四川大学 川大 2006年国际关系 考研真题及答案解析
四川大学国际关系考研真题
国际关系理论：一、必答题：1、现实主义与理想主义的主要区别2、科学行为主义学派的代表人物及其主要贡献3、系统均势论的主要观点及其评价4、地缘经济学理论的主要内容及其借鉴意义二、选答题1、集体安全理论评析2、世界秩序新论与世界新秩序的建设战后国际关系史：1、阐释战后西方冷战思想与政策的形成2、评述亚非合作、不结盟运动与第三世界兴起的关联3、60年代末、70年代的美苏缓和及对国际关系的主要影响4、70、80年代的中美关系演化及其主要影响因素5、简述戈尔巴乔夫外交新思维的构想与实施6、80年代后期—90年代中印关系的恢复与发展（5、6两题任选一道）战后国际关系史：1、评述50年代末—60年代的美苏缓和与争霸2、评述中国外交在70年代的主要进展3、评述南南合作与南北对话4、评述克林顿政府时期的美中关系5、评述遏制理论及对冷战初期美苏关系的影响6、评述朝鲜战争与中国的抗美援朝（5、6任选一道）国际关系理论：1、试述邓小平“一国两制”理论的含义及意义2、试述华尔兹关于国际冲突的三个概念3、简述国际关系中现实主义与理想主义的具体分歧4、试述国际关系相互依存论的基本内容5、简述“民主和平论”的实质及缺陷国际关系理论：1、简述国际关系相互依存论的基本内容2、简述肯尼思·华尔兹的“全球治理理论”的基本观点3、简述自由主义国际政治经济学的主要观点4、国际关系中现实主义与理想主义的分歧具体表现在那些地方5、约瑟夫·奈指出新现实主义与新自由主义在理论观点和方法上有哪些区别战后国际关系史：1、评述美国战后初期对西欧的影响与美欧关系2、评述50—60年代中国—苏联关系的历史演变3、评述70—80年代美苏削减军备谈判及其意义4、试评冷战结束前后（80年代末至90年代中期）的国际关系与多极化发展5、评述70—90年代中期日本对政治大国地位的探索6、评述新中国建国初期的外交（5、6任选一道）2010：战后国际关系史：1、试述新中国对外关系及其发展2、试述第三世界兴起的主要表现3、20世纪70年代美苏战略态势变化的主要表现4、西方阵营的分化与西欧、日本在国际关系中地位的增强5、简析第二次世界大战后的国际格局及其演变6、简述第二次世界大战后的大国关系发展—美苏、美俄关系，中苏、中俄关系，中美关系（5、6任选一道）国际关系理论：1、简述国家利益论的形成与发展2、简评基欧汉的“霸权后合作论”3、评析亨廷顿的“文明冲突论”4、评述地缘经济学的主要内容及其借鉴意义5、结合当今国际关系重大事件评析“相互依存论”2011：战后国际关系史：1、战后初期美国的冷战政策与苏联的对策2、20世纪50年代中国对外关系的发展3、20世纪60年代美苏争霸格局形成与第三世界兴起的主要表现4、试述20世纪80年代西欧加快联合步伐、日本从经济大国走向政治大国5、试述20世纪90年代前半期世界格局的转换6、简述：冷战产生的原因、造成的后果、结束的过程（六选五）国际关系理论：1、试述汉斯·摩根索提出的现实主义原则2、试述肯尼思·华尔兹“全球治理理论”的基本观点3、亨廷顿在《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》中提出的基本问题是什么4、试述国际关系相互依存论的基本内容5、试述地缘经济学对发展中国家的借鉴意义2012：国际关系理论：1、简述国际关系相互依存论的基本内容2、简述地缘经济学的主要内容与特点3、简述亨廷顿关于文明冲突是国际冲突主要原因的理由4、简述肯尼斯·华尔兹的“全球治理理论”的基本观点5、简要评析新干涉主义的基本理论战后国际关系史：1、简析乔治·凯南“遏制理论”的提出背景、主要内容及其影响2、试述战后初期至20世纪50年代西欧联合的原因及过程3、试述战后至20世纪90年代以前苏联关系的变化4、评述布什政府的“世界新秩序”构想及克林顿政府的“参与和扩展战略”5、试述20世纪90年代以来中日关系的发展6、试述20世纪90年代以来朝鲜半岛局势的变化（5、6任选一道）2013国际关系理论：1、论述汉斯·摩根索国际关系哲学的主要内容2、论述肯尼思·华尔兹对新现实主义与传统现实主义的区别3、论述建构主义的三个具有本体论意义的核心命题及其对世界政治所产生的影响4、试评霸权稳定论的主要内容及其实质5、试述国家机制论的基本特点及其评论6、试述罗伯特·基欧汉和约瑟夫·奈对全球化与相互依存的比较（六选五）国际关系史：1.简述美国冷战政策的确立过程。
2006年考研英语真题(含答案解析)[1]
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2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirecti ons:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)The homeless make up a grow ing perce ntage of America ' s populati on.大 1 家 homeless ness has reached such proporti ons that localgover nmentscan ' t possibly 大 2 家.To help homeless people the federal gover nment must support job training programs, minimum wage, and fund more low-cost hous ing.大 5 家 every one agrees on the nu mber of America ns who are homeless. Estimates 大 6 家 any where from 600,000 to 3 millio n.大 7 家 the figuremay vary, an alysts do agree on ano ther matter: that the nu mber of the homeless is 大 8 家.Oneof the federalgovernment ' s studies 大 9 家 thatthe nu mber of the homeless will reach n early 19 milli on by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 大 10 家 this growing homeless population has become in creas in gly difficult.大 11 家 whe n homeless in dividuals man age tofind a 大 12 家 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at ni ght, a good nu mber still spe nd the bulk of each day street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a sig nifica nt nu mber of the homeless have serious men tal disorders. Many others, 大 14 家 not addicted or men tally ill, simply lack the everyday大 15 家 skills needed to turn their lives大 3 家 independence,大4家 the大 13 家 the大17 家programsimprove only when there are ----------------- address the manyneedsof the homeless. 大 18家Edward Zlotkowski, director service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 大 19 家it, to be 大 20 家of programs. What ' s needed is a package deal.1. [A] In deed[B] Likewise[C] Therefore[D] Furthermore2. [A] sta nd[B] cope[C] approve[D] retain3. [A] in[B] for[C] with[D] toward4. [A] raise[B] add[C] take[D] keep5. [A] gen erally[B] almost[C] hardlycommu nity “There has[B] change[C] range[D] differ7. [A] Now that[B] Although[C] Provided[D] Except that8. [A] in flati ng[B] expanding[C] increasing[D] extending9. [A] predicts[B] displays[C] proves[D] discovers10. [A] assist[B] track[C] sustain[D] dismiss11. [A] Hence[B] But[C] Even[D] Only12. [A] lodging[B] shelter13. [A] searchi ng[B] strolling[C] crowding[D] wandering14. [A] when[B] once[C] while[D] whereas15. [A] life[B] existenee[C] survival[D] maintenance16. [A] around[B] over[C] on[D] up17. [A] complex[B] comprehensive[C] complementary[D] compensating18. [A] So[B] Since[C] As[D] Thus19. [A] puts[D] makes20. [A] supervision[B] manipulation[C] regulation[D] coord inationSecti on II Read ing Comprehe nsionPart ADirecti ons:Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text bychoosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET1 . (40 points)Text 1In spite of Bn dless talk of differe nee, ” America n society is anamaz ing machi ne for homoge nizing people. There is the democratiz inguni formity of dress and discourse, and the casua In ess and abse nee of deferenee ” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed intoa culture of consumption ” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered vast arrays of goods in an elega nt atmosphere.In stead of in timate shops cateri ng to a kno wledgeable elite, ” th ese were stores “nyone could en ter, regardless of class or backgro und. This tur ned shopp ing into a public and democratic act. ” The mass media, advertis ing and sports are other forces for homoge ni zati on.Immigra nts are quickly fitti ng into this com mon culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the Nati onal Immigrati on Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today ' s immigrati on is n either at un precede nted levels nor resista nt to assimilati on. In 1998 immigra nts were 9.8 perce nt of populati on; in 1900,13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, con sider three in dices of assimilati on -- Ian guage, homeow nershipmost com mon coun tries of origi n spoke En glish well ' or v ery well a fter ten years of reside nee. ”The childre n of immigra ntstend to be bilingual and proficient in English. By the third generation,the orig in al la nguage is lost in the majority of immigra nt families. ”Hence the description of America as a g raveyard ” fo r Ianguages. By1996 foreig n-born immigra nts who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rateof 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate amongn ative-bor n America ns.Foreig n-born Asia ns and Hispa nics have higher rates ofin termarriage tha n do U.S.-bor n whites and blacks. ” By the thirdgen erati on, one third of Hispa nic wome n are married to non-Hispa ni cs,and 41 perce nt of Asia n-America n wome n are married to non-Asia ns.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarze negger and Garth Brooks, yet some America ns fear that immigra nts livi ng within the Un ited States rema in somehow immune to the n ati on'assimilative power. ”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seethi ng an ger in America? In deed.It is big eno ugh to have a bit of everythi ng. But particularly whe n viewed aga instAmerica s turbule nt past, today 'social in diceshardly suggest a dark and deteriorati ng social en vir onment.21. The word homogenizing ”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century■[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became in timate shops for com mon con sumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[A] are resista nt to homoge ni zati on[B] exert a great in flue nce on America n culture[C] are hardly a threat to the com mon culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public 'fear of immigra nts.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful in flue nce of America n culture.25. In the author 'opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is■[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two dist in ctly separate and in creas in gly hostile bran ches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Compa ny (RSC), which prese nts superb producti ons of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the tow nsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway ' s Cottage, Shakespeare 'birthplace and the other sights.The worthy reside nts of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a pennyto their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC ' actors, them with theirlong hair and beards and san dals and noisin ess. It 's all deliciouslyironic whe n you con sider that Shakespeare, who earns their liv ing, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of no ise-mak ing.The tourist streams are not en tirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus --the RSC conten ds, who bring in much of the tow n s reve nue becausethey spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of tow n by ni ghtfall.The townsfolk don ' t see it this way and local council does not con tribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Compa ny. Stratford cries poor traditi on ally. Nevertheless every hotel in tow n seems to be addi ng a new wing or cocktail lo un ge. Hilt on is build ing its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Loun ge, the Banquo Banq uet ing Room, and so forth, and will be very expe nsive.Any way, the tow nsfolk can 'un dersta nd why the Royal Shakespeare Compa nyn eeds a subsidy. (The theatre has broke n atte ndance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 perce nt occupied all year long and this year they 'I do better.) The reas on, of course, is thatcosts have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford s most attractive clie ntele.They come en tirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lea n, poin ted, dedicated faces, weari ng jeans and san dals, eati ng their buns and beddi ng dow n for the ni ght on the flagst ones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office ope ns at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we lear n that ______ .[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC 'contribution to the town s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27. It can be in ferred from Paragraph 3 that ______ .[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater4), the author implies that _______ .[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because■[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30. From the text we can conclude that the author ________ .[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the tow nsfolk 'view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3Whe n prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, someth ing stra nge happe ned to the large ani mals. They sudde nly became exti net. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growi ng ani mals were easy game, and were quickly hun ted to exti ncti on. Now somethi ng similar could be happe ning in the ocea ns.That the seas are being overfished has bee n known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have show n is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data fromfisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish speciesin particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. Accord ing to their latest paper published in Nature , the biomassDr. Worm ack no wledges that these figures are con servative. One reas on for this is that fish ing tech no logy has improved. Today 'vesselscan find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proporti on of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real differeneebetween present and past is likelyto be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hookswould have bee n available to trap them, leadi ng to an un derestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fish ing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had bee n hooked.That is no Ion ger a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Wormargue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future managementefforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the shifting baseline. ” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive cha nges which have happe ned in the ocea n because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum susta in able yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes whe n the biomass of a target species is about50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do bus in ess.31. The ext in cti on of large prehistoric an imals is no ted to suggest that■[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm s paper that ________ .[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries hasreduced by 90%[B] there are on ly half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of theorig inal amount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in newfisheries than in the old33. By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3),Dr. Worm means that _______ .[A] fishi ng tech no logy has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that _______ .[A] people should look for a baseli ne that can work for a Ion ger time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocea n biomass should be restored to its orig in al level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries '■[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits[D] tech no logical applicati onText 4Many thi ngs make people thi nk artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists 'only job is to explore emoti ons, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn 'always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for express ing joy. But somewherefrom the 19th cen tury on ward, more artists bega n see ing happ in ess as meanin gless, phony or, worst of all, bori ng, as we went from Wordsworth 'daffodilsto Baudelaire o flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happ in ess becausemoder n times have see n so much misery. But it ' s not as if earlier times did n 't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happ in ess in the world today.After all, what is the one moder n form of expressi on almost completely dedicated to depict ing happ in ess? Advertis ing. The rise of an ti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emerge nee of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happ in ess is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked un til exhausted, lived with few protecti ons and died young. In the West, before mass com muni cati on and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in dan ger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Give n all this, they did not exactly n eed their art to be a bummer too. _______Today the messages the average Wester ner is surro un ded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, n ews an chors, text messe ngers, all smili ng, smili ng, smili ng. Our magaz ines feature beam ing celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an age nda -- to lure us to ope n our wallets --they make the very idea of happ in ess seem un reliable. Celebrate! ” comma nded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could in crease the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depe nds on us forgett ing -is that happ in ess is more tha n pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest pote ntial for loss and disappo in tme nt. Today, surro un ded by promises of easy happ in ess, we n eed art to tell us, as religi on once did, Meme nto mori: remember that youwill die, that everyth ing en ds, and that happ in ess comes not in denyingthis but in liv ing with it. It 'a message eve n more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By cit ing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the authorintends to show that _______ .[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happ in ess[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37. The word bummer ”(Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something■[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining[D] commercial38. In the author ' opinion, advertising _________ .[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusi on of happ in ess rather tha n happ in ess itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes■[A] happ in ess more ofte n tha n not ends in sad ness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balanee between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappo in ted at the realities of moder n society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirecti ons:In the followi ng article, somese nten ces have bee n removed. For Questi ons 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into eachof the nu mbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not n eed to use in any of the bla nks. Mark your a nswers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)On the n orth bank of the Ohio river sits Eva nsville, I nd., home ofDavid Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambli ng in that cas ino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had n ever gambled before the cas ino sent him a coup on for $20 worth of gambli ng.He visited the cas in o, lost the $20 and left. On his sec ond visithe lost $800. The cas ino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which whe n used in the cas ino ear ns points for meals and drin ks, and enables the casino to track the user 'gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electr onic heroin".(41) _______ .In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machi ne in twodays. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot mach ines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard whe n the cas ino ope ned at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the cas ino, charg ing that it should have refused his patr on age because it knew hewas addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams 'got him involuntarily confinedto a treatme nt cen ter for addicti ons, and wrote to inform the cas ino ofWilliams ' gambli ng problem. The cas ino in eluded a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a cease admissi onsletter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the lettersaid that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to prese ntmedical/psychological in formati on dem on strati ng that patr onizing the cas ino wouldpose no threat to his safety or well-bei ng.(42) _______The Wall Street Jour nal reports that the cas ino has 24 sig ns war ning: Enjoy the fun …and always bet with your head, not over it. ” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the IndianaDepartment of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams ' s s uit charges that the casino,knowing he was helplessly addicted to gambling, ”inten ti on ally worked to lure ” him to Fn gage in con duct aga inst his will. ” Well.(43) _______The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says pathological gambling ” involves persistent, recurringand uncon trollable pursuit less of money tha n of thrill of tak ing risksin quest of a win dfall.(44) _______ . Pushed by scie nee, or what claims to be scie nee,society is reclassify ing what once were con sidered character flaws ormoral faili ngs as pers on ality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) _______ .states are to vary ing degrees depe ndent on -- you might say addicted to--revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competiti on for gamblers ' dollars has becomeintense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 milli on gamblerspatr onize 1,800 virtual cas inos every week. With $3.5 billi on being loston Internet wagers this year, gambli ng has passed porno graphy as the Webs most profitable bus in ess.[A] Although no such evide nee was prese nted, the cas inodepartme nt con ti nued to pepper him with maili ngs. cas ino and used his Fun Card without being detected. 'marketi ng And he entered the[B] It is un clear what luri ng was required, give n his compulsive behavior.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have cas inos, and most of theseAnd in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he couldget back to eve n, he would quit. One ni ght he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambli ng has bee n a com mon feature of America n life forever, but fora long time it was broadly con sidered a sin, or a social disease.Nowit is a social policy: the most importa nt and aggressive promoter of gambli ng in Americais the gover nment.[E] David Williams ' s suit should trouble this gambling nation.But dont bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicaliz ing problems, often defining as addictions gen erati ons expla ined as weak ness of will.[G] The anonym ous, I on ely, un distracted n ature of on li ne gambli ng is especially conducive tocompulsive behavior. But even if the gover nment knew how to move aga inst Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirecti ons:Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and consideredof no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story whe n he observed that it is the in tellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more tha nthat. They have grow n dissatisfied with the role of in tellectual. It isthey, not America, who have become an ti-i ntellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is anwho must accept the obligati on of reveali ng in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reas oning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to asintellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded himbecause, while his accomplishme nts may con tribute to the soluti on ofmoral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other huma n bein gs, hemore and more behavioralwhat earlier, ster nerin tellectual? 46) I shall define him as an in dividual who haselected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way aboutmoral problems.con sciously, articulately, questions, then by asking which seems appropriate in which he has obtained. 47)He explores such problems first fin ally by suggesti ng factual by ask ing factual action and moral in formati on and fran kly, moral questions, the light of the His function is —analogous —to that —of ——a judge,encounters moral issues even in the everyday performanee of his routineduties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidenee, or doctor his reports.49) Bu―his primary task is not to think— about the moral code which governs his activity, any—more than abus in essma n is expected to dedicate his en ergies to an explorati on ofrules of con duct in bus in ess. During most of his wak ing life he will take his code for gra nted, as the bus in essma n takes his ethics.The defi niti on also excludes the majority of teachers, despite thefact that teachi ng has traditi on ally bee n the method whereby manyintellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and morethan ear n their salaries, but most of them make little or no in depe ndentreflecti ons on huma n problems which in volve moral judgme nt. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of huma n kno wledge is one thin g, liv ing in "public and illustrious thoughts, ” as Emers on would say, is somethi ng else.Secti on III Writ ingPart A51. Directi onsYou want to con tribute to Project Hope by offeri ng finan cial aid toa child in a remote area. Write a letter to the departme nt concern ed, ask ing them to help find a can didate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your pla n.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming ”in stead.Do not write the address. (10 poin ts)Part B52. Directi ons:Study the follow ing photos carefully and write an essay in whichyou should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words n eatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 poi nts)有两幅图片，图1把崇拜写在脸上；图2花300元做“小贝头”注:Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。
2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(四川卷.理)含详解
2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（四川）韩先华编辑数 学（理工农医类）本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。
第Ⅰ卷1至2页。
第Ⅱ卷3到8页。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷注意事项：1．答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上。
2．每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
3．本卷共12小题，每小题5分，共60分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
参考公式：如果事件A 、B 互斥，那么 球是表面积公式)()()(B P A P B A P +=+ 24R S π=如果事件A 、B 相互独立，那么 其中R 表示球的半径)()()(B P A P B A P ⋅=⋅ 球的体积公式 如果事件A 在一次试验中发生的概率是P ，那么334R V π=n 次独立重复试验中恰好发生k 次的概率 其中R 表示球的半径kn k kn n P P C k P --=)1()(一、选择题：本大题共12小题，每小题5分，共60分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.已知集合{}{}2A=|560,|213,x x x B x x -+≤=->则集合A B ＝（A ）{}|23x x ≤≤（B ）{}|23x x ≤<（C ）{}|23x x <≤ （D ）{}|13x x -<< 2.复数()313i -的虚部为（A ）3. （B ）－3. （C ）2 （D ）－2. 3. 已知23,1(),2,1x x f x x +≠⎧=⎨=⎩ 下面结论正确的是 （A ）f(x)在x=1处连续 （B ）f(1)＝5 （C ）1lim ()2x f x →=－（D ）1lim ()5x f x →= 4. 已知二面角l αβ--的大小为060，m n 、为异面直线，m n αβ⊥⊥且，，m n 则、 所成的角为 （A ）030 （B ）060 （C ）090 （D ）0120 5. 下列函数中，图像的一部分如右图所示的是（A ）sin()6y x π=+ （B ）sin(2)6y x π=- （C ）cos(4)3y x π=- （D ）cos(2)6y x π=- 6. 已知两定点(2,0),A -(1,0),B 如果动点P 满足条件2,PA PB =则点P 的轨迹所包围的图形的面积等于（A ）π（B ）4π （C ）8π （D ）9π 7.如图, 已知正六边形123456PP P P P P ，下列向量的数量积中最大的是 （A ）1213PP PP ∙ （B ）1214PP PP ∙（C ）1215PP PP ∙ （D ）1216PP PP ∙ 8. 某厂生产甲产品每千克需用原料A 和原料B 分别为11a b 、千克，生产乙产品每千克需用原料A 和原料B 分别为22a b 、千克。
四川大学国际关系考研经验分享
距离录取已经过去数月有余，想写一篇川大国际关系专业的经验帖，却一直没有时间。
如今终于有些时间，抽空写下这篇经验帖，希望能够帮助到要考川大国际关系专业的学弟学妹，同时也希望大家批评指正。
本篇经验帖分为以下部分：一、概况决定考研是从大三上学期。
由于本科的专业是国际政治，而且对于南亚方向比较感兴趣，因此就选择了四川大学南亚研究所国际关系专业。
南亚所的研究方向分为南亚经济关系、大国关系与国际安全、南亚国家对外关系研究和文化与国际交流四个方向，这个等到进校之后才进行选择。
大三上学期主要进行的就是一些资料信息的搜集工作，包括分数线、报录比、就业方向等等，此外就是开始背英语单词。
从决定学校和专业开始到最后复试结束顺利被录取，其间几百个日夜的辛勤付出终于有了回报，自己的内心也是感慨万千。
因为深知备考期间的艰辛和迷茫，所以我也非常乐意和学弟学妹们交流分享。
二、政治虽然本科是政治学专业，看上去似乎在政治复习上占“优势”，但事实并非如此。
考研政治所涉及到的知识内容十分繁杂，而且同我本科所学专业并没有太多重复的内容，所以在政治复习上大家的基础都是差不多的。
另外需要跟学弟学妹说明的一点是，千万不要在政治这门课上掉以轻心，因为这是一门能够在短时间内快速提分的科目，高投入就会有高回报。
我的政治复习是从大三的暑假开始的，一直跟着肖老进行，从精讲精练、1000题到最后的4套卷和8套卷是非常重要的。
另外，大纲解析〔又称红宝书〕也是政治复习的重中之重。
考研政治分为单项选择、多项选择和分析题。
那么接下来就从这三个方面介绍。
1.单项选择题〔16分〕这部分是最容易拿分的，只要把红宝书详细过两遍之后基本就能够做到13分以上。
红宝书是人手一本的重要资料，在每年9月份就会出版，建议在考前把红宝书详细过4-5遍基本就问题不大了。
2.多项选择题〔34分〕如果说单项选择题是考研政治中的较易部分，那多项选择题则属于考研政治中的拉分关键。
我在最初做多项选择题的时候，错误率特别高。
四川大学真题2006年
四川大学真题2006年(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：10.00){{B}}Passage One{{/B}}Superstition is a biased word. Look up almost any dictionary definition and you will see that it implies that every religion not based on reason or knowledge is called a superstition. Even the word knowledge is a two-faced word. Presumably, it is used as a synonym for reason. What it all comes down to is that people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else's religion.It is true that a person's religion must be based on some kind of knowledge. But what kind of knowledge is meant? Scientific, experimental, rational? Such knowledge is natural and maybe ethical and then it is natural religious knowledge. A person may quite easily conclude from observing the universe that only God could have produced it. That knowledge is not religion, not even if a person is bound to recognize a creator of the universe. It is natural knowledge such as Confucius, Socrates or Zoroaster possessed. Natural religious knowledge, as is evident in the history of the human race, although it helps to make a malt good, hardly, suffices to keep him good, especially in times of crisis. Will such natural knowledge, for instance, sustain a man when he has suddenly lost all his money and even his wife and children? Will it offer the hope of ever seeing them again? Will it influence him gladly to sacrifice his life for his family, his country, his religion? Only a strong sense of supernatural religion, a reliance upon God, will provide the necessary courage for right action.All the great religions of the world--Christianity, Hinduism, Chinese Buddhism and Islam--have shown men the way to such courage and its resulting peace of mind and heart and peace with all men. They point to a better sort of life, mostly a life somewhere else, or, at least, an end to the troubles of this life.Christianity and Islam direct men to look up, hope for and strive after an eternal life of happiness in the possession of God. Hinduism also encourages its adherents to achieve successively higher incarnations until they achieve unity, become one with Brahman-God. The agnostic or the atheist thinks of all of these creeds as religious superstition. Are the agnostic and the atheist free of superstition? Hardly. Every thinking man has a natural bent for religion, for ideals above and beyond earthly ones. If he crushes his natural inclination, which is God-inspired ideals, he most likely will substitute a series of self-inspired ideals or some fad like astrology, which will become a religion for him. There is a linebetween religion and superstition which everyone must learn to identify, of forfeit a true direction in his life.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the passage, people define superstition as ______.（分数：1.00）A.some religious knowledge not based on reasonB.anything that seems unreasonable to themC.anything that seems unreasonable in another person's religion √D.any natural knowledge of a religion that is two-faced and totally different from another 解析：文中第1段结尾部分，作者对superstition做了诠释：...people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else's religion. 人们认为在其他宗教中讲不通的就是迷信。
06年川大文学评论真题
四川大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：文学评论写作科目代码：335适用专业：文艺学研究方向：文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学、中国古典文献学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、中国少数民族语言文学、比较文学与世界文学、文艺与传媒、文化批评、文学人类学、佛教语言文学、广播影视文艺学第一部分文学评论基础知识（共50分）一、词语解释（每小题5分，共20分）1.“诗言志”说2.文学意象3.共鸣与间离4.文本批评二、简要论述（每小题15分，共30分）1.文学创作过程中的思维活动有何特征？2.消费文化与文学接受的关系。
第二部分文学评论写作（共100分）仔细阅读小说《白马》，根据小说内容撰写一篇文学评论文章，要求字数不少于1500字。
白马日子对于我来说，就是绕着这里固定的跑道没完没了地走来走去或跑来跑去，因为我是一匹跑马场的马。
如果你硬要把我和其它同行区别开来，那么就请记住，我是那匹高大、沉默、有着灰色眼神的白马。
在古代，人类中一位名叫公孙龙的智者早就断言，白马非马。
他的高论自然引起了无数浅薄的嘲笑和讥讽，但真理并不因此而变质，反而会因众多嘲笑讥讽的擦拭闪烁异彩。
时至今日，你完全可以不把我当马看待，因为就连我本马都觉得，自己正日益向着非马的道路越走越远了。
这是一个公园，一个所谓的乐园，是数不清的人暂时抛开手头永远做不完的事务闲逛的地方。
住在城里的人——我猜想，他们的数量肯定要比公园里的草多。
因为草生得再拥挤，也是纷纷把脚踩在地上的——你见过一丛草长在另一丛草的头顶上吗？而人类的建筑则要一层一层叠起来，向着天空的方向肆无忌惮地发展。
也许是感到空间的压抑、逼仄了，他们常常要从钢筋水泥围成的屋子里走出来，然后骑上两个轮子冒烟的机器，或是乘上四个轮子冒烟的机器，再不就是坐上拥有更多的铁轮子、蛇一样在大地上飞驰的机器，满世界跑动，也不知道都忙着寻找什么。
他们是否找到了他们所要的东西？像一尊石像一样，我常常一动不动地立在跑马场的边上，用我灰色的眼神打量着走马灯般来来往往的人们。
2006外交学院国际关系考研真题
2006外交学院国际关系考研真题2006年《国际关系史（1945-2000）》一、名词解释（每题8分，共40分）1、《里约热内卢条约》2、卢蒙巴3、尤里卡计划4、普里马科夫5、东盟+3机制二、简答题（每题20分，共60分）1、为什么俄日“北方四岛”至今悬案2、20世纪70年代前半期美苏缓和的主要动因3、2000年7月巴以戴维营首脑会谈未果的主要原因三、论述题(50分)试论德国从分裂走向统一的几次重大事件2006综合科目（世界经济概论、国际关系理论）2006《世界经济概论》部分55分（一）名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1、产业结构2、关税同盟3、国际间接投资4、净贸易条件(指数)5、最惠国待遇（二）简答题（每题7分，共35分）1、北美自由贸易区的特点2、内部化理论3、发展中国家建立国际经济新秩序的构想4、牙买加体系5、影响世界市场价格的主要因素2006《国际关系理论》部分55分（一）名词解释（每题5分，共25分）1、均势2、爱德华·卡尔3、霸权周期理论4、层次分析法5、国际社会（二）简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、评析小平同志关于科技在国际综合竞争中作用的论述2、试论新现实主义对现实主义的发展3、试述IPE发展的两个趋势三、选答部分40分论述题（每题20分，任选2题，共40分）1、2005年世界经济运行的特点与风险综述2、评述软权力论3、试述复合相互依存的理论4、邓小平同志对中日关系的论述考研真题答题黄金攻略名师点评：认为只要专业课重点背会了，就能拿高分，是广大考生普遍存在的误区。
而学会答题方法才是专业课取得高分的关键。
(一)名词解释答题方法【考研名师答题方法点拨】名词解释最简单，最容易得分。
在复习的时候要把参考书中的核心概念和重点概念夯实。
近5-10年的真题是复习名词解释的必备资料，通过研磨真题你可以知道哪些名词是出题老师经常考察的，并且每年很多高校的名词解释还有一定的重复。
专业课辅导名师解析：名词解释答题方法上要按照核心意思+特征/内涵/构成/案例，来作答。
国际关系期末试题及答案
国际关系期末试题及答案一、选择题1. 国际关系学是研究国家与国家之间的相互关系以及国家与国际组织之间的相互关系的学科。
以下哪个领域不属于国际关系学的研究范畴？A. 国家主权B. 国际贸易C. 国内政治D. 国际安全答案：C2. 全球化是指不同国家和地区在经济、社会、文化等领域中相互联系、相互依赖的现象。
下列哪个因素不是全球化的推动力之一？A. 科技进步B. 国家独立性C. 自由贸易D. 跨国公司答案：B3. 《联合国宪章》是世界上最重要的国际组织章程，也是全球政治、经济和安全等领域最重要的国际协定之一。
以下哪个原则不是《联合国宪章》的基本原则？A. 主权平等原则B. 非干涉原则C. 多极化原则D. 和平解决争端原则答案：C4. 世界贸易组织（WTO）是国际上最重要的多边贸易组织，负责制定和监督国际贸易规则。
以下哪个国际协议属于WTO的核心协议？A. 《巴黎公约》B. 《布雷顿森林体系》C. 《关税与贸易总协定》D. 《联合国宪章》答案：C5. 战争是国际关系中最极端的形式之一，对世界和平与安全造成巨大威胁。
以下哪种观点认为战争是国家之间冲突不可避免的结果？A. 实力观点B. 合作观点C. 民族主义观点D. 文化观点答案：A二、简答题1. 解释什么是国际秩序，并举例说明国际秩序的重要性。
国际秩序是指由国际组织、国际法律、国际准则等所构成的一种国家行为规范和国家间关系的稳定有序状态。
它确保了各国在国际事务中有明确的行为规则和原则可依循。
例如，联合国作为一种国际组织，通过其宪章和安全理事会的决议，维护国际和平与安全，促进了国际合作与发展。
国际秩序的存在使得国家之间的相互交往更加稳定和可预测，有利于各国和平共处、合作发展。
2. 请简要说明国际关系中的现实主义理论和自由主义理论，并阐述它们的区别。
现实主义理论认为国际关系是由国家实力和国家利益所驱动的，国家是国际政治的中心。
权力、安全和国家利益是现实主义关注的重点，通过实力竞争和权力平衡来维护国家安全和地位。
川大国关历年真题
1.2005年国际关系学一．试述邓小平关于和平与发展的理论。
二．试述新现实主义的基本观点及其对现实主义的修正与发展。
三．试述国家力量对一国对外战略的作用及衡量国家力量应该遵循的原则。
四．试述国际危机的特点及国际危机的处理。
五．试述对外决策的含义及其模式。
六．试述摩根索提出的现实主义原则及由此总结的现实主义的基本观点。
注：六题选作五题，每题30分。
国际关系史一.试述战后初期美国的冷战政策与苏联的对话政策。
二.概述20世纪50年代西欧联合趋势的发展、亚非会议和亚洲国家反帝斗争的高涨。
三.简述20世纪60年代的中苏美关系与中国同第三世界国家的关系。
四.试述20世纪70年代美苏在缓和中的争夺五.简述20世纪80年代西欧加快联合步伐和日本从经济大国走向政治大国的表现。
六.简述20世纪90年代前半期第三世界的动荡与发展和中国的对外关系。
注：六题选作五题，每题30分。
2006年国际关系学（注：第一至四题为必答题，第五和第六题为选做题，任选其中1题，总分150分）一．试述马列主义对国际关系理论的贡献。
（30分）二．试述邓小平关于党际关系的论述。
（30分）三．试述新自由主义的基本论点。
（30分）四．试述国际战略的类型。
（30分）五．参考当代国际竞争的新特点，我国应该如何增强国际竞争力？（30分）六．参照有关综合国力的界定，我国应该如何增强综合国力？（30分）国际关系史（注：第一、二、三、六题为必答题，第四、五题为选做题，任选其中1题，总分150分）一．战后初期国际关系的重构及其基本特点（30分）二．简析50年代苏联外交政策的变化及其原因（30分）三．简述中国60年代的第三世界外交与中国——印度关系（30分）四．试述70年代西欧联合趋势的演化过程（30分）五．评述中国80年代的对外关系及其国际背景（30分）六．简述90年代国际关系的发展主线及其特点（30分）2007年国际关系理论一．必答题（每小题30分，四个小题共120分）1.现实主义与理想主义的主要区别2.科学行为主义学派的代表任务及其主要贡献3.系统均势论的主要观点及评价4.地缘经济学理论的主要内容及借鉴意义二．选答题（在下列两个小题中选答一个，每个小题30分）要求：结合当今国际关系重大事件进行分析1.集体安全理论评析2.世界秩序新论与世界新秩序建设战后国际关系史一．阐释战后西方冷战思想与政策的形成（必做题，30分）二．评述亚非合作，不结盟运动与第三世界兴起的关联（必做题，30分）三．60年代末，70年代的美苏缓和及对国际关系的主要影响（必做题，30分）四．70、80年代的中美关系演化及其主要影响因素（必做题，30分）五．简述戈尔巴乔夫外交新思维的构想与实施（选做题，30分）六．80年代后期——90年代中印关系的恢复与发展（选做题，30分）注：2.第五、第六两题任选作其中之一评分标准：答出要点及相关内容、基本例证。