03_harmonics
Fluke 345电压质量电流计说明书
Technical Data• AC/DC current: Clamp-on measurement of ac current up to 1400 A rms and dc current up to 2000 A without breaking the circuit • Highest safety rating: 600 V CAT IV rated for use at the service entrance• Accurate in noisy environments: Even with distorted waveforms present on electronic loads with low-pass filter • Data logging: Identify intermittent faults by logging any power parameters for minutes or months, including harmonics• Verify batteries: Direct measurement of dc ripple (%) for battery and dc systems• Troubleshoot harmonics: Analyze and log harmonics digitally or graphically• Inrush current: Capture and analyze nuisance tripping, from 3 seconds to 300 seconds• Easy to use: Easily confirm instrument setup with large backlit color display of waveforms and trends • 3-Phase power: Built in capability for balanced loads •View graphs and generate reports: With included Power Log softwareFluke 345Power Quality Clamp MeterWith a bright color display to analyze the harmonicspectrum, a low-pass filter to remove high frequency noise, and a high EMC immunity design, the Fluke 345 is ideal for measurements on switching loads such as variable frequency drives, electronic lighting and UPS systems. Additionally, the Hall Effect measurement system makes measurement of dc current possible without the need to break the circuit, and the internal memory enables long-term logging for analysis of trends or intermittent problems.N1014019812 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp MeterLog measured parametersAll voltage, current, power, and harmonic measurements can be logged for minutes, hours, or months. Measurementaveraging periods from 1 second to 15 minutes can be selected depending on the application.Measured parameters can be logged into three separate recording memory areas. If longer recordings are required, the three areas may be combined into one. Stored measurements can be recalled and displayed on-screen in normal screen format or downloaded using the Power Log software package.ApplicationsSet up and troubleshoot variable frequency drives and UPS systems - Verify correct operation by measuring key parametersHarmonics measurements - Uncover harmonic issues that can damage or disrupt critical equipmentInrush capture - Check start-up current where spurious resets or nuisance circuit breaker tripping occurs Load studies - Verify electrical system capacity before adding loadsHarmonics measurements—view keyharmonic factors such as distortion factor and total harmonic distortion, as well as individual harmonics up to the 30thharmonic.Log parameters over time to track down intermittent faults.3 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp MeterFlexible and easy to useThe 345 measures a wide range of electrical parameters and can be used for many applications in today’s modern electrical environment. Measuring mode is selected by a simple turn of the rotary switch and the large color display presents data in a clear, easy-to-understand way.By default the display will show the most commonmeasurements, in very large format. If more detailed views are required they are available with the press of a single key (up to six measurements at once).Equipment performancemeasurement - power consumed by single- and three-phase balanced loads.View waveforms for equipment checking and setup.View recorded datain simple graphs and tables.Easily customizethe report.Create professional reports.Analysis and reporting softwareDesigned to quickly view recorded data, theincluded Power Log software displays all recorded parameters on interactive trends. Generate professional reports with the ‘Report Writer’ function, or copy and paste images into report document manually.• Easy-to-use tabbed window format allowsquick data evaluation.• One-step download and display capability • Waveform, harmonics, and trend download • Simple data export to other applicationsInrush currentDiagnose equipment start-ups with the inrush current mode. A current trigger level is set prior to recording. Once the level has been exceeded, the meter will begin capture. Recordings from 3 seconds to 300 seconds may be captured, and up to 1000 inrush events may be stored in the instruments memory.Screen captures and data loggingAny measurement can be stored in memory for later viewing, or downloaded to a PC. Simply press ‘SAVE’ to capture the active screen to memory – up to 50 screen shots can besaved for quick and simple documentation. Additionally, over 150,000 individual measurements can be logged for later review on the display or on a PC using Power Log software.Ambient conditions (For indoor use only)Reference conditions All accuracies stated at 23 °C ± 1 °C (73.4 °F ± 1.8 °F)Operating temperature0 °C to 50 °C (32 °F to 122 °F)Temperature coefficient of current≤ ± 0.15 % of rdg per °CTemperature coefficient of voltage≤ ± 0.15 % of rdg per °CMaximum relative humidity80 % for temperatures up to 31 °C (87 °F) decreasing linearly to 50 % relative humidity at40 °C (104 °F)Maximum operating altitude2000 mElectrical safetySafety IEC 61010-1 600 V CAT IV, double or reinforced insulation, pollution degree 2Protection IP40; EN60529Maximum safe working voltagesCurrent measurement 600 V ac rms or dc between uninsulated conductor and groundVoltage measurement600 V ac rms or dc between either input terminal and ground, or 825 V between energizedphase voltages (delta power config.)EMCEmission IEC/EN 61326-1:1997 class BImmunity IEC/EN 61326-1:1997MechanicalDimensions (length x width x depth)300 mm x 98 mm x 52 mm (12 in x 3.75 in x 2 in)Weight including batteries820 g/1.8 lbJaw opening60 mmJaw capacity58 mm diameterCleaning The unit can be cleaned with an Isopropanol impregnated cloth. Do not use abrasives orother solvents.4 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp Meter5 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp MeterVoltage measurement (dc, dc rms, ac rms)Measuring range0 to 825 V dc or ac rms Autorange facility 4 V/40 V/400 V/750 V Resolution 1 mV in 4 V range10 mV in 40 V range100 mV in 400 V range1 V in 750 V range AccuracyDC and dc rmsV > 1 V± 1 % rdg ± 5 digitsV < 1 V± 0.02 VAVGV > 1 V± 3 % rdg ± 5 digitsV < 1 V0.03 VPkV > 1 V± 5 % rdg ± 5 digitsV < 1 V± 0.03 VCF (Crest Factor)1.1 ≤ CF < 3± 3 % rdg ± 5 digits3 ≤ CF < 5± 5 % rdg ± 5 digitsResolution0.01RPL (Ripple)2 % ≤ RPL < 100 %±3 % rdg ± 5 digits100 % ≤ RPL < 600 %± 5 % rdg ± 5 digitsResolution0.1 %V dc> 0.5 V, V ac> 0.2 VAll measurements dc and 15 Hz to 1 kHzMaximum overload 1,000 V rmsVolts rms is a true-rms measurement (ac + dc)HarmonicsTHD (Total Harmonic Distortion)1 % ≤ THD < 100 %± 3 % rdg ± 5 digits100 % ≤ THD < 600 %± 5 % rdg ± 5 digitsResolution0.1 %DF (Distortion Factor)1 % ≤ DF < 100 %± 3 % rdg ± 5 digitsResolution0.1 %H02 ≤ V harm< H13± 5 % rdg ± 2 digitsH13 ≤ V harm ≤ H30± 10 % rdg ± 2 digits All measurements up to 30th harmonic (40th harmonic for 15 Hz to 22 Hz) Frequency range F0 15 Hz to 22 Hz and 45 Hz to 65 HzV acrms> 1V6 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp MeterPower factor (single- and three-phase)Power factorMeasuring range0.3 capacitive and 1.0 to 0.3 inductive (72.5° capacitive and 0° to 72.5° inductive) Resolution0.001Accuracy± 3°Frequency range15 Hz to 1 kHzDisplacement power factorMeasuring range0.3 capacitive and 1.0 to 0.3 inductive (72.5° capacitive and 0° to 72.5° inductive) Resolution0.001Accuracy± 3°Frequency range15 Hz to 22 Hz and 45 Hz to 65 Hz7 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp MeterMeasuring range40,000 kWHrAutorange facility 1 kWHr, 40 kWHr, 400 kWHr, 4,000 kWHr, 40,000 kWHr Resolution 1 WHr in 4 kWHr10 WHr in 40 kWHr100 WHr in 400 kWHr1 kWHr in 4,000 kWHr10 kWHr in 40,000 kWHrAccuracykWHr > 2 kWHr± 3 % ± 5 digitskWHr < 2 kWHr± 0.08 kWHrAll Watts /VA /VAR /PF measurementsFrequency range DC and 15 Hz to 1 kHzCurrent range10 A to 1400 A rmsVoltage range 1 V to 825 V rmsMaximum input825 V rms/1400 A rmsMaximum overload1000 V rms/10,000 AFrequency measurement(from current or voltage sources)Measuring range15 Hz to 1 kHzResolution0.1 HzAccuracy15 to 22 Hz ± 0.5 % rdg40 Hz to 70 Hz ± 0.5 % rdg15 Hz to 1000 Hz ± 1% rdgCurrent range10 A to 1400 A rmsVoltage range 1 V to 825 V rmsScope functionCurrent measurementRanges10 A/20 A/40 A/100 A/200 A/400 A/1000 A/2000 AResolution 1 A in 40 A10 A in 400 A50 A in 2000 AAccuracy± 3 % rdg ± 1 pixelMaximum overload 10,000 AVoltage measurementRanges 4 V/10 V/20 V/40 V/100 V/200 V/400 V/1000 VResolution100 mV in 4 V1 V in 40 V10 V in 400 V31.25 V in 1000 VAccuracy± 2 % rdg ± 1 pixelMaximum overload 1000 V rmsFrequency range DC and 15 Hz to 600 HzTime base 2.5 ms, 5 ms, 10 ms, 25 ms, 50 ms/divRefresh rate0.5 secondsMaximum sampling rate15.625 kHz8 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp MeterRanges40 A, 400 A, and 2000 AResolution10 mA in 40 A range100 mA in 400 A range1 A in 2000 A rangeAccuracyI > 10 A± 5 % rdg ± 1 pixelI < 10 A± 0.5 AAll measurements dc and 15 Hz to 1 kHzMaximum overload Maximum overload 10,000 A or rms x frequency < 400,000Amps rms is a true-rms measurement (ac + dc)Capture time 1 s, 3 s, 10 s, 30 s, 100 s, and 300 sMaximum sampling rate15.625 kHzInterfaceUSB Interface to a PCPower Log software for download, analysis, and reporting345 Upgrade Utility for installing a new firmware versionLogging MemoryLogging areas Three areas that can be used individually or combined into one large area Averaging periods 1 s, 2 s, 5 s, 10 s, 30 s, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, and custom9 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp MeterLogging timesVolts and current modeAverage time Logging time (1 area)Logging time (3 areas)1 s 1 h 49 m 5 h 12 m2 s3 h 38 m10 h 24 m5 s9 h 06 m 1 d 2 h 00 m10 s18 h 12 m 2 d 04 h 00 m30 s 2 d 06 h 36 m 6 d 12 h 01 m1 min 4 d 13 h 12 m13 d 00 h 03 m5 min22 d 18 h 00 m65 d 00 h 15 m10 min45 d 12 h 00 m130 d 00 h 30 m15 min68 d 06 h 00 m195 d 00 h 45 mV & A harmonics modeAverage time Logging time (1 area)Logging time (3 areas)1 s0 h 34 m 1 h 38 m2 s 1 h 08 m3 h 16 m5 s 2 h 52 m08 h 11 m10 s 5 h 44 m16 h 23 m30 s17 h 13 m 2 d 01 h 11 m1 min 1 d 10 h 26 m 4 d 02 h 23 m5 min7 d 04 h 10 m20 d 11 h 25 m10 min14 d 08 h 20 m81 d 0 h 50 m15 min21 d 12 h 30 m121 d 13 h 15 msingle- and three-phase power modeAverage Time Logging Time (1 area)Logging Time (3 areas)1 s 1 h 40 m 4 h 47 m2 s3 h 21 m9 h 34 m5 s8 h 22 m23 h 57 m10 s16 h 45 m 1 d 23 h 54 m30 s 2 d 02 h 17 m 5 d 23 h 42 m1 min 4 d 04 h 35 m11 d 23 h 25 m5 min20 d 22 h 55 m59 d 21 h 05 m10 min41 d 21 h 50 m119 d 18 h 10 m15 min62 d 20 h 45 m179 d 15 h 15 m10 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp Meter11 Fluke Corporation Fluke 345 Power Quality Clamp Meter Fluke Corporation PO Box 9090, Everett, WA USA 98206Fluke Europe B.V. PO Box 1186, 5602 BD Eindhoven, The NetherlandsFor more information call: In the U.S.A. (800) 443-5853 or Fax (425) 446-5116 In Europe/M-East/Africa +31 (0) 40 2675 200 or Fax +31 (0) 40 2675 222 In Canada (800) 36-FLUKE or Fax (905) 890-6866 From other countries +1 (425) 446-5500 or Fax +1 (425) 446-5116 Web access: ©2007 Fluke Corporation. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice. Printed in U.S.A. 1/2007 2643038 D-EN-N Rev C Fluke. Keeping your world up and running.™Ordering informationFluke-345Power Quality Clamp Meter Includes Soft carrying case Power Log software Test leads Alligator clips Test probes USB cable International ac adapter / battery eliminator Printed English language user manual Multi-language manual CDRecommended Accessories:TP220 SureGrip ™ Industrial Test Probes - One pair (red, black) of Industrial test probes. Sharp, 12 mm stainless steel tip provides reliable contact. Use with TL224 test leads.AC220 SureGrip ™ Alligator Clips - One pair (red, black) of small, insulated, nickel plated jaws. Blunt tip grabs round screwheads up to 9.5 mm. Use with TL224 test leads.TP1 Slim Reach Test Probes - One pair (red, black) of slender probe bodies for probing closely spaced or recessed terminals. Hard stainless steel probe tips with flat blade design to hold securely in blade type electrical wall sockets.L200 Probe Light - Small, rugged, and light the L200 easily attaches to any Fluke test probe. Bright white LED illuminates contact area and frees hands for work.L210 Probe Light and Probe Extenders - Includes L200 Probe Light and TP280 Test Probe Extenders to keep hands away from live circuits and light work area C550 Tool Bag - Steel reinforced frame with heavy duty hardware and large zippered storage compartment includes 25 pockets. Allows you to carry all your tools to the job site.TLK291 - Fused Test Leads provide extra safety with retractable sheath protectingcontact points.。
电路基础英文教学
Materials that allow the flow of electricity, such as copper or aluminum wires
Devices used to control the flow of electricity in a circuit, turning it on or off
States that sum of currents entering a node ( junction) in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving the node
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
States that sum of voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit is zero This law is based on conservation of energy and is essential for analyzing complex circuits
Power Law
Describe the relationship between power, voltage, and current in a circuit (P=IV) Power is measured in watts (W)
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Superposition Theorem
Introduction to Superposition Theory
Explain the basic concept and principles of the Superposition Theory
GM音色使用大全
GM音色使用大全GM音色使用大全有人常问“我用的音色怎么不好听？”那是因为音色本身就像一个个音符一样，单独发出声响并不好听。
但是你了解了它的特点、性质、规律及其演奏法，就像许多音符在你面前跳舞一样，让你感受到了它的优美。
下面我们就来简单的介绍GM格式的128种音色。
一、钢琴钢琴是midi中最好的乐器，它可以做旋律。
也可以只做伴奏织体等等。
可以用任何音区。
几乎什么曲子都可以不费脑筋的想到它的存在。
钢琴组中音色包括：01 Acoustic Grand Piano大钢琴（声学钢琴）02 Bright Acoustic Piano明亮的钢琴03 Electric Grand Piano电子大钢琴04 Honky-tonk Piano酒吧钢琴05 Rhodes Piano柔和的电钢琴06 Chorused Piano加合唱效果的电钢琴07 Harpsichord羽管键琴（拨弦古钢琴）08 Clavichord科拉维科特琴（击弦古钢琴）其中01和02号钢琴是我们能在很多地方听得到的，它适于担任旋律、伴奏、加花等角色。
有很多时候用于古典音乐或柔和的乐曲里。
03号钢琴音色有许多人认为这个音色不好听，那是因为它的个性太强了，适用于现代风格的伴奏。
04号钢琴音色的音不是很准。
酒吧里的钢琴谁都去弹，音便不准了。
所以它非常适用于色彩和加花等角色。
一般不用于旋律和伴奏。
05和06号钢琴音色的区别就是05亮一些，06暗一些。
它们的优点是具有很长的延音。
常用在伴奏上，踩着踏板开放弹奏会非常丰满。
07和08号钢琴音色是古钢琴音色。
一般用在古典音乐中，担任伴奏角色。
而08号却是电子击弦的。
二、音高打击乐器音高打击乐器组音色大都是色彩音色，没有什么特别要注意与受限制的。
音高打击乐器组也叫色彩打击乐器组。
它包括：09 Celesta钢片琴10 Glockenspiel钟琴11 Music box八音盒12 Vibraphone颤音琴13 Marimba马林巴14 Xylophone木琴15 Tubular Bells管钟16 Dulcimer大扬琴09、10、11、12号音色的穿透力很强，音头很突出，延音不是很长。
清华大学电力电子与电机集成第二章
Di: stator inteiral diameter L: effective length of stator Bg: flux density in airgap P: rated output power ns: rated speed C: machine constant η: efficiency cosθ: rated power factor Ke: back-emf coefficient Kw: winding coefficient A: surface current density
Open-loop distribution
5
2-1 Influence of Inverter on the Motors
Tsinghua Univ. DEEA
The harmonics of voltage and current
三电平明显优于两电平的电压、电流波形比较
6
2-1 Influence of Inverter on the Motors
Tsinghua Univ. DEEA
7
2-1 Influence of Inverter on the Motors
Tsinghua Univ. DEEA
The controllable current and flux
D-axis: magnetizing axis; Q-axis: torque axis Constant flux density Ids for whole magnetizing field Ir = Iqr and Idr = 0
Q ⎛ π ⎞ b=− 1 ⎜ ⎟ 2π ⎝ Q1 + π ⎠
2
2
联合能源-口琴09说明书
H A R M O N I C I N F O R M A T I O N M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E MJohan ADOLFSSON Peter ANDERSSON Nilesh CHINTALWARShital SHAH Director, Unipower AB CEO, Unipower AB GM, PCI Ltd PCI Ltd Alingsås - Sweden Alingsås - Sweden Mumbai -India Mumbai - IndiaINTRODUCTIONIn the vast majority of countries today there are regulations and standards implemented that specify the maximum level of harmonic content. Some countries implement the international IEC standards IEC 61000-2-2, IEC 61000-2-12 and IEC 61000-3-6 whereas other make local adaptations and implement their own versions of the standard meeting the local requirements. In Europe the EN 50160 specifies the harmonic content regarding the Total Harmonic Distortion, THD and individual harmonics, but many countries in Europe also add their own specific requirements to it.Common for most international and country specific standards is that not only the THD is monitored but also the individual harmonics up to the 40th or 50thharmonicdepending on what standard being used.Fig. 1. Example: Individual harmonic limits according to IEC 61000-2-12Another important requirement is that the measuring equipment being used must comply to adequate measure equipment standards (like IEC 61000-4-30 Class A,S and IEC 6100-4-7Ed2) to assure that the measurement results are correct and normative. Without appropriate norm compliance two power quality meters can produce very different results even if connected in the same measure point.Modern power quality meters do not only measure THD and individual harmonics but also include additional harmonic parameters. The result is a complex set of adequate data that must be managed and handled in an effective and appropriate way if harmonic measurements are implemented in a larger scale. The trend of Harmonic measurements today is towards continuous monitoring with permanently installed meters. Long term monitoring of harmonics also provides effective means for planning. Example below shows 5 years of THD data.Seasonal fluctuations are present, but the long term trend is stable.Fig. 2.Seasonal fluctuation of THD in a MV station at distribution level.POWER HARMONICS DIRECTIONModern PQ Monitors do often also measure the Harmonic Phase Angle, i.e. the phase angle between each voltage and current harmonic. For a standard three phase installation that mean additional 150 parameters in addition to the 300 individual voltage and current harmonics recorded.The harmonics phase angle is raw data from which the so called power harmonics can be derived. If using a PQ meter like the UP2210 or Unilyzer 902 the power harmonics can be shown with direction (+/-) thereby facilitating the interpretation of the harmonic flow, i.e. search for the harmonic source and at the same time reducing the data storage capacity.Fig. 3. Power harmonic flow. Negative indicates the source is downstream the measure point.3SEC MAX HARMONICSThe harmonic limits in the standards are usually specified as the 10-min averages. There are however fluctuating harmonic loads today that are dangerous even though the duration is short. A new need for measuring the 3sec Maximum Harmonics has therefore arised. For such applications the PQ Meter continuously calculates 3sec harmonics, storing the Maximum value for each seleceted time period, normally 10-min, if IEC 61000-2-2, IEC 61000-2-12 or EN 510160 is being applied.Fig. 4. Example: 3sec Max values and 10-min averages for 3rd Harmonic Phase 1.Today also the IEC 61000-3-6 specifies the need for measuring the 3sec Max Harmonics. THE NEED FOR A HARMONIC INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Harmonic measurements of today is no longer just THD measurements even though the number of THD parameters has increased (see below). As we have seen above up to approx 500 harmonic related parameters are to be calculated, stored and evaluated for each storage interval. In addition harmonic measurements are no longer just fortroubleshooting purpose, but for contractual verification of the power supply and for preventive purposes.Fig. 5. Example of THD parameters derived from PQ analyzer Unilyzer 902 and UP2210.The process of polling the data and making the in-depth data analysis is no longer efficient to make in a manual way when the number of measure points grow from just a few to hundreds and thousands of measure points in the transmission and distribution network. Neither is it a quality assured process. Instead a need for automatic handling of the harmonic data has arised. The characteristics of such a system are:- Automatic polling of harmonic data into a central database.- Data compression techniques for efficient transfer of data and data storage.- Automatic report generation scheduled on a weekly basis to provide summary statistics-Supervision of individual harmonic parameters withalarm functionsbON-LINE MONITORING OF INDIVIDUAL HARMONICSIn a mining industry in northern Europe a Harmonic Information Management System, Unipower PQ Secure, was implemented and on a normal basis the harmonic levels were within control. In January 12th , 2008 the system manager however received an email from the Harmonic Information Management System notifying that in one measure point the 7th individual harmonics were outsidespecified control limits according to IEC 61000-2-12. Still however the THD was reported being inside control limits.Fig. 6. 7th Harmonic failing (see table of limits – Fig 1)At site it could be concluded that one major filter had been disconnected by service personnel by mistake, and it could immediately be reconnected before any further damage andlosses occurred.Fig. 7. THD value goes high when the filter is disconnected. However the specified THD control limit is not violated.Without a Harmonic Information Management System in place monitoring the individual harmonics the filter would probably remained disconnected until the annual inspection or a possible failure occurred according to local management.CONCLUSIONThe international trend for Harmonic measurements is towards permanent supervision of harmonics in the transmission and distribution networks. The scale of implementation calls for an automated system for data gathering and automatic data analysis where both operators and authorities can receive scheduled weekly statistical information defining network status. Supervision and alarm functionality for all harmonic parameters also makes it possible to assure quality and keep harmonic levels in control in a preventive approach.The challenge of tomorrow is not only to retrieve reliable and norm compliant harmonic data from the network, but also to manage this data in a reliable and cost effective way.。
新天地电子（Newtons4th Ltd）N4L 7949 03 3kHz高频交流电源商品说明书
DC~3kHZ Bandwidth (10kHz small signal)Better than 0.3% THD Isolated OutputRegenerative Option0~270V & 0~135V RMS 0~11.1Arms & 0~22.2Arms ContinuousStackable Parallel OptionCombine units to create a 3 Phase system (Delta/Star)Newtons4th Ltd794903-Advanced Power SourcesHighIEC ENWhite Goods, Aerospace, Consumer Electronics, Single and Three PhaseParallel up to 9 units [27kVA] in single and 3 phase configirationArbitrary waveform generation including harmonic synthesis IEC61000 ComplianceSOURCE WITH A SINGLE PHASE UNIVERSAL INPUTPOWER ELECTRONICS EXPERTISE MEASUREMENT EXPERTISEQUALITYISO17025ACCREDITATIONMASTER8x SLAVESGROUP 1 50Hz 220V L-N0° Phase OffsetGROUP 1 50Hz 220V L-N120° Phase Offset GROUP 1 50Hz 220V L-N240° Phase OffsetR&DUSB, RS232, CAN and a Parallel networking bus to control the N4AX when in master-slave configuration.Input, Output and Sense terminals feature high quality removable connectors making connection and disconnection from a system extremely easy. Spare connectors are readily available from worldwide component stockists.There is also a Regen Option connector on the rear of the N4AX which facilitates connection to a regen unit. N4L will be releasing the regen unit during 2018.Waveform Example : DO-160 Section 16.5.1.2(Voltage modulation, AC)Waveform Example : DO-160 Section 16.5.1.4(Momentary Power Interruptions, AC)consumer electronics. An example application is development and test of AC/DC mobile phone chargers, where the N4AX can be paired up with a PPA500 or PPA1500 precision power analyzer to provide a complete measurement solution.The N4AX can be employed to generate a constant sinusoidal output, or it can be configuredto apply high levels of distortion, voltage sags or voltage surges to the device under test, forexample.AnalyzerAnalyzerand analysis of up to 6 DUT’s. The example below shows 6 mobile phone battery chargers being simultaneously powered and analyzed by the N4AX and PPA3500.components. This makes the N4AX able to generate power for both automotive inverter design and test applications as well as development and test of grid connected charging systems.immunity tests. The N4AX offers a very low distortion output which is a key requirement of the Harmonics and Flicker standard. The output impedance is also extremely low, a key performance IEC7949occur. The N4AX series of power sources are able to signal to the rest of the system that a fault has occured and immediate shut down of the system is initiated to protect the device under test as well as the remaining N4AX power sources. This is known as the “high speed kill function”.As N4AX power sources can act as a master and a slave, even if the original master unit is in fault condition one of the remaining N4AX units can take over master responsibilities and system operation can resume. (see example below)7949Newtons4th Ltd 1 Bede Island RoadLeicester LE2 7EAUKPhone: +44 (0)116 230 1066 Fax: +44 (0)116 230 1061Email:********************Web: copyright © 2010-2018 Newtons4th Document ref: N4AX/iss3/Mar_2018Newtons4th Newtons4th Ltd (abbreviated to N4L) was established in 1997 to design, manufacture and support innovative electronic equipment to a worldwide market, specialising in sophisticated test equipment particularly related to phase measurement. The company was founded on the principle of using the latest technology and sophisticated analysis techniques in order to provide our customers with accurate, easy to use instruments at a lower price than has been traditionally associated with these types of measurementsAll specifications at 23˚C ± 5˚C . These specifications are quoted in good faith but Newtons4th Ltd reserves the right to amend any specification at any time without notice.Contact your local N4L Distributor for further detailsDistributed By :Flexibility in our products and an attitude to providing the solutions that our customers really want has allowed us to develop many innovative functions in our ever increasing product range(Sales, Support, Calibration)。
03-变压器试验汉英词汇表
59.
resistance voltage
60.
reactance voltage
61.
voltage regulation
62.
phase displacement
63.
zero-sequence impedance
64.
power frequency
65.
medium frequency
66.
high frequency
127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169.
41.
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
42.
routine test
43.
type test
44.
special test
45.
deviation
46.
tolerance
47.
technical specification
Seymour Duncan SFX-03 Twin Tube Classic 双通道管音效器说明书
1Two Channel Tube Overdrive / Distortion PedalCongratulations on your purchase of the Seymour Duncan SFX-03 Twin Tube Classic™. You can start using your Twin Tube Classic right away after reading the safety precautions on the next page, and youʼll immediately enjoy the versatility of having two channels of gain and a wide range of great tones. However, you might want to read through these instructions in their entirety first, to gain valuable information, that will enhance your enjoyment of your Twin Tube Classic.SFX-03Safety PrecautionsHazardous voltages are present. For your protection, and to reduce the riskof electric shock and danger to personal health, please observe the followingsafety precautions when setting up and using your Twin Tube Classic. Most ofthis is common sense, but please read it anyway.Your Twin Tube Classic is designed to work with typical power systems utilizinga three-prong outlet. To reduce the risk of electric shock, do not plug yourTwin Tube Classic into any other type of power system. Contact your facilitiesmanager or a qualified electrician if you are not sure what type of power issupplied to your building or performance stage. Do not use your Twin TubeClassic with amplifiers or other gear that has two prong AC plugs. Do notoverload wall outlets, extension cords, or multiple power strips as this can resultin a risk of fire or electric shock.Never open the chassis. Do not attempt to tamper with or service your Twin TubeClassic yourself. Youʼre just asking for trouble. Opening or removing the covermay expose you to dangerous voltage or other hazards, which could resultin serious injury or death – not to mention damage to the Twin Tube Classic.Wouldnʼt that suck? Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel.Do not block or cover the side vents on your Twin Tube Classic. Never pushobjects of any kind through openings in the equipment. No drummer jokes,please. Dangerous voltages may be present. Conductive foreign objects couldproduce a short circuit that could cause fire, electric shock, or damage to yourTwin Tube Classic.Never place a Twin Tube Classic near a radiator or heat register. Failure tofollow these guidelines can cause overheating and affect the reliability of yourTwin Tube Classic.Unplug your Twin Tube Classic from the wall outlet before cleaning. Do not useliquid cleaners or aerosol cleaners. Use a damp cloth for cleaning.Do not use your Twin Tube Classic near water - for example, near a bathtub,washbowl, kitchen sink, or laundry tub; in a wet basement; near a swimmingpool; on stage with water effects or precipitation; and the like. Do not exposethe Twin Tube Classic to dripping or splashing liquids and do not place objectsfilled with liquid on or near your Twin Tube Classic (yes, unfortunately, thisincludes bottled malt beverage liquids). And for heaven sakes, donʼt use it whileyouʼre sitting on the can… OK, enough of that.2General InformationThe Twin Tube Classic is designed for years of solid performance. One of thesecrets is the duet of type 6021 tubes. These sub-miniature dual triodes representthe pinnacle of tube technology advancement. The 6021s were designed andmanufactured to meet the MIL-E-1 spec for reliability under conditions of severeshock, vibration and temperature. They provide extremely long service life withvirtually no tendency towards microphonics (see USA Department of DefenseStandards, Test Methods for Electron Tubes). Also, unlike some “tube” stompboxes that only use the tubes as a clipping diode, the Twin Tube Classic employsa 100% vacuum tube signal path with a high voltage power supply. This allowsthe tubes to operate to their fullest potential and provides the most gain and thesmoothest tone. The result is the classic tube sound, smooth distortion, and loworder harmonics you expect from a great tube preamp.Tube LifeThe 6021 tubes will typically last many times longer than even the best 12AX7s.For most Twin Tube Classic owners, this means youʼll never have to change yourtubes. However, nothing lasts forever. Should you find your Twin Tube Classic inneed of new tubes (e.g., exhibiting erratically fluctuating signal levels, spuriousincreases in noise, sputtering, low-level whistling, extreme loss in frequencyresponse), contact Seymour Duncan or your favorite authorized SeymourDuncan dealer for your options. Do not try changing the tubes yourself.Changing tubes on the Twin Tube Classic is more complicated than plugging pinsinto a socket and could be dangerous. Make sure a professional does the work.Two channels means versatility. When coupled with (true) bypass, this effectivelyprovides three channels: Rhythm, Lead and bypass. Separate gain and volumecontrols allow Lead and Rhythm Channel levels to be independently set. Themeticulous internal layout minimizes cross coupling and unwanted circuitinteractions that can be a major problem in high-gain / high-impedance vacuumtube circuits.341 Rhythm Gain – Inter-stage gain control for the Rhythm Channel. Provides varying degrees of overdrive and saturation.2 Rhythm Channel Status Indicator – When lit, it indicates that the Rhythm Channel is active or staged for activation if the unit is bypassed.3 Rhythm Volume – Master volume control for Rhythm Channel. Positioned at end of the gain chain, it regulates the loudness relative to the other channel and to the bypassed sound.4 Lead Gain – Inter-stage gain control for the Lead Channel. Provides for varying degrees of distortion and saturation.5 Lead Channel Status Indicator – When lit, it indicates that the Lead Channel is active or staged for activation if the unit is bypassed.6 Lead Volume – Master volume control for Lead Channel. Positioned at end of the gain chain, it regulates the loudness relative to the other channel and to the bypassed sound.7 Treble – Controls high frequency content in both channels with greatest effect in the range of 2 KHz to 20 KHz.8 Bass – Controls low frequency content in both channels with greatest effect in the range of 40 Hz to 200 Hz.9 Channel Selector – Selects between the Lead and Rhythm channels. It is possible to pre-select the gain or volume for a channel when in bypassed mode. This allows the fl exibility of transitioning from bypass to either channel without having to step through different sounds.Top Panel1238567491011510 On/Bypass Selector – Selects between true bypass and whichever channel has been selected by the Channel button.11 On/Bypass Status Indicator – When lit, it indicates that the Twin Tube Classic is engaged and operational. When dark, it indicates that the unit is in bypass mode and that the guitar signal is passing straight through unaltered.Back Panel1 Input Jack – Plug your guitar in here.2 Output Jack – Provides the output signal. Connect to the input of a guitar amp, power amp or other device here.3 Power Jack – This is where you connect the provided wall-mounted power supply (“wall wart”) to the Twin Tube Classic. Note: it is a 16 VAC/600mA unit. Do not try to substitute a DC power supply or another AC supply with a different voltage value or current rating . If you lose your transformer or if it breaks,contact an authorized Seymour Duncan dealer for a replacement. As an alternative, for North America and Japan, you can order a 16 VAC/600mA transformer from Digi-Key (). The part numbers for each common voltage are as follows:1. North America: 120 Volt/60Hz – Digi-Key part # MT7123-ND2. Europe and Asia: 230 Volt/50Hz – Seymour Duncan part # 352301-230 (no known off-the-shelf replacements available)3. Japan Only: 100 Volt/50Hz – Digi-Key part # MT7127-ND (note: this transformer is rated by the manufacturer as 20 Volt/450mA output with 120 Volt input, but will produce the proper output voltage and current when coupled to a 100 Volt mains supply)213You may be wondering why the Twin Tube Classic uses a 16-volt AC transformerinstead of a common 9-volt DC adaptor or even a battery. The Twin Tube Classicrelies on an internal transformer to obtain the high voltage the dual triodesrequire. The transformer cannot work on DC voltage. One alternative would beto run the tubes on low voltage in “starved plate mode.” Here, the tubes are usedlike a clipping diode and do not actually amplify. Though starved plate voltage isused in some inexpensive tube stomp boxes, it is not true tube amplification. Thecircuitry in the Twin Tube Classic enables the tubes to work like the tubes in thepreamp section of a high-quality tube amplifier. Another alternative would be tosupply a dedicated AC power cord and an internal high voltage transformer or aDC-to-DC switching converter. However, these options would make the Twin TubeClassic larger, heavier and more costly. With the Twin Tube Classic you are gettingtrue tube tone AND tube amplification with minimal size, weight and cost.6The ¼” mono instrument cable that leaves your guitarʼs jack plugs into the Twin Tube Classicʼs jack marked “Input.” The cable that exits from the “Output” jack on the Twin Tube Classic goes to the next effect in the signal chain, or to the amplifier. When first activating the Twin Tube Classic, start with the Rhythm Channel Volume and Gain control knobs in the full counter-clockwise position. Then, start rotatingthe knobs clockwise until the desired volume level and overdrive are achieved. Next, with the Lead Channel Volume and Gain control knobs in the full counter-clockwise position, depress the Channel Selector switch. This mutes the Rhythm Channel and activates the Lead Channel. As with the Rhythm Channel, start rotating the knobs clockwise until the desired volume level and distortion are achieved, relative to the Rhythm Channel and to the bypassed sound of the Twin Tube Classic.Experiment with different Volume and Gain settings. Some of the coolest tonesare achieved with a little discovery. Because of the Twin Tube Classicʼs incredible amount of gain and distortion in the Lead Channel, be aware that extreme settings can result in uncontrollable feedback. And, as always, musicians and audience members are best advised to use ear protection when exposed to loud volume.Here are some sample settings to get your started:Classic/Straight-Ahead Rock n’ Roll ToneThree Channel SetupChannel #1: (Bypass mode) Amplifierʼs clean tone.Channel #2: Twin Tube Classic rhythm channel (dirty rhythm).Channel #3: Twin Tube Classic lead channel (dirty lead tone)78Three-Channel SetupChannel #1: (Bypass mode) Amplifierʼs clean tone.Channel #2: Twin Tube Classic rhythm channel (dirty rhythm tone)Channel #3: Twin Tube Classic lead channel (dirty lead tone)Hard Rock ToneChannel #1: (Bypass mode) Amplifier set for slightly dirty rhythm tone.Channel #2: Twin Tube Classic rhythm channel adds overdrive.Channel #3: Twin Tube Classic lead channel adds higher saturation for leads.Three Channels of Distortion9(Amp is set clean)Channel #1: Twin Tube Classic rhythm channel set for clean tone.Channel #2: Twin Tube Classic lead channel set for moderate distortion.Two-Channel SetupDetailed Step-By-Step Instructions1. Plug in the cable of the provided 16 VAC power supply to the distortion boxthen plug the “wall wart” end into a 120V wall outlet or power strip (or voltageapplicable for your country). You should see the green LED on the Rhythm channellight up. All other status indicators will be dark. When first powered up, the TwinTube Classic will always default to bypassed mode with the Rhythm channelstaged in waiting mode.2. Turn both Master Volumes fully down (counter-clockwise). Set the Bass andTreble controls at 12 oʼclock.3. Connect a good quality, shielded ¼” cable from the output jack to the input ofyour amplifier.4. Connect another good quality, shielded ¼” cable, first to the output jack onyour guitar, and then to the input jack of the Twin Tube Classic. Note that the tubesin the Twin Tube Classic may require two to three minutes to warm up and begin toproduce sound.5. Press the “On/Bypass” button to activate the Rhythm Channel. Turn the Gaincontrol up about half way. Slowly turn the Master Volume up as you pluck a string.Fine-tune the Gain setting to achieve the level of overdrive and saturation youwant. Set the Master to achieve the playing volume you want.6. Press the “Channel Select” button to switch to the Lead Channel. Repeat theprevious process of setting up the Gain and Master Volumes.7. Adjust the Bass and Treble controls as desired. Note that they influence bothchannels. We have “pre-voiced” the two channels to provide what we feel is abalanced tone when switching from Lead Channel to Rhythm Channel and tofacilitate using one common set of tone controls.8. Balance your wet to dry levels by working with the Volume control(s) on youramp and the Master Volumes on the distortion box.9. Never open the chassis. There are no user serviceable parts inside andtampering with the high voltage tube circuits could result in serious injury or death– not to mention damage to the unit.10SpecificationsDescription – The SFX-03 is a two-channel guitar preamp employing premiumsubminiature type 6021 vacuum tubes. The 6021 is manufactured to meet thestringent MIL-E-1 specification for reliability and is optimized to provide longservice life under conditions of severe shock, vibration, high temperature, and highaltitude. The tubes are configured with a high-voltage power supply for maximumdynamic range. True-bypass capabilities are provided to allow uncolored feed-through.Gain• Before level compensationRhythm channel – 74dBLead channel – 98dB• After level compensationRhythm channel – 52dBLead channel – 76dB(Gain measured at 500Hz).Nominal output level•Rhythm channel – 0.4 Vrms (-5dBu)•Lead channel – 0.5 Vrms (-4dBu)(Nom. output level measured with 100mV 500Hz input signal and allcontrols set to 12 oʼclock).Max. output level before clipping– 2 Vrms (+8dBu)(Max. output measured with all controls set fully up).THD @ 1 Volt RMS output – 3%Harmonic spectrum @ 1Vo– predominantly 2nd harmonic with minor amountsof 3rd harmonic @ > 20dB below.N oise @ output• Rhythm channel - < 3 mV (< 3 dB hum content)•Lead channel - < 10 mV (< 3 dB hum content)(Noise measured with all controls set fully up and input shorted).Power consumption– 10.4 WExternal dimensions– 7.50 X 6.62 X 1.96 in. (190 X 168 X 50 mm)Weight– 3.15 lbs. (1.43KG)1112Designed and Distributed by:Seymour Duncan / Basslines5427 Hollister Ave.Santa Barbara, CA 93111-2345 USAtel: 805-964-9610fax: 805-964-9749PN: 501055-110 Rev B The SFX-03 is made in China. Designed and tested in USA. Printed in China. © 2006 Seymour Duncan offers the original purchaser a one-year limited warranty on both labor and materials (except tubes) starting from the day this product is purchased from an Authorized Seymour Duncan Dealer. The warranty on the tubes is 90 days. We will repair or replace this product, at our option, if it fails due to faulty workmanship or materials during this period. Defective products should be returned to your USA dealer, international distributor, or sent direct to our factory postage prepaid along with dated proof of purchase (e.g., original store receipt) and a RMA number clearly written on the outside of the box. Please call our factory for issuance of an RMA number.This warranty does not apply to damage to this product or an instrument caused by misuse, mishandling, accident, abuse, alteration, modification or unauthorized repairs. Product appearance and normal wear and tear (worn pain, scratches, etc.) are not covered by this warranty. Seymour Duncan reserves the right to be the sole arbiter as to the misuse or abuse of this product. Seymour Duncan assumes no liability for any incidental or consequential damages, which may result from the failure of this product. Any warranties implied in fact or by law are limited to the duration of this express limited warranty.Limited Warranty。
2024版FAVORITE[1]
![2024版FAVORITE[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/615d3ac9d5d8d15abe23482fb4daa58da0111cf8.png)
FAVORITE•Introduction•My favorite food•My favorite movie•My favorite music目录•My favorite sport•My favorite tour destination01 IntroductionDefinition and MeansDefinition MeaningsBackground and importance02My favorite foodCheeseWhich it's mozzarella, blue cheese, or go cheese, I love the cream, rich flavor that cheese adds to pizzaThis crushI love the critique, yet chewy texture of a thin crush pizza It's the perfect base for all myfavorite toppingsPepperoniThe spice, salt tax ofPepperoni pairs perfectly with the sweetness of the tomato sauce and the distance of thecheesePizzaHamburgBeef patty01Cheese02Bun03SushiTunaSalmonSeaweed03My favorite movieAction film"Die Hard" seriesThe Bourne Identity seriesMad MaxComedy filmsThe Hangover series"Bridesmaids""Zoolander"Science fiction films"Star Wars" series The Matrix series Interstellar04My favorite musicCatchy memories: Pop music is often characterized by catch memories that are easy toremember and sing along toWide appearance: Pop music is designed to appear to a wide audience,making it accessible and enjoyable for people of all ages and backgroundsUpbeat and energetic Pop music is typically upbeat and energetic, making ita great choice for getting pumped up or dancing the night awayRebellious spiritRock music often involves a Rebellious spirit, challenging social norms andexpressing individualityPowerful guidesRock music is known for its powerful guide riffs and solo, which creates anintensive and emotional listening experienceDiverse genresRock music encompasses a wide range of genres, including alternative, punk,metal, and more, offering a diverse selection of sounds and stylesTimeless beautyClassic music is known for its timeless beauty and elegance, often featuring complex harmonics and orchestrationsEmotional depthClassic music has the abilityto evoke deep emotions inlisteners,where it's throughdirty memories or triple fansRich historyClassic music has a richhistory dating back centers,offering a wealth ofcompositions from some ofthe world's most tantalizedcomposersClassic music05My favorite sportFast paid and excitingFootball is a high intensity sport that requires quick thinking and fast reflexes The space of the game keeps me engaged and on the edge of my seat要点一要点二Teamwork and camaraderieFootball is a team sport that releases on cooperation and communication Playing with teams rewards a common goal fans a sense of camaraderie and team spiritSkill and strategyFootball requires a combination of physical skill and strategic thinking I enjoy the challenge of improving my technology and outsmart components要点三FootballAthleticism and endurance Basketball demands a high level of athleticism, including speed, agility, and endurance I enjoy pushing myself physically and testing my limits VersatilityBasketball allows players toshowcase a wide range of skills,from drilling and shooting topassing and defending The varietyof skills keeps the gameinteresting and challengingCompetitive spiritBasketball is a highly competitivesport that brings out mycompetitive spirit I drive in theintensive, fast paid environment ofa basketball gameBasketball01 02 03Full body work outRelaxation and stress relief Variety of strokes and techniquesSwim06My favorite tour destinationParisEiffel Tower Louvre Museum Notre NameCathedralBeachesHawaii is popular for its beautiful beaches, which offer a wide range of activities such as swimming, sunbathing, surfing, and snorkeling VolcanoesHawaii is home to some of themost active volcanoes in theworld, including Kilauea andMauna Loa on the Big IslandVisitors can explore lava fields,craters, and other volatile featuresCultureHawaii has a rich culturalheritage that includes traditionalHawaian dance, music, and art.Visitors can learn about Hawaianhistory and culture at museums,cultural centers, and festivalsHawaiiTokyoTokyo TowerSens ō-JiMeiji JinguTHANKS 感谢观看。
射频电路-Microwaveoffice软件介绍
添加原理图 在工程浏览页右键单击Circuit Schematics组，
New：创建空白原理图
Import：导入文件，即将某文件复制并作为本工程的永久文件。原理图文件的扩展名为（*.SCH）,网表文件为（*.NET）。
Link：链接文件，能处理文件但不复制到工程中。该文件必须始终适于工程读取。当其他用户更新该文件时，允许当前工程保留数据不变。
射频电路与天线（一） RF Circuits and Antennas 第10讲 Microwave Office 软件介绍
王世伟 华南理工大学电子与信息学院 天线与射频技术研究所 TEL: 22236201-604
Microwave Office软件由美国AWR公司开发，是进行射频、微波电路设计及仿真的专业软件。
添加子电路元件 方法1：通过主菜单。选中原理图，从主菜单选Schematic\Add Subcircuit，从对话窗列表中选择数据源的名称。 注意Grouding Type选项，可控制支路接地方式。Normal为端口内部定义接地；Explicit groud node添加一个为所有端口定义的公共接地点；Balanced ports为每个端口有各自的接地点。点OK退出对话窗，将所选项放入原理图。 方法2：通过元件浏览页。在Elem浏览页上部选择Subcircuits组，下部则显示所有可用于支路的项目列表，选中所需项并拖放至原理图即可。
从主菜单中选择Options\Project Options，选择Global Units页，通过增加或减小默认设计单位来编辑工程的全局默认单位。
设置工程单位
从主菜单中选择Options\Project Options，选择Global Units页，通过增加或减小默认设计单位来编辑工程的全局默认单位。
部分电源输入级电路
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从上图可以看出，电流和电压的相位及形状都极为相似。各次谐波含量都非常的小。
带有源功率因数校正的电源系统输入电流电压的波形如下左图，相应的谐波含量的成分如下右图：
用控制芯片MC33260（安森美）的PFC电路如下图：
4.浪涌电流---产生及其抑制的方法 输入交流电压的任意时刻通过开关管的控制传递能量给负载，电路刚开始启动工作时，大的储能电容相当于短路，如果在输入电压的峰值给电容充电，就会产生一个很大的电流，该浪涌电流可能是额定情况下系统峰值电流的20~1000倍，可能对储能电容、整流器和功率开关管造成破坏性影响。
抑制浪涌电流的几种方法：
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在输入端直接串联热敏电阻（负温度系数），如下图所示：
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(2) 在PFC的输出端串联热敏电阻，如下图所示：
（3）PFC输出储能电容上串联一个电阻//MOS管，如下图
（3） 输入储能电容特性
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2.射频干扰抑制---EMI滤波器和安规事项
产生干扰信号的原因：开关电源在工作过程中会产生很多噪声及谐波，比如整流桥+大电容滤波储能时，输入电流是很窄的矩形脉冲，这种波形的谐波含量非常大；另外，PCB以及隔离变压器的匝间电容或者寄生的电感等引起的干扰信号。
抑制干扰信号：采用EMI滤波器来抑制干扰信号，使设备正常工作，使谐波含量满足欧洲的EN61000-3-2标准。 常用的EMI滤波器结构如下图：
117V输入全波整流倍压电容滤波电路如下图：
如输入电压在117V±15%时，经过整流滤波之后如何得到300V±20%的直流电压？ 因为直流变换器是根据正常输入直流电压为300V设计的。
全波倍压整流滤波电路图及两种整流方法的输出波形： 电阻的作用是使电压在两个电容上平均分配。 全波倍压整流滤波电路也可以应用到辅助电源Vcc中。如下电路
Adobe Audition V1.5混响参数
Adobe Audition V1.5混响参数Reverb Hall 1 模拟大音乐厅的混响参数数值范围说明Rev.Time2.8s0.3-30.0s混响时间High Ratio0.80.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion60-10混响扩散Ini.Dly40.0ms0.1-200.0ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF7.0kHz1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPFTHRUTHRU,32Hz-8KHz高通滤波器的截止频率Reverb Hall 2 模拟大音乐厅的混响的变种参数数值范围说明Rev.Time3.2s0.3-30.0s混响时间High Ratio0.70.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion80-10混响扩散Ini.Dly38ms0.1-200.0ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF6.3kHz1.0kHz-16.0kHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPFTHRUTHRU,32Hz-8kHz高通滤波器的截止频率Reverb Room 1 模拟水泥墙壁房间产生大量回声的混响*为鼓音色增加现场感参数数值范围说明Rev.Time1.4s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio0.80.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion70-10混响扩散Ini.Dly5.0ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPFTHRU1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPFTHRUTHRU,32Hz-8kHZ高通滤波器的截止频率Reverb Room 2 Room1的变种参数数值范围说明Rev.Time1.8s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio0.60.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion60-10混响扩散Ini.Dly17ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF9kHz1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPF80HzTHRU,32Hz-8kHZ高通滤波器的截止频率Reverb STAGE 类似程序1，但更明亮，更有现场感参数数值范围说明Rev.Time3.4s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio0.90.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion80-10混响扩散Ini.Dly45ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPFTHRU1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPF70HzTHRU,32Hz-8kHZ高通滤波器的截止频率Reverb Plate 模拟钢盘类混响系统，适应性很广，特别是人声，鼓和打击乐参数数值范围说明Rev.Time2.4s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio0.70.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion80-10混响扩散Ini.Dly16ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF8kHz1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPFTHRUTHRU,32Hz-8kHZ高通滤波器的截止频率Rev Ambience 1 模拟乐器周围的混响，用于人声，合唱和打击乐参数数值范围说明Rev.Time1.2s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio10.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion80-10混响扩散Ini.Dly19ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF9kHz1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPF45HzTHRU,32Hz-8kHZ高通滤波器的截止频率Rev Ambience 2 程序7的变种参数数值范围说明Rev.Time0.8s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio0.60.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion80-10混响扩散Ini.Dly0.1ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPFTHRU1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPF56HzTHRU,32Hz-8kHZ高通滤波器的截止频率Rev Live Room 1 模拟现场房间的混响,混响反射比Recerm Room强参数数值范围说明Rev.Time2.4s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio0.80.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion70-10混响扩散Ini.Dly0.1ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF7kHz1KHz-16KHz,THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPFTHRUTHRU,32Hz-8kHZ高通滤波器的截止频率Rev Live Room 2 程序9的变种参数数值范围说明Rev.Time2.2s0.3-30.0s混响时间High Ratio0.50.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion60-10混响扩散Ini.Dly12.0ms0.1-200.0ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF4.0kHz1.0kHz-16.0kHz.THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPFTHRUTHRU,32Hz-8kHz高通滤波器的截止频率Reverb Vocal 用于人声,合唱的混响参数数值范围说明Rev.Time1.9s0.3-30.0s混响时间High Ratio0.50.1-1.0高频衰减率Diffusion60-10混响扩散Ini.Dly16ms0.1-200.0ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF12kHz1.0kHz-16.0kHz.THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPF100HzTHRU,32Hz-8kHz高通滤波器的截止频率-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chorus Reverb 立体声合唱后接混响参数数值范围说明Mod.Freq0.8Hz0.1-20Hz调制速度Mod.Depth40%0-100%调制深度Mod.Dly1.3ms0-24ms在开始调制前的延迟时间Rev.Time2.4s0.3-30s混响时间High Ratio0.70.1-1高频衰减率Diffusion70-10混响扩散Ini.Dly30ms0.1-139ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF6.3kHz1kHz--16kHz, THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPFTHRUTHRU,32Hz--8kHz高通滤波器的截止频率Rev.Depth24%0-100%混响深度Flange Reverb 立体声飘忽后接混响参数数值范围说明Mod.Freq1.4Hz0.1-20Hz调制速度Mod.Depth22%0-100%调制深度FB Gain+45%-99--+99%处理后的信号返回飘忽的增益Mod.Dly13ms0-15.5ms在开始调制前的延迟时间Rev.Time2.4s0.3-30s混响时间Diffusion80-10混响扩散Ini.Dly26ms0.1-200ms直达声与早期反射声之间的延迟时间LPF4.5kHz1kHz--16kHz, THRU低通滤波器的截止频率HPF45HzTHRU,32Hz--8kHz高通滤波器的截止频率Rev.Depth30%0-100%混响深度Delay L-C-R 左，中，右声道独立的延迟参数数值范围说明Dly L250ms0.1-661ms左声道延迟时间Dly R500ms0.1-661ms右声道延迟时间Dly C125ms0.1-661ms中央声道延迟时间Level C700-100中央声道延迟音量FB.Dly500ms0.1-661ms在开始反馈前的延迟时间FB.Gain+40%-99--+99%处理后的信号返回延迟的增益High Ratio0.80.1-1反馈的调频衰减率Monodly-Chorus 单声道延迟后接立体声合唱参数数值范围说明Delay400ms0.1-618ms延迟时间FB.Gain+32%-99--+99%处理后的信号返回延迟的增益High Ratio0.80.1-1反馈的调频衰减率Mod.Freq0.4Hz0.1-20Hz合唱调制速度Mod.Depth10%0-100%合唱调制深度Mod.Dly0.1Ms0-24ms合唱开始调制前的延迟时间Chrous-Dly L C R 立体声合唱后接左，中，右声道独立的延迟参数数值范围说明Mod.Freq0.8Hz0.1-20Hz调制速度Mod.Depth24%0-100%调制深度Mod.Dly5.9ms0-24ms在开始调制前的延迟时间Dly R33.2ms0.1-618ms右声道延迟时间Dly C13.1ms0.1-618ms中央声道延迟时间Level C600-100中央声道延迟音量FB.Dly40.5ms0.1-618ms在开始反馈前的延迟时间FB.Gain-48%-99--+99%处理后的信号返回延迟的增益High Ratio0.10.1-1反馈的调频衰减率Delay-Chrous 两级延迟后接立体声合唱参数数值范围说明Dly 1250ms0.1-618ms1 延迟时间Dly 2500ms0.1-618ms2 延迟时间FB.Dly500ms0.1-618ms在开始反馈前的延迟时间FB.Gain+33%-99--+99%处理后的信号返回延迟的增益High Ratio0.70.1-1反馈的调频衰减率Mod.Freq1.2Hz0.1-20Hz调制速度Mod.Depth25%0-100%调制深度Mod.Dly10ms0-24ms在开始调制前的延迟时间Karaoke Echo 1 卡拉OK效果参数数值范围说明Dly L220ms0.1-332ms左声道延迟时间FB.Gain L+40%-99--+99%左声道处理后的信号返回的增益Dly R223ms0.1-332ms右声道延迟时间FB.Gain R+40%-99--+99%右声道处理后的信号返回的增益High Ratio0.40.1-1反馈的调频衰减率Karaoke Echo 2 卡拉OK效果参数数值范围说明Dly L220ms0.1-332ms左声道延迟时间FB.Gain L+44%-99--+99%左声道处理后的信号返回的增益FB.Gain R-55%-99--+99%右声道处理后的信号返回的增益High Ratio0.20.1-1反馈的调频衰减率ST.Pitch Change 两部分的立体声音高变化器，有独立的声像参数参数数值范围说明Pitch0-12--+12音高粗调Fine 1+10-50--+50变化器1的音高微调Fine 2-10-50--+50变化器2的音高微调Out.Lvl 1+100-100--+100变化器1的输出音量Out.Lvl 2+100-100--+100变化器2的输出音量Pan 1L100L100--R100变化器1的声像Pan 2R100L100--R100变化器2的声像FB.Gain 1+28%-99--+99%处理后的信号返回变化器1的增益FB.Gain 2-28%-99--+99%处理后的信号返回变化器2的增益FB.Dly25ms0.1-223ms在开始反馈前的延迟时间-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "MALEVOCAL"男性声音,强调中低音G+3db+1db+2dbF280Hz1.8KHz5KHzQ3oct3/4oct坡状"FEMALEVOCAL"女性声音,强调高中音G-1db+1db+2dbF220Hz2KHz7KHzQ坡状3oct3octCHROUS人声合唱G+1db+2db+5dbF280Hz1.4KHz5.6KHzQ3oct3/2oct坡状"MALEANNOUCER"男性讲话,增加清晰度G-3db+2db-4db F100Hz4.5KHz7KHzQ1oct3oct坡状"FEMALEANNOUCER"女性讲话,强调中音G-3db+3db-1dbF200Hz2KHz8KHzQ坡状1oct坡状"TELEPHONEVOICE"模拟电话声,减少高低音G-15db+12db-10db F500Hz1.1KHz9KHzQ坡状2oct3/4oct"NOTCH4KHz"在4Hz处滤波以减少反馈啸叫G0db0db-10db F80Hz2KHz4KHzQ坡状3/2oct1/6oct"HUMREDUCE50Hz"在50Hz处滤波以减少嗡嗡声G-9db-10db0db F50Hz160Hz10KHzQ1/6oct1/6oct坡状"HUMREDUCE60Hz"在60Hz处滤波以减少嗡嗡声G-9db-10db0db F60Hz180Hz10KHzQ1/6oct1/6oct坡状"W.NOISEREDUCE"为磁带放音减少高频噪音G0db0db-13db F80Hz2KHz16KHzQ坡状3/2oct坡状混音的小秘方關於compressor的使用:混音時常會用到compressor，它的好處除了讓整體音量得以控制在一定範圍，也可以使音性聽起來較為有力量。
谐波Harmonics 介绍
I rms
n
2 In
n 1
− 諧波電流增加系統損失，但無法真正有效的作能量轉換到真實負載上，也就是說需功增加
− 我們可以簡單清楚的比較，同馬力的變頻器驅動同樣的負載條件，輸入電流的有效值越高， 也就代表諧波電流越高
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諧波電流所產生哪種的影響？
• 高次電流諧波
− 增加電流的有效值（RMS 值） − 增加系統損失（I2 Z），即 • 增加電源纜線負荷
2
100%
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0
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1
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7
THD
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0
nmax
n2
I( n ) I( 1)
2
100%
2
Hc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ih h I 100% 1 1 h2 THD I (1)
• 當諧波電流畸變量大到足以產生明顯電壓諧波畸變時，這將
會對整個電源系統用電端造成影響
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電壓及電流諧波畸變
非線性負載
電流畸變主要影響儀器設備， 而電壓畸變為影響電源系統 主要因素，且在同一供電系 統下相對明顯影響其他負載 設備。 電壓畸變為諧波電流及系統 阻抗於諧波頻率下的產物。
系統阻抗 電流畸變 電壓畸變
造成系統損失
影響其他設備
• 電流畸變：主要影響儀器設備層 級 • 電壓畸變：主要影響電源系統層 級
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電壓畸變可藉由降低諧波電 流（濾波）或減少電源系統 阻抗（增加短路容量）來抑 制，亦可藉由不同負載的諧 波降低裝置達到相同效果。
总谐波畸变率(THD)
总谐波畸变率total harmonic distortion (THD)周期性交流量中的谐波含量的方均根值与其基波分量的方均根值之比(用百分数表示)。
电压总谐波畸变率以THDu 表示电流总谐波畸变率以THDi 表示。
THD一般指的是以2次~39次谐波总量与基波的百分比，再高次的谐波因绝对值太小而忽略不计。
电能质量公用电网谐波时间: 2003-12-22 13:08:44 | [<<][>>]中华人民共和国国家标准电能质量公用电网谐波GB/T 14549 93Quality of electric energy supplyHarmonics in public supply network国家技术监督局1993-07-31 批准1994-03-01 实施1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了公用电网谐波的允许值及其测试方法本标准适用于交流额定频率为50Hz 标称电压110kV 及以下的公用电网标称电压为220kV 的公用电网可参照110kV 执行本标准不适用于暂态现象和短时间谐波2 引用标准GB 156 额定电压3 术语3.1 公共连接点point of common coupling用户接入公用电网的连接处3.2 谐波测量点harmonic measurement points对电网和用户的谐波进行测量之处3.3 基波(分量) fundamental (component)对周期性交流量进行付立叶级数分解得到的频率与工频相同的分量3.4 谐波(分量) harmonic (component)对周期性交流量进行付立叶级数分解得到频率为基波频率大于1 整数倍的分量3.5 谐波次数(h) harmonic order(h)谐波频率与基波频率的整数比3.6 谐波含量(电压或电流) harmonic content (for voltage or current)从周期性交流量中减去基波分量后所得的量3.7 谐波含有率harmonic ratio (HR)周期性交流量中含有的第h 次谐波分量的方均根值与基波分量的方均根值之比(用百分数表示)第h 次谐波电压含有率以HRUh 表示第h 次谐波电流含有率以HRIh 表示3.8 总谐波畸变率total harmonic distortion (THD)周期性交流量中的谐波含量的方均根值与其基波分量的方均根值之比(用百分数表示) 电压总谐波畸变率以THDu 表示电流总谐波畸变率以THDi 表示3.9 谐波源harmonic source。
亥姆霍兹 论元音的音质
亥姆霍兹论元音的音质（中英文版）Title: Helmholtz on the Quality of VowelsTitle: 亥姆霍兹关于元音音质的论述Section 1: The Nature of Sound声音的本质Sound is a form of auditory perception that occurs when waves of pressure propagate through a medium, such as air.These pressure waves cause our eardrums to vibrate, which in turn leads to the sensation of sound.声音是一种听觉感知，当压力波通过媒介（如空气）传播时发生。
这些压力波使我们的耳膜振动，进而导致声音的感觉。
Section 2: Harmonic Oscillators and Vowels谐波振荡器和元音According to Helmholtz, vowels are produced by what he called "harmonic oscillators." These oscillators are created by the vibration of an air column within the vocal tract, which is influenced by the shape and size of the mouth, nose, and other speech organs.根据亥姆霍兹的观点，元音是通过所谓的“谐波振荡器”产生的。
这些振荡器是由声道中的空气柱振动产生的，受嘴巴、鼻子和其他发音器官的形状和大小的制约。
Section 3: The Quality of Vowels元音的音质The quality of vowels, or the timbre, is determined by the harmonics present in the sound wave.Different vowels have different harmonics, which are multiples of the fundamental frequency.For example, the vowel "A" typically has a fundamental frequency of around 250 Hz, with harmonics at 500, 750, 1000, and so on.元音的音质，或者说音色，由声波中的谐波决定。
常用音乐符号解释
音乐英语词汇（aliquot tone，harmonics，flageolet tone即upper partials）（voice）register音区（whole）tone全音a cappella无伴奏合唱absolute music纯音乐，非标题音乐absolute pitch绝对音高（听觉）abstract music抽象音乐accent重音accidental（s）变音记号accordion手风琴acoustics声学Added-sixth chord加六度和弦allemande阿勒曼德altered chord变和弦Anti- impressionism反印象主义anticipation先现音anvil乐砧aria咏叹调arpeggio琶音ascending上行atonality无调性augmentation展开augmented sixth chord增六和弦augmented triad增三和弦augmented增（音程）authentic cadence正格终止ballata叙事曲ballet芭蕾band music军乐band军乐队bar小节（bar line小节线，measure）bariton男中音Baroque巴洛克bass clarinet低音单簧管bass clef低音谱号bass drum大鼓basstuba低音大号bass低音号bass男低音bassoon大管（巴松）bel canto美声binary form二段式，二部曲式（AB）bitonality双重调性blues布鲁斯bongo邦戈鼓bourree布列brass wind instruments铜管乐器breve二全音符broken chord分解和弦cadanza华彩乐段musical form体裁cadence终止cantata康塔塔capriccio随想曲castanets响板cello大提琴chaconne恰空chimes排钟choir合唱团choral music合唱音乐choral众赞歌chord和弦chorus合唱chromatic half-tone变化半音chromatic interval变化（音程）chromatic scale半音阶chromatic tone变化全音chromatic半音的clarinet单簧管（黑管）Classicism古典主义clavier（18世纪）键盘乐器clef谱号（G clef，F clef，C clef）climax高潮coda尾声coloratura soprano花腔女高音common meter普通拍子（4/4）comparison对比complex tone复音（composite tone）compound duple meter（s）复二拍子（6/2，6/4，6/8）compound interval复音程compound meter（s）复拍子compound quadruple meter（s）复四拍子（12/4，12/8，12/16）compound triple meter（s）复三拍子（9/4，9/8）concert master首席concerto协奏曲Concrete Music具体音乐Accidentalism偶然主义conductor指挥consonant协和（音程、和弦）contra C大字二组Ccontrabassoon低音大管cornet短号counterpoint对位courante库朗特crotchet四分音符（quarter note，美）cymbal钹deceptive cadence伪终止demisemiquaver三十二分音符（thirty-second note，美）descending下行development发展development展开部diatonic interval自然（音程）diatonic scale自然音阶passing tone经过音diminished seventh chord减七和弦diminished triad减三和弦diminished减（音程）disco迪斯科suite组曲dissonant不协和（音程、和弦）dominant seventh chord属七和弦dominant（V）属音，属和弦dot附点dotted note附点音符dotted rest附点休止符double bass tuba倍低音大号double bass低音提琴guitar吉他double dot复附点double mordent复波音double-augmented倍增（音程）double-diminished倍减（音程）double-flat重降号double-sharp重升号dramatic soprano戏剧女高音dramatic tenor戏剧男高音duet二重奏duple meter（s）二拍子（2/2，2/4，2/8）duplet二连音duration时值dynamic mark（s）力度标记dynamics力度eleventh十一度English horn英国管enharmonic intervals等音程enharmonic notes等音ensemble合奏（团体）etude练习曲euphonium尤风宁号exposition呈示部Expressionism表现主义false chord假和弦resolution解决fantasia幻想曲fifth五度first inversion第一转位five-part form五段式fixed-do固定唱名法movable-do音调唱名法flat降号flute长笛four-line octave小字四组（four-line）four-part form四段式fourth chord四度和弦fourth四度fox trot狐步舞French horn圆号，法国号frequency频率fugue赋格functional harmony功能和声fundamental（tone）基音（first partial）gigue吉格glissando滑音glockenspiel钟琴gong锣govotte加沃特great C大字组Chabanera哈巴涅拉half cadence半终止half-tone半音harmonic analysis和声分析harmonic interval和声音程harmonic sequence和声模进harmonic和声的harmony和声学harp竖琴harpsichord拨弦古钢琴head符头hemidemisemi quaver六十四分音符（sixty-fourth note，美）homophonic music主调音乐homophony主调hook符尾（tail）imperfect cadence不完全终止Impressionism印象主义instrumental music器乐instrumentation乐器法intensity强度inter mezzo间奏曲interlude间奏（曲）interrupted cadence阻碍终止interval音程invention创意曲inversion转位（complement）inverted mordent逆波音（lower mordent；早期称Schneller）inverted turn回音irregular meter（不规则）混合拍子（7/4，11/7）jazz爵士乐just intonation纯律kettle drum定音鼓key signature调号key调keyboard键盘（乐）leading tone（VII）导音，导和弦（subtonic）legato连音，连奏leger line（s）加线（ledger line（s））line线loudness响度lullaby摇篮曲lute疏特琴lyra乐徽lyric soprano抒情女高音madrigal牧歌major triad大三和弦major大（音程）major大调march进行曲marimba玛林巴mass弥撒mazurka玛祖卡mediant（III）中音，中音和弦melodic contour旋律轮廓melodic interval旋律音程melodic progression旋律进行melodic sequence旋律模进melodic旋律的melody旋律meter拍子（time）Metronome节拍机（M.M.=Malzel‘s ~）mezzo soprano次女高音，女中音Microtonalism微分音主义minim二分音符（half note，美）Minimalism省略（简约）主义minor triad小三和弦minor小（音程）minor小调minuet小步舞曲mode调式（狭指教会调式；广指调式）modulation转调monophonic music单声部音乐mordent波音（upper mordent）motive动机movement乐章multi-meter变化拍子musical form曲式musical instrument乐器musical tone乐音Nationalism in music民族乐派natural half-tone自然半音natural tone自然全音natural自然的nature还原号intonation音准neighboring tone辅助音（auxiliary tone，upper or lower）Neoclassicism新古典主义ninth chord九和弦ninth九度nocturn夜曲noise噪音notation记谱法note（s）音符oboe双簧管octave八度octave八度one-lined octave小字一组（one-line）one-part form一段式，一部曲式opera歌剧oratorio清唱剧orchestra管弦乐队orchestration配器法organ风琴ornament（s）装饰音overtone series泛音列overtone（s）泛音overture序曲parallel keys同主音调partial（s）分音（partial tone）passacaglia帕萨卡利亚passion受难曲pause延长号（hold，fermata）pedal踏板pentatonic五声的percussion（s）打击乐perfect cadence完全终止perfect完全，纯（音程）period乐段phrase乐句phrasing分句piano钢琴piccolo短笛pipe organ管风琴pitch name音名pitch音高plagal cadence变格终止podium指挥台Pointillism点描派polka波尔卡polonaise波洛涅兹polyphonic music复调音乐polyphony复调polytonality多调性prelude前奏（曲）Primitivism原始主义program music标题音乐psychoacoustics心理声学pure tone纯音quadruple meter（s）四拍子（4/2，4/4，4/8）quadruplet四连音quartet四重奏quaver八分音符（eighth note，美）quintet五重奏quintuple meter五拍子quintuplet五连音range音域（compass）rattle摇响器Realism现实主义recapitulation再现部recitative宣叙调reduction改编（缩编）reguiem安魂曲relative keys关系大小调relative pitch相对音高（听觉）Renaissance文艺复兴repetition重复rest（s）休止符rhapsody狂想曲rhythm节奏rhythmic pattern节奏型Rococo洛可可Romanticism浪漫主义rondo form回旋曲式（ABACA）rondo sonata form回旋奏鸣曲式root position原位root根音（fundamental）rounded binary form（有再现的）二段式rumba伦巴sarabande萨拉班德saxophone萨克斯管scale degree（调式）音级scale step音级（音级数：number of scale step）scale音阶scherzo谐谑曲score总谱second inversion第二转位second二度semibreve全音符（whole note，美）semiquaver十六分音符（sixteenth note，美）septuplet七连音sequence模进serenade小夜曲Serialism序列主义seventh chord七和弦seventh七度sextuplet六连音sharp升号side drum小鼓sight-singing视唱simple interval单音程simple meter（s）单拍子sixth chord六和弦sixth六度sixth-four chord四六和弦small c小字组csolo独奏（唱）sonata form奏鸣曲式sonata奏鸣曲sonatina小奏鸣曲songs without word无词歌soprano女高音sostenuto持音sound音space间staccato断音，断奏staff乐谱stage舞台stem符干step音级（scale step，degree）stringed instruments弦乐器Structuralism结构主义subdominant（IV）下属音，下属和弦submediant（VI）下中音，下中音和弦（super-dominant）supertonic（II）上主音，上主和弦suspension延留音symphonic poem交响诗symphony交响曲syncopation切分音tabor塔波鼓tambourine铃鼓tango探戈tarantella塔兰台拉temperament乐律tempered scale平均律（equal temperament）temple block木鱼tempo mark（s）速度标记tempo速度tenor drum中鼓tenor tuba次中音大号tenor男高音tenth十度ternary form三段式，三部曲式（ABA）theater剧场，戏剧thematic material主题材料theme with variation主题与变奏third inversion第三转位third三度three -lined octave小字三组（three-line）tie延音线timbre音色（tone color or quality）time signature拍号time时间toccata托卡塔tonality调性tone音（乐音）tone-cluster音簇tonic（I）主音，主和弦transposition移调treble clef高音谱号trembolo震音triad三和弦triangle三角铁trill颤音trio三声中部trio三重奏triple meter（s）三拍子（3/2，3/4，3/8）triplet三连音tri-tone三全音trombone长号trumpet小号tuba大号tubular bells管钟tuning fork音叉twelfth十二度two-lined octave小字二组（two-line）unaccented octave小字组unison齐奏（唱）unison同度，一度（prime）unity统一variation form变奏曲式（A，A1，A2，A3…）strophic form分节歌（a，a，a，a …）variation变奏variety变化vibraphone颤音琴vibration振动viola中提琴violin小提琴vocal music声乐voice人声，声部waltz圆舞曲，华尔兹wave form波形whip鞭响器whole-tone全音的wood block南梆子，盒梆wood wind instruments木管乐器xylophone木琴。
MIDI知识讲解
许多人听到「MIDI 音乐」，脑袋瓜就立即反射出「假的」两个字。确实如此， MIDI 音乐的制作过程中几乎没有用到一件真乐器，于是接下来大家就会想， 那 MIDI 乐器像不像真乐器呢？演奏出来好不好听呢？到现在还有些人的脑海里 有「MIDI 音乐就是我们玩“大富翁”那种叮叮咚咚的背景音乐吗！」「或者只 是一堆电子机械的音符吗！」，的确，好些人认为 MIDI 音色就是太假，绝不能 与真实乐器媲美，事实上，我们可以很肯定的来表述 MIDI 音乐之特点，首先， 目前世面上绝大多数乐器的音色，MIDI 均可以模仿得惟妙惟肖，根本难辩真伪， 随着采样技术的发展，什么音色都不成问题。其次，模仿音色并不是 MIDI 发展 的方向，MIDI 乐器不是用来代替传统乐器的，传统乐器也不会因而被淘汰， MIDI 音乐诞生在高科技的当代，它的出生就表明了它工作的方向。
吉
他026 Acoustic Guitar(steel)民 谣 吉 他
027 Electric Guitar(jazz)爵 士 电 吉 他
028 Electric Guitar(clean)电 吉 他
029 Electric Guitar(muted)闷 音 电 吉 他
030 Overdriven Guitar 浊 音 电 吉 他
045 Tremelo Strings 颤 弓 弦 乐
046 Pizzicato Strings 弹 拨 弦 乐
047 Orchestral Harp 竖 琴
048 Timpani 定 音 鼓
049 String Ensemble1 合 奏 弦 乐 一
合
奏050 String Ensemble2 合 奏 弦 乐 二
051 Synth Strings1 合 成 弦 乐 一
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t SIEMENS ATD IT PS, Kuntz n
6
Copyright by Siemens AG 2000. All rights reserved.
Harmonic Currents
Linear load with different phase shifts. Again, an N or PEN conductor current is produced!
Initial Situation
IR
IS 20 ms IT
0o
120o
240o
360o
In a three-phase system, the geometric total of all currents IR + IS + IT is zero on uniform and linear load. There is no current if a neutral conductor (N) is connected. This is the reason why the PE conductor used to be combined with the N conductor and was designated as PEN conductor.
*) The diagram shows the current in one phase
5
t SIEMENS ATD IT PS, Kuntz n
Copyright by Siemens AG 2000. All rights reserved.
Harmonic Currents
THale Waihona Puke -S network IRTN-C network IR
TN-C-S network Neutral conductor (N)
PEN conductor
IS IT
SIEMENS ATD IT PS, Kuntz
Copyright by Siemens AG 2000. All rights reserved.
2
PEN Conductor Problems
SIEMENS ATD IT PS, Kuntz
Copyright by Siemens AG 2000. All rights reserved.
10
PEN Conductor Problems
This requirement in actual practice can be hardly met (if several transformers are used) so that the conductors are normally split up in the corresponding main distributors. Whether structural currents have any effect at all Whether structural currents have any effect at all depends on the parallel equipotential bonding system. depends on the parallel equipotential bonding system. In an industrial network (production hall) the bonding In an industrial network (production hall) the bonding system certainly should be adequate. It might be aa system certainly should be adequate. It might be problem, however, in spaces like super markets, office problem, however, in spaces like super markets, office buildings, computer rooms, radio stations, theaters, labs buildings, computer rooms, radio stations, theaters, labs etc.. etc..
Harmonic Currents
Non-linear load produces harmonic currents Non-linear load produces harmonic currents
200A
0
-200A
0[ms]
10
20
30
40
50
This trend*) results from adding individual harmonic currents.
N Cable shield connected on both sides
PE
PE
N
L1 L2 L3
PEN
Power supply
Voltage drop due to large PEN conductor currents.
This voltage drop is parallel to the cable shield and parallel to earth, which results in stray currents. They induce interference currents into the cable via the coupling resistance, for example.
Same scale
Neutral conductor (N) PE conductor
IS
IT Neutral conductor current. In this case it consists of the 3rd harmonic with triple amplitude.
This current can flow via the PEN conductor if a TN-C network is used.
IS
100A
IT
50A
0
-50A
-100A 0[ms] 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
IR
IPEN
7
t SIEMENS ATD IT PS, Kuntz n
Copyright by Siemens AG 2000. All rights reserved.
PEN Conductor Problems
SIEMENS ATD IT PS, Kuntz
Copyright by Siemens AG 2000. All rights reserved.
8
PEN Conductor Problems
Load 1
Uph-ph
Load 2
Interruption due to overload of a connector --> Uph-ph is distributed over load 1 and load 2.
L1 L2 L3 N or PEN
Power supply
PEN conductor must be equal to the phase conductor crossPEN conductor must be equal to the phase conductor crosssection! section!