, teacher, cl erk, president②In word-formation: author/ authoress, actor/ actress, widow寡妇/ widower鳏夫, hero/ heroine③In meaning: governor/ governess保姆; master/ mistress情妇。

schema theory名词解释

schema theory名词解释Schema theory, also known as a schema schema, is a psychological concept that refers to the mental framework or structure we use to organize and interpret information. A schema represents a person's prior knowledge and experiences, and it helps individuals process new information by relating it to existing knowledge.In simple terms, a schema can be visualized as a mental blueprint or framework that shapes how we perceive, process, and remember information. It acts as a filter that enables us to make sense of the world around us. Schemas are formed through personal experiences, cultural influences, and educational backgrounds.The schema theory was first proposed by the psychologist Jean Piaget, who asserted that individuals actively construct and organize their knowledge based on their experiences. According to schema theory, when we encounter new information, our brain searches for a schema that matches this information. If a schema is found, it helps us understand and interpret the new information within the context of our existing knowledge. However, if aschema is not readily available, we may need to adjust or create new schemas to accommodate the new information.Schemas can be applied to various aspects of life. For example, in social interactions, we use social schemas to understand and interpret the behavior of others. These social schemas are developed through our past experiences and cultural norms. Similarly, in the field of education, teachers often rely on schema theory to facilitate learning by activating and building upon students' existing schemas.However, it's important to note that schemas can also lead to biases and stereotypes. Our preexisting schemas can influence how we interpret information, leading to selective attention or memory bias. For instance, if someone has a negative schema about a particular ethnic group, they may interpret information in a way that aligns with their preexisting beliefs, even if the information presented is contradictory.In conclusion, schema theory is a psychological concept that emphasizes the role of mental frameworks or schemas in organizing and interpreting information. Schemas help us make sense of the world by relating new information to our existing knowledge. Understanding how schemas function can provideinsight into how we perceive and process information, and how they can influence our interpretations and judgments.。

语言学名词解释

Chapter 1: Introduction1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.11.performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13.design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to no logical connection between meaning and sound.15. productivity: Users can understand and produce sentences that they have never heard before.16. duality: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and the higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker no matter how far away from the topic of conversation in time or space.18. cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It is taught and learned from one generation to the next, rather than by instinct.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in t he world’s languages.3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. howa speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language. 12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels, and functions as a single one.19. phone : The speech sound we use when speaking a language.20. phoneme : The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : any different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments.22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.23. phonemic contrast : two similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except one sound and occurs in the same position. The two sounds are said to form a minimal pair.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments----syllable, word, sentence.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.Chapter 3: Morphology1. morphology: A branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and rules for word formation.2. open class: A group of words, which contains an unlimited number of items, and new words can be added to it.3. closed class: A relatively few words, including conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns, and new words are not usually added to them.4. morpheme: The smallest unit of meaning of a language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.5. affix: a letter or a group of letter, which is added to a word, and which changes themeaning or function of the word, including prefix, infix and suffix.6. suffix: The affix, which is added to the end of a word, and which usually changes the part of speech of a word.7. prefix: The affix, which is added to the beginning of a word, and which usually changes the meaning of a word to its opposite.8. bound morpheme: Morpheme that can not be used alone, and it must be combined wit others. E.g. –ment.9. free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.10. derivational morpheme: Bound morpheme, which can be added to a stem to forma new word.11. inflectional morpheme: A kind of morpheme, which are used to make grammatical categories, such as number, tense and case.12. morphological rules: The ways words are formed. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.13. compound words: A combination of two or more words, which functions as a single words14. inflection: the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical modification, e.g. in The rains came, rain is inflected for plurality and came for past tense.Chapter 4: Syntax1. syntax: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. category: It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.6. phrase: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.8. head: The word round which phrase is formed is termed head.9. specifier: The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.10. complement: The words on the right side of the heads are complements.11. phrase structure rule: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. 14. coordination: Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phenomenon is known as coordination.15. subcategorization: The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termed suncategorization.16. complementizer: Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizer.17. complement clause: The sentence introduced by the complementizer is called a complement clause.18. complement phrase: the elements, including a complementizer and a complement clause is called a complement phrase.19. matrix clause: the contrusction in which the complement phrase is embedded iscalled matrix clause.20. modifier: the element, which specifies optionally expressible properties of heads is called modifier.21. transformation : a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another22. inversion : the process of transformation that moves the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the left of the subject, is called inversion.23. Do insertion : In the process of forming yes-no question that does not contain an overt Infl, interrogative do is inserted into an empty Infl positon to make transformation work.24. deep structure : A level of abstract syntactic representation formed by the XP rule.25. surface structure : A level of syntactic representation after applying the necessary syntactic movement, i.e., transformation, to the deep structure. (05)26. universal grammar: the innateness principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.Chapter 5: Semantics1. semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.3. sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and de-contexturalized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.4. reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5. synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.6. dialectal synonyms: synonyms that are used in different regional dialects.7. stylistic synonyms: synonyms that differ in style, or degree of formality.8. collocational synonyms: Synonyms that differ in their colllocation, i.e., in the words they go together with.9. polysemy : The same word has more than one meaning.10. homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.11. homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.12. homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.13. complete homonymy: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms.14. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.15. superordinate: The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.16. co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.17. antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning.20. relational opposites: Pairs if words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items are called relational opposites. For example, husband---wife, father---son, buy---sell, let---rent, above---below.21. entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other. E.g. Cindy killed the dog entails the dog is dead.22. presupposition: What a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the massage already knows. e.g. Some tea has already been taken is a presupposition of Take some more tea.Chapter 6: Pragmatics1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers.3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context.5. utterance: expression produced in a particular context with a particular intention.6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking.7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable.8. performatives: Pe rformatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.10. illocutionary act: The act of expressing the speaker’s i ntention and performed in saying something.11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.12. representatives: Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.13. directives: Trying to get the hearer to do something.17. cooperative Principle: The principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk.18. conversational implicature: The use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation.Chapter 7: Language Change8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.9. protolanguage: The original form of a language family, which has ceased to exist.10. Language family: A group of historically related languages that have developed from a common ancestral language.Chapter 8: Language And Society1. sociolinguistics: The subfield of linguistics that study language variation and language use in social contexts.2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at leastone speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms.3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.7. idiolect : A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations.8. linguistic reportoire : The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire.9. register theory : A theory proposed by American linguist Halliday, who believed that three social variables determine the register, namely, field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers used in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C) 18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each having a definite role to play.19. Lingua Franca : A variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people, who speak different native languages or dialects20. code-switching: the movement back and forth between two languages or dialects within the same sentence or discourse.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition1. language acqui sition: It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normalhuman child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language.3. Universal Grammar: A theory which claims to account for the grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks.4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.5. Critical Period Hypothesis: The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisition, during which children can acquire language without formal instruction successfully and effortlessly.6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.8. telegraphic speech: Childre n’s early multiword speech that contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes.9. content word: Words referring to things, quality, state or action, which have lexical meaning used alone.10. function word: Words with little meaning on their own but show grammatical relationships in and between sentences.11. taboo: Words known to speakers but avoided in some contexts of speech for reasons of religion, politeness etc.12. atypical development: Some acquisition of language may be delayed but follow the same rules of language development due to trauma or injury.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language ina country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of thattarget language.17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn.19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.20. Input Hypothesis: A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second language learning, it’s necessary f or the learner to understand input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.23. comprehensible input: Input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s pre sent linguistic competence.24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation: motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc.27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes.29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.Chapter 12 : Language And Brain1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language acqisition, comprehension and production.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.13. spoonerism: a slip of tongue in which the position of sounds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and chips.14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether the string of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently used words than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is calledfrequency effect.16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whether a string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.18. priming effect: Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, response time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect.。

(整理)弹性力学专业英语英汉互译词汇

elasticity 弹性力学弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维Kolosoff-利法Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis 自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism 回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material 应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服Yield 屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空Haigh-Westergaard 间stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

弹性力学专业英语英汉互译词汇

elasticitytheory of elasticity homogeneous state ofstressstress invariant strain invariant strain ellipsoid homogeneous state ofstrainequation of strain compatibilityLame constants isotropic elasticityrotating circular diskwedgeKelvin problemBoussinesq problemAiry stress functionKolosoff-Muskhelishvili methodKirchhoff hypothesisPlateRectangular plate Circular plate Annular plate Corrugated plate Stiffened plate,reinforced弹性力学弹性理论均匀应力状态应力不变量应变不变量应变椭球均匀应变状态应变协调方程拉梅常量各向同性弹性旋转圆盘楔开尔文问题布西内斯克问题艾里应力函数克罗索夫―穆斯赫利什维利法基尔霍夫假设板矩形板圆板环板波纹板加劲板PlatePlate of moderate thickness Stress function of bendingShell Shallow shell Revolutionary shell Spherical shell Cylindrical shell Conical shell Toroidal shell Closed shell Corrugated shell Stress function of torsionWarping function semi-inverse method Rayleigh-Ritz method Relaxation methodLevy method Relaxation Dimensional analysis self-similarity Influence surface Contact stress Hertz theory Conforming contact Sliding contact Rolling contact中厚板弯［曲］应力函数壳扁壳旋转壳球壳［圆］柱壳锥壳环壳封闭壳波纹壳扭［转］应力函数翘曲函数半逆解法瑞利―里茨法松弛法莱维法松弛量纲分析自相似［性］影响面接触应力赫兹理论协调接触压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-downtheoremStatic shake-down theorem rate dependent theoremload factor Loading criterion Loading function Loading surface Plastic loading Plastic loading waveSimple loading Proportional loadingUnloading Unloading wave Impulsive load step load pulse load limit load nentral loading instability in tension acceleration wave constitutive equation complete solution nominal stress over-stress true stress equivalent stressflow stress stress discontinuity静力安定定理率相关理论载荷因子加载准则加载函数加载面塑性加载塑性加载波简单加载比例加载卸载卸载波冲击载荷阶跃载荷脉冲载荷极限载荷中性变载拉抻失稳加速度波本构方程完全解名义应力过应力真应力等效应力流动应力应力间断stress space principal stress space hydrostatic state of stresslogarithmic strain engineering strain equivalent strain strain localizationstrain ratestrain rate sensitivitystrain space finite strain plastic strain incrementaccumulated plastic strainpermanent deformationinternal variable strain-softening rigid-perfectly plasticMaterialrigid-plastic materialperfectl plastic material stability of material deviatoric tensor of strain deviatori tensor of stress spherical tensor of strain spherical tensor of stresspath-dependency linear strain-hardening应力空间主应力空间静水应力状态对数应变工程应变等效应变应变局部化应变率应变率敏感性应变空间有限应变塑性应变增量累积塑性应变永久变形内变量应变软化理想刚塑性材料刚塑性材料理想塑性材料材料稳定性应变偏张量应力偏张量应变球张量应力球张量路径相关性strain-hardening kinematic hardening isotropic hardening strain-hardening moduluspower hardening plastic limit bendingMomentplastic limit torque elastic-plastic bending elastic-plastic interface elastic-plastic torsionViscoplasticityInelasticityelastic-perfectly plasticMaterial limit analysislimit design limit surface upper bound theorem upper yield point lower bound theorem lower yield point bound theorem initial yield surface subsequent yield surface convexity of yield surface shape factor of cross-section应变强化随动强化各向同性强化强化模量幕强化塑性极限弯矩塑性极限扭矩弹塑性弯曲弹塑性交界面弹塑性扭转粘塑性非弹性理想弹塑性材料极限分析极限设计极限面上限定理上屈服点下限定理下屈服点界限定理初始屈服面后继屈服面屈服面［的］外沙堆比拟屈服屈服条件屈服准则屈服函数屈服面塑性势能量吸收装置能量耗散率塑性动力学塑性动力屈曲塑性动力响应塑性波运动容许场静力容许场流动法则速度间断滑移线滑移线场移行塑性铰塑性增量理论米泽斯屈服准则普朗特―罗伊斯关系特雷斯卡屈服准则sand heap analogyYieldyield conditionyield criterionyield functionyield surfaceplastic potential energy absorbing device energy absorbing device dynamic plasticity dynamic plastic buckling dynamic plastic response plastic wave kinematically admissibleFieldstatically admissibleFieldflow rule velocity discontinuityslip-linesslip-lines field travelling plastic hinge incremental theory ofPlasticityMises yield criterion prandtl- Reuss relation Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数莱维―米泽斯关系亨基应力方程赫艾一韦斯特加德应力空间洛德应变参数德鲁克公设盖林格速度方程结构力学结构分析结构动力学拱三铰拱抛物线拱圆拱穹顶空间结构空间桁架雪载［荷］风载［荷］土压力地震载荷弹簧支座支座位移支座沉降Lode stress parameterLevy-Mises relation Hencky stress equation Haigh-Westergaardstress space Lode strain parameter Drucker postulateGeiringer velocityEquation structural mechanics structural analysis structural dynamicsArchthree-hinged archparabolic archcircular archDomespace structurespace trusssnow loadwind loadearth pressureearthquake loadingspring support support displacementsupport settlementdegree of indeterminacy kinematic analysis method of joints method of sectionsjoint forces conjugate displacementinfluence line three-moment equation unit virtual force stiffness coefficient flexibility coefficientmoment distributionmoment distribution methodmoment redistribution distribution factor matri displacement method element stiffness matrix element strain matrix global coordinates Betti theorem Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod buckling mode mechanics of compositescomposite materialfibrous composite unidirectional composite超静定次数机动分析结点法截面法结点力共轭位移影响线三弯矩方程单位虚力刚度系数柔度系数力矩分配力矩分配法力矩再分配分配系数矩阵位移法单元刚度矩阵单元应变矩阵总体坐标贝蒂定理高斯一若尔当消去法屈曲模态复合材料力学复合材料foamed composite particulate compositeLaminate sandwich panel cross-ply laminate angle-ply laminatePlycellular solid ExpansionDebulk Degradation DelaminationDebond fiber stress ply stress ply strain interlaminar stress specific strength strength reduction factor strength -stress ratio transverse shear modulustransverse isotropyOrthotropyshear lag analysis chopped fiber continuous fiber fiber direction泡沫复合材料颗粒复合材料层板夹层板正交层板斜交层板层片多胞固体膨胀压实劣化脱层脱粘纤维应力层应力层应变层间应力比强度强度折减系数强度应力比横向剪切模量横观各向同性正交各向异剪滞分析短纤维长纤维fiber break fiber pull-out fiber reinforcementDensification optimum weight design netting analysis rule of mixture failure criterion Tsai-W u failure criterionDugdale model fracture mechanics probabilistic fractureMechanicsGriffith theory linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFMelastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFMFracture brittle fracturecleavage fracture creep fracture ductile fracture inter-granular fracture quasi-cleavage fracture trans-granular fractureCrack纤维断裂纤维拔脱纤维增强致密化最小重量设计网格分析法混合律失效准则蔡一吴失效准则达格代尔模型断裂力学概率断裂力学格里菲思理论线弹性断裂力学弹塑性断裂力学断裂脆性断裂解理断裂蠕变断裂延性断裂晶间断裂准解理断裂裂纹Flaw Defect Slit MicrocrackKinkelliptical crack embedded crack penny-shape crackPrecrack short crack surface crack crack blunting crack branching crack closure crack front crack mouthcrack opening angle,COAcrack opening displacement,CODcrack resistancecrack surfacecrack tipcrack tip opening angle,CTOAcrack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD crack tip singularity裂缝缺陷割缝微裂纹折裂椭圆裂纹深埋裂纹［钱］币状裂纹预制裂纹短裂纹表面裂纹裂纹钝化裂纹分叉裂纹闭合裂纹前缘裂纹嘴裂纹张开角裂纹张开位移裂纹阻力裂纹面裂纹尖端裂尖张角裂尖张开位移Fieldcrack growth rate stable crack growth steady crack growth subcritical crack growthcrack retardation crack arrest arrest toughness fracture mode sliding mode opening mode tearing mode mixed mode Tearingtearing modulus fracture criterionJ-integral J-resistance curve fracture toughness stress intensity factor Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenFieldconservation integraleffective stress tensor strain energy density energy release ratecohesive zone裂纹扩展速率稳定裂纹扩展定常裂纹扩展亚临界裂纹扩展裂纹［扩展］减速止裂止裂韧度断裂类型滑开型张开型撕开型复合型撕裂撕裂模量断裂准则 J 积分 J 阻力曲线断裂韧度应力强度因子HRR 场守恒积分有效应力张量应变能密度能量释放率塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature剪切带shear band 剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRAdamage mechanicsDamagecontinuum damage mechanics microscopic damage mechanicsaccumulated damage brittle damage ductile damage macroscopic damage microscopic damage microscopic damagedamage criteriondamage evolution equationdamage softeningdamage strengtheningdamage tensor damage threshold damage variable damage vector damage zone Fatigue low cycle fatigue stress fatigue random fatigue creep fatigue corrosion fatigue fatigue damage 损伤力学损伤连续介质损伤力学细观损伤力学累积损伤脆性损伤延性损伤宏观损伤细观损伤微观损伤损伤准则损伤演化方程损伤软化损伤强化损伤张量损伤阈值损伤变量损伤矢量损伤区疲劳低周疲劳应力疲劳随机疲劳蠕变疲劳腐蚀疲劳fatigue failure fatigue fracture fatigue crack fatigue life fatigue rupture fatigue strength fatigue striations fatigue threshold alternating load alternating stress stress amplitudestrain fatiguestress cyclestress ratio safe life overloading effect cyclic hardening cyclic softening environmental effectcrack gage crack growth, crackPropagation crack initiationcycle ratio experimental stressAnalysisactive[strain] gage疲劳失效疲劳断裂疲劳裂纹疲劳寿命疲劳破坏疲劳强度疲劳辉纹疲劳阈值交变载荷交变应力应力幅值应变疲劳应力循环应力比安全寿命过载效应循环硬化循环软化环境效应裂纹片裂纹扩展裂纹萌生循环比工作［应变］片backing material stress gage zero shift, zero drift strain measurementstrain gage strain indicator strain rosette strain sensitivity mechanical strain gage rectangular rosetteExtensometertelemetering of strain transverse gage factor transverse sensitivity weldable strain gage balanced bridge bonded strain gage bonded foiled gage bonded wire gage bridge balancing capacitance strain gage compensation technique compensation techniquereference bridge resistance strain gageself-temperature compensating gage基底材料应力计零［点］飘移应变测量应变计应变指示器应变花应变灵敏度机械式应变仪直角应变花弓I 伸仪应变遥测横向灵敏系数横向灵敏度焊接式应变计平衡电桥粘贴式应变计粘贴箔式应变计粘贴丝式应变计桥路平衡电容应变计补偿片补偿技术基准电桥电阻应变计semiconductor strainGageslip ring strain amplifier fatigue life gage inductance [strain] gagePhotomechanics Photoelasticity Photoplasticity Young fringe birefrigent effect contour of equal Displacement dark fringefringe multiplication interference fringeIsochromatic Isoclinic isopachic stress- optic lawIsostatic light fringe optical path differencephoto-thermo -elasticityphotoelastic coatingMethodphotoelastic sandwich半导体应变计集流器应变放大镜疲劳寿命计电感应变计光［测］力学光弹性光塑性杨氏条纹双折射效应等位移线暗条纹条纹倍增干涉条纹等差线等倾线等和线应力光学定律主应力迹线亮条纹光程差热光弹性光弹性贴片法Methoddynamic photo-elasticityspatial filtering spatial frequencyPolarizerreflection polariscope residual birefringentEffectstrain fringe valuestrain-optic sensitivitystress freezing effectstress fringe valuestress-optic pattern temporary birefringentEffect pulsed holographytransmission polariscope real-time holographic interfero - metrygrid methodholo-photoelasticityHologram Holographholographic interferometry holographic moire techniqueHolography whole-field analysis动态光弹性空间滤波空间频率起偏镜反射式光弹性仪残余双折射效应应变条纹值应变光学灵敏度应力冻结效应应力条纹值应力光图暂时双折射效应脉冲全息法透射式光弹性仪实时全息干涉法网格法全息光弹性法全息图全息照相全息干涉法全息云纹法全息术散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry,shearography散斑图Specklegram 白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry ［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调兀conforming element非协调兀non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition自然边界条件natural boundary condition离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized straingeneralized stress interface variable node, nodal pointElement corner node mid-side node internal node nodeless variablebar element truss element beam elementtwo-dimensional elementone-dimensional elementthree-dimensional element axisymmetric elementplate element shell elementthick plate element triangular element quadrilateral element tetrahedral element curved element quadratic element linear element cubic element quartic element isoparametric element广义应力界面变量节点［单］元角节点边节点内节点无节点变量杆元桁架杆元梁元二维元一维元三维元轴对称元厚板元三角形元四边形元四面体元曲线元二次元线性元三次元四次元等参［数］super-parametric element sub-parametric element variable-number-nodeelement Lagrange element Lagrange family serendipity element serendipity family infinite element element analysis element characteristicsstiffness matrixgeometric matrixequivalent nodal forcenodal displacementnodal load displacement vectorload vector mass matrix lumped mass matrix consistent mass matrixdamping matrix Rayleigh damping assembly of stiffnessMatricesconsistent mass matrix assembly of mass matrices assembly of elements超参数元亚参数元节点数可变元拉格朗日元拉格朗日族巧凑边点元巧凑边点族无限元单元分析单元特性刚度矩阵几何矩阵等效节点力节点位移节点载荷位移矢量载荷矢量质量矩阵集总质量矩阵相容质量矩阵阻尼矩阵瑞利阻尼刚度矩阵的组集载荷矢量的组集质量矩阵的组集local coordinate systemlocal coordinate area coordinates volume coordinates curvilinear coordinates static condensation contragradienttransformation shape function trial function test function weight function spline function substitute function reduced integration zero-energy mode p-convergenceh-convergenceblended interpolation isoparametric mapping bilinear interpolationpatch test incompatible modenode number element number band width banded matrix profile matrix局部坐标系局部坐标面积坐标体积坐标曲线坐标静凝聚合同变换形状函数试探函数检验函数权函数样条函数代用函数降阶积分零能模式P 收敛H 收敛掺混插值等参数映射双线性插值小块检验非协调模式节点号 M 二口. 单兀号minimization of band widthfrontal method subspace iteration method determinant search methodstep-by-step methodNewmark Wilsonquasi-Newton method Newton-Raphson method incremental method initial straininitial stresstangent stiffness matrixsecant stiffness matrix mode superposition method equilibrium iterationSubstructure substructure techniquesuper-element mesh generationstructural analysis programpre-processing post-processing mesh refinement stress smoothing composite structure带宽最小化波前法子空间迭代法行列式搜索法逐步法纽马克法威尔逊法拟牛顿法牛顿-拉弗森法增量法初应变初应力切线刚度矩阵割线刚度矩阵模态叠加法平衡迭代子结构子结构法超单元网格生成结构分析程序前处理后处理网格细化应力光顺。

congruence theory

congruence theoryCongruence Theory is a branch of mathematics and sociology which deals with the study of relationships between individuals and groups. It is based on the idea that congruence, or compatibility, is a key factor in the success of relationships. Congruence Theory was first introduced by psychologists Carl Rogers and John G. Renton in the 1950s. It has since been developed and applied in many other fields such as business, education and health.Congruence Theory states that when two individuals or groups are in an interpersonal relationship, there must be a level of congruence between them to ensure it is successful. It states that for a relationship to be effective, the individuals or groups must have a shared understanding of their needs, values, attitudes, and beliefs. It also states that when individuals or groups are congruent, they are better able to communicate with each other, leading to a greater understanding and acceptance of each other.In business, congruence theory is used to assess the compatibility of two or more people in a team. It is used to determine whether a team has the perfect mix of personalities, strengths, and skills in order to successfully achieve the taskat hand. Similarly, in education, congruence theory is used to assess the degree of compatibility between a student and teacher to ensure that a student is learning the correct material in the most effective way. In health, congruence theory is used to assess the compatibility between a patient and a physician, taking into account the patient's individual needs and values.Congruence Theory has been widely applied and studied in many fields. It is a critical concept in the study of relationships, as it provides an evidence-based framework for understanding and improving the dynamics of relationships. It is also useful in problem-solving, as it can be used to identify where problems may arise and how relationships can be improved. As such, Congruence Theory is a key concept in understanding and improving interpersonal relationships.。

物理论文霍金

The physicist-—Stephen HawkingIn January 8，1942, Hocking was born in Oxford。

He is a physicist，how Hocking's achievements？Let us from him in the academic circles of the first appearance look: In 1970，28 year old Hocking and Penrose cooperation，proved that the ”singularity theorem": under certain conditions，according to general relativity，the big bang must start from a ”singularity”。

To this end，they shared the 1988 Wolf prize for physics.Hawking’s contribution —- Research on the properties of black holes and put forward quantum gravity theory ——especially his quantum theory of gravity, the integration of the two major areas of modern physics，self—contained, so that he become a great physicist.Before the Hawking，all theories of the universe in general relativity is based, but Hawking only found and prove the general theory of relativity just an incomplete theory, it cannot tell us the details of the origin of the universe. Because according to general relativity conclusion，all physical theories will fail at the starting point of the universe. Obviously, general relativity just a incomplete ”parts" theory，so the singularity theorems really shows，in the very early universe had a moment when the universe was so small that people have to consider with 20th century another great "parts" Theory -—specifically describe the microscopic world of quantum mechanics —- to study it。

光滑函数芽通用形变的存在性

光滑函数芽通用形变的存在性陈庆娥（曲靖师范学院数学与统计学院云南·曲靖655011）摘要证明了光滑函数芽的无穷小形变的存在性，基于无穷小形变与通用形变的关系，得到了通用形变的存在性。

关键词光滑函数芽无穷小形变通用形变中图分类号：O192文献标识码：A1基本概念与记号奇点理论在分歧理论和突变理论中有都有着重要的应用．光滑函数芽是奇点理论研究的数学对象，它的性质在奇点理论中起着重要作用，光滑函数芽无穷小形变和通用形变的性质是奇点理论的重要内容之一。

文献[1]、[2]介绍了它们的一些概念，本文证明了光滑函数芽的无穷小形变的存在性，进而得到通用形变的存在性，也给出了求通用形变的方法。

文中未解释的概念参考文献[1]、[2]。

定义1：设是光滑函数芽，是的临界点，如果满足条件，则称是一个以注1：的形变一定存在，是的一个形变，且知的形变不唯一。

定义：设及是的两个形变，满足，则称是的导出形变，即是从诱导出来的。

定义：设是的一个形变，若的任何一个形变都与的某个导出形变等价，则称是的通用形变。

注2：由以上定义知，若是的通用形变，是的另一个形变，由的通用性，必定存在恒等映射形变及映射满足。

定义：设是的一个形变，若在点的函数芽环中的任何一个函数都可以，其中是的光滑函数芽，是数，则称是的无穷小形变。

2主要结果及证明定理1：设是光滑函数芽，则的无穷小形变一定存在。

证明：令，，其中是空间的基元素的代表，即是基元素。

以下证明是的无穷小形变：设，则，设，且设是所以由定义可知是的无穷小形变。

由于光滑函数芽的无穷小形变的是它的通用形变，所以的通用形变一定存在。

例1：设，求的通用形变。

解：由于，则于中的泰勒级数中次数最低的是即，若，则的级数前项完全相同，若，可以作对应以的维数等于，即于是可取为的一组基底，故是通用形变。

作者简介：陈庆娥（1980—），女，讲师，硕士，主要研究方向:从事奇点理论研究。

参考文献[1]V.I.Arnold.Singularity Theory[M].London Mathematical Society LectureNote Series53,1981.[2]施恩伟.流形上的微积分[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:152-154.[3]V.I.Arnold.Normal forms of functions in a neighbourhood of a degeneratecritical point[J].Russian Math.Surveys.1974,29(02):10-50.[4]I.Newton.The method of fluxions[M].Mathematical papers,Vol.3,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,1969.数|学|研|究—科教导刊（电子版）·2019年第03期/1月（下）—198。

Poincar'e series and monodromy of the simple and unimodal boundary singularities

se singularities admit a symmetry. This leads to the boundary singularities considered by Arnold in [A1]. Arnold and V. I. Matov classiﬁed the simple and unimodal boundary singularities. Here we investigate the relation between the characteristic polynomial of the monodromy and the Poincar´ e series of the ambient hypersurface singularity for such a singularity. The simple boundary singularities arise from simple hypersurface singularities and there is a generalization of the McKay correspondence for these cases. R. Stekolshchik has extended our theorem for the Kleinian singularities to this generalized McKay correspondence. Here we give an interpretation of his result in terms of singularity theory. For 7 of the 12 exceptional unimodal boundary singularities we show that there is a direct relation between the Poincar´ e series of the ambient singularity and the characteristic polynomial of the monodromy. The author is grateful to Sabir Gusein-Zade for suggesting him to study relations between Poincar´ e series and monodromy for boundary singularities.

哥伦比亚大学佩里梅林货币银行学中英翻译4-微观和宏观的货币观

The Money View, Micro and Macro微观和宏观的货币观(see full matrix at beginning) Notable features—household deleveraging, switching from credit to money, instrument discrepancy is repo, sectoral discrepancies(⻅开始的完整矩阵)显着特征——家庭去杠杆化，信贷向货币的转变，回购⼯具分化，部⻔分化Last time we saw how the US banking system was born from the strains of war ﬁnance andﬁnancial crisis, and we also saw how understanding balance sheet relationships can help us to understand the underlying processes. Today we focus more speciﬁcally on the balance sheet approach that will be used throughout the course, and to aid that focus we conﬁne our discussion to the most placid of events, namely the use of the banking system to facilitate ordinary daily exchange.上⼀次，我们看到了美国银⾏体系是如何在战争⾦融和⾦融危机的压⼒下诞⽣的，我们还看到了理解资产负债表的关系如何帮助我们理解基本流程。

今天，我们将更具体地关注在整个课程中使⽤的资产负债表⽅法，为了有助于集中精⼒，我们将讨论限制在最普遍的事件上，即使⽤银⾏系统促进⽇常交易。

杰出的理论与实验物理学家——瑞利勋爵（Lord

杰出的理论与实验物理学家——瑞利勋爵（Lord Rayleigh）1904年诺贝尔物理学奖授予英国皇家研究所的瑞利勋爵（Lord Rayleigh， 1842～1919），以表彰他在研究⼀些⽓体的密度中发现了惰性⽓体氩这⼀重要成就。

瑞利原名约翰·威廉·斯特拉特（John William Strutt），尊称瑞利男爵三世（Third Baron Rayleigh），1842年11⽉12⽇出⽣于英国埃塞克斯郡莫尔登（Malden）的朗弗德林园。

他的⽗亲是第⼆世男爵约翰·詹姆斯·斯特拉特，母亲叫克拉腊·伊丽莎⽩·拉图哲，是理查德·维卡斯海军上校的⼩⼥⼉。

出⾝名望贵族的瑞利以严谨、⼴博、精深著称，并善于⽤简单的设备作实验⽽能获得⼗分精确的数据。

⽓体密度测量本来是实验室中的⼀件常规⼯作，但是瑞利不放过常⼈不当回事的实验差异，终于作出了惊⼈的重⼤发现。

这就是1892年瑞利从密度的测量中发现了第⼀个惰性⽓体——氩。

⾃从门捷列夫周期表提出以后，科学家对寻找新的元素以填补周期表上的空缺，表现出了很⼤的积极性。

但是，⼈们没有想到，竟然在周期表上遗漏了整整⼀族性质特殊的惰性⽓体。

1882年，瑞利为了证实普劳特假说，曾经测过氢和氧的密度。

经过⼗年长期的测定，他宣布氢和氧的原⼦量之⽐实际上不是1：16，⽽是1：15.882。

他还测定了氮的密度，他发现从液态空⽓中分馏出来的氮，跟从亚硝酸铵中分离出来的氮，密度有微⼩的但却是不可忽略的偏差。

从液态空⽓中分馏出来的氮，密度为1.2572 g/cm3，⽽⽤化学⽅法从亚硝酸铵直接得到的氮，密度却为 1.2505 g/cm3。

两者数值相差千分之⼏，在⼩数点后第三位不相同。

他认为，这⼀差异远远超出了实验误差范围，⼀定有尚未查清的因素在起作⽤。

为此他先后提出过⼏种假说来解释造成这种不⼀致的原因。

其中有⼀种是认为在⼤⽓中的氮还含有⼀种同素异形体，就像氧和臭氧那样，这种同素异形体混杂在⼤⽓氮之中，⽽从化学⽅法所得应该就是纯净的氮。

弹性力学专业英语英汉互译词汇

弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain 应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility 拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk 楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem 布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维Kolosoff-利法Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis 自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism 回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material 应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服Yield 屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空Haigh-Westergaard 间stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

关于人物的英语演讲PPT

My dreams at that time were rather disturbed. Before my condition had been diagnosed, I had been very bored with life. There had not seemed to be anything worth doing. But shortly after I came out of hospital, I dreamt that I was going to be executed. I suddenly realised that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do if I were reprieved. Another dream, that I had several times, was that I would sacrifice my life to save others. After all, if I were going to die anyway, it might as well do some good. But I didn't die. In fact, although there was a cloud hanging over my future, I found, to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before. I began to make progress with my research,
Professor Hawking married his second wife Elaine Mason at Cambridge registry office in September 1995. Mason had become his nurse after his split from Wilde. Hawking divorced for the second time in 2006.

试论伯克同一理论

试论伯克同一理论作者：闫彬彬马瑶来源：《校园英语·下旬》2021年第01期【摘要】肯尼思·伯克（Kenneth Burke）提出来的同一理论旨在促进人与人之间的沟通和理解，通过同情同一策略，对立统一策略和不准确同一策略，使说话者与听话者之间达成一种“同一”的状态。

在《金星秀》这部脱口秀中，主持人通过犀利且直接的言语风格达成了与观众之间的同一状态。

基于伯克的同一理论，以《金星秀》部分台词为语料，尝试分析节目中同一理论的运用及其效果，旨在以贴近生活的例子深化对伯克同一理论的理解。

【关键词】同情同一;对立同一;不准确同一;脱口秀【Abstract】“Identification” is one of Burke's theories， which pays attention to the communication and understanding among humans. It tries to achieve the aim of making speakers and listeners arrive at the same conclusions through identification by sympathy， identification by antithesis and identification by inaccuracy. Jin Xing Show， a Chinese talk show， contains a lot of critical and sharp words， through which， a good communication is established between the host and the audience. Parts of the dialogues from Jin Xing Show are analyzed based on Burke's theory aiming to have a better grasp of “Identification” and Rhetoric.【Key words】identification by sympathy; identification by antithesis; identification by inaccuracy; talk show【作者簡介】闫彬彬（1992-），河南郑州人，河南农业大学外国语学院，助教，硕士，研究方向：英语认知语言学;马瑶（1993-），河南洛阳人，河南农业大学外国语学院，助教，硕士，研究方向：翻译学。

结构力学英语词汇

结构力学结构力学 structural mechanics结构分析 structural analysis结构动力学 structural dynamics拱 Arch三铰拱 three-hinged arch抛物线拱 parabolic arch圆拱 circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构 space structure空间桁架 space truss雪载［荷］ snow load风载［荷］wind load土压力 earth pressure地震载荷 earthquake loading弹簧支座 spring support支座位移 support displacement支座沉降 support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析 kinematic analysis结点法 method of joints截面法 method of sections结点力 joint forces共轭位移 conjugate displacement 影响线 influence line三弯矩方程 three-moment equation 单位虚力 unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配 moment redistribution 分配系数 distribution factor 矩阵位移法 matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵 element strain matrix总体坐标 global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料 composite material 纤维复合材料 fibrous composite 单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板 Laminate夹层板 sandwich panel正交层板 cross-ply laminate斜交层板 angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体 cellular solid膨胀 Expansion压实Debulk劣化 Degradation脱层 Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力 ply stress层应变 ply strain层间应力 interlaminar stress比强度 specific strength强度折减系数 strength reduction factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析 shear lag analysis 短纤维 chopped fiber长纤维 continuous fiber纤维方向 fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱 fiber pull-out纤维增强 fiber reinforcement致密化 Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法 netting analysis混合律 rule of mixture失效准贝 failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学 fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture解理断裂 cleavage fracture蠕变断裂 creep fracture脆性断裂 brittle fracture延性断裂 ductile fracture晶间断裂 inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹 Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack深埋裂纹 embedded crack［钱］币状裂纹 penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹 short crack表面裂纹 surface crack裂纹钝化 crack blunting裂纹分叉 crack branching裂纹闭合 crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴 crack mouth裂纹开角 crack opening angle,COA裂纹开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力 crack resistance 裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖角 crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖开位移 crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation 止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂 Tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准贝 U fracture criterionJ 积分 J-integralJ 阻力曲线 J-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress intensity factorHRR 场 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守怛积分 conservation integral有效应力量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率 energy release rate聚区 cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘 rotating circular disk 楔 wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西斯克问题 Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数 Airy stress function克罗索夫―穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板 Plate矩形板 Rectangular plate圆板 Circular plate环板 Annular plate波纹板 Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffenedplate,reinforced Plate中厚板 Plate of moderate thickness弯［曲］应力函数Stress function of bending压入 Indentation扁壳 Shallow shell旋转壳 Revolutionary shell球壳 Spherical shell［圆］柱壳 Cylindrical shell锥壳 Conical shell环壳 Toroidal shell封闭壳 Closed shell波纹壳 Corrugated shell扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion翘曲函数 Warping function半逆解法 semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法 Relaxation method莱维法 Levy method松弛 Relaxation量纲分析 Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity影响面 Influence surface接触应力 Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触 Conforming contact滑动接触 Sliding contact滚动接触 Rolling contact各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料 Granular material散体力学 Mechanics of granular media热弹性 Thermoelasticity超弹性 Hyperelasticity粘弹性 Viscoelasticity对应原理 Correspondence principle褶皱 Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity滑动 Sliding微滑 Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性 Nonlinear elasticity大挠度 Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形 Finite deformation格林应变 Green strain阿尔曼西应变 Almansi strain弹性动力学 Dynamic elasticity运动方程 Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性 Aeroelasticity水弹性 Hydroelasticity壳 Shell颤振 Flutter弹性波 Elastic wave简单波 Simple wave柱面波 Cylindrical wave水平剪切波 Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波 body wave无旋波 Irrotational wave畸变波 Distortion wave膨胀波 Dilatation wave瑞利波 Rayleigh wave等容波 Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波 Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形 Metal forming耐撞性 Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔 Drawing破坏机构 Collapse mechanism回弹 Springback 挤压 Extrusion冲压 Stamping穿透 Perforation层裂 Spalling塑性理论 Theory of plasticity安定［性］理论 Shake-down theory运动安定定理 kinematic shakedown theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论 rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则 Loading criterion力口载函数 Loading function力口载面 Loading surface塑性加载 Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载 Simple loading比例加载 Proportional loading卸载 Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷 Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载 nentral loading拉抻失稳 instability in tension力口速度波 acceleration wave本构方程 constitutive equation完全解 complete solution名义应力 nominal stress过应力 over-stress真应力 true stress等效应力 equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断 stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间 principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变 logarithmic strain工程应变 engineering strain等效应变 equivalent strain应变局部化 strain localization应变率 strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变 finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变 accumulated plastic strain永久变形 permanent deformation变量 internal variable应变软化 strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料 rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性 stability of material应变偏量 deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏量 deviatori tensor of stress应变球量 spherical tensor of strain应力球量 spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化 linear strain-hardening应变强化 strain-hardening随动强化 kinematic hardening各向同性强化 isotropic hardening强化模量 strain-hardening modulus幂强化 power hardening 截面形状因子 shape factor of塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment cross-section沙堆比拟 sand heap analogy塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque屈服Yield屈服条件 yield condition弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending屈服准贝yield criterion弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface屈服函数 yield function屈服面 yield surface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic 塑性势 plastic potential torsion能量吸收装置energy absorbing 粘塑性 Viscoplasticity device非弹性 Inelasticity 能量耗散率 energy absorbing理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material device塑性动力学 dynamic plasticity极限分析 limit analysis 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic 极限设计 limit designbuckling极限面 limit surface 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response上限定理 upper bound theorem塑性波 plastic wave上屈服点 upper yield point运动容许场kinematically下限定理 lower bound theorem admissible Field下屈服点 lower yield point 静力容许场 statically admissible 界限定理 bound theoremField初始屈服面 initial yield surface流动法则flow rule后继屈服面 subsequent yield surface 速度间断 velocity discontinuity 滑移线 slip-lines屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yieldsurface滑移线场 slip-lines field移行塑性铰 travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论 incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾一韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh- Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter 德鲁克公设 Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation连续过程 continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability 稀释度dilution完全离解 complete dissociation火焰传播 flame propagation组份 constituent 碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate 燃烧理论 combustion theory浓度梯度 concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定 flame stabilization火焰结构 flame structure着火 ignition湍流火焰 turbulent flame层流火焰 laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage 达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流 Hele-Shaw flow毛［细］管流 capillary flow过滤 filtration爪进 fingering不互溶驱替 immiscible displacement 不互溶流体 immiscible fluid互溶驱替 miscible displacement互溶流体 miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比 mobility ratio渗透率 permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质 porous medium比面 specific surface迂曲度 tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水 water flooding可湿性 wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学 physical oceanography大气环流 atmospheric circulation海洋环流 ocean circulation海洋流 ocean current旋转流 rotating flow平流 advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层 atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere- ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性 baroclinicity正压性barotropy 磨擦 internal friction海洋波 ocean wave盐度 salinity环境流体力学 environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数 Richardson number污染源 pollutant source污染物扩散 pollutant diffusion噪声 noise噪声级 noise level噪声污染 noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流 co-current flow对向流 counter current flow横向流 cross flow螺旋流 spiral flow旋拧流 swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层 mixing layer抖振 buffeting风压 wind pressure附壁效应 wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率 reduced frequency爆炸力学 mechanics of explosion终点弹道学 terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique流体弹塑性体 hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸 explosion in air地下爆炸 underground explosion水下爆炸 underwater explosion电爆炸 discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸 laser-induced explosion核爆炸 nuclear explosion点爆炸 point-source explosion殉爆 sympathatic detonation强爆炸 intense explosion粒子束爆炸 explosion by beam radiation聚爆 implosion起爆 initiation of explosion爆破 blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar 电炮 electric gun电磁炮 electromagnetic gun爆炸洞 explosion chamber轻气炮 light gas gun马赫反射 Mach reflection基浪 base surge成坑 cratering能量沉积 energy deposition爆心 explosion center爆炸当量 explosion equivalent 火球 fire ball爆高 height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻 penetration规则反射 regular reflection崩落 spallation应变率史 strain rate history聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出［物］胀大 extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸 tubeless siphon剪胀效应 dilatancy effect孔压［误差］效应hole- pressure［error］effect剪切致稠 shear thickening剪切致稀 shear thinning触变性 thixotropy反触变性 anti-thixotropy超塑性 superplasticity粘弹塑性材料 viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料 anelastic material本构关系 constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型 power law model应力松驰 stress relaxation应变史 strain history应力史 stress history 衰退记忆 fading memory应力增长 stress growing粘度函数 voscosity function相对粘度 relative viscosity复态粘度 complex viscosity拉伸粘度 elongational viscosity拉伸流动 elongational flow第一法向应力差first normalstress difference第二法向应力差second normalstress difference德博拉数 Deborah number森贝格数 Weissenberg number动态模量 dynamic modulus振荡剪切流 oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离［子］体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层 planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流］Poiseuille- Hartman flow哈特曼数 Hartman number生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress 电气体力学electro-gas dynamics 铁流体力学 ferro-hydrodynamics 血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学 hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流 magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学 biomechanics生物流体力学 biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow 开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴曲面 applicable surface边界润滑 boundary lubrication液膜润滑 fluid film lubrication 向心收缩功 concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学 microcyclic mechanics微纤维 microfibril渗透性 permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学 agrobiomechanics 纤维度 fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度 stickiness嫩度 tenderness渗透流 osmotic flow易位流 translocation flow蒸腾流 transpirational flow过滤阻力 filtration resistance压扁 wafering风雪流 snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面 desert floor流沙固定 fixation of shifting sand 流动阈值 fluid threshold通类名词力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学statics运动学 kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics 理性力学 rational mechanics 物理力学 physical mechanics 地球动力学geodynamics 力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system 等效力系 equivalent force system 刚体 rigid body力的可传性 transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形 force triangle力多边形 force polygon零力系 null-force system平衡 equilibrium力的平衡 equilibrium of forces 平衡条件 equilibrium condition 平衡位置equilibrium position 平衡态equilibrium state 分析力学 analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗日［量］Lagrangian拉格朗日括号 Lagrange bracket 雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 循环坐标 cyclic coordinate 渐近稳定性 asymptotic stability 循环积分 cyclic integral 结构稳定性 structural stability 哈密顿［量］Hamiltonian 久期不稳定性 secular instability 哈密顿函数 Hamiltonian function 弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem正则方程 canonical equation 倾覆力矩 capsizing moment正则摄动 canonical perturbation 自由振动 free vibration正则变换canonical transformation固有振动 natural vibration暂态 transient state正则变量 canonical variable环境振动 ambient vibration哈密顿原理 Hamilton principle反共振 anti-resonance作用量积分 action integral衰减 attenuation哈密顿-雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 库仑阻尼 Coulomb damping作用一角度变量action-angle variables同相分量 in-phase component非同相分量 out-of -phase阿佩尔方程 Appell equationcomponent劳斯方程 Routh equation超调量 overshoot拉格朗日函数 Lagrangian function 参量［激励］振动parametric vibration诺特定理 Noether theorem模糊振动 fuzzy vibration泊松括号 poisson bracket临界转速 critical speed of边界积分法 boundary integral method rotation阻尼器damper并矢dyad半峰宽度 half-peak width运动稳定性 stability of motion集总参量系统lumped parameter 轨道稳定性 orbital stability system相平面法 phase plane method 邓克利公式 Dunkerley formula相轨迹 phase trajectory 瑞利定理 Rayleigh theorem等倾线法 isocline method 分布参量系统distributed跳跃现象 jump phenomenonparameter system负阻尼 negative damping优势频率 dominant frequency达芬方程 Duffing equation模态分析 modal analysis希尔方程Hill equation固有模态 natural mode of vibration KBM 方法 KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method同步 synchronization马蒂厄方程 Mathieu equation超谐波 ultraharmonic平均法 averaging method德波尔方程 van der pol equation组合音调 combination tone频谱 frequency spectrum解谐 detuning基频 fundamental frequency耗散函数 dissipative function WKB 方法 WKB method, Wentzel- Kramers-Brillouin method硬激励 hard excitation缓冲器buffer硬弹簧 hard spring, hardening spring风激振动 aeolian vibration谐波平衡法 harmonic balance method 嗡鸣buzz倒谱 cepstrum久期项 secular term 颤动 chatter自激振动 self-excited vibration 蛇彳亍hunting分界线 separatrix 阻抗匹配 impedance matching 亚谐波 subharmonic 机械导纳 mechanical admittance 软弹簧 soft spring ,softening spring机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械阻抗 mechanical impedance 软激励 soft excitation随机振动 stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振 vibration isolation 减振vibration reduction 应力过冲 stress overshoot 喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动 phugoid motion起伏振荡 phugoid oscillation 驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics 陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩 gyroscoopic torque 陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer 陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航 inertial guidance 姿态角attitude angle 方位角 azimuthal angle舒勒周期 Schuler period 机器人动力学 robot dynamics 多体系统multibody system 多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性 maneuverability 凯恩方法Kane method转子［系统］动力学rotor dynamics转子［一支承一基础］系统rotor- support-foundation system静平衡 static balancing动平衡 dynamic balancing静不平衡 static unbalance动不平衡 dynamic unbalance现场平衡 field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力 cross force挠性转子 flexible rotor分频进动 fractional frequency precession半频进动 half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速 rotor critical speed自动定心 self-alignment亚临界转速 subcritical speed涡动whirl。

uncertainty reduction theory

uncertainty reduction theoryUncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) is an integral part of communication theory that explains how two people develop mutual understanding in the initial stages of a relationship. Developed in 1975 by Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese, URT suggeststhat communication is the primary mechanism through which people eliminate their uncertainty and form meaningful relationships.At the root of URT is the belief that communication is the key to creating trust and reducing uncertainty. Uncertainty is a natural part of our interaction with others, and can manifest in a variety of ways, such as anxiety, confusion and fear. Uncertainty can cause us to withhold information, or it can prompt us to probe and dig deeper.When two people meet for the first time, the primary goal is to reduce the uncertainty between them. This is achieved by exchanging information, making observations, and forming theories about the other person. Through this process, individuals areable to gain a better understanding of the other, and establish common ground for further interactions.Gaining information about the other person is paramount to reducing uncertainty. The most efficient way to gather information is to ask direct questions. This is known as the “interrogation phase”, where the t wo individuals inquire about personal information such as religion and occupation. There are more indirect methods as well, such as making observations, engaging in casual conversation, and seeking information from third parties.The key to successful uncertainty reduction is reciprocity and trust. As two individuals interact, they may share personal information and form a bond that conveys a sense of “understanding”. This understanding is key to establishing trust, a necessary ingredient for building relationships and deepening commitment.The final phase in the URT model is the “assessment phase”. This phase occurs after the information gathering phase and is where two individuals assess the other and make decisions about the long-term viability of the relationship. This phase is markedby careful evaluation and judgment of the other's character, based on the information gathered in the previous stages. If the assessment is deemed positive, the relationship may progress to a deeper level of commitment.In summary, the Uncertainty Reduction Theory is a useful communication model for understanding how people establish mutual understanding in the initial stages of their relationship. Communication is seen as a process by which individuals reveal information and make observations to reduce their uncertainty, establish trust and form meaningful relationships.。

organisational ambidexterity theory

organisational ambidexterity theoryThe organizational ambidexterity theory refers to the ability of an organization to simultaneously exploit existing capabilities and explore new opportunities. It suggests that organizations should balance their focus on efficiency and productivity (exploitation) with the need for innovation and adaptation (exploration).According to the theory, organizations that successfully practice ambidexterity can sustain their competitiveness in dynamic and uncertain environments. They are able to optimize their current operations while also exploring new markets, technologies, and business models.There are typically two main approaches to achieving ambidexterity within organizations:1. Structural Ambidexterity: This approach involves creating separate units or divisions within the organization that are dedicated to exploitation (efficiency-focused) and exploration (innovation-focused). Each unit operates independently, focusing on its specific goals and objectives.2. Contextual Ambidexterity: This approach emphasizes the integration and coordination of both exploitation and exploration activities within the same unit or team. It requires a flexible and adaptive organizational culture, as well as leadership support for balancing competing priorities.organizational ambidexterity theory suggests that organizations need to find a balance between exploiting existing resources and capabilities while also exploring new opportunities in order to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing business environment.。

弹性力学专业英语文档

弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity 均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid 均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain 应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility 拉梅常量Lame constants 各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity 旋转圆盘rotating circular disk 楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利Kolosoff-法Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity 影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation 格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity 运动方程Equation of motion 准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity 应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain 工程应变engineering strain 等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization 应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening 应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening 强化模量strain-hardening modulus 幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion 粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section 沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave 运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity 米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter 莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation 赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaardstress space 洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structural dynamics 拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement 支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析kinematic analysis 结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix 总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod 屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mechanics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack [钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integral J阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette 引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring 应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope 残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-optic pattern 暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method 广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element 曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system 局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode 节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。