How to Avoid Patent Infringement in Developing Generics_CHINESE

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专利翻译词汇

International Federation of Inventor’s Association 国际发明人协会联合会IBB 国际专利研究所Institut International des Brevets 国际专利研究所imitation 仿造impeachment 控告improvement 改进improvement patent 改进专利independence of patents 专利独立indication of source 产地标记indirect infringement 间接侵犯industrial applicability 工业实用性industrial design 工业品外观设计industrial property 工业产权information in the public domain 公开情报infringement of a patent 侵犯专利权infringement of a trade mark 侵犯商标权INID 著录资料识别码ICIREPA T Numbers for the Identification of Data 著录资料识别码INPADOC 国际专利文献中心INSPEC 国际物理学和工程情报服务部insufficient disclosure 公开不允分intellectual property 知识产权interdependent patents 相互依存的专利interference procedure 抵触程序interlocutory injunction 中间禁止令interlocutory order 中间命令International Convention for theProtection of New Varieties of Plants 保护植物新品种国际公约International Patent ClassificationAgreement 国际专利分类协定International Preliminary ExaminingAuthority 国际初审单位international protection 国际保护International Searching Authority 国际检索单位invalidation 无效invention 发明inventive step 独创性inventor 发明人inventor’s certificate 发明人证书IPC 国际专利分类International Patent Classification国际专利分类issue of a patent 办法专利joint applicants 共同申请人joint invention 共同发明joint inventors 共同发明人joint patentees 共同专利权人journal 公报judgment 判决junior party 后申请方know-how 技术诀窍lapsed patent 已终止的专利lawsuit of a patent 专利诉讼legal person 法人legend 说明LES International 国际许可贸易执行人协会Licensing Executives Society International国际许可贸易执行人协会letters patent 专利证书license 许可证license agreement 许可证协议license of course 当然许可证licensing 许可证贸易licensor 许可人Lisbon Agreement for the Protection ofAppellations of Origin and theirInternational Registration 保护原产地名称及国际注册里斯本协定Locarno Agreement Establishing anInternational Classification for IndustrialDesign 建立工业品外观设计国际分类洛迦诺协定loss of a patent 专利权的丧失Madrid Agreement Concerning theInternational Registration of Marks 商标国际注册马德里协定Madrid Agreement for the Repression ofFalse or Deceptive Indications of Sourceon Goods 制止商品产地虚假或欺骗性标记马德里协定main patent 主专利maintenance fee 维持费marking 标记memorandum of understanding 谅解备忘录method 方法microforms 微缩文件minimum documentation 最少限度检索文献minimum royalties 最低提成费misuse of patent 滥用专利权mixed license 混合许可证model laws 示范法most-favoured provision 最惠条款name of invention 发明名称national treatment 国民待遇natural person 自然人neighboring rights 邻接权new varieties of plants 植物新品种Nice Agreement Concerning theInternational Classification of Goods andServices for the Purposes of theRegistration of Marks 商标注册用商品与服务国际分类尼斯协定non-examining countries 不审查制国家non-exclusive license 非独占性许可证non-obviousness 非显而易见性non-use of a patent 不实施专利notary public 公正机关notice of infringement 侵权通知novelty 新颖性OAPI 非洲知识产权组织objection 异议office action 专利局审查决定书opposition 异议optionally 非必要的，非必须的originality 独创性owner of a patent 专利所有人parent application 原申请Paris Convention 巴黎公约Paris Union 巴黎联盟patent 专利patent act 专利法patent agent 专利代理人patent applied for 已申请专利patent attorney 专利律师patent classification 专利分类patent documentation 专利文献patent documents 专利文件patent families 同族专利patent for an invention 发明专利patent law 专利法patent license 专利许可证patent number 专利号patent of addition 增补专利patent of confirmation 确认专利patent of importation 输入专利patent of introduction 引进专利patent of revalidation 再效专利patent office 专利局patent pending 专利未决patent right 专利权patent rules 专利实施细则patent system 专利制度patentability 专利性patented invention 专利发明patentee 专利权人patenting 授予专利权PCT 专利合作条约PCT Union 专利合作条约pending application 未决申请period of a patent 专利有效期person skilled in the art 所属技术领域的专业人员petition 请求书petty patent 小专利plaintiff 原告人plant patent 植物专利pleadings 起诉状precautional patent 预告专利precedents 判例prior art 现有技术thereof 其new, novel 新颖的if desired 若须要；必要时provisional application 临时申请案continuation-in-part 部份接续申请案corresponding application（appln.）对应申请案docket No. 档案号码issued/granted to 颁予contemplated by this invention 涵盖于本发明；本发明所涵盖（者为）‥．incorporated herein by reference 以引用的方式并入本文中assign 转让co-pending 共同代决…-based 基于… （例如：software-based基于软件的）...as claim 1"，"...of claim 1"，"...asclaimed in claim l"，"...as set forth in claim1"，"...according to claim 1"等不同表达法，请皆译为「根据权利要求1所述的……」或「如权利要求1所述的……」；而"as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9"请译为「根据权利要求1至9中任一权利要求所述的……」或「如权利要求1至9中任一权利要求所述的……」。

专利翻译中的常用的英语词汇

专利翻译中的常用的英语词汇(最新收集)来源：作者：发布时间：2008-10-29 查看本文[繁體版]最近收集了一部分专利翻译中的常用的英语词汇,仅供参考abandonment of a patent application 放弃专利申请abandonment of a patent 放弃专利权abridgment 文摘abstract 文摘(摘要)abuse of patent 滥用专利权action for infringement of patent 专利侵权诉讼action of a patent 专利诉讼additional features don't work to resolve question 附加的特征也不能解决问题address for service 文件送达地址affidavit 誓书allowance 准许amendment 修改annual fee 年费annuity 年费anticipation 占先appeal 上诉appellation of origin 原产地名称applicant for patent 专利申请人application date 申请日期application documents 申请案文件application fee 申请费application for patent 专利申请(案)application laying open for public inspection 公开供公众审查的申请application number 申请号application papers 申请案文件arbitration 仲裁art 技术article of manufacture 制品assignee 受让人assignment 转让assignor 转让人author of the invention 发明人author's certificate 发明人证书basic patent 基本专利be paid in advance 预先交Berne Convention 伯尔尼公约Berne Union 伯尔尼联盟best mode 最佳方式bibliographic data 著录资料BIRPI 保护知识产权联合国国际局board of appeals 申诉委员会breach of confidence 泄密Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 国际承认用于专利程序的微生物保存布达佩斯条约burden of proof 举证责任by the Secretary of Labor 消费价格指数的波动case law 判例法caveat 预告certificate of addition 增补证书certificate of correction 更正证明书certificate of patent 专利证书certified copy 经认证的副本Chemical Abstracts 化学文摘citation 引证claim 1 is rejected on the basis that 根据…驳回权利要求1claim to a method 方法权利要求claim to a product 产品权利要求claim 权项claim1 was refected as being predictable 可以预料权利要求1可以恢复claimed features 要求保护的特征claimed subject matter 要求保护的主题claims 1and 2 have novelty under PCT Article 33(2) respectively 根据33条第二款权利要classifier 分类员co-applicants 共同申请人co-inventors 共同发明人color coding 色码制commissioner 专利局长common sense, known technical solution 公知，已知的技术方案Community Patent Convention 共同体专利公约complete application 完整的申请案complete description 完整的叙述complete specification 完整的说明书comptroller 专利局长compulsory license 强制许可证conception date 概念日期conception 概念concerned had to be regarded as essential features )confidential application 机密申请confidential information 保密情报conflict award 冲突裁定conflict procedure 冲突程序conflicting applications 冲突申请案content of the application as originally filed 原始申请的内容continuation application 继续申请continuation-in-part application 部分继续申请案contractual license 契约性许可证contributory infringement 简介侵犯convention application 公约申请convention country 公约国convention date 公约日期Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization 建立世界知识产权组织公约convention period 公约期限convention priority 公约优先权copyright 版权correction slip 勘误表counter pleadings 反诉状counterclaim 反诉country code 国家代号cross license 交叉许可证data exchange agreement 资料交换协议data of application 申请日期data 资料date of grant 授予日期date of issue 颁发日期date of patent 专利日期date of publication 公布日期dedication to the public 捐献于公众defendant 被告人defenses 辩护defensive publication 防卫性公告deferred examination 延迟审查dependent claim 从属权项dependent patent 从属专利Derwent Publications Ltd. 德温特出版有限公司(来源：专业英语学习网站)design patent 外观设计专利development 发展disclaimer 放弃权项disclosure 公开披露division 分案divisional application 分案申请domination patent 支配专利drawing 附图duration of patent 专利有效期economic patent 经济专利effective filing date 实际申请日期electronic funds transfer (EFT), credit card or deposit account 电子信贷转移，信用employee’s invention 雇员发明enable st shape to vary as a function of position 使某物的形状作为位置函数变化EPO 欧洲专利局ESARIPO 英语非洲工业产权组织essential features (all features which were necessary for solving 必要技术特征（解European Patent Convention 欧洲专利公约European Patent Office 欧洲专利局even remotely suggest that 即使间接的建议evidence 证据examination countries 审查制国家examination for novelty 新颖性审查examination 审查examiner 审查员examiner’s report 审查员报告exclusive license 独占性许可证exclusive right 专有权experimental use 实验性使用expired patent 期满专利exploitation of a patent 实施专利exposition priority 展览优先权expropriation 征用extension of term of a patent 延长专利期限fall under (doing business ) 落入（商业方法）fee 费用FICPI 国际工业产权律师联合会file copy 存档原件filing date 申请日期filing fee 申请费filing of an application 提出申请final action 终局决定书first please refer to claim 2 which states 先参照权利要求2，其表明first-to-file principle 先申请原则first-to-invention principle 先发明原则for claim 1, I would suggest adding... 建议在权利要求1加入force majeure 不可抗力foreign patent application 外国专利申请formal examination 形式审查fully complied with 完全遵守gazette 公报Geneva Treaty on the International Recording of Scientific Discoveries 关于科学发现国际注册日内瓦条约grace period 宽限期grant of a patent 授予专利权holder of a patent 专利持有人ICIREPAT 专利局间情报检索国际合作巴黎联盟委员会if the benefits thereof are desired. 得到其中的便利IFIA 国际发明人协会联合会in the claims by technical features 利用技术特征来表示in the initial specification and claims 在原说明书和权力要求中Maintenance fee 年费may not go beyond the scope of the disclosure contained 不得超出原说明书和权利要求书none of the prior art of record anticipates … 记录在案的现有技术并没有预见到... omnibus claims 多项权利要求on the basic of document1 在文件1的基础上，基于文件1or 11 years and 6 months after grant of the patent. 和11年零6个月的授权当月的同一日over D1 in view of D2 对比D1并结合D2Paris Union Committee for International Cooperation in Information Retrieval among Patent Offices 专利局间情报检索国际合作巴黎联盟委员会payments by credit card and payments by deposit account 信用卡或存储账户支付permits maintenance fees to be adjusted 允许年费调整pertaining to （payment method）关于please note none of these teachings in D1 请注意在对比文件1中没有该提示reference signs 标号reference was made to Article 1 引用第一条referred to generally as the "window period," 一般称为“窗口期”regarding claim 2 as not being supported by 关于权利要求2不被…支持regarding something , please refer to … 关于…请参考set forth the time periods 指定时间期限so that the infringer would only have to 侵权者只须subject matter claimed 要求保护的主题take the view of (that) 采取…观点technical contribution to the state of the art 对现有技术的贡献the difference over D1 is quite clear 相对于D1的不同是很明显的the point of this discussion is that 此次讨论的要点是….the protection sought should be indicated 要求保护的内容应当在权利要求中-the question is we must add st. in sb 问题是我们必须在…中加入…the reason we prefer to … 我们提到的理由the technical problem with which the application was 的技术问题必须的所有的技术特征）thereby providing a st. 因此，提供一个…this is particularly relevant to D1 which teaches us st. 这一点与对比文件尤其相关，它告诉我们...to avoid narrowing or widening claim 1 避免缩小或扩大权利要求1to be adjusted every year on October 1 每年的10月一日调整to be fulfill the requirement of clarity 满足清晰的要求to delimit (defined) the scope of protection 限定了保护范围to enlarge the scope of protection 扩大了保护范围to narrow the scope of protection 缩小了保护范围to optimize our protection for the application 使对申请的保护合理vague generalized discussion in D1 含混的，泛泛的讨论was granted 3 years and 6 months, 7 years and 6 months, 3年零6个月，7年零6个月Would you please advise how we can process in this question 请指示我们怎样处理该问Basic Issues on the Priority 优先权基本问题。

翻译

内大2009中国妇女1995年，联合国第四次妇女大会在中国北京召开。

这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。

新中国的成立宣告了中国妇女在政治、经济、社会和家庭生活等各方面均享有和男子平等的权利。

今天的中国妇女已做到了同工同酬。

她们不再像以前一样要依靠她们的丈夫。

女同志可以做过去只是男的可以做的工作了。

不少人甚至成为领导干部。

虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大的进步，但还未完全实现平等就业的机会。

例如，在就业方面她们总是在男的后面。

而形势紧张了，又总是第一个下岗。

显然，在争取平等的斗争中，她们还有很长的路要走。

Chinese womenIn 1995, the United Nations Fourth Conference on Women was held in Beijing, China. This makes the situation of women in China gain much world attention. It is declared with the founding of New China that Chinese women enjoyed the equal rights to the men in the political, economic, social and family life and other aspects. Today's Chinese women have achieved equal pay. They don't have to rely on their husbands no longer as before. Lesbians can do what only can done by men in the past. Many women even become leading cadres. Although the Chinese women's equality has made great progress, but not yet fully implemented equal employment opportunities. For example, in employment, they are always behind the males. The situation is tense, and always the first one laid off. Clearly, in the struggle for equality, they still have a long way to go.Ideas are dangerousI do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the nuclear bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down,or even destroying it. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or , to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.思想是危险的我不怀疑，这将有可能注入现代世界，将彻底摧毁我们的想法。

知识产权问题的英语作文

知识产权问题的英语作文(中英文实用版)Title: Intellectual Property IssuesIntroduction:Intellectual property refers to the legal rights given to individuals or organizations over their creations or inventions.These rights are designed to protect and encourage innovation, creativity, and innovation.However, with the advancement of technology and the digital age, intellectual property issues have become increasingly complex and challenging to address.Body:1.Piracy and Counterfeiting:One of the most prominent intellectual property issues is piracy and counterfeiting.This occurs when someone illegally copies and distribute copyrighted materials, such as music, movies, software, or literature, without the permission of the copyright owner.This not only causes financial losses to the original creators but also undermines the value of intellectual property rights.2.Trademark Infringement:Trademark infringement happens when a company or individual uses a trademark that is similar to another company"s trademark, causing confusion among consumers.This can lead to dilution of the originaltrademark"s value and damage the reputation of the company.It is essential for businesses to protect their trademarks and take legal action against infringers.3.Patent Infringement:Patent infringement occurs when someone uses or sells a patented invention without the permission of the patent owner.This can lead to significant financial losses for the patent holder and discourage innovation.To address this issue, companies and individuals need to conduct thorough patent searches and seek legal advice to ensure they do not infringe on existing patents.4.The Challenges of Enforcement:Enforcing intellectual property rights can be challenging, especially in the digital age.With the ease of copying and sharing files online, it has become increasingly difficult to track down and prosecute infringers.Additionally, different countries have different laws and regulations regarding intellectual property, making it challenging to enforce rights on a global scale.5.The Importance of Intellectual Property Protection:Intellectual property protection is crucial for encouraging innovation and creativity.It provides creators and inventors with the incentive to develop new ideas and products, knowing that they will have the exclusive rights to profit from their work.Without proper protection,individuals and companies may be hesitant to invest time and resources into developing new creations.Conclusion:Intellectual property issues pose significant challenges in today"s digital age.Piracy, trademark and patent infringement, and the difficulties of enforcement are all issues that need to be addressed to protect the rights of creators and encourage ernments, organizations, and individuals must work together to strengthen intellectual property laws and ensure their proper enforcement.Only through robust protection can we continue to foster a culture of innovation and creativity.。

第八章英语翻译中的词类转换(课堂讲练) (1)

第八章法律英语词汇翻译方法（课堂讲练）本章教学目标：了解法律英语翻译中词类转换若干基本方法。

一、法律词汇英汉互译中的词类转换英汉词汇分类大致相当，但鉴于不同的表达习惯，在翻译时不能苛求词类相当，否则可能导致译文意义晦涩，不知所云。

例1、1）、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up.译文：如果公司被解散，优先股东有优先分得公司资产的权利。

说明：“Preference Shareholders”，意为“shareholders having priority over Ordinary Shareholders for the dividend (the part of the money which is divided among shareholders) and assets allocation.”本句中的介词“in”如直译为“在—里”，显然拗口，这里就存在着词类转换，即把英语的介词转换为动词。

2）、The “Events of Default”, as used in this Contract, shall mean the occurrence, from time to time, of any of the following circumstances.译文：合同中使用的“违约事项”是指发生以下情形—说明：本句的“occurrence”本为名词，但在译成汉语时，转换成动词较译成“发生”更通达。

所以，为使翻译的译文更加通顺，符合其本身的表达习惯，必要时，就应进行词类转换，在英汉互译过程当中，最常见的就是名词与动词的转换，具体而言，在英译汉时，名词转译为动词最常见，这与汉语语句习惯叠加动词，以致同一句中谓语动词“群雄并立“，而英语句子中只有主要谓语动词”一枝独秀“，其余动词只能转为动名词的不同表达习惯紧密相关。

IPKine山羊抗小鼠IgG轻链二抗,HRP标记(消除重链干扰)

Abbkine, Inc • Redlands, CA • USA •Not for further distribution without written consent. Copyright © Abbkine, Inc. IPKine® HRP, Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LCS# A25012Product InformationProduct Name: IPKine® HRP Conjugated Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Light Chain SpecificCatalog Number: A25012 Lot Number: Refer to vial Formulation: Liquid Size: 100ul/500ulStorage: Store at -20°C. Avoid repeated freeze / thaw cycles.Note: NoneBackground: 50kD or 25kD protein detection on Western blots after Immunoprecipitation is often suffered from heavy or light chain blotting contamination. Abbkine's IPKine® products solve these problems through less background noise, and enhanced accuracy. The light chain/Fc fragment specific optimization eliminates heavy/light chain interference, while serum proteins absorbed minimizes cross-reactivity with immunoglobulins from other species which may be present on blots. Abbkine's secondary antibodies are available conjugated to enzyme, biotin or fluorophore for use in a variety of antibody-based applications including Western Blot, ImmunoHistoChemistry, ImmunoFluorescence, Flow Cytometry and ELISA. We offer high quality secondary antibodies from goat, rabbit and donkey sources for your each application.Purity: Affinity purified using solid phase Mouse IgG(H+L) light chain with finally > 95% purity based on SDS-PAGE.Specificity: The antibody reacts with kappa light chains on mouse IgG, while it doesn’t react with the heavy chain of mouse IgG. It's cross-reaction with human, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep and bovine serum proteins has been specialized minimized, while it may cross-react with immunoglobulins from other species. It has no reactivity on non-immunoglobulin serum proteins.Application Notes: Optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the investigator. Suggested starting dilutions are as follows: WB (1:10,000-1:100,000), IHC (1:500-1:5,000) and ELISA (1:5,000-1:100,000).Storage Buffer: 0.01M Sodium Phosphate, 0.25M NaCl, 50% Glycerol pH 7.4.Stabilizer: 1% Bovine Serum Albumin (IgG and Protease Free).Preservative: No preservative added.Storage Instructions: Stable for one year at -20°C from date of shipment. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing.Note: The product listed herein is for research use only and is not intended for use in human or clinical diagnosis. Suggested applications of our products are not recommendations to use our products in violation of any patent or as a license. We cannot be responsible for patent infringements or other violations that may occur with the use of this product.。

地道英文俚语106-110

地道英文俚语A-Z #106-110古今中外唯一地道美语实用句子中英对照总汇（某些地道英文措辞可能不雅或冒犯，请读者原谅和自行选择）*那(固执)1的(房产物主)2对那个(威胁)3和(压迫)4的(黑社会党员)5说: “我宁愿把那(建筑物)6(压扁)7也不会卖给你.”: The stubborn1 (property owner)2 said to the threatening3 and oppressing4 gangster5: “I’ll flatten7 the building6 before I sell it to you.”biàn:辨: (~别) differentiate*他说: “我(分辨不出来这对孪生女儿的区别)1.”: He said: “I (can’t tell these twin girls apart)1.”*这个(企业领袖)1对(天才)2有(识辨本领/ditto)3并有(能力)4去(助长)5他们的(全部潜能)6: This (corporate leader)1 has (an eye for/good judgment to recognize)3 talents2 and the ability4 to (help develop)5 their (full potential)6.*很多人相信(教育)1在(生命的将来)2是({分辨成功人和失败者}3a/{给年轻人一个优势}3b)的(因素)4: Many people believe education1 is the factor4 that ({separates the winners from losers}3a/{gives youngsters an edge}3b) (later in life)2.*这个(程序)1(假设)2会(增加)3 (电脑)4的(速度)5, 但(安装)6它后在(性能上)7我不能够(察觉)8任何(可以辨别的)9(分别)10: This program1 (is supposed to)2 increase3 the speed5 of the computer4, but I can’t tell8 any discernible9 difference10 in performance7 after it has been installed6.*我们(经常有)1一群(具分辨能力)2的 (忠诚核心)3(足球迷)4在这国家, 但如果({产品达不到水准}5a/{赛事不够娱乐性}5b)他们(简单地)6停止在(球场)7(露面)8: We (always have)1 a (hard core)3 of discerning2 (soccer fans)4 in this country, but if ({the product is not up to par}5a/{the games are not entertaining}5b) they simply6 stop (showing up)8 at the stadiums7.辩[辯]: (~论) debate*他对(指控)1(答辩)2({有罪}3a/ {无罪/清白}3b/{接受指控但不承认有罪}3c): He pleaded2 ({guilty}3a/{not guilty/innocent}3b/{no contest/nolo contendere}3c) to the charge1.*在他(答辩)1(做不到)2(销售预算)3,( 一个可成立的理由是)4他在(支持不足够)5下(举目无助/ditto)6: In his defense1 for missing2 the (sales budget)3, (a case could be made)4 that he was (hung out to dry/strung out to dry)6 (without adequate support)5.*昨天晚上两个(候选人)1在(公开电视)2(第二回合)3(总统竞选辩论)4中({激烈争论}5a/{互相评击}5b/{互相对抗/ditto}5c): Last night the two candidates1 ({sparred}5a/{traded shots}5b/ {went toe-to-toe/went head-to-head/squared off against eachother/squared off}5c) in (Round Two)3 of the (Presidential Debate)4 on (public television)2.*(电视)1(现场直播辩论)2是(一团糟)3, 因为所有(讨论小组)4 (参与者)5(大声叫喊)6来(盖过其他声音)7(好使)8(他们自己被听到)9: The TV1 (live debate)2 was a chaos3, because all the panel4 participants5 shouted6 to (drown out others’ voices)7 (in orderto get)8 (themselves heard)9.*在(违犯专利权)1(案子)2的(为首)3的(辩护律师)4对(新闻界)5说: “我们会(激烈地)6(辩护)7那(没有证实的声称错事)8, 并且我们(最终会成功)9.”: The lead3 counsel4 in the (patent infringement)1 case2 said to the press5: “We’ll defend7 vigorously6 against the allegation8 and we’ll (prevail in the end)9.”*在(辩论)1中, (反方的论点)2 (缺乏)3(实质)4, (逻辑上的连贯性)5, (明晰)6, (幻想力)7, (创新力)8, (说服力/ditto)9, (确信)10, (冲劲)11, 和({事实的}12a/{体验过的}12b)(支持)13: In the debate1, (the Against side’s arguments)2 lacked3 substance4, coherence5, clarity6, imagination7, originality8, (persuasiveness/persuasion)9, conviction10, punch11, and ({factual}12a/{empirical}12b) support13.辫[辮]: (~子) ponytail遍: (一~) (a) process from start to finish; (~布) spread all over*现在去外国留学是很普遍的: I t’s common to study overseas nowadays.*现今(毒品)1和(暴行)2在(我们的学校)3很(普遍)4: Drugs1 and violence2 are commonplace4 in (our schools)3 nowadays.*父亲对女儿说: “我(错过了)1你(极好)2的(跳舞)3(固定一套步法)4, 你可以(再重做)5(多一遍/ditto)6只是为你的爸爸吗?”: The father said to the daughter: “I missed1 your awesome2 dance3 routine4. Would you (do it all over again)5 (one moretime/once more)6 just for your daddy?”边[邊]: (那~) (which) direction*那(导游)1对那(一团)2({观光者}3a/{度假者}3b/{游客}3c)说: “(请向这边儿走)4.”: The tourist-guide1 said to the group2 of ({sightseers}3a/ {vacationers}3b/{tourists}3c): “(This way please)4!”*她的朋友对她说: “可能你应该对(婚姻破裂)1(负上一些责任)2.” 她说: “(你站在哪一边的呢)3?”: Her friend said to her: “Maybe you should (take some responsibility)2 for the (marriage break-up)1.” She said: “(Which side are you on)3?”变[變]: (~)change*(中午)1时(阵雪)2(转变/ditto)3为(冰雨/ditto)4: A flurry2 (mutated/changed)3 into (freezing rain/sleet)4 at mid-day1.*他给父母一个(不会改变/ditto)1的(承诺)2去(完成大学)3: He has given his parents a promise2 to (finish college)3 (written in blood/that he will not change/that he will not deviate from)1.*这(美国黑人)1(男演员)2(成功的)3 (转变)4从(电视/ditto)5(银幕/ditto)6: This (African American)1 actor2 made a successful3 transition4 from (the tube/television)5 to (the big screen/movie roles)6.*(十来岁年轻人)1(时装市场)2是(善变)3, (难以预料)4, 和(着重牌子)5: The teen1 (fashion market)2 is fickle3, unpredictable4, and brand-conscious5.*我们的(高级职员)1(能够)2(迅速地转变)3而(不会影响前进的步伐/ditto)4: Our executives1 are (capable of)2 (making quick changes)3 (without breaking stride/without missing a beat)4.*在中国, (消费者的行为)1(转变得那么快速)2它们(使你头昏脑胀)3: In China, (consumer behaviors)1 (change so fast)2 that they (make your head spin)3.*他是个(死心塌地的)1利物浦球队(球迷)2(没有任何事可以改变它的)3: He is a diehard1 Liverpool fan2 and (nothing is going to change that)3.*(中央银行)1(已经决定)2(在下一个会议前)3把(利率)4(维持不变/ditto)5: The (Central Bank)1 (has decided)2 to (hold theline/stay put/sit tight)5 on (interest rates)4 (before the next meeting)3.*他说: “我们的公司(欣然迎接/ditto)1成为(现代商业)2(日常)3(主要成分)4的(转变)5.”: He said: “Our company (embraces/welcomes)1 change5 that has become an everyday3 staple4 of (modern business)2.”*(互联网)1({剧烈地转变}2a/{马上和彻底转变}2b(处理)3(生意)4(一般境况)5: Internet1 has ({transformed}2a/{morphed}2b) the landscape5 in conducting3 business4.*他说: “(所有这些时刻)1我都(请你吃午饭)2, 你(改变一下)3 (付这账单)4好吗?”: He said: “I’ve been (buying you lunch)2 (all these times)1. Why don’t you (pick up this tab)4 (for a change)3?”*她对姐姐说: “不要(感到那么悲伤)1, 你的(离婚)2可能会是(一个好转的变化)3.”: She said to her sister: “Don’t (feel so sad)1. Your divorce2 can be (a change for the better)3.”*从一个(政府岗位)1去(社会组合私营部分)2的(行政职位)3是个(困难的转变)4: It was a (difficult transition)4 from a (government post)1 to a (private sector)2 (executive job)3.备注请参阅：地道英文俚语A-Z#0。

ford公司简介中英文

ford公司简介中英文1899年亨利福特离开爱迪生照明公司加入底特律汽车公司，但此公司1900年即倒闭。

1901年亨利福特与Childe 合资成立亨利福特公司，但与其他投资人不合没多久即离开，该公司在亨利‧李兰入股后改名为凯迪拉克(Cadillac)汽车公司。

后来亨利福特制造的赛车在1902年获胜并创下美国新纪录，1903年6月16日一位煤碳商马康森和其会计高任思因此与亨利福特合资成立今日的福特汽车。

福特向道奇兄弟购买汽车底盘搭配自己的双气缸水平对卧引擎，开始福特汽车的生产。

福特用来自十二位投资者的28000美金在一个原先制造马车的工厂里开始了他的事业。

当时汽车的生产方式是以两到三个工人为一组，从零件制造到销售订单都是由一组工人负责到底。

因此最开始的日子里，福特公司生产效率比较低下，每天只能生产几部车。

1906年，创办人之一的马康森售出股份予福特，退出经营。

1908年，福特汽车公司开始发行福特T型车。

最早的一批T型车都是在皮科特制造车间完成装配，后来公司将生产部分移动到空间更大的高地公园(Highland Park)的车间来满足市场对于T型车源源不断的需求。

在1913年公司已经发展出一套较完整的装配线和大规模生产技术。

福特汽车主管将原先的装配线发展成为了由机械传送带来运输零件让工人进行组装。

这个创新将原先装配底盘所需的12个小时30分钟的时间减少到2个小时40分钟。

值得注意的是，福特汽车只是将装配线生产模式引进到汽车生产业，而非发明者。

实际上装配线生产法可能最先出现在秦始皇大量制造兵马俑时期，16世纪初期威尼斯也有厂商使用装配线快速造船，1801年英国有零件供应商使用装配线生产英国海军所需的零件。

在美国第一个使用装配线进行生产作业是Oldsmobile汽车创办人兰塞姆·奥茨（Ransom Olds），他也将装配线生产的方法登记专利，之后福特汽车另外独立发展装配线生产方法。

福特生产流水线 (1913)机械传送带在当时并没有立刻取得成效，而且工人的失误率相当高，然而失误就意味着更多的生产延误以及更多对工人进行培训所需的额外支出，还有就是要使用干活较慢的工人。

Patent Troll 的故事

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Less pejorative expressions：Patent Troll Non‐practicing Entity (NPE) Non‐manufacturing Patentee Patent Dealer Patent Marketer Patent Licensing and Executing Company (PLEC)
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中文翻译专利流氓专利地痞专利蟑螂专利钓饵专利渔翁专利渔夫专利怪客专利魔头专利恶魔专利恶鬼专利巨魔专利投机者 ……
Similar Terms
Patent brokering专利掮客 Patent ambush 专利伏兵 Patent misuse 专利滥用 Patent pirate 专利海盗 Patent thicket 专利灌木丛 Patent terrorists专利恐怖分子 …… ……
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爱国者给钱了，Sisvel总裁便亲自到中国“赔罪”
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What is Patent Troll?
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Troll ‐ 怪物
Troll ‐ (in Scandinavian folklore) any of a race of supernatural beings, sometimes conceived as giants and sometimes as dwarfs, inhabiting caves or subterranean dwellings. 怪物：来自斯堪地纳维亚传说中的一种超自然生物，有时是巨怪有时是矮人，居住在山洞或者地下洞穴中。

药品行业产品跳转行为的反垄断规制

药品行业产品跳转行为的反垄断规制李胜利尹捷内容提要：药品行业的产品跳转行为是一种延缓仿制药入市的反竞争策略，原研药企通过对已有专利技术方案的重新设计获取新的药品专利权，并以欺诈性或胁迫性手段完成市场转换。

该行为属于滥用知识产权的垄断行为，损害了仿制药竞争及消费者利益，故引起多个国家的反垄断关注。

国际上，欧美国家在反垄断实践中，逐步构建起以消费者选择权为主，兼有竞争者利益、多种社会经济政策综合考量的反垄断审查标准。

近年来，我国仿制药质量与疗效一致性评价工作渐入佳境，实现仿制药替代是必然趋势，未来药品行业极有可能出现类似行为，故我国反垄断法学界与实务界有必要总结美国、欧盟、加拿大等国家的反垄断实践经验，从基本原则、审查路径、审查标准等方面构建合适的反垄断分析框架。

关键词：产品跳转增量创新生命周期策略仿制药替代消费者选择权标准Abstract: In the pharmaceutical industry, product hopping is an anti-competitive strategy to delay the entry of generic drugs. The original drug companies obtain new drug patent through redesigning the existing patent technological solution, and gain market switch by fraudulent or coercive conduct. Such behavior is monopolistic behavior which abuses intellectual prperty, harms generic competition and consumer welfare, arousing concerns from antitrust authorities in many countries. In practices, European and American countries have established the anti-trust review standards mainly featured by consumer choice, also take comprehensively competitor interests and multiple social and economic policies into account. In recent years, the consistency evaluation of the quality and efficacy of generic drugs in China is much improved, generic drug substitution is an inevitable trend, product hopping may also happen in the future Chinese pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is necessary for China to draw experiences of anti-trust practices in this field in US, EU countries, Canada, etc., and construct our own antitrust analysis framework from the perspectives of basic principles, review path, review standards and so on.Key Words: product hopping; incremental innovation; life-cycle strategy; generic substitution; consumer choice standard引言通常情况下国家医药政策中鼓励原研药创新与促进仿制药竞具有同等重要的地位。

发明专利风险评估方法

发明专利风险评估方法Inventing a new patent involves a myriad of risks that need to be carefully assessed. One of the key risks is the possibility of patent infringement. By conducting a thorough research on existing patents and ensuring that your invention is truly novel, you can mitigate this risk. Additionally, it is important to consider the market demand for your invention, as a lack of market interest can lead to financial losses.发明一个新的专利涉及到许多需要仔细评估的风险。

其中一个关键风险是专利侵权的可能性。

通过对现有专利进行全面研究，并确保您的发明确实是新颖的，您可以降低这种风险。

此外，重要的是考虑对您的发明的市场需求，因为市场兴趣缺乏可能导致财务损失。

Another significant risk in inventing a new patent is the cost involved in the patent application process. Patent filings and maintenance fees can be quite expensive, and there is no guarantee that your patent will be approved. This financial risk can be mitigated by conducting a cost-benefit analysis and ensuring that the potential benefits of the patent outweigh the costs involved.在发明一个新专利中另一个重要的风险是专利申请过程中涉及的成本。

专利局专利指南英文版

专利局专利指南英文版English:The Patent Office Patent Guidelines in English provide comprehensive guidance on the patent application process, patent examination standards, and patent enforcement procedures. These guidelines serve as a valuable resource for inventors, patent attorneys, and patent examiners to understand the legal framework and procedural requirements for obtaining and enforcing patents. They cover various aspects of patent law, including patentability criteria, patent application drafting, patent prosecution procedures, and patent infringement litigation. Additionally, the guidelines may include case studies, examples, and practical tips to aid in navigating the complexities of the patent system. By consulting the Patent Office Patent Guidelines in English, stakeholders can gain insights into the intricacies of patent law and enhance their ability to protect intellectual property rights effectively.中文翻译:专利局的专利指南英文版全面指导了专利申请流程、专利审查标准和专利执行程序。

知识产权中英双语协议

知识产权中英双语协议Intellectual Property Rights Agreement为保护双方的知识产权，本着公平合理、平等互利的原则，双方经友好协商达成如下知识产权协议：To protect intellectual property rights of both parties and follow the principle of fairness, equity and mutual benefit, Party A and Party B hereof come to this agreement on intellectual property rights:第一条产品保证责任 Responsibility for product warranty乙方声明并保证如下：Party B makes the statement and commitment as follows:一、乙方所提供之产品，其所有权状态不存在法律上的权利设定或限制。

Ownership of products provided by Party B is free of legal rightrestriction or limitation.二、乙方保证甲方有权在全世界直接、间接使用、出口、贩售、经销、买卖乙方所供之产品且无任何其它合约或知识产权上的使用限制或额外收费。

Party B ensures that Party A has the right to directly or indirectly use, export, sell, distribute and market the products provided by Party B in the globe free of any other use restrictions stipulated in agreement orintellectual property right protection and free of extra charges.三、乙方及乙方所供产品皆符合中华人民共和国法令及其它相关法令规定，并且符合国际安全使用标准。

专利侵权判定指南(2017)英文

专利侵权判定指南(2017)英文Patent Infringement Assessment Guide (2017)。

Introduction.This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the legal framework and practical considerations involved in assessing patent infringement. It is intended to assist patent owners, alleged infringers, and other stakeholders in understanding the key principles and factors that determine whether a particular product or process infringes a patent.Legal Framework.Patent infringement occurs when a person or entity, without the authorization of the patent owner, makes, uses, sells, offers for sale, or imports a product or processthat is covered by the claims of a valid patent.Types of Patent Infringement.There are two main types of patent infringement:Direct Infringement: Occurs when a product or process falls literally within the scope of a patent claim.Indirect Infringement: Occurs when a person induces or contributes to the infringement of a patent by another person or entity.Claim Interpretation.The first step in assessing patent infringement is to interpret the claims of the patent. Claims are the legally binding definitions of the subject matter protected by the patent.Claim interpretation involves considering the language of the claims, the specification, the prosecution history, and any relevant prior art.Literal Infringement.Literal infringement occurs when a product or process meets all of the limitations of a patent claim, either exactly or through equivalents.Doctrine of Equivalents.The doctrine of equivalents is an equitable doctrine that prevents blatant infringement by allowing a finding of infringement even if a product or process does notliterally meet all of the limitations of a patent claim.To determine infringement under the doctrine of equivalents, courts consider whether the accused product or process performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way as the claimed invention, and whether it achieves substantially the same result.Indirect Infringement.Indirect infringement can occur in several ways,including:Contributory Infringement: Occurs when a person supplies a component or material that is specifically designed for use in an infringing product or process.Inducement of Infringement: Occurs when a person actively encourages or induces another person or entity to infringe a patent.Willful Infringement: Occurs when a person or entity infringes a patent with knowledge of its validity and without a reasonable belief of non-infringement.Available Remedies.If patent infringement is established, the patent owner may be entitled to a range of remedies, including:Injunctions: to prevent further infringement.Damages: to compensate for lost profits and otherlosses.Accounting of Profits: to obtain a share of the infringer's profits from the sale of infringing products or processes.Attorney Fees: in certain cases.Defenses to Patent Infringement.There are several defenses that may be raised in response to a claim of patent infringement, including:Invalidity: Challenging the validity of the patent on grounds of lack of novelty, obviousness, or other statutory requirements.Non-Infringement: Demonstrating that the accused product or process does not fall within the scope of any patent claim.Fair Use: Using the invention for non-commercial orexperimental purposes.Laches: Delaying in asserting a claim for infringement.Statute of Limitations: The time period within which a claim for infringement must be brought.Practical Considerations.In addition to the legal framework, there are several practical considerations that should be taken into account when assessing patent infringement:Expert Testimony: Patent infringement cases often require expert testimony to explain complex technical concepts and interpret patent claims.Disclosure of Prior Art: Parties involved in patent infringement litigation should disclose any prior art that may be relevant to the validity or infringement of the patent in question.Settlement Negotiations: Most patent infringement cases are settled before trial. It is important tocarefully consider the strengths and weaknesses of a case before entering into settlement negotiations.Alternative Dispute Resolution: Mediation and arbitration can be effective methods of resolving patent disputes without the need for lengthy and expensive litigation.Conclusion.Assessing patent infringement involves a complex interplay of legal and technical considerations. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the key principles and factors that guide this process. Understanding these principles is essential for patent owners, alleged infringers, and other stakeholders in protecting their rights and avoiding costly legal disputes.。

专利衔接保护英语

专利衔接保护英语Patent Continuity ProtectionIntroductionIn today's globalized and highly competitive business environment, the protection of intellectual property, particularly patents, has become increasingly critical for companies. Patents serve as legal instruments that grant exclusive rights to inventors, allowing them to commercially exploit their inventions. However, ensuring the continuity and protection of patents can be challenging, especially when dealing with international patent applications. In this article, we will explore the concept of patent continuity protection and its significance in safeguarding intellectual property rights.I. Understanding Patent Continuity ProtectionPatent continuity protection refers to the seamless and unbroken chain of patent rights obtained in different jurisdictions for the same invention. It ensures that an invention's intellectual property rights are preserved and recognized globally without any gaps or loss of exclusivity. The primary objective of patent continuity protection is to avoid the risk of third parties infringing on an inventor's rights due to procedural or administrative errors during the patent application process.II. Patent Filing Strategies for Continuity ProtectionTo ensure effective patent continuity protection, inventors and companies must carefully plan their patent filing strategies. Here are some key strategies to consider:1. Priority Claims:One important aspect of patent continuity protection is utilizing the priority claim mechanism provided by the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. This mechanism allows applicants to claim the priority date of an earlier-filed patent application in subsequent applications filed in other countries. By making such priority claims, applicants secure their rights and establish a filing priority, which effectively prevents others from filing similar inventions during the priority period.2. International Patent Cooperation:Another strategy for patent continuity protection is leveraging international patent cooperation treaties, such as the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT enables applicants to file a single international patent application in multiple countries simultaneously. This approach simplifies and streamlines the application process, reducing costs and administrative burden. Moreover, the PCT provides an extended time period for applicants to evaluate the commercial potential of their inventions before committing to the costly national phase patent filing.III. Importance of Patent Continuity ProtectionPatent continuity protection plays a vital role in safeguarding intellectual property rights and maximizing the commercial value of inventions. Here are some reasons highlighting its importance:1. Global Market Expansion:In today's interconnected world, businesses are constantly seeking expansion opportunities in new markets. Patent continuity protection enablesinventors to secure their rights in multiple countries, facilitating international market entry without the risk of infringing on existing patents or facing unnecessary legal disputes.2. Licensing and Technology Transfer:Patents are often licensed or transferred to other parties, enabling the commercialization of inventions and fostering innovation. With patent continuity protection, inventors can confidently negotiate licensing agreements, ensuring the full value of their inventions is realized, even in foreign markets.3. Litigation and Enforcement:In the unfortunate event of patent infringement, patent continuity protection strengthens an inventor's legal position. With a well-established chain of patent rights, inventors can enforce their rights more effectively, ensuring that infringers are held accountable and damages are properly compensated.IV. Overcoming Challenges in Patent Continuity ProtectionWhile patent continuity protection offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that inventors and companies must overcome. Some common challenges include:1. Jurisdictional Differences:Each country has its own patent laws and regulations, making it challenging to navigate the varying requirements and procedures. Engagingcompetent patent attorneys or agents with expertise in international patent applications is crucial to mitigate risks and ensure compliance.2. Language and Translation Issues:Patent applications often require translations in multiple languages, which can be time-consuming and expensive. Adequate budgeting and engagement of professional translators are essential to accurately convey the invention's technical details and maintain consistency across jurisdictions.3. Administrative Errors:Patent applications involve complex administrative processes, including paperwork, filing deadlines, and fee payments. Any errors or omissions may lead to the loss of patent rights or delayed protection. Thorough review and attention to detail are necessary to avoid such pitfalls.ConclusionPatent continuity protection is an essential aspect of intellectual property management, particularly in an increasingly globalized business landscape. By carefully planning patent filing strategies, utilizing international cooperation mechanisms, and understanding the significance of patent continuity, inventors and companies can secure and protect their inventions on a global scale. With proper attention to detail and collaboration with experienced professionals, the risks associated with patent continuity can be effectively managed, enabling inventors to fully capitalize on their innovative creations.。

知识产权检索报告范文

知识产权检索报告范文As a professional in the field of intellectual property, I understand the importance of conducting thorough patent searches to assess the novelty and patentability of a new invention. 作为一名知识产权领域的专业人员，我了解进行全面的专利检索以评估新发明的新颖性和专利性的重要性。

Patent searches involve going through databases of existing patents and publications to ensure that the proposed invention does not infringe on existing intellectual property rights. 专利检索涉及查阅现有专利和出版物数据库，以确保拟议的发明不侵犯现有知识产权。

In addition to avoiding infringement, conducting a patent search is crucial for determining the potential market competitiveness of the new invention. 除了避免侵权之外，进行专利检索对于确定新发明的潜在市场竞争力至关重要。

By analyzing the results of a patent search, inventors and businesses can make informed decisions about whether to pursue patent protection for their invention or to modify it to avoid legal conflicts.通过分析专利检索的结果，发明者和企业可以做出明智的决定，是选择为其发明寻求专利保护，还是修改以避免法律冲突。

专利纠纷英语作文

专利纠纷英语作文Title: Resolving Patent Disputes: A Comprehensive Approach。

In today's globalized economy, patent disputes have become a common occurrence, particularly in industries driven by innovation and technological advancements. These disputes often arise due to disagreements over intellectual property rights, leading to lengthy legal battles that can hinder innovation and stifle competition. However, resolving patent disputes in a fair and efficient manner is essential for fostering innovation and promoting healthy competition in the marketplace.One approach to resolving patent disputes is through alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods such as mediation and arbitration. Mediation involves a neutral third party assisting the disputing parties in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement. By facilitating communication and negotiation between the parties,mediation can help resolve disputes more quickly and cost-effectively than traditional litigation. Arbitration, on the other hand, involves submitting the dispute to a neutral arbitrator who renders a binding decision. While arbitration is more formal than mediation, it offers a faster resolution process and greater flexibility in terms of procedure and evidence presentation.Another effective strategy for resolving patent disputes is through cross-licensing agreements. In a cross-licensing agreement, the parties involved agree to grant each other licenses to use their respective patented technologies. This allows each party to continue using the patented technology without fear of infringement lawsuits, while also enabling them to leverage each other's innovations to develop new products and services. Cross-licensing agreements not only provide a practical solution to patent disputes but also promote collaboration and innovation within the industry.Furthermore, patent pools can offer a viable solution to resolving disputes involving standard-essential patents(SEPs). A patent pool is a consortium of companies that collectively license their SEPs to each other on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. By pooling their patents together, companies can avoid costly litigation and ensure that their technologies are widely accessible for the development of interoperable products. Patent pools are particularly prevalent in industries such as telecommunications and consumer electronics, where standards play a crucial role in product development and market competition.In addition to these proactive approaches, policymakers and regulatory authorities play a crucial role in shaping the legal framework surrounding patent disputes. By enacting clear and enforceable patent laws, policymakers can provide guidance to innovators and investors while also deterring abusive patent litigation practices. Furthermore, regulatory authorities can facilitate the resolution of disputes through mechanisms such as patent invalidation proceedings and compulsory licensing, ensuring that patents are granted and enforced in the public interest.Overall, resolving patent disputes requires a multifaceted approach that combines legal, commercial, and regulatory strategies. By embracing alternative dispute resolution methods, fostering collaboration through cross-licensing agreements and patent pools, and implementing effective patent laws and regulations, stakeholders can mitigate the adverse effects of patent disputes and createa more conducive environment for innovation and competition. Through proactive engagement and cooperation, we can overcome the challenges posed by patent disputes and unlock the full potential of technological innovation for the benefit of society.。

专利相关英语词汇

专利相关英语词汇Patents are a crucial part of protecting inventions and ideas. They grant inventors exclusive rights to their creations for a set period of time.The process of patenting begins with the submission of an application that includes a detailed description of the invention, its novelty, and how it works. This is often accompanied by drawings or diagrams to aid in understanding.Key English vocabulary associated with patents includes terms like "patent application," "patent examiner," "utility patent," "design patent," and "patent infringement."Understanding the legal language used in patent documents is essential for inventors and legal professionals alike. Terms such as "claims," "prior art," and "provisional patent" are frequently encountered.The patent landscape is constantly evolving, with new technologies and legal frameworks affecting how patents are filed, granted, and enforced. Keeping up with the latest patent-related vocabulary is vital for anyone in the field.In conclusion, mastering the English vocabulary of patents is not just about knowing the terms; it's about understanding their application in the context of protecting intellectual property.。

论功能性特征的保护范围

摘要功能性特征产生于上世纪五十年代的美国，我国在2001版由原国家知识产权局颁发的《审查指南》中确认了此类的撰写方式。

然功能性特征字面含义广泛，是否会形成垄断是一直为公众所担忧，而由最高人民法院颁布的司法解释与《审查指南》上对于保护范围的表述不一致，形成了我国在司法与行政的二元体系下对其的解释冲突。

行政体系下“覆盖所有能够实现所述功能的实施方式”的规则与司法体系中将其限定为“具体实施方式及其等同方式”的解释冲突，本文认为围绕着功能性特征保护范围的确定，从个案权利要求解释的角度来看，司法与行政两者所确立的规则并没有产生巨大的冲突。

放在具体语境和前提下，两者的保护范围仍然是一致的。

之所产生表面之分歧，是二元体系下功能性特征的概念是不完全重叠的，且司法人员与行政审查人员对于技术理解上有不可避免的偏差，二元体系下规则相互独立运行之结果。

且行政体系下适用的规则，不包括申请日之后出现的能够实现相同功能且具有技术进步的实施方式，会造成垄断，不符合专利的根本目的。

文章基于近年来司法裁判的案例争议难点分析指出：对于本领域技术人员在个案中认知水平问题，不能完全依赖于法官的裁判，专利权人有义务就相关技术特征属于但书中所述情形进行举证，否则将承担举证不能的后果。

但书之适用应不囿于字面含义，对于本领域普通技术人员的认知水平应从宽把握，避免相关技术特征被不恰当的认定为功能性特征。

对于功能性特征认定的从严把握正是由于被认定为功能性特征后保护范围将受到说明书中具体实施方式的限制，远不及专利权人设想的那般大，甚至保护范围难以与其发明创新程度相匹配。

文章认为功能性特征等同侵权的判断，相较于传统等同原则，功能性特征等同做出了进一步的限制并无必要，功能性特征应与普通技术特征在等同的适用上应相一致。

在分析作为对比基础的不可缺少的技术特征时，不应该对技术特征做出过度的拆解；在侵权判断时，应将所确定的功能性技术特征内容与被诉侵权物实现相应的不可缺少的特征进行整体对比。