1215_IBMs_own_On_Demand_Workplace
管理信息系统(第9版)精要版原书英文版题库答案第2章
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 9e (Laudon/Laudon)Chapter 2 Global E-Business and Collaboration1) Senior management is responsible for directing the day-to-day activities of the business. Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 44-45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension2) Operational-level manufacturing systems deal with the firm's long-term manufacturing goals, such as where to locate a new plant.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize, differentiate3) Transaction processing systems are most commonly encountered at the senior management level of an organization.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension4) TPS help managers monitor the firm's relations with the external environment.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension5) A hotel reservation system is a typical example of a management information system. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 48-49AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize6) The decision to grant credit to a customer is normally made by a senior manager. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension7) Transaction processing systems are the basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension8) Management information systems primarily support nonroutine decision making. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension9) Most MISs use sophisticated mathematical models or statistical techniques.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension10) Deciding whether to introduce a new product line is the responsibility of an operational manager.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize11) Decision-support systems help managers make decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension12) Decision-support systems often use information from external sources.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 50AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension13) ESSs are designed to serve the middle management of the organization.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension14) ESSs are designed to incorporate data about external events, but they also draw summarized information from internal MIS and DSS.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension15) ESSs are designed primarily to solve specific problems.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension16) Information supplied by an enterprise system is structured around cross-functional business processes.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 54AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension17) Supply chain management systems are more externally oriented than enterprise systems. Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of compare18) Knowledge management systems are used to gather and distribute the firm's essential operational data, such as sales reports.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension19) Cell phones are one of the tools firms use to support teamwork and collaboration. Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 60AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension20) The five basic entities that make up any business are suppliers, customers, employees, products and services, and:A) its environment.B) manufacturing and production.C) sales and marketing.D) invoices and payments.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 42AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension21) Promoting the organization's products or services is a responsibility of the ________ function.A) finance and accountingB) human resourcesC) manufacturing and productionD) sales and marketingAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 43AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension22) Checking for product quality is an activity associated with the ________ function.A) finance and accountingB) human resourcesC) manufacturing and productionD) sales and marketingAnswer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 43AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension23) Which of the following is a cross-functional business process?A) Hiring an employeeB) Identifying a customerC) Fulfilling a customer orderD) Creating an invoiceAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 44AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension24) Employees that assist with paperwork at all levels of the firm are called:A) data workers.B) knowledge workers.C) operational management.D) service workers.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension25) The three principal levels of hierarchies within a business organization are:A) management, knowledge workers, and service workers.B) senior management, middle management, and operational management.C) management, data workers, and operational management.D) senior management, operational management, and workers.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension26) Key forces in a business's immediate environment include:A) regulations.B) technology.C) economy.D) politics.Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 45-46AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension27) Engineers and architects are examples of:A) senior management.B) production workers.C) knowledge workers.D) middle management.Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension28) Which of the following is an example of a key force in a firm's broader, less immediate environment?A) stockholdersB) regulationsC) shipping firmsD) economic trendsAnswer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 46AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension29) A computerized system that performs and records the daily dealings necessary to conduct business is classified as a(n):A) executive support system.B) management-level system.C) decision support system.D) transaction-processing system.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension30) Which type of system would you use to change a production schedule if a key supplier was late in delivering goods?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47-48AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of differentiate and appraise31) A relocation control system that reports summaries on the total moving, house-hunting, and home financing costs for employees in all company divisions would fall into the category of:A) knowledge management systems.B) transaction support systems.C) executive-support systems.D) management information systems.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize32) The term "management information systems" designates a specific category of information systems serving:A) integrated data processing throughout the firm.B) transaction process reporting.C) senior managementD) middle management functions.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension33) These systems are designed to summarize and report on the company's basic operations.A) Management information systemsB) Decision-support systemsC) Executive information systemsD) Transaction processing systemsAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension34) ________ support making decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance.A) Management information systemsB) Transaction processing systemsC) Executive support systemsD) Decision-support systemsAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension35) Which type of system would you use to determine the five suppliers with the worst record in delivering goods on time?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 48-49AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of differentiate and appraise36) These systems are especially suited to situations in which the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined in advance.A) Management information systemsB) Transaction processing systemsC) Decision-support systemsD) Knowledge management systemsAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension37) Which type of system would you use to forecast the return on investment if you used new suppliers with better delivery track records?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49-50AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize38) Decision-support systems are also referred to as:A) business information systems.B) business intelligence systems.C) executive support systems.D) business model systems.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 50AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension39) Executive support systems are information systems that support the:A) long-range planning activities of senior management.B) knowledge and data workers in an organization.C) decision-making and administrative activities of middle managers.D) day-to-day processes of production.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension40) ESS are specifically designed to serve the ________ level of the organization.A) operationalB) end-userC) middle managementD) senior managementAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension41) Which type of system would you use to determine what trends in your supplier's industry will affect your firm the most in five years?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize42) ________ systems often deliver information to senior executives through a portal.A) Transaction processingB) Executive supportC) Management informationD) Decision-supportAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension43) A POS system, such as the one selected by Johnny's Lunch in the chapter case study, falls into which category of information system?A) TPSB) KWSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 52AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize44) These systems are designed to support organization-wide process coordination and integration.A) Decision-support systemsB) Management information systemsC) CRMD) Enterprise applicationsAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 53AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension45) A(n) ________ collects data from various key business processes and stores the data in a single comprehensive data repository, usable by other parts of the business.A) transaction processing systemB) enterprise systemC) automatic reporting systemD) management information systemAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 54AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension46) What is the most important benefit of an enterprise application?A) Enabling speed of communicating.B) Enabling business functions and departments to share information.C) Enabling a company to work collaboratively with customers and suppliers.D) Enabling cost-effective, e-business processes.Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 53-54AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of appraise, evaluate47) ________ systems integrate and share information from suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and logistics companies.A) Collaborative distributionB) Supply-chain managementC) Reverse logisticsD) Enterprise planningAnswer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 54AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension48) ________ systems provide information to coordinate all of the business processes that deal with customers in sales, marketing, and service to optimize revenue, customer satisfaction, and customer retention.A) CRMB) MISC) ESSD) CPSAnswer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension49) Which type of information system would an intranet be most easily adapted to?A) CRMB) MISC) TPSD) KMSAnswer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Synthesis in terms of bringing information together50) Which of the following types of system could be used to enable different firms to work collaboratively on a product?A) intranetB) extranetC) KMSD) CRMAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of appraise51) You manage the Information Systems department at a small startup Internet advertiser. You need to set up an inexpensive system that allows customers to see real-time statistics such as views and click-throughs about their current banner ads. Which type of system will most efficiently provide a solution?A) CRMB) Enterprise systemC) ExtranetD) IntranetAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Evaluation in terms of assess, choose52) Buying or selling goods over the Internet is called:A) e-commerce.B) e-business.C) an intranet.D) an extranet.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 56AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension53) The use of digital technology and the Internet to execute the major business processes in the enterprise is called:A) e-commerce.B) e-business.C) enterprise applications.D) MIS.Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 56AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension54) You work for a highly successful advertiser that is just about to expand nationally. Of utmost importance will be finding a way to store and disseminate their client's frequently updated branding and style guides to all of their branches. The guides include multiple image files and text documents. What system will best serve these needs?A) A wikiB) An extranet with KMS capabilitiesC) A TPS with KMS capabilitiesD) An ESS with collaboration capabilitiesAnswer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 54-65AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Synthesis in terms of bringing information together55) Interaction jobs are those jobs which:A) are in the service sector and require close coordination, and collaboration.B) involve knowledge that can't be put into an information system.C) are performed typically by operational-level employees.D) require intense levels of interaction with clients.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 57AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension56) You have been hired by Inspiration Inc, to help improve their profit margin. Inspiration Inc. is a business communications consultancy that services many clients in different industries throughout the U.S. The end products of the company are customized recommendations for the best use of a client's existing resources for improving internal communications, typically delivered via documentation in different media. The company has approximately 100 consultants all of whom are located in their central headquarters in Chicago. What system do you recommend to improve the company's business processes and increase their profit margin?A) Extranet, to enable quick collaboration over the Internet, minimize the time spent communicating with the client, and minimize the amount of paperwork neededB) CRM, to maintain easily accessible customer records to minimize the time spent looking for client dataC) KMS, for minimizing redundant work on similar clientsD) Video conferencing system, for improving collaborationAnswer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 55-61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Synthesis in terms of bringing information together57) In a business environment, the focus of collaboration is to:A) accomplish the task at hand.B) provide a sense of community.C) foster better communication.D) prevent miscommunication.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 56AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension58) Which of the following statements is NOT true about collaboration in a business setting?A) Collaboration may be a short-lived activity, lasting just a few minutes.B) Collaboration is a many-to-many activity as opposed to a one-to-one or one-to-many activity.C) Meaningful collaboration requires a supportive business firm culture and the right, decentralized structure.D) The evidence of the business benefits of collaboration are largely anecdotal.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 56-59AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension59) Which of the following tools is NOT one of the most important 15 types of collaboration software tools?A) screen sharingB) video streamingC) video conferencingD) e-mail and instant messagingAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 60AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension60) A wiki is a type of:A) social networking site.B) blogging.C) video conferencing.D) Web site designed for collaborative writing and editing.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension61) Second Life is an example of a:A) virtual world.B) wiki.C) social networking site.D) mind mapping tool.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension62) The most widely used collaboration software tool used by very large firms is:A) Lotus Notes.B) Microsoft SharePoint.C) Google Apps.D) Onehub.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 65AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension63) What analytical framework discussed in the chapter helps understand and evaluate the benefits and uses of collaboration tools?A) cost/use matrixB) task/time matrixC) space/cost matrixD) time/space matrixAnswer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 67AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension64) Which of the following collaboration tools would be appropriate for participants in separate locations who need to collaborate synchronously?A) blogB) team roomC) electronic meeting softwareD) group calendarAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 67AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of compare65) The ________ is responsible for ensuring that the company complies with existing data privacy laws.A) CPOB) CKOC) CIOD) CIPAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension66) The principal liaison between the information systems groups and the rest of the organization is a(n):A) programmer.B) information systems manager.C) systems analyst.D) CIO.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension67) A ________ is a senior manager who oversees the use of IT in the firm.A) CEOB) CFOC) CIOD) CITAnswer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension68) Development and support services for a firm's business systems are provided by:A) IT educational services.B) IT management services.C) Application software services.D) IT standards services.Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 69AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension69) Policies that determine which information technology will be used, when, and how are provided by:A) IT educational services.B) IT management services.C) Application software services.D) IT standards services.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 69AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension70) A(n) ________ is a set of logically related activities for accomplishing a specific business result.Answer: business processDiff: 1 Page Ref: 42AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension71) A firm depends heavily on its ________ to supply capital, labor, customers, new technology, services and products, stable markets and legal systems, and general educational resources. Answer: environmentDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension72) The ________ function is responsible for attracting, developing, and maintaining the firm's workforce.Answer: human resourcesDiff: 1 Page Ref: 43AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension73) Managers need ________ systems to monitor the status of internal operations and the firm's relations with the external environment.Answer: transaction processingDiff: 2 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension74) A(n) ________ is used by middle management to support nonroutine decision making. Answer: decision-support system/DSSDiff: 1 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension75) ________ applications span the entire firm, integrating information from multiple functions and business processes to enhance the performance of the organization as a whole.Answer: EnterpriseDiff: 1 Page Ref: 53AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension76) Supply chain management systems are one type of ________ system because they automate the flow of information across organizational boundaries.Answer: interorganizationalDiff: 3 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension77) ________ are highly trained technical specialists who write the software instructions for computers.Answer: ProgrammersDiff: 1 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension78) ________ are representatives of departments outside of the information systems group for whom applications are developed.Answer: End usersDiff: 2 Page Ref: 69AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension79) ________ technology allows a videoconference participant to give the appearance of being present at a location other than his or her true physical location.Answer: TelepresenceDiff: 3 Page Ref: 61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension80) Identify the different types of systems used for the different levels of management in a business.Answer: The types of information systems used for different levels of management are transaction processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), decision-support systems (DSS), and executive support systems (ESS). TPS, such as payroll or order processing, track the flow of the daily routine transactions that are necessary to conduct business. They are used by operational managers to manage day-to-day operations. MIS summarize and report on the c ompany’s basic operations using data supplied by TPS. They provide middle managers with reports on the organization’s current performance and are not highly analytical. DSS also support middle management decisions when these decisions are unique, rapidly changing, and not specified easily in advance. They use advanced analytical models and data analysis capabilities and often draw on information from external as well as internal sources. ESS support senior management by providing data of greatest importance to senior management decision makers. ESS provide a generalized computing and communications capacity that can be applied to a changing array of problems. ESS present graphs and data from many sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use, often a portal.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47-51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Synthesis in terms of generalize81) In your opinion, what are at least three factors that contribute to the difficulty of integrating systems for different organizational levels and functions within an organization? Support your answer.Answer: An example answer is: Three factors that can contribute include different computing environments; different data kept; and employee resistance. Different computing environments can make it difficult in terms of programming to connect the systems together. If the systems have kept different types of data and different records, this may also be a hindrance. For example, if some elements in a database are recorded differently, such as a customer ID not being the same in one area as another, this would make consistency a problem and may contribute to redundant information. There may also be resistance to adopting new, integrative systems that are more efficient because these may change business processes and the functions of employees. People working in an organization may not want to lose the responsibilities they have and the functions they understand.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 53AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of assess, compare82) Discuss at least three reasons why collaboration and teamwork are more important today than ever.Answer: Collaboration and teamwork are more important today than ever for a variety of reasons. For one, the nature of work has changed from factory manufacturing andpre-computer office work. Today, the kinds of jobs we have require much closer coordination and interaction among the parties involved in producing the service or product. Another reason is that the organization of work has changed. For most of the industrial age, work was organized in a hierarchical fashion. Orders came down the hierarchy, and responses moved back up the hierarchy. Today, work is organized into groups and teams, who are expected to develop their own methods for accomplishing the task. Senior managers observe and measure results, but are much less likely to issue detailed orders or operating procedures. Another reason is the need to manage work from global locations: The work of the firm has changed from a single location to multiple locations - offices throughout a region, a nation, or even around the globe. Global competition also places a premium on innovation. Innovation is a group and social process, and most innovations derive from collaboration among individuals in a lab, a business, or government agencies. Strong collaborative practices and technologies are believed to increase the rate and quality of innovation. Overall, most research on collaboration supports the notion that diverse teams produce better outputs, faster, than individuals working on their own.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57-58AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Synthesis in terms of propose83) Identify and describe at least four business benefits of collaboration? Which do you feel is the most important and why?Answer: Business benefits from collaboration are (1) productivity; (2) quality; (3) innovation;(4) customer service; and (5) financial performance. Collaboration helps productivity because people working together on a task can complete the task more quickly. It helps quality because people working together will be more able to correct each other's mistakes. It helps innovation because people working in groups come up with more ideas than those working in isolation. It helps customer service because teams can solve customer complaints more quickly together rather than working in isolation. And as a result of all of these benefits, collaboration helps finance, because collaborative firms have superior sales, sales growth, and financial performance. Student evaluations will vary: for example, the most important of the benefits might be: innovation, because new products, services, and means of production are at the heart of being able to outperform your competitors.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58-59AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of compare, assess。
Devops技术练习(习题卷1)
Devops技术练习(习题卷1)第1部分:单项选择题,共86题,每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]哪一种精益工具描述了跨功能的信息流、原料流和工作流,并且注重量化并消除浪费?A)改善形B)持续交付C)看板D)价值流图答案:D解析:2.[单选题]黄金圈法则中的的核心项“为什么”代表一家公司的A)目的、原因和信念B)产品和服务C)竞争优势D)盈利能力答案:A解析:3.[单选题]使用Kubernetes带来的好处有哪些A)横向扩展B)其他都是C)自动回滚D)自动调度答案:B解析:4.[单选题]下面的内容不是 DevOps 工具链中的典型元素的是?A)监控工具B)自动化测试C)版本控制D)服务台事件管理系统答案:D解析:5.[单选题]以下哪个角色是 DevOps 的利益相关者?A)QA 测试人员B)支持人员C)供应商D)以上全部答案:D解析:6.[单选题]哪项 DevOps 实践依赖于部署流水线?该部署流水线可以按需一键部署。
D)持续交付答案:D解析:7.[单选题]在试图实施重大变革时,谁应参与规划活动并发挥变革推动者的作用?A)早期采用者B)怀疑论者C)管理层D)需要得到证明的人答案:A解析:8.[单选题]一个组织正对于敏捷团队完成一个“冲刺”后,安全检查需要额外时间而头痛。
其间的延迟已经影响了他们的发布能力。
他们希望将更多的安全性测试作为“左移”测试方法的一部分。
他们需要以下哪种DevOps 实践?A)ChatOpsB)持续测试C)DevSecOpsD)漏洞预警答案:C解析:9.[单选题]一个组织正在希望提高团队之间的实时协作。
以下 DevOps 实践他们应该考虑哪种?A)看板B)ChatOpsC)逐步升级D)警报答案:A解析:10.[单选题]除Spring Boot之外,主流的微服务开发框架还有什么?A)DjangoB)MyBaitsC)KubernetesD)Apache Dubbo答案:D解析:11.[单选题]一个组织正在实施 DevOps。
软件工程_东北大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
软件工程_东北大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1._______ is a discipline whose aim is the production of fault-free software,delivered on time and within budget, that satisfies the client's needs._______是一个学科,其目标是生产出满足客户的需求的、未超出预算的、按时交付的、没有错误的软件。
答案:2.The relationship between whole-class and part-classes is called ______.整体和部分类之间的关系被称为______。
答案:aggregation3.The relationship between super-class and subclasses is called ______.超类和子类之间的关系称为______。
答案:inheritance4.The strategy of inheritance is to use inheritance wherever _______.继承的策略是在_______的情况下使用继承。
答案:appropriate5._____is to encapsulate the attributes and operations in an object, and hides theinternal details of an object as possible. _____是为了在一个对象中封装属性和操作,并尽可能隐藏对象的内部细节。
Data encapsulation6.Two modules are ________ coupled if they have write access to global data.如果两个模块对全局数据具有写访问权限,则是________耦合。
软件工程理论与实践课后习题
软件工程理论与实践课后习题1、下列要素中,不属于DFD的是()。
[单选题] *A、加工B、数据流C、数据存储D、联系(正确答案)2、当使用DFD对一个工资系统进行建模时,()可以被认定为外部实体。
[单选题] *A、接收工资单的银行(正确答案)B、工资系统源代码程序C、工资单D、工资数据库的维护3、采用瀑布模型进行系统开发的过程中,每个阶段都会产生不同的文档。
以下关于产生这些文档的描述中,正确的是() [单选题] *A、外部设计评审报告在概要设计阶段产生B、集成测试计划在程序设计阶段产生C、系统计划和需求说明在详细设计阶段产生D、在进行编码的同时,独立的设计单位测试计划(正确答案)4、在UML提供的图中,()用于描述系统与外部系统及用户之间的交互。
[单选题] *A、用例图(正确答案)B、类图C、对象图D、部署图5、在UML提供的图中,()用于按时间顺序描述对象间的交互。
[单选题] *A、网络图B、状态图C、协助图D、序列图(正确答案)6、在开发一个系统时,如果用户对系统的目标不是很清楚,难以定义需求,这时最好使用()。
[单选题] *A、原型法(正确答案)B、瀑布模型C、V-模型D、螺旋模型7、应该在()阶段制定系统测试计划。
[单选题] *A、需求分析(正确答案)B、概要设计C、详细设计D、系统测试8、在软件项目管理中可以使用各种图形工具来辅助决策,下面对Gantt图的描述不正确的是()。
[单选题] *A、Gantt图表现各个活动的顺序和它们之间的因果关系(正确答案)B、Gantt图表现哪些活动可以并行进行C、Gantt图表现了各个活动的起始时间D、Gantt图表现了各个活动完成的进度9、以下内容中,()应写入操作手册。
[单选题] *A、描述系统对各种输入数据的处理方法B、说明系统升级时厂商提供的服务C、描述系统处理过程的各个界面(正确答案)D、说明系统各部分之间的接口关系10、耦合度描述了()。
4.1 CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM MODEL................................................................
Requirements Traceability Mirka PaloSeminar ReportDepartment of Computer Science University of Helsinki30th October 2003Table of Contents1INTRODUCTION (1)2DEFINITION (1)3REASONS FOR REQUIREMENTS TRACEABILITY (1)4CONCEPTUAL TRACE MODEL [KNE01], [KNE02] (2)4.1C ONCEPTUAL S YSTEM M ODEL (2)4.2C ONCEPTUAL D OCUMENTATION M ODEL (3)5TRACEABILITY REFERENCE MODELS [RAM01] (4)5.1L OW-E ND T RACEABILITY M ODEL (4)5.2H IGH-E ND T RACEABILITY M ODEL (6)5.2.1Requirements Management Submodel (7)5.2.2Rationale Submodel (8)5.2.3Design Allocation Submodel (9)5.2.4Compliance Verification Submodel (9)6REFERENCES (10)1 IntroductionThis paper is an introduction to seminar presentation about requirements traceability. In chapter 2 definition for requirements traceability is given. Reasons for requirements traceability in different phases of the system development are described in chapter 3. In chapter 4 a conceptual trace model is described and in chapter 5 two traceability reference models are described.2 DefinitionThe following definition sums up the general view of the requirements traceability [Got94]:“The requirements traceability is the ability to describe and follow the life of a requirement, in both a forward and backward direction, i.e. from its origins, through its development and specification, to its subsequent deployment and use, and through periods of ongoing refinement and iteration in any of these phases.”3 Reasons for Requirements TraceabilityThe traceability needs of different stakeholders – project sponsors, project managers, analysts, designers, maintainers, and end users – differ due to differences in their goals and priorities. The requirements traceability is a characteristics of a system in which the requirements are clearly linked to their sources and to the artefacts created during the system development life cycle based on these requirements [Ram01].In requirements engineering and elicitation phase it is important that the rationales and sources to the requirements are captured in order to understand requirements evolution and verification [Ram01].Modifications during design appear e.g. if the requirements evolve or if the system is developed incrementally [Kne02]. During design phase requirements traceability allows to keep track of what happens when change request is implemented before a system is redesigned. Traceability can also give information about the justifications, important decisions and assumptions behind requirements [Ram01].Test procedures can be traced to requirements or design and this kind of traceability helps to design and modify test procedures [Ram01].Modifications after the delivery of the system will happen due to various reasons (e.g. to correct faults or to adapt the system to a changing environment). These kinds of modifications are called system evolution [Leh03]. Empirical studies show that even experienced software professionals predict incomplete sets of change impacts [Lin98]. With complete traceability, more accurate costs and schedules of changes can be determined, rather than depending on the engineer or programmer to know all the areas affected by these changes [Ram01].4 Conceptual Trace Model [Kne01], [Kne02]In [Kne01] and [Kne02] a change-oriented traceability for embedded systems is studied and the results of the impact analysis approach consist of three parts:• fine-grained trace model• set of process descriptions that describe how to establish traces and how to analyze the impacts of changes• tool support that provides (semi-) automatic impact analyses and consistency checking of implemented changes.The trace model determines the types of documentation entities and relationships to be traced to support impact and implementation of system requirements changes. The conceptual trace model consists of conceptual system model and conceptual documentation model. These models are described in more detail in the subchapters below.4.1 Conceptual System ModelA conceptual system model describes logical entity types and their dependency and refinement relationships included in a software system at different abstraction levels. Logical entity types and their relationships depend on the investigated application domain. The conceptual system model distinguishes mainly between types of:• Items at different abstraction levels (e.g. controlled environmental item)• Tasks at different abstraction levels. Each system task must be related to a set of dependency relationships between monitored environmental items and one controlled item.• Dependency relationships between entity types at one abstraction level (e.g.monitored items must have influence relationships to controlled items).• Refinement relationships between entity types at different abstraction levels (e.g. a system task must have a refinement relationship to a software task and at least two hardware tasks).4.2 Conceptual Documentation ModelA conceptual documentation model describes representation entity types included in different software documents on various levels of abstraction of a software system and their relations. Besides the dependency and refinement relationships that can be taken from the conceptual system model, the conceptual documentation model includes representation relationships. Representation entity types and their relationships depend on the product model and description techniques chosen. The documentation model extends the description elements to allow unambiguous identification of each logical entity type. It distinguishes mainly between types of:• Documentation entities (e.g. system use cases of a system use case diagram, or software design methods of a software design class diagram).• Dependency relationships between documentation entity types at the same abstraction level (e.g. each system use case must have an influence relationship to an influenced actor). These relationships are derived from the conceptual system model. Eachrelationship described for a logical entity type must be true for a documentation entity type that represents the logical entity type.• Refinement relationships between documentation entity types at different abstraction levels (e.g. each system use case must have a refinement relationship to a software use case). These refinement relationships are derived from the conceptual system model.• Representation relationships between documentation entity types that represent the same logical entity type (e.g. a use case must have a representation relationship to a use case description because both represent a system task.5 Traceability Reference Models [Ram01]Reference models in general are prototypical models of some application domain. The purpose of reference models is to significantly reduce the task of creating application-specific models and systems: The user selects relevant parts of the reference model, adapts them to the problem at hand, and configures an overall solution from these adapted parts. Since the analysis of a domain can take an enormous effort when started from scratch, the use of reference models has been reported to save up to 80 percent in development costs for systems in standardized domains [Sch98].The reference models described in [Ram01] are based on several empirical studies. The data collection spanned a period of over three years. The main study comprised 30 focus group discussions in 26 organisations, which were conducted in a wide variety of industries including e.g. defence, aerospace, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and telecommunications. The participants had an average of 15.5 years experience in several key areas of systems development including e.g. software engineering, requirements management, software testing, system integration, systems analysis, maintenance, and software implementation.While doing the study it became apparent that the participants could be categorized into two distinct groups with respect to their traceability practise. These groups are referred as low-end and high-end traceability users and there are separate reference models for these groups. These models are described in the subchapters below.5.1 Low-End Traceability ModelThe low-end traceability users have the following characteristics:• The typical complexity of the system is about 1000 requirements• The traceability experience level is from zero to two years• The user definition of traceability is the documents transformation of requirements to design• The main applications of traceability are requirements decomposition, requirements allocation, compliance verification and change control.The low-end traceability model can be seen in the figure 1 below.Figure 1: Low-end traceability modelTypical low-end users view requirements traceability as providing a link from initial requirements to the actual system components that satisfy those requirements. Lower level refined requirements are derived from higher level system requirements. Original and derived requirements are allocated to system components. By capturing which components satisfy various requirements and which requirements are mapped to different components, the designer is able to verify that all requirements are addressed by the system. In the compliance verification phase of systems development, low-end users use the requirements database, which contains the most current version of the system’s validated requirements, to develop the system compliance verification procedures such as tests or simulations. If a change should occur in the requirements, then the traceability links could identify the compliance verification procedures that must be modified or redeveloped. Compliance verification procedures are performed on the systemcomponents verifying that the component satisfies the requirements. Results of the tests are used to verify that the system works and that it meets all of the requirements. A system component may depend on others and may also interface with external systems. This information is used in evaluating how a requirement is satisfied by a system component.Low-end users lack especially in the area of capturing rationale, see e.g. the following quote from a user: “Often we have no idea who made these decisions, and how they impact the rest of the effort. Simply trying to do these at the end of the project or after the fact does not work. Often the people who worked on it are gone without a trace, of what happened… not disciplined enough to document these… with all the demands on the team.”5.2 High-End Traceability ModelThe high-end traceability users have the following characteristics:• The typical complexity of the system is about 10000 requirements• The traceability experience level is from five to ten years• The user definition of traceability is that it increases the probability of producing a system that meets all customer requirements and will be easy to maintain• The main applications of traceability are full coverage of life cycle including user and customer, capturing discussion issues, decision and rationales, capturing traces across product and process dimensions.High-end users of traceability employ much richer traceability schemes than low-end users and also use traceability information in much richer ways. Therefore the high-end model is divided into four parts for clarity:• Requirements management submodel• Rationale submodel• Design allocation submodel• Compliance verification submodel.These submodels are described in the subchapters below.5.2.1 Requirements Management SubmodelWith the requirements management submodel the requirements can be traced throughout the lifecycle to provide stakeholders with a view to understand and evaluate whether system supports critical success factors. The requirement management submodel is shown in figure 2 below.Figure 2: Requirements management submodelThe requirements management submodel takes into account the following issues:• systems are built to satisfy organizational needs• organizational needs are detailed in scenarios• system objectives are justified by organizational needs, stakeholders specify the system objectives• requirements are generated from system objectives• organizational needs (i.e. stakeholders) identify critical success factors, e.g. resources can be one of the critical success factors• requirements for the system are managed by critical success factors• requirements may also be based on standards, policies and methods• constraints may be treated as a type of requirement• lower level requirements are derived from higher level requirements• some requirements are elaborated by others, providing further explanation or clarification• requirements also depend-on others• complex requirements are often broken down into their components, identifying simpler requirements that form a part-of them.5.2.2 Rationale SubmodelThe rationale submodel maintains the information about how decisions are made to resolve issues or conflicts throughout the system lifecycle to ensure that customer requirements are understood and satisfied. The rationale submodel takes into account the following issues:• objects (e.g. components, requirements, designs) generate issues or conflicts• issues are resolved by decisions• decisions may affect requirements• various alternatives that address the resolution of issues are considered• arguments for and against each alternative may be proposed• decision to select one or more alternatives id often influenced by the critical success factors• assumptions underlying the various components of the deliberation are also recorded5.2.3 Design Allocation SubmodelThe design allocation submodel shows the relations between requirements and design components. The design allocation submodel takes into account the following issues: • requirements drive design• design is often based on mandates (e.g. standards, policies or methods) that govern the system development activity• system or subsystem components are the building blocks of the system and they are defined or created by the design process• requirements are allocated to components that are supposed to satisfy them• components depend on other components• components can be part-of other components• resources are used by components• functions are performed by components• functions are addressed to requirements• components depend on external systems.5.2.4 Compliance Verification SubmodelThe compliance verification submodel is used to certify completeness and correctness of the system and identify changes that may be necessary to meet the objectives. The compliance verification submodel takes into account the following issues:• the development of compliance verification procedures (e.g. prototyping, simulation, testing and inspection) is governed by their use of resources• mandates (e.g. standards, policies or methods) are commonly the basis of compliance verification procedures and determine which procedures are required and how they are to be performed• compliance verification procedures either verify how the components satisfy requirements or help generate change proposals for requirements, or design orimplementation.6 References[Got94] Gotel, O., Finkelstein, A.An Analysis of the Requirements Traceability ProblemProc. of First International Conference on Requirements Engineering, 1994,pages 94-101[Kne01] von Knethen, A.A Trace Model for System Requirements Changes on Embedded SystemsProc. of 4th International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution,September 2001[Kne02] von Knethen, A.Change-Oriented Requirements Traceability. Support for Evolution ofEmbedded SystemsProc. of International Conference on Software Maintenance, October 2002,pages 482-485[Leh03] Lehman, M., Ramil, J.Software Evolution – Background, Theory, PracticeInformation Processing Letters, Vol. 88, Issues 1-2, October 2003, pages 33-44[Lin98] Lindvall, M., Sandahl, K.How well do experienced software developers predict software change?The Journal of Systems and Software 43, 1998, pages 19-27[Ram01] Ramesh, B., Jarke, M.Toward Reference Models for Requirements TraceabilityIEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 1, January 2001,pages 58-93A.[Sch98] Scheer,Business Process Engineering: Reference Models for Industrial EnterprisesSpringer-Verlag, 1998。
管理信息系统考试题库
1.计算机程序是:以某种计算机语言表达的解决某种问题的步骤或次序2.人工智能的缩写是AI3.下列有关价值链的说法正确的是当企业能够给客户提供更多的价值增值时,企业就获得了竞争优势4.以下表述错误的是B、业务流程重组是一种管理软件5.系统常用的转换方式中没有C、间接转换6.A7.8.9._在库存C11.B12.D13.信息系统定义描述错误的是C、信息系统就是管理信息系统13.Photoshop是属于D、工具软件14.一个完整的域名地址的级数通常不超过B、515.以下不属于信息技术对教育的推动。
A、分层教学16._____方法是通过分析找出使组织成功的关键因素,进而围绕这些关键成功因素,来确定组织对信息系统的需求,并进行信息系统规划。
B、关键成功因素法17.企业流程重组的英文简写是A、BPR18.B19.20.21.A户22.23.26.高层最大,中层次之,基层最小27.物流的信息化,需要借助于________。
A、物流管理信息系统B、通讯网络C、移动扫描硬件设备D、以上都对。
正确答案:D28.以下不属于信息技术对医疗卫生服务的支持。
B、医生会诊29.在日益激烈的市场竞争环境下,企业仅靠产品的质量已经难以留住客户,成为企业竞争制胜的另一张王牌。
B、服务30.ERP是指。
D、企业资源计划31.CPU是由()和()组成的D、运算器、控制器32.以下要素中不是决策活动的三要素的是C、决策目标33.电子政务最早起步而且发展迅速的国家是A、美国34.ACD35.36.37.B38.39.40.41.信息的价值的计算方法有C、按所需社会必要劳动来计算42.电子民主管理,是属于模式的电子政务。
C、G to C43.对于广义信息资源定义理解错误的是B、有助于把握信息资源的核心和实质44.对于系统的特征描述错误的是A、在考察和研究系统时,可独立地观察系统的要素组成。
45.各种信息机构、行业部门提供的信息属于D、政务信息的外部信息资源46.消费者间的电子商务,简称D、C2C47.MRP是指B、物料需求计划48.某大型百超市有主管信息系统运维的员工两名,若超市开发一套连接供应D过建立A50.DC53.54.CRM是指C、客户关系管理55.以下表述错误的是B、金融业务不适合转换成二进制代码进行计算机处理56.以下表述错误的是C、如今,ERP已成为企业唯一需要的管理信息系统57.计算机系统的各种功能都是有()和()共同协作完成的。
IBM On-Demand 存储区域网络 - 虚拟存储应用举例
IBM成长型企业解决方案IBM 成长型企业解决方案简述SAN 作为一种存储专用网络,最早出现在IBM 主机系统中,后在1994年成为Unix 和 Windows 系统的规范,近10年来发展神速,特别是近一两年中,SAN 呈现出更新换代式的突破。
新一代的基于虚拟技术的 SAN 网络相对于传统SAN 的最大进步是 SAN 中包含了大量面向数据的智能化功能。
而这些功能的有些是全新的,而有些是替代原来靠昂贵的服务器软件或存储控制器软件实现的功能。
整个 SAN 网络只需要一套网络软件许可证,而不需要单独为每套服务器或存储控制器购买软件。
所有SAN 中的存储可以统一成一个大的存储池,集中管理和分配,消除不同品牌存储间的隔阂和限制,因此最大限度的发挥各存储设备的性能。
更为关键的是,这种存储网络实现了On-Demand 的存储体系(按需存储)。
On-Demand 存储的含义是按照业务的需要,灵活的透明的改变存储方式,以随需应变。
而在传统的存储体系结构中,On-Demand 实现非常困难。
应用对存储要求变化可归纳为四种: 容量需求的增减业务量变化导致数据量变化,而数据量的变化又对存储容量产生新要求I/O 性能需求的改变应用的性能要求是不断变化的,当业务高峰来临时可能会产生巨IBM 成长型企业解决方案大的I/O 请求访问量,如果有效的响应,将直接导致应用服务水平的下降,甚至使得应用出错,影响业务运作。
数据存储安全性高低的改变关键的数据存储应该存储在SAN 中最安全的存储设备上。
但是,数据的关键性与否,可能变化。
或者数据的重要程度也可能变换。
数据存储功能要求的改变例如有些数据需要每天备份到远程,或需要在本地作克隆。
On-Demand 存储系统的意义在于,当以上情形发生时,存储系统可以立刻应需而变满足要求,并且在改变过程中,不影响应用的运行。
IBM 新一代虚拟存储网络系列具备这些特性,因此被定义为On-Demand 的存储系统。
最新12月份IBM_L2_IBM题库
1. 某客户每天要进行备份的应用多达 25 个,每个应用需要备份的数据量都不大。
之前采用物理磁带库进行数据备份,配置了 2 个 LTO3 的磁带驱动器。
据用户反映,目前存在备份窗口内无法完成备份任务的问题。
在这种情况下,我们推荐用户怎样解决当前问题?A.将 LTO3 磁带驱动器替换为 LTO4B.再增加 2 个 LTO4 磁带驱动器C.增加磁带槽位D.推荐用户使用虚拟带库提高并行备份任务数2. DAS 代表的意思是?A.两个异步的存储B.数据归档软件C.连接一个可选的存储D.直连存储3. 信息生命周期解决方案关注的前 4 个方面是A.文件的生命周期管理,数据库和应用的归档,分层存储,数据的持久保存B.文件的生命周期管理,数据库和文件的归档,邮件归档,内容管理C.归档数据管理,管理非活跃数据,法规遵从管理,分层数据存储D.邮件归档,内容管理,数据持久保留,分层数据存储4. 下列哪个产品可以帮助客户找到 SVC 所管理存储的性能瓶颈?A. IBM Disk MagicB. Tivoli Productivity Center for ReplicationC. Tivoli Productivity Center for DiskD. Tivoli Productivity Center for Data5. DS5020 支持加密磁盘吗?A.支持B.不支持6. TS3100磁带库最多支持24个磁带槽位,这个说法是否正确?A.对B.错7. IBM全面存储策略是基于什么进行销售的?A.IBM DS 系列存储产品B.存储虚拟化C.解决方案D.低价格的产品8. 以下哪个不是IBM中端存储的特性?A.整合小规模的群集服务器-UNIX 和 Intel 平台B.比企业级产品的可用性和可靠性更高C.很好的扩展性D.低成本,低总体拥有成本9.为 SVC配置FlashCopy功能,以下描述正确的是A. 按照源卷的可用容量配置B. 按照源卷的磁盘裸容量配置C. 按照源卷加目标卷的可用容量配置D. 按照源卷加目标卷的磁盘裸容量配置10. 客户有 10 台 X 系列刀片服务器,希望能够为联机交易系统做存储整合,下面哪个产品更适合这个客户的需求?A DS3200 直接连接到服务器上B DS4200 配置 SATA 磁盘和 SAN 设备C DS5000 配置 FC 磁盘和 SAN 设备D DS8000 配置 FATA 磁盘和 SAN 设备11. TS3310 物理带库基本模块支持 30 个磁带槽位,支持 2 个全高 LTO 驱动器A.对B.错12. 一个客户希望通过 IBM 的P系列主机构成群集环境,当这些主机连接到 DS8000 上的时候,推荐每个主机采用几个光纤通道卡?A.1B.2C.3D.413. 一个客户有一个IO比较敏感,比较耗用缓存的应用,下面哪方面可能对性能影响比较明显?A.写缓存B.服务器中的高速缓存C.磁盘驱动器机械臂D.磁盘阵列中的高速缓存14. DS3200最多有几个接口?A.3 个 SAS 接口B.4 个 SAS 接口C.5 个 SAS 接口D.6 个 SAS 接口15. IBM 系统存储解决方案包括哪些?A.优化 IT 架构B.业务连续性C.信息生命周期D.以上所有16. IBM 的信息生命周期策略包括:A.IBM 联合独立软件开发商提供最佳的解决方案B.广泛的内容管理C.备份软件,内容管理,DR550 归档设备,带有加密功能的磁带库D.以上所有E.以上都不是17. 客户想采用LTO4磁带库驱动器来构建一个备份系统,磁带库的槽位至少包括30槽位,扩展性方面将来能够升级到300槽位以上,那么您将推荐下面哪个产品?IBM TS3400IBM TS3100IBM TS3200IBM TS331018. IBM TPC(TotalStorage Productivity Center)如何提高个人的生产能力?A.防止文件系统和数据库空间使用的不足B.提高在线备份数据库和应用C.管理数据库、文件系统、目录和文件级分析D.自动违规策略报告19. TS3100 支持的最大槽位数为?A.1 个B.9 个C.24 个D.48 个20. 某用户目前使用的 TPC 是 3.1.3 版本,其中DB2的版本是V8.2,现计划升级至最新的4.1 版本,以下关于升级的叙述中哪一项最准确:A 不能升级B 可以升级,直接安装新版本的 TPC 即可C 可以升级,但需要先把 DB2 升级至 9.1FP2 或 9.5 3a 以上版本21. 以下关于 TS3100 的描述哪个是正确的?A.不支持 LTO 格式的磁带驱动器B.支持 FC 接口C.不支持 SAS 接口D.最多容纳 9 盘磁带 [支持24]22. 以下关于SVC支持iSCSI的说明中,错误的是:A. 自SVC5.1版本起支持主机用 iSCSI 访问 SVC;B. 支持 ipv4 和 ipv6 的地址C. 支持 CHAP 的 iSCSI 安全验证方式D. 可将 iSCSI 存储加入到虚拟化存储环境23. LTO4的驱动器可以读/写 LTO2 的磁带吗?A.YESB.NO24. IBMTS7650A 最大支持的容量为?A.5TBB.10TBB.20TBD.36TB25. 以下哪款磁带机支持多于 1 个以上的磁带槽位?A.TS2230B.TS2240C.TS2340D.TS290026. 下列关于DS5000描述正确的是:A.控制器内部采用了 PCIE 的总线B.意外掉电时,将 Cache 数据写入专用的闪盘C.相比 DS4800,支持更多的磁盘扩展柜D.以上全部正确27. 业务连续性解决方案中,最关键的商业价值信息是1.更低的总体拥有成本,提升投资回报率2.合适的数据存放在合适的存储上3.组织定义的不同的应用的 RPO&RTO4.增加收益率28. 某客户是EMC的忠实客户,喜欢EMC多种存储产品。
IBM Cognos Transformer V11.0 用户指南说明书
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................
DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998Table of contentsEXECUTIVE SUMMARY (2)1. INTRODUCTION (4)2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SECOND WORKSHOP (5)3. PARTICIPATION (6)4. STRUCTURE OF THE WORKSHOP (6)5. MORNING SESSION: TECHNICAL ISSUES (6)6. AFTERNOON SESSION: STRATEGIC ISSUES (8)7. CONCLUSIONS (8)8. LIST OF ACRONYMS AND REFERENCES (9)APPENDIX 1. PROGRAMME (13)APPENDIX 2. PRESENTATIONS (14)APPENDIX 3. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (44)DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998E XECUTIVE SUMMARYOn 26 June 1998, the second workshop of a series on the subject of metadata organised by the European Commission DGXIII/E4 took place in Luxembourg.32 participants attended the workshop. Many organisations in Europe involved in the implementation of metadata for electronic resources were represented, as were several European Commission services.The workshop contained one session on technical and implementation issues and one session on strategic and standardisation issues reflecting the specific objectives of the workshop.The first specific objective was to give a number of projects the opportunity to present results in the area of metadata from various perspectives. In the morning session, the issues that were covered in the presentations were:metadata creation toolsdefinition of local extensions to Dublin Core for specific application areasthe use of controlled vocabularymultilingual metadataThe presenters of these subjects conducted a panel discussion on these issues and others raised by the audience.The second specific objective was to discuss metadata in a broader context with project participants and experts involved in definition and standardisation of metadata elements. In the afternoon session, presentations covered:metadata activities in contextfuture developments in Dublin CoreIn a plenary discussion, the participants discussed strategic issues concerning the definition and standardisation of metadata element sets.The major conclusions of the workshop can be summarised as follows:the strategic discussions highlighted that establishing widely accepted agreements is essential for the success of metadata;it is necessary that consensus on agreements for metadata is achieved across domains (e.g. libraries, museums, education, business, etc.);agreements and standards need to be maintained over time in a clear and open way with participation of all interested parties (especially user communities) to guarantee stability over time;formal and informal bodies involved in the standardisation of metadata sets (Dublin Core community, CEN, ISO) need to find effective ways of co-operation to ensure maximum acceptance of agreements and to avoid overlapping activities; further metadata workshops organised by the European Commission are considered to be valuable platforms for co-ordination and exchange of experience.DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998 For further information, including PowerPoint presentations, see the Workshop’s Web site at: http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/metadata2.htmlFor more information on the Libraries sector of the Telematics Application Programme, see: http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/libraries.htmlDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 19981.I NTRODUCTIONThis document is the report of the second Workshop on Metadata, held in Luxembourg on 26 June 1998.DGXIII/E4, the Electronic publishing and libraries unit, is organising a series of workshops on the issue of metadata. Intended participation is from libraries sector projects within the Telematics Applications Programme and from projects in other TAP sectors and other programmes, both EU and national. The primary objectives of the workshops are:To establish a platform for co-ordination between projects concerned with metadata in a broad sense.Under the current Framework Programme for RTD there are a number of projects concerned with metadata as such or with descriptions and descriptors of electronic documents. These projects will come across the same issues and problems and will benefit from concertation, as this will allow them to compare their concepts and approaches with others.To make a wider European community aware of developments in the standards arena and stimulate feedback from the projects to the standards.Developments in metadata in the Internet, specifically in Dublin Core, are moving fast. Some European organisations invest in participating in the Dublin Core workshops but not all have easy access to this activity. By inviting Dublin Core workshop participants to present the developments in the proposed workshops, a wider European audience can be informed on this subject. At the same time, models and experiences from the projects can be fed back into the standards arena.The first workshop which took place on 1 and 2 December 1997, contained a tutorial, project presentations, breakout sessions discussing various aspects of metadata creation and usage.The workshop, although recognising the usefulness of Dublin Core as a starting point in metadata descriptive standards, brought forward a number of concerns regarding the current state and the further development of Dublin Core:•There is currently no formal responsibility for the maintenance of Dublin Core: development takes place in an informal group of invited experts which meets once or twice per year in what is known as the Dublin Core Workshop Series.•The current technical state of Dublin Core is unstable: during the meetings of the Dublin Core group, changes are being made to the format and there is no convergence to a stable version.•The use of the current Dublin Core metadata format is not supported by the existence of guidelines: some of the philosophy and terminology of Dublin Core isDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998 not obvious to the uninitiated user which could lead to different interpretations adversely affecting interoperability.It was also identified that the current take-up of Dublin Core is slow and that there is a lack of critical mass. This seems to be a classical chicken-and-egg situation: authors and publishers do not invest in providing Dublin Core metadata if the Internet indexing services (the ‘harvesters’) do not utilise it, and harvesters do not collect Dublin Core and use it for selective indexing if there is not enough data available. If this situation cannot be changed, Dublin Core might not turn into reality.The workshop identified a number of actions that could be taken to promote and encourage the use of Dublin Core, including the following:1.There needs to be clarity about version control and maintenance of Dublin Core.The Dublin Core group, addressed through the mailing list META2, will be asked to give a clear statement about this.2.Further pilot projects should be started to further develop experience, test out theissues and help realise a critical mass of Dublin Core metadata. The European Commission and national bodies like National Libraries might have a role to play by encouraging the provision of Dublin Core metadata in documents, e.g. in project deliverables and electronic documents in the national deposit.3.The interest and requirements existing in Europe warrant the establishment of aEuropean group of implementers discussing the practical issues of implementing metadata in general and Dublin Core in particular. The Luxembourg workshops, such as this December 1997 one and a second one scheduled for mid-1998, could develop into a regular series.4.The liaison with other groups concerned with metadata, such as the CEN/ISSSworking group on Metadata for Multimedia Information (MMI), should be established to ensure applicability and interoperability of metadata as widely as possible and cover the needs of a wide range of communities.The report of the first workshop is available on the Web at http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/metadata.html.2.S PECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SECOND WORKSHOPThe specific objectives of this second workshop, held in Luxembourg on 26 June 1998, were as follows.The first specific objective of the second workshop was to give a number of projects the opportunity to present results in the area of metadata from various perspectives. In the morning session, the issues that were covered in the presentations were:•metadata creation tools•definition of local extensions to Dublin Core for specific application areasDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998•the use of controlled vocabulary•multilingual metadataThe presenters of these subjects conducted a panel discussion on these issues and others raised by the audience.The second specific objective was to discuss metadata in a broader context with project participants and experts involved in definition and standardisation of metadata elements. In the afternoon session, presentations covered:•metadata activities in context•future developments in Dublin CoreIn a plenary discussion, the participants discussed strategic issues concerning the definition and standardisation of metadata element sets.The programme of the workshop is attached in Appendix 1. Printouts of the presentation, with short biographical notes of the presenters are attached in appendix 2.3.P ARTICIPATION32 persons representing projects from the Telematics programme, national projects and various Commission services attended the workshop.The list of participants is attached as appendix 3.4.S TRUCTURE OF THE WORKSHOPThis second workshop was organised on a single day and contained two sessions: one session on technical and implementation issues and one session on strategic and standardisation issues reflecting the specific objectives of the workshop.5.M ORNING SESSION: TECHNICAL ISSUESIn the first presentation, Anna B RÜMMER of Lund University in Sweden demonstrated metadata creation software constructed for the Nordic Metadata Project. This creation software on the Web offers an easy way to attach descriptive metadata to resources and has helped to build the SweMeta Dublin Core Database for Sweden, which contains 110.000 records. The system also allows users to assign a unique URN to their resource. Currently there is no statistical information on the use of the various elements, which could provide interesting information. There is no validation of the terms entered. This could be considered in the future.Erik D UVAL of Leuven University in Belgium presented the Ariadne project aiming at sharing and re-use of pedagogical resources to make the best use of scarce high-quality material for educational purposes. The project provides authoring tools that produce base metadata, which helps in creating a corpus of consistent descriptions. The project constitutes a closed environment for the participants, allowing a strongDG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998 exercise of editorial control and therefore of quality. Furthermore, users have the possibility to add annotations to the descriptions. A “Replicator Scheme” controls the distribution and access to the resources available in the Central Pool and the Local Pools in various places around Europe. The project has not reached the stage where a critical mass of material is available and is looking for further participants. The Ariadne project is co-operating with the IMS (Instructional Management Systems) project to co-ordinate the metadata definitions and agree a common metadata set. This set is not technically speaking Dublin Core as it has a richer structure and contains elements specific to educational use of the resources, but the mapping of Dublin Core into the Ariadne metadata set is considered to be possible. Also the project participates in the work in the IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee which develops technical Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides for software components, tools, technologies and design methods that facilitate the development, deployment, maintenance and interoperation of computer implementations of education and training components and systems.Paul M ILLER of the Archaeology Data Service in the UK introduced the advantages of using controlled vocabularies and thesauri. For users, these tools would help gaining more effective access to resources and reduce the number of false hits. Creators would be able to make more consistent descriptions and achieve a better integration of new and existing resources. It was noted that a major factor for the use of controlled vocabulary is the ease with which it can be used in both the process of creation of metadata and in the process of searching.Matthew S TIFF of the Museum Documentation Association in the UK spoke about multilingual aspects of information retrieval. He discussed the creation of parallel metadata in multiple languages versus the use of translation tools and multilingual thesauri. He identified the need for new tools but also noted these tools will be expensive and will take a lot of time to develop. Various options can be explored to create multilingual thesauri, including linking existing monolingual ones and translating one thesaurus in multiple languages. He touched upon the fundamental issue of incomplete equivalence of terms in different languages. Project Term-IT is investigating mechanisms to facilitate the production and dissemination of multilingual thesauri in the cultural sector through establishing dialogue with users and analysis of the economics of thesaurus production.As a conclusion of the technical session it was identified that:quality is a crucial issue both in the creation of metadata and in its maintenance there should be a clear focus on the user when designing tools to help create and use metadata; user communities should be actively involved to make sure their requirements are taken into accountspecial attention must be given to the change in concepts and terminologies over time.DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 19986.A FTERNOON SESSION: STRATEGIC ISSUESThe first presentation in the afternoon session was delivered by Ian C AMPBELL-G RANT of ICL, chairman of the CEN/ISSS Workshop on Metadata for Multimedia Information. He introduced the work of this group as part of a new approach to standardisation especially intended to achieve rapid agreements on standards and a wide acceptance n the market. The specific objectives of the group include to gather information on metadata activities, to identify gaps and overlaps in current work and to disseminate this information to European industry, projects and programmes. The group is currently working to establish a framework that will help to find existing activities in the area of metadata definition.In the final presentation, Stuart W EIBEL of OCLC in the US presented the current state and the future prospects for the Dublin Core metadata initiative. He outlined the objectives of the initiative, noting that it is a simple set for descriptive elements that are relevant for resource discovery. It could be used as a cross-domain “switching”language, working together with other sets in the framework provided by RDF. He presented the current thinking on the issue of more formally standardising Dublin Core, working through any body that would be appropriate for that purpose (IETF, ISO, NISO, CEN/ISSS).In the discussion that took place after the presentations, several aspects were identified:the involvement of user communities and business areas is crucial to make sure their requirements are being taken into accountagain the issue of critical mass was raised: Dublin Core and other structured metadata forms an ‘island in the sea of marked data’. There needs to be more metadata before it can produce benefits to the users.the CEN/ISSS workshop could form an appropriate platform for rapid standardisation of Dublin Core in the form of a CEN Workshop Agreement; this needs to be further explored.the issue of maintenance of metadata standards is very important. The mechanism and structure should allow open and international participation to ensure the widest possible and agreement7.C ONCLUSIONSThe major conclusions of the workshop can be summarised as follows:the strategic discussions highlighted that establishing widely accepted agreements is essential for the success of metadata;it is necessary that consensus on agreements for metadata is achieved across domains (e.g. libraries, museums, education, business, etc.);agreements and standards need to be maintained over time in a clear and open way with participation of all interested parties (especially user communities) to guarantee stability over time;DG XIII – E/4 Second Metadata Workshop, 26 June 1998formal and informal bodies involved in the standardisation of metadata sets (Dublin Core community, CEN, ISO) need to find effective ways of co-operation to ensure maximum acceptance of agreements and to avoid overlapping activities; further metadata workshops organised by the European Commission are considered to be valuable platforms for co-ordination and exchange of experience.8.L IST OF ACRONYMS AND REFERENCESACM the Association for Computing Machinery, an internationalscientific and educational organization dedicated to advancingthe arts, sciences, and applications of information technology.ADS Archaeology Data Service./ahds/AHDS Arts and Humanities Data Service./ALA American Library Association./ALCTS /ccda/Ariadne RTD project under the "Telematics for Education andTraining" sector of the 4th Framework Programme of theEuropean Union. The project focuses on the development oftools and methodologies for producing, managing and reusingcomputer-based pedagogical elements and telematicssupported training curricula.http://ariadne.unil.ch/CEN European Committee for Standardisation.http://www.cenorm.be/CEN/ISSS European Committee for Standardisation - InformationSociety Standardisation System.http://www.cenorm.be/isss/default.htmCIDOC The International Committee for Documentation of theInternational Council of Museums (ICOM), the internationalfocus for the documentation interests of museums and similarorganisations./CIMI Consortium for the Computer Interchange of MuseumInformation./CPA Commission on Preservation and Access./programs/cpa/cpa.htmlDC Acronym for Dublin CoreDesire Telematics for Research project addressing the needs ofresearch users in the context of a European informationnetwork based on the World Wide Web (WWW).http://www.surfnet.nl/surfnet/projects/desire/DG XIII Directorate General XIII of the European Commission.http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg13/13home.htm. See also:http://www2.echo.lu/home.htmlDublin Core Dublin Core is a 15-element metadata element set intended tofacilitate discovery of electronic resources./metadata/dublin_core/EC European Commission.http://europa.eu.int/ERCIM The European Research Consortium for Informatics andMathematics - aims to foster collaborative work within theEuropean research community and to increase co-operationwith European industry.EULER Telematics for Libraries project aiming to provide user-oriented, integrated network based access to mathematicalpublications.http://www.emis.de/projects/EULER/ICL /ICOM The International Council of Museums, a Non-GovernmentalOrganisation (NGO) maintaining formal relations with UNESCO,devoted to the promotion and development of museums and themuseum profession at an international level./IEEE The Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers, Inc., atechnical professional society with the objective to advance thetheory and practice of electrical, electronics and computerengineering and computer science.IETF The Internet Engineering Task Force, a large openinternational community of network designers, operators,vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of theInternet architecture and the smooth operation of theInternet.IMS Instructional Management Systems Project, an investmentmembership of academic, commercial and governmentorganisations developing a set of specifications and prototypesoftware for facilitating the growth and viability of distributedlearning on the Internet./ISO International Organisation for Standardisation.http://www.iso.ch/MDA Museum Documentation Association, body in the UK formuseum information management, supporting museums in allaspects of heritage information management including thecrucial area of Information and Communications Technology(ICT)./MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology./MMI CEN/ISSS Workshop on Metadata for MultimediaInformation.http://www.cenorm.be/isss/Workshop/MMI/Default.htm NGDF National Geospatial Data Framework (UK)./NISO U.S. National Information Standards Organization:Nordic Metadata Scandinavian co-operation project creating basic elements of a metadata production and utilisation system:http://renki.helsinki.fi/meta/NSF National Science Foundation (US), an independent U.S.government agency responsible for promoting science andengineering through programs that invest in research andeducation projects in science and engineering./OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., a non-profit, membership, library computer service and researchorganisation in Dublin, Ohio, USARDF Resource Description Framework, a specification currentlyunder development, designed to provide an infrastructure tosupport metadata across many web-based activities:/RDF/RLG Research Libraries Group.RTD Research & Technological DevelopmentSweMeta Dublin Core Database for Sweden.TAP The Telematics Applications Programme, one of theEuropean Commission's research programmes, aimed atstimulating RTD on applications of information and/orcommunications technologies in areas of general interest:http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/telehome2.htmlTEISS Telematics - European Industry Standards SupportTelematics for Libraries The Libraries sector of the Telematics Applications Programme:http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/libraries.htmlTerm-IT a preparatory-phase project under the Language Engineeringsector of the Telematics Applications Programme, aimed atleading to the development of methods and systems toimprove the production, dissemination and exploitation ofmultilingual terminology resources/term-it/URN Universal Resource Name:/html.charters/urn-charter.htmlA PPENDIX 1.P ROGRAMMEMETADATA WORKSHOP 26 JUNE 1998EUROFORUM Building352*5$00(09:00-09:20Welcome, registrationPatricia Manson, European Commission DG XIII/E-409:20-09:30IntroductionMakx D EKKERS, The Libraries Support Team0RUQLQJ VHVVLRQ 7HFKQLFDO LVVXHV09:30-10:00Metadata creation toolsAnna B RÜMMER, Univ. of Lund10:00-10:30Extension of Dublin Core for Educational materialErik D UVAL, Univ. of Leuven10:30-11:00Coffee break11:00-11:30Controlled vocabularyPaul M ILLER, Archaeology Data Service11:30-12:00Multilingual issuesMatthew S TIFF, Museum Documentation Association12:00-12:30Panel discussion12:30-13:30Lunch break$IWHUQRRQ VHVVLRQ 6WUDWHJLF LVVXHV13:30-14:00Metadata activities in contextIan C AMPBELL-G RANT, ICL (chair CEN/ISSS open Workshop on Metadatafor Multimedia Information)14:00-14:30Future developments in Dublin CoreStuart W EIBEL, OCLC14:30-15:00Tea break15:00-15:45Discussion15:45-16:00Wrap-up and closingAriane I LJON, Head of Unit, European Commission DG XIII/E-4A PPENDIX 2.P RESENTATIONSMetadata creation toolsAnna B RÜMMER, Univ. of LundBiographical note:Anna Brümmer is an electronic information services librarian at Lund University Library development department NetLab since the first of February 1996. She began after having finished her studies in library and information science in January 1996. Between 1996-1998 she has, among other things, been involved in the EU-project DESIRE, the Development of a European Service for Information on Research and Education. She is also involved in project EULER, European Libraries and Electronic Resources in Mathematical Sciences, integrating bibliographic databases, library online public access catalogues, electronic journals from academic publishers, online archives of pre-prints and grey literature, and indexes of mathematical Internet resources. For the time being she is the pro tem. head of NetLab.Abstract:Metadata tags are, in an end user perspective, complicated to produce. The talk presented one solution aiming to facilitate the metadata creation process (for end users): a metadata creation tool. The presentation described the issues involved in, and related to, the Dublin Core metadata creation and provided explanations on construction of DC Metadata records. The starting point was the Nordic Metadata project, which has developed basic elements of a metadata production and utilisation system, based on the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set. The result is the Nordic Metadata DC production template/creator, which was demonstrated at the workshop.The presentation included a short introduction to the web resource identifier URN (Uniform Resource Names) and an URN generator.The presentation is available on the Web at:http://www.lub.lu.se/EULER/presentations/creator.html.(one page print-out of Web page)Extension of Dublin Core for EducationalmaterialErik D UVAL, Univ. of LeuvenBiographical note:Erik Duval is a post-doctoral fellow of the National Fund for Scientific Research - Flanders and a part-time professor at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. His main research areas are distributed hypermedia systems, data modelling, the application of information and communication technology in education, metadata and computer science education. He co-ordinates the development of the Knowledge Pool System for the ARIADNE project and is a member of the IEEE Computer Society, the ACM and the program committee of the WebNet Conference Series.Abstract:This presentation covered the current status of the author’s work on educational metadata. Since about two years, the ARIADNE project has developed both a structure and an infrastructure for educational metadata <http://ariadne.unil.ch>. The structure extends Dublin Core to a considerable extent and includes circa 70 data elements, grouped in 9 categories and defined over abstract data types. The infrastructure includes a tool for describing pedagogical documents and a distributed database of these documents and their descriptions, called the Knowledge Pool System. The ARIADNE results have been input in standardisation work in the Learning Object Metadata Working Group of the IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee </p1484>.(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)(6 pages printout of PowerPoint presentation, 6 slides to a page)Controlled vocabularyPaul M ILLER, ADSBiographical note:Dr. Paul Miller is Collections Manager for the Archaeology Data Service (ADS)</>, one of five service providers comprising the Arts & Humanities Data Service (AHDS) </> in the United Kingdom.The ADS seeks to both preserve and encourage the reuse of digital archaeological data, whether by physically taking and mounting data or by working with existing organisations and technologies to facilitate distributed access mechanisms.Paul is responsible for the development of this distributed catalogue, and is closely involved with a number of evolving metadata initiatives around the world. These include the Dublin Core </metadata/dublin_core>, the UK's National Geospatial Data Framework (NGDF) </>, and the work of the Consortium for the Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI) </>.Abstract:This presentation went into the problems of terminology and vocabulary, which become increasingly apparent as opportunities for cross-searching between different data sources grow. Efforts to develop controlled lists of terms have been relatively isolated in individual disciplines or geographic areas.With the current explosion in projects to provide remote access to these resources, and initiatives to link diverse resources together for the first time, new problems have arisen, namely;•divorcing of resources from the local expertise developed to support and maintain them •integrating diverse terminologies•contextualising the terminologies•providing access to the terminologiesIn conclusion, controlled terminology remains an important weapon in the information scientist's arsenal, but the new distributed world in which these terminologies are increasingly being used perhaps requires a new approach to some old problems, an approach which was explored in this paper.。
IBM为降低个人设备管理成本提供随需应变的服务管理资料
IBM为降低个人设备管理成本提供随需应变的服务 -管理资料(2003年11月4日,纽约ARMONK)为大力削减打印机、PC机、PDA以及其他外围设备不断增加的“隐含”成本,IBM宣布推出IBM随需应变的 WorkPlace 服务(WorkPlace On Demand),IBM为降低个人设备管理成本提供随需应变的服务。
这项新的服务目的在于帮助客户大大降低个人设备,包括PC机、打印机、复印机、传真机和移动设备的管理成本,使成本的节约率可高达 30%。
IBM对个人设备这个不断增长的市场非常重视。
目前,随着个人设备呈现指数增加,设备的效率变得越来越低下。
针对这种情况,IBM力图努力帮助客户削减个人设备或“桌面”环境的成本。
因为已经有其他的公司在从事后端系统的外包服务,所以,IBM将工作重点放在针对前端系统,如PC机、打印机和其他设备开发新的成本降低技术来作为削减成本的新途径。
依靠新的服务,IBM正在改变客户使用和购买个人设备的方式。
而实现这些服务的技术与那些已经为数千名客户成功地削减了后端IT系统的成本所采用的技术基本相同。
IBM相信,前端IT系统将是大力削减技术成本的一个新思路。
按月支付费用的IBM随需应变的WorkPlace服务将为企业提供购买、维护和使用个人设备的新方法,缓解维护独立的打印机、PC机、传真机、复印机和移动设备的负担,减少不可预测的费用。
使用这些按月支付的服务,客户仅需要考虑和支付自己使用的服务费,这样,客户的维护成本将大约能节省30%。
另外,客户还可以灵活地选择让IBM以一种完整的可变价格服务包来同时提供对非IBM硬件的管理和维护。
当前,很多PC机、打印机、复印机、扫描仪、传真机以及其他外围设备都是以一种分散、随机的方式购买、部署和管理,维护这些独立的打印机、PC 机、移动设备和其他外围设备的成本非常高。
行业分析公司Meta集团估计,维护和运行一个公司最终用户环境的费用将占到公司所有IT费用的80%。
劳顿《管理信息系统》习题集_第2章_中文
《管理信息系统》第13版(Laudon/Laudon)第2章全球电子商务与合作对错题1)将员工录入福利计划是由财务和会计部门处理的业务流程。
参考答案: FALSE难度系数: 22)运营管理处理企业业务的日常运营,因此需要事务层的信息。
参考答案: TRUE难度系数: 13)职能系统支持单一职能(比如人力资源)的业务流程,这样的系统正在被跨职能的系统所取代。
参考答案:TRUE难度系数: 24)事务处理系统(TPS)常被组织中的高层管理者使用。
参考答案:FALSE难度系数: 25)在社会化商务中,企业运用社交网络实现生产任务的协调。
参考答案:FALSE难度系数: 26)事务处理系统(TPS)是一种计算机化的系统,执行并记录日常的、经营业务所必需的日常事务.参考答案:TRUE难度系数: 17)旅馆预订系统是管理信息系统的一个典型例子。
参考答案: FALSE难度系数: 28)你可以借助管理信息系统(MIS)决定是否引进一个新的产品线.参考答案:FALSE难度系数: 29)管理信息系统(MIS)通常支持非日常性的决策问题。
参考答案: FALSE难度系数: 210)多数管理信息系统(MIS)采用复杂的数学模型或统计分析工具。
参考答案: FALSE难度系数: 211)决策支持系统(DSS)帮助管理者对独特的、变化的、难以预先明确的问题进行决策。
参考答案: TRUE难度系数: 112)决策支持系统运用企业内部信息,也运用企业外部信息。
参考答案: TRUE难度系数: 213)将产品交付给顾客是业务流程的一个例子。
参考答案:TRUE难度系数: 214)高管支持系统(ESS)从企业内部的管理信息系统(MIS)和决策支持系统(DSS)获取汇总的信息.参考答案:TRUE难度系数: 215)高管支持系统主要被用来解决特定的问题。
参考答案: FALSE难度系数: 216)在未来5年预计与管理信息系统相关的工作岗位的增加相比其他工作岗位将会高出50%。
三级信息管理技术笔试-229_真题-无答案
三级信息管理技术笔试-229(总分89,考试时间90分钟)一、选择题1. BSP研究包含11个活动。
其中“定义为在企业资源管理中所需要的、逻辑上相关的一组决策和活动”的步骤是A) 项目开始阶段 B) 定义企业过程C) 定义数据类 D) 分析现存系统支持2. 在计算机系统中,允许多个进程同时进入内存并运行,这种方法称为A) Spooling技术 B) 虚拟存储技术C) 缓冲技术 D) 多道程序设计技术3. 机器指令的二进制符号代码需要指出操作码和A) 虚拟地址 B) 地址码 C) 绝对地址 D) 逻辑地址4. J.Martin的自顶向下规划,用逐步求精分层进行,下列( )不属于它的求精层。
A.主题数据库规划 B.实体分析C.实体活动分析 D.应用项目分析5. 描述信息系统逻辑模型的主要工具是( )。
A.业务流程图和数据流程图 B.组织机构图和业务流程图C.数据流程图和数据字典 D.系统流程图和数据字典6. 建立企业管理信息系统的成功因素可能涉及多种,而其中的关键成功因素一般认为应是( )。
A.业务人员的需求 B.高层管理人员的参与C.网络系统的建设 D.计算机人员的主导7. 在系统设计中有许多原则要遵循,其中一种原则是A) 必须严格参考可行性分析报告 B) 要充分考虑技术的先进性C) 如发现需求分析有错漏,必须随即改 D) 应将系统的安全作为重点设计8. BSP方法研究包含若干步骤,下述哪个内容不在其内?A) 定义企业过程 B) 定义数据类C) 定义数据结构 D) 确定系统的优先顺序9. 软件维护是在用户使用软件期间对其所做的补充、修改和增加,下述各类维护中,一般工作量最大的是A) 适应性维护 B) 完善性维护C) 校正性维护 D) 其他维护10. 关于数据流程图的描述,错误的是A) 数据流程图的绘制是从局部到全局的B) 数据流程图具有层次性C) 数据流程图反映数据的运动状况D) 数据流程图描述了数据的存储状况11. 数据管理技术随着计算机技术的发展而发展。
敏捷开发与Scrum考核试卷
D.定期的团队建设活动
18.以下哪些是Scrum中提倡的工作方式?()
A.紧急工作优先
B.按计划进行
C.按优先级排序
D.根据实际情况调整
19.敏捷开发中,以下哪些工具可以帮助团队跟踪项目进度?()
A.燃尽图
B.燃起图
C.敏捷看板
D.故事板
20.在Scrum中,哪些活动有助于团队提升产品质量?()
4. ×
5. ×
6. √
7. √
8. ×
9. ×
10. ×
五、主观题(参考)
1.自组织团队特点是团队成员共同决策、分工明确、互相协作和自主管理。重要性在于提高团队灵活性和效率,优势包括快速决策、高效协作和适应变化。
2. Sprint评审会议有助于确保产品质量和符合客户需求。挑战包括需求不明确、反馈不具体等,应对策略是提前准备、引导讨论和记录行动项。
A. Product Owner
B. Scrum Master
C.开发团队
D.客户
3.以下哪些是敏捷团队中的良好实践?()
A.每日站会
B.迭代回顾
C.详尽的文档编写
D.持续集成
4.敏捷开发中,哪些因素可能影响故事点的估算?()
A.任务的复杂性
B.任务的紧急程度
C.团队的经验
D.任务的规模
5.在Scrum中,以下哪些情况可能导致Sprint目标调整?()
答:_________
6.敏捷开发中,团队通过_______来展示他们的工作进度和计划。
答:_________
7.在Scrum框架中,Sprint评审会议的目的是为了获取反馈、评估成果和调整_______。
答:_________
IBM SPSS Modeler Premium 18.3 安装和配置指南说明书
DevOps导论_南京大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
DevOps导论_南京大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.以下对于微服务优点的描述中,哪一个是错误的?参考答案:微服务系统测试变得非常简单2.以下描述是否正确:多步构建允许在Dockerfile中使用多个FROM指令。
两个FROM指令之间的所有指令会生产一个中间镜像,最后一个FROM指令之后的指令将生成最终镜像。
中间镜像中的文件可以通过COPY --from=指令拷贝,其中image-number为镜像编号,0为第一个基础镜像。
没有被拷贝的文件都不会存在于最终生成的镜像,这样可以减小镜像大小,同时避免出现安全问题。
参考答案:正确3.单体架构更多地作为应用的部署架构,单体应用只运行在一个进程中。
参考答案:错误4.PSP鼓励使用瀑布型生命周期模型。
参考答案:错误5.除Spring Boot之外,主流的微服务开发框架还有什么?参考答案:Apache Dubbo6.Nagios不属于监控工具。
参考答案:错误7.本质上,微服务架构是SOA的一种扩展。
参考答案:正确8.关于评审,下述说法中不恰当是:参考答案:代码的个人评审最好交叉进行,因为阅读自己代码容易产生思维定式,不利于缺陷发现。
_代码的个人评审应该安排在单元测试之后,确保评审对象有着较高的质量,提升评审价值。
9.关于质量路径(Quality Journey),下列说法中哪些不恰当。
参考答案:质量路径与个体软件工程师无关,是团队层面的集体努力。
_质量路径中所列举的方法都是提升开发质量的有效手段,可以随意选择使用。
10.DevOps的哪些特点可以有效支撑当前社会对软件系统的期望?参考答案:虚拟机技术的大量应用_敏捷开发、精益思想以及看板方法,支持快速开发、交付、迭代和演化_微服务架构设计_工具链支持高效率的自动化11.Zabbix有两种工作模式。
参考答案:正确12.微服务架构架构风格是一种将一个单一应用程序开发为一个小型服务的方法。
管理信息系统_华东交通大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
管理信息系统_华东交通大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.管理信息系统的英文全称正确的是:答案:Management Information System2.管理信息系统客体是:答案:软件3.管理信息系统构建的目的在于:答案:提高组织管理的效率4.在作业层次的MIS主要的任务是:答案:采集、存储、查询业务数据5.波特五力模型属于企业战略分析工具,以下说法正确的是:答案:企业实施信息化战略是增强自身竞争力的有效手段6.BPR是实施管理信息系统的重要环节,其关键在于:答案:应该彻底重新思考企业现有的架构形态,根本性地改变现有的工作流程7.企业实施信息化的基础是:答案:标准化8.关系型数据操作的标准语言是:答案:SQL9.数据仓库与数据库的区别在于:答案:数据库是面向事务处理的,数据仓库是面向主题的10.现在很多商家除了在淘宝上开店之外,也通过构建自己的网站进行交易,这种属于哪种模式的电子商务:答案:B2C11.MIS需求是指:答案:业务相关且需要IT支持的功能12.用例模型中的“交互”指的是:答案:用户通过输入设备输入指令,计算机将运行结果通过输出设备展示给用户13.对于甲方,将MIS开发预算视为投资的理由是:答案:MIS 会带来长期间接收益14.里程碑计划要比PERT工具更适合MIS开发的项目管理,究其原因,说法错误的是:答案:开发过程是由可控的步骤完成的15.在MIS软件开发项目管理中没有“银弹”,正确理解的是:答案:MIS开发没有放之四海而皆准的方法16.请判断企业资源计划系统(ERP)属于哪一类MIS:答案:按照企业资源计划管理的功能类MIS按照企业资源化管理思想构建的功能类MIS17.以下哪种技术是用于战略层MIS的:答案:数据挖掘商务智能18.微软通过收购研发Xamarin这种跨平台移动端开发技术,使得采用该技术进行APP开发的客户具有了什么优势:答案:总成本领先效率领先19.美团与京东提供的限时送达服务,提升了哪个环节的价值:答案:物流运输服务效率20.目前流行的CPU架构有:答案:i5、i7 微架构X86、ARM21.操作系统的主要作用是:答案:将应用程序与硬件分离满足用户操作的需要22.信息系统安全保护手段主要有:答案:保证操作系统的必要更新加强系统的功能安全设计加强系统的账号口令23.MIS分析阶段要解决的问题是:系统的功能系统关键业务对象提取24.需求分析要做到精确,则需要:答案:采用用户词汇自顶向下逐层细化采用用户词汇进行描述25.“双十一为了防止系统崩溃,阿里会组织很多技术人员进行24小时监控系统运行,应对可能随时出现的问题。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Collaboration
Notes 450K Notes ID
TeamRooms 100K databases
eMeetings 175K Year 950K Instant Msg 3M+ Per Day • 1000 meetings a day, 5000 participants (11% external) • Yearly statistics: 175,000+ meetings, 950,000+ participants (2004)
– Employee Portal – Manager Portal
• By Geography
– Global Workplace On Demand – ANZ Intranet Home
13
World Jam created a new collaborative medium to capture best practices
Engaging the workforce in shaping values 72 hours 22,007 participants 8,973 ideas More than 1 million page views
7
Cost Savings
Business Innovation
Operational Effectiveness
Aligning IT Investments
8
IBM’s Transformation
Reduce Costly Channels HR Apps Help Desk
• Desk Side = $80 • Agent Call = $15 • Self / Web = $3
Customers
Collaborative commerce Transactions e-meetings
Employee to External
Employee
Employee to Employee Employee to Company
Collaboration Instant messaging Expert location e-meetings/ webcasting
Shopping
Ro le 1 Ro le 2 Ro le 3
Finances Leisure Entertainment
Role-related Applications Measures Financials Customer information
Employee to Life
Employee to Work
3
Innovation that Matters To CEOs
Top Innovation Priorities:
• Extend the ability to collaborate inside & outside • Innovate, distinct, differentiated business models & processes • Leverage information for business optimization
2
IBM’s history circa 1992
“The IBM era is over ... what was once one of the world's more vaunted high-tech companies has been reduced to the role of a follower, frequently responding slowly and ineffectively to the major technological forces reshaping the industry.”
Business Transformation Lower Transactional Costs
• 164 – 16 Apps • HR 1:52- 1:120 1:52• Data Centers
Self Service
• Travel • Expenses • Procurement
Reduce Head Expenses • Staff - 82% Count & • Cost = $15 -$2 Redeploy • Receipts - 70%
12
World Jam created a new collaborative medium to capture best practices
Accelerating the merger of PwC Consulting and IBM Business Innovation Services 96 hours 8,560 participants 2,960 ideas
IBM’s own On Demand Workplace
Making People More Productive
John Mullins Sales Leader NZ/Aust, IBM Portal and Workplace
1
IBM demographics
Total number of employees worldwide # of countries in which IBM has employees % of employees who are mobile users Total number of IBM sites (unique street addresses) # of countries in which we do business Number of major IBM Data Centers 329,000 64 40% 2,041 170 7
• Provides “one place” with personalized access to IBM resources Integrates content, learning, expertise, collaboration and business applications Enables increased productivity through role-based delivery of resources Eliminates development & deployment costs through reuse
• Asset Management
– Procurement requests: BOND
• Personal Details
– HR – Lea Workplaces
• By Job Role
– E.g. Sales Workplace
• By Position
•
IM Costs = $5 per user per year
•
10
World Jam created a new collaborative medium to capture best practices
72 hours 52,595 participants 6,000+ ideas 98,000+ World Jam homepage visits 268,000+ views of posted ideas
The New York Times December 16, 1992
Gerstner realized that the value IBM offered to customers was its ability to provide end-to-end solutions to their business problems. So we set a strategy to create a unified, integrated company.
eLearning
• $248 M savings Lower T&E • On Line trng Costs
Lower Transactional Costs and Cost Avoidance
9
• 88% on Line • Mail paycheck • 4M Savings
HR on Line
Collaboration
• 11K Month em • 8 M Year travel • 5.5 M IMs
• Time – 53% • Costs – 48% • Regis – 17M • Teams – 85-5 85-
Web Arch
Unify IT Platform
The killer app: Blue Pages
14
World Jam created a new collaborative medium to capture best practices
72 hours 140,000 people record 4.2 million page views 37,000 ideas More than 1 million page views 67 companies $100 million ideas budget 2006
87% OF CEOs believe fundamental change is required in the next two years to drive innovation.
- 2005 IBM Global CEO Survey
4
Global Collaboration: w3 IBM On Demand Workplace
•
•
•
5
On Demand Workplace (The Roles Model)