Chapter_07 教育
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The Conventional Wisdom The Case Against the Conventional Wisdom The Case of Higher Education
Is the Education Market Inequitable?
Commodity Egalitarianism
7-14
7-2
Source: Computed from US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2006. Washington, DC 2006, p. 155
Justifying Government Intervention in Education Is Education a Public Good? Does Education Generate Positive Externalities?
CHAPTER 7
EDUCATION
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Real Annual Expenditure Per Pupil in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools (selected years) School Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 Expenditure per pupil (2004 dollars) 4,917 $5,687 $6,746 $6,849 $7,574 $8,242 $8,248
7-9
Public Spending and the Quality of Education
Empirical Evidence: Does Reducing Class Size Improve Student Test Scores?
Measuring costs Measuring benefits Project STAR Israel Timings of births Political economy analysis of class size California
7-3
What Can Government Intervention in Education Accomplish?
Should public education be free and compulsory? Should government produce public education?
7-6
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education?
Quantity of all other goods
A
x
Public schooling does not increase quantity of education B ep e0
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [2005, Table B1.1].
Sw
7-8
Does Government Spending Improve Educational Outcomes?
Comparative educational outcomes Empirical Evidence: Does Spending on Education Improve Student Test Scores?
7-10
Does Education Increase Earnings?
Link between higher spending on education and earnings Elementary and secondary education outcomes Influence of age and economic status Spending on the margin
Diversity of choice Student outcomes
7-12
New Directions for Public EducationVouchers
Vouchers – financial grants to families that can be used to pay their children’s tuition at (nearly) any school Argument in favor
Empirical evidence on the effect of vouchers
7-13
New Directions for Public Education-School Accountability
School accountability – monitoring student and school performance via standardized tests No Child Left Behind Act (2001) Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of school accountability
7-11
New Directions for Public EducationCharter Schools
Charter Schools- public wenku.baidu.comchools operating under special state charters that permit experimentation and allow independence Empirical evidence
7-5
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education?
Quantity of all other goods
A
x ii i Public schooling increases quantity of education B e0 ep Quantity of Education
12,000
10,000
Expenditure per student (US dollars)
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
itz ni erla ted nd St at e N s or w a D en y m ar A k us tri Sw a ed Be en lg iu m Ita l Ic y el an Fr d an ce Ja pa Fi n N n la et he nd rla A nd s us tra U G lia ni ted erm K any in gd o Po m rtu ga l Sp ai Ire n la nd K or e G a re e Cz H ce un ec h gar R ep y ub li Sl o v Po c ak la R nd ep ub l M ic ex ic o U
ii i
Quantity of Education
7-7
Does Government Spending Improve Educational Outcomes?
Figure 7.2: Real annual expenditures on public and private schools per student, all levels of education, selected countries (2002)
7-4
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education?
Quantity of all other goods
A
x
ii Public schooling i Private School “crowds out” quantity of education B ep e0 Quantity of Education
Vouchers create competition in educational marketplace
Arguments opposing
Parents might not be well-enough informed to make good choices Moving children to private schools might reduce positive externalities of education If good students escape bad schools, weaker students left behind may received even worse educations Inequitable
Is the Education Market Inequitable?
Commodity Egalitarianism
7-14
7-2
Source: Computed from US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2006. Washington, DC 2006, p. 155
Justifying Government Intervention in Education Is Education a Public Good? Does Education Generate Positive Externalities?
CHAPTER 7
EDUCATION
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Real Annual Expenditure Per Pupil in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools (selected years) School Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 Expenditure per pupil (2004 dollars) 4,917 $5,687 $6,746 $6,849 $7,574 $8,242 $8,248
7-9
Public Spending and the Quality of Education
Empirical Evidence: Does Reducing Class Size Improve Student Test Scores?
Measuring costs Measuring benefits Project STAR Israel Timings of births Political economy analysis of class size California
7-3
What Can Government Intervention in Education Accomplish?
Should public education be free and compulsory? Should government produce public education?
7-6
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education?
Quantity of all other goods
A
x
Public schooling does not increase quantity of education B ep e0
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [2005, Table B1.1].
Sw
7-8
Does Government Spending Improve Educational Outcomes?
Comparative educational outcomes Empirical Evidence: Does Spending on Education Improve Student Test Scores?
7-10
Does Education Increase Earnings?
Link between higher spending on education and earnings Elementary and secondary education outcomes Influence of age and economic status Spending on the margin
Diversity of choice Student outcomes
7-12
New Directions for Public EducationVouchers
Vouchers – financial grants to families that can be used to pay their children’s tuition at (nearly) any school Argument in favor
Empirical evidence on the effect of vouchers
7-13
New Directions for Public Education-School Accountability
School accountability – monitoring student and school performance via standardized tests No Child Left Behind Act (2001) Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of school accountability
7-11
New Directions for Public EducationCharter Schools
Charter Schools- public wenku.baidu.comchools operating under special state charters that permit experimentation and allow independence Empirical evidence
7-5
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education?
Quantity of all other goods
A
x ii i Public schooling increases quantity of education B e0 ep Quantity of Education
12,000
10,000
Expenditure per student (US dollars)
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
itz ni erla ted nd St at e N s or w a D en y m ar A k us tri Sw a ed Be en lg iu m Ita l Ic y el an Fr d an ce Ja pa Fi n N n la et he nd rla A nd s us tra U G lia ni ted erm K any in gd o Po m rtu ga l Sp ai Ire n la nd K or e G a re e Cz H ce un ec h gar R ep y ub li Sl o v Po c ak la R nd ep ub l M ic ex ic o U
ii i
Quantity of Education
7-7
Does Government Spending Improve Educational Outcomes?
Figure 7.2: Real annual expenditures on public and private schools per student, all levels of education, selected countries (2002)
7-4
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education?
Quantity of all other goods
A
x
ii Public schooling i Private School “crowds out” quantity of education B ep e0 Quantity of Education
Vouchers create competition in educational marketplace
Arguments opposing
Parents might not be well-enough informed to make good choices Moving children to private schools might reduce positive externalities of education If good students escape bad schools, weaker students left behind may received even worse educations Inequitable