Thesis Proposal Optimization of Pointer-Intensive Programs
Thesisproposal
Research and Thesis writing2. Developing a research proposalIn the life of a research student there are several milestones such asdefending your research proposal, or submitting the thesis. This unit isconcerned with one of the earliest milestones in thesis writing:developing a research proposal. While not all research students arerequired to formally submit a research proposal and defend it before apanel, the suggestions made in this unit still have relevance forundergraduate Honours students, as well as Masters and doctoralstudents starting out on research.Developing a topicThe task of establishing a suitable topic is often a significant hurdle.While supervisors in some departments may suggest topics, othersupervisors expect students to have quite a clear idea of the thesis topicbefore the preliminary supervision discussions take place.For students who have had a break from university studies, establishinga broad topic area or even a potential topic is a process that should beginbefore you enroll. It involves reading in your area of research interest,thinking, discussing and, attending related seminars or conferences.These activities encourage contemplation, and can assist in fosteringideas. For students who know the general topic area they wish toresearch, reading widely in the area of interest will help to identifyresearch issues, or questions that need further investigation. The processof developing a topic is ultimately one of establishing a gap in currentresearch that a thesis could aim to address.If you have made an appointment with an academic to discuss researchtopics, keep in mind that the discussion will be most fruitful if you areprepared. The academic will most likely ask you about your researchinterests, particular aspects of those research interests, your familiaritywith the literature, and so on. It may be helpful to give the academic anoutline of your research interests before your meeting. The academic isunlikely to give you a topic,but through discussion can help you to comeup with your own. Furthermore, discussions with the academic shouldassist you in refining an existing topic, or to establish a research space inthe current research in the field.Once you are closer to establishing your topic, you need to address anumber of issues to make sure your intended topic is suitable. Thisprocess may lead you to further refine your topic, but hopefully notabandon it. It is important that early in your candidature the followingissues are addressed.1. Research modelsand methods4. Thesis writingand persuasion4.3.2 Sample Introductionfrom Engineering, Biology&Education3.1 Sample Abstract fromEngineering &Biology3.6 Sample Conclusion fromEngineering &Education3.3 Sample Methods sectionfrom Biology, Engineering&Education3.4 Sample Results sectionfrom Biology & Education3.5 Sample Discussion sectionfrom BiologyThe process of selecting a supervisor is a significant hurdle in itself. While some departments may allocate you a supervisor, it is very helpful if you have in mind the person you think would be most suitable.Departments are keen to attract research students, so it is worth your while to make appointments, and speak to various people about supervision. Remember too when looking for a supervisor, to consider questions of availability, expertise, and personality.•dataIf your project involves collecting data from human participants, you must be sure at the outset that you will be able to establish your cohort and have the participation of enough subjects to carry out the study. Your supervisor will guide you in preparing an application to the University’s Human Research Ethics Committee. The Ethics Officer at the University’s Research Office can advise you when the Ethics Committee meets to discuss applications. This is generally on a monthly basis. Application forms are available at the Research Office or can be downloaded from the University’s web site.•level of interest and commitmentAn important question is whether your topic can sustain your interest for a long period. For full-time doctoral students this means approximately three years. Your should find your topic challenging and exciting. •budgetBudgetary considerations are important for students who generally have limited access to funds. What equipment do you need for your study? Is it available in your department? What facilities are available for research students in your department (shared computers? a desk? access to a photocopier? limited access to interlibrary loans? etc. ). Will you need to travel to carry out field studies? These are some of the questions you should consider, and your supervisor may be able to offer advice on additional funding sources.At the University of Wollongong post graduate research students can apply to the Office of Research for financial assistance to attend a national or international conference, at which the student is presenting a paper. Students are only entitled to this assistance once in their candidature. Departments also receive funding for their post graduate research students. Some departments make these funds directly available to the student. You should ask your department’s post graduate officer if any financial assistance is available.Finally, an important consideration in developing your topic is whether your chosen topic is a significant one. For PhD candidates, their research is required to make an original contribution to their field of study. For this reason it is necessary to establish a gap or space in the field of enquiry which your research will seek to fill.Another consideration for research students is will fellow researchers find the chosen topic interesting and relevant? While this is a difficult question to gauge for a beginning researcher, a well chosen topic can result in attracting the interest of other researchers, or relevant parties — an outcome which will make your candidature as a research student more enjoyable and hopefully fruitful.e a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n S e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c eSome faculties require students to submit a research proposal before they can begin their research project. Expectations differ from department to department: some departments require only several pages, while others expect a more substantial piece of work, which will later form the basis of your introductory chapter. Check with your department or supervisor for any departmental guidelines for research students.The main components of a research proposal or project plan are as follows: a brief literature review that highlights the gap in research that your research aims to address, the scope of your research, aims and objectives, proposed methodology,data analysis and implications of the research. Preparing a research proposal forces you to consider project design issues early on, and to think through potential problems. Presenting your research proposal to department or faculty members is a valuable opportunity for you to receive constructive feedback on your project from experienced researchers.Structure of the research proposalDepending on the scope of your research proposal, not all of the following need be included in your proposal. It is also possible to combine some sections, or change the order. The development of your research proposal will be in consultation with your supervisor.1.Title page : this should include the title of your project; your name and student number; your department or faculty; the name of the degree sought; the names of your supervisors, and the date of submission.2.Abstract : this should include the problem under investigation; the research methodology and theoretical orientation; and the expected outcomes and implications of the research.3.Table of contents : the inclusion of a table of contents will depend on the scope of your research proposal.4.Introduction : depending on the scope of your proposal, the introduction will contain a number of sub-sections. •background to the study•the significance of the study/ aims and significance of the study •the statement of the problem •research questions and hypotheses •definitions5.Literature review : the literature review provides the rationale for your research topic. It should give an overview of the current research on the topic area. It should identify a gap in the research. This is important because it shows why your topic is important. The literature review should also review relevant methodologies, which show how your research is to be done.6.Research design/ methodology : this section will include a number of sub-sections. It should describe the type of study you propose to do as well as how you propose to do it. You need to describe your participants/subjects, your data collection procedure and method of data analysis, as well as the limitations of your project.e a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n S e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c ee a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c ee a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c ee a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c eThe next units in this module on thesis writing focusses on the structure of a thesis,and includes annotated extracts from several disciplines.ReferencesAnderson, J. & Poole, M. (1994). Thesis and Assignment Writing (2nd ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.Graduate School of Education, University of Wollongong (1997). Notes for the Guidance of Research Students.e a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦ L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e。
proximal policy optimization algorithms 原文
proximal policy optimization algorithms 原文Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a popular algorithm for reinforcement learning that has gained significant attention in recent years. In this article, we will provide an overview of PPO and discuss some of the key concepts and techniques used in the algorithm.PPO is a type of policy optimization algorithm that is designed to find the optimal policy for a given reinforcement learning problem. The goal of PPO is to maximize the expected reward by updating the policy iteratively based on past experiences. Unlike some other policy optimization algorithms, PPO does not require any assumptions about the model dynamics and can be used with both discrete and continuous action spaces.One of the main advantages of PPO is its simplicity and ease of implementation. The algorithm is based on the policy gradient method, which involves estimating the gradient of the policy by running multiple trajectories of the agent in the environment and computing the average reward. PPO uses a surrogate objective function that approximates the policy gradient and performs multiple updates to ensure stability and convergence.The key idea behind PPO is to balance the exploration and exploitation trade-off. The algorithm achieves this by limiting the magnitude of the policy updates using a clipping parameter. This parameter ensures that the new policy does not deviate too much from the old policy, thereby avoiding catastrophic changes. Additionally, PPO introduces an adaptive penalty term that discourages the policy from changing too rapidly.Another important concept in PPO is the use of value functions to estimate the expected rewards. Value functions can be used to calculate the advantage of taking a particular action, which is then used to update the policy. PPO uses a value function approximation to estimate the advantages and computes the surrogate objective function based on these estimates.PPO also incorporates an importance sampling technique to handle off-policy training. This technique allows the algorithm to use past experiences for updating the policy, even if they were collected using an older policy. By importance sampling, PPO can estimate the probabilities of actions under the new policy, which is necessary for the policy updates.In conclusion, proximal policy optimization is a powerful algorithm for reinforcement learning that has shown promising results in various domains. Its simplicity, stability, and ability to handle both discrete and continuous action spaces make it a popular choice among researchers and practitioners. By balancing the exploration-exploitation trade-off and incorporating value functions and importance sampling, PPO has become an effective method for finding optimal policies in reinforcement learning problems.。
特征自适应的三维模型最优视点提取
特征自适应的三维模型最优视点提取
刘志;马骏;潘翔
【期刊名称】《计算机辅助设计与图形学学报》
【年(卷),期】2014(026)010
【摘要】针对目前采用不同几何特征度量的视点优化算法在普适性方面的局限性,提出一种与三维模型特征相适应的视点优化算法.首先提取三维模型混合特征,采用AdaBoost分类器对三维模型混合特征与相适应的视点计算算法进行匹配关系训练学习,构造最优视点分类器以提取最优视点,即将最优视点提取问题转化为分类问题;对于查询模型,通过训练后的最优视点分类器获得适应模型特征的视点优化算法,并计算模型的最优视点.实验结果表明:该算法有效反映三维模型的结构特征和细节,结果优于单一度量视点提取算法.
【总页数】7页(P1774-1780)
【作者】刘志;马骏;潘翔
【作者单位】浙江工业大学计算机科学与技术学院杭州 310023;浙江工业大学计算机科学与技术学院杭州 310023;浙江工业大学计算机科学与技术学院杭州310023
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP391.41
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会展建筑展厅综合性能提升策划设计策略探讨
会展建筑展厅综合性能提升策划设计策略探讨*Discussion on the Architectural Programming and Design Strategies to Enhance the Overall Performance of the Exhibition Hall in Exhibition and Convention Center张 维Zhang Wei摘要 文章对会展展厅面临的问题进行归纳，继而从提升空间效能、提升经济收益、提升用户体验、降低建筑能耗4个角度进行分析，提出解决思路，并结合实际工程案例进行阐述。
文章提出前期策划要与工程使用后评估结合起来，推进会展建筑的综合性能提升。
关键词 会展建筑；展厅；建筑策划；综合性能；工程后评估AbstrAct Problems faced by the exhibition halls in exhibition and convention buildings are analysed in four aspects: improvement of space quality, economic benefits, user experience, and reducing of energy consumption. It then demonstrated the potential solutions through several practical projects. We then highlight the importance to integrate preliminary architectural programming with post occupancy evaluation in order to improve the overall performance of exhibition and convention center.Key Words exhibition and convention architecture; exhibition hall; architectural programming; comprehensive performance; post occupancy evaluation*国家自然科学基金资助项目：模糊决策理论背景下的建筑策划方法学研究，项目编号：51378275；国家科技支撑计划项目：公共机构环境能源效率综合提升适宜技术研究与应用示范，项目编号：2013BAJ15B01。
2012.2.22-系统评价-模糊评价法
模糊子集
有限论域上，模糊子集可写成 有限论域上，模糊子集可写成
A= %隶ຫໍສະໝຸດ 度=∑i =1 n
γ A (u1 ) γ A (u2 )
u1 + u2
+L +
γ A (un )
un
γ A (ui )
ui
U中的元素 上式不是分式求和， 上式不是分式求和，只是一种表示方法
A %
= 0.4/天气好+0.6/天气不好
–模糊数学与计算机的发展：模糊识别 –模糊数学仅适用于：
• 有模糊概念，但是可以量化的场合
评价原理 模糊子集
论域
U
上的一个模糊子集
都指定了一个数
γ A (U ) ∈ [0,1]
A %
是指， 是指，对于任意
u ∈U
,叫做 叫做
γ A 叫做 A %
的隶属函数。 的隶属函数。
的隶属程度， u 对 A 的隶属程度， %
综合评价结果
综合隶属度 S＝WFR ＝ 综合得分 μ＝WES
81.43
评价步骤
• 1.确定因素集F和评语集E
– 因素集F={fi}：{1.教学计划及教学内容安排，2.，3…} – 评语集E={ej}：{好，较好，一般，较差}
• 2.统计，确定单因素评价隶属度向量，形成隶属度矩阵R
– 隶属度：多个评价主体（学生）对某个评价对象在fi方面做出ej的评价的 可能性大小 – 归一化，总体为1 – R={0.36, 0.56 0.08 0…}
评价等级 WE
班级： 班级：
好 （ 100 ） 较好(85) 较好 一般（ ） 一般（70） 较差（ ） 较差（55）
评价项目及权重W 评价项目及权重 F
模拟ai英文面试题目及答案
模拟ai英文面试题目及答案模拟AI英文面试题目及答案1. 题目: What is the difference between a neural network anda deep learning model?答案: A neural network is a set of algorithms modeled loosely after the human brain that are designed to recognize patterns. A deep learning model is a neural network with multiple layers, allowing it to learn more complex patterns and features from data.2. 题目: Explain the concept of 'overfitting' in machine learning.答案: Overfitting occurs when a machine learning model learns the training data too well, including its noise and outliers, resulting in poor generalization to new, unseen data.3. 题目: What is the role of a 'bias' in an AI model?答案: Bias in an AI model refers to the systematic errors introduced by the model during the learning process. It can be due to the choice of model, the training data, or the algorithm's assumptions, and it can lead to unfair or inaccurate predictions.4. 题目: Describe the importance of data preprocessing in AI.答案: Data preprocessing is crucial in AI as it involves cleaning, transforming, and reducing the data to a suitableformat for the model to learn effectively. Proper preprocessing can significantly improve the performance of AI models by ensuring that the input data is relevant, accurate, and free from noise.5. 题目: How does reinforcement learning differ from supervised learning?答案: Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize a reward signal. It differs from supervised learning, where the model learns from labeled data to predict outcomes based on input features.6. 题目: What is the purpose of a 'convolutional neural network' (CNN)?答案: A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of deep learning model that is particularly effective for processing data with a grid-like topology, such as images. CNNs use convolutional layers to automatically and adaptively learn spatial hierarchies of features from input images.7. 题目: Explain the concept of 'feature extraction' in AI.答案: Feature extraction in AI is the process of identifying and extracting relevant pieces of information from the raw data. It is a crucial step in many machine learning algorithms, as it helps to reduce the dimensionality of the data and to focus on the most informative aspects that can be used to make predictions or classifications.8. 题目: What is the significance of 'gradient descent' in training AI models?答案: Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm used to minimize a function by iteratively moving in the direction of steepest descent as defined by the negative of the gradient. In the context of AI, it is used to minimize the loss function of a model, thus refining the model's parameters to improve its accuracy.9. 题目: How does 'transfer learning' work in AI?答案: Transfer learning is a technique where a pre-trained model is used as the starting point for learning a new task. It leverages the knowledge gained from one problem to improve performance on a different but related problem, reducing the need for large amounts of labeled data and computational resources.10. 题目: What is the role of 'regularization' in preventing overfitting?答案: Regularization is a technique used to prevent overfitting by adding a penalty term to the loss function, which discourages overly complex models. It helps to control the model's capacity, forcing it to generalize better to new data by not fitting too closely to the training data.。
灰色犹豫模糊集及其灰关联topsis决策方法
灰色犹豫模糊集及其灰关联topsis决策方法灰色犹豫集模糊topsis决策方法是一种灰色理论和模糊理论结合的新型控制决策方法，也可以称为灰模糊topsis决策方法。
它是将有关问题中犹豫贴素（模糊）变量和灰色指数包含到topsis法内，形成一种判决方法，具有灰色理论和模糊理论的特点。
基本步骤：（1）构造模糊犹豫集：从大量的现实问题中可以得出不同的犹豫集，经标准化处理成模糊数值，并引用灰色理论，得出一个新的模糊犹豫集。
（2）求灰关联度：基于判断矩阵，使用灰色关联度表示各模糊犹豫贴组（模糊变量）之间的特征关联度，有利于表示信息结构，形成灰度关联矩阵。
（3）求模糊topsis功能：通过灰关联度将模糊贴素综合考虑，结合加权平均法（加权平均值）及利用模糊数学几何平均法，形成多层综合评价模型，其最优等级可通过求取TOPsIS的决策距离得到。
灰色犹豫集模糊TOPSIS方法的优点：（1）弥补了经典TOPSIS方法特征选择的不足：经典TOPSIS分析时，需要将模糊的变量转化为确切变量，而忽略了模糊贴素之间的相关关系，灰色犹豫集模糊TOPSIS方法则可以同时考虑相关变量和模糊贴素之间的相关性，大大提高了灰色TOPSIS方法的准确性。
（2）增强了决策的科学性：经典TOPSIS方法计算过程中所采用的權重主要依靠专家的判断，而用灰色犹豫集模糊TOPSIS方法进行决策则可以捕捉到来自许多信息源的有用信息，并得到决策者对问题的全面判断，从而支持科学性。
灰色犹豫集模糊TOPSIS方法有效地弥补了经典TOPSIS方法的不足，可以更有效地识别、分析和保护事物之间的关系，而且能同时考虑模糊变量和灰色变量之间的关联度，避免了模糊变量转��为确切变量时所带来的信息损失和不准确性。
因此，灰色犹豫集模糊TOPSIS方法可以更好的帮助决策者在复杂的环境下做出有效的决策，也受到了相关研究者的欢迎和广泛应用。
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本proposal should make a convincing scholarly case that the project is rigorous and innovative in theory and conception, methodology and material content, an d that it can produce new, relevant and independently verifiable insights.The proposal outline format also provides the main structure for the final thesis essay.Introduction: Win the Reader’s AttentionEvery proposal should provide clear, explicit answers to three questions:What are we going to learn from the proposed project that we currently do not know?Why is it worth knowing?On what basis can we evaluate the validity of the conclusions?Say what you have to say directly, firmly and concisely. Grab the reader’s at tention in the opening paragraphs. Here you should overstate, rather than unde rstate, your question or position. You can introduce qualifications later.One approach is to begin with a clearly posed question: "Has the discourse of development achieved its ends?" "Is anthropology the agent of imperialism?" "W hat contributions has anthropology made in the quest for world peace?" Do not pose rhetorical questions, but concrete issues whose answers can be determined , while they are not immediately apparent.Alternately, state your central point, hypothesis, or interpretation directly: "Cultural differences do not kill people, only people kill people." "Development has done wonders for the remaining food-foraging peoples of the planet." " The study of popular music reveals the unspoken cultural precepts of the socie ty that produces and consumes it."Of course, not every project is reducible to such brief propositions. It may be necessary to lay out a logical, sequential argument to define the core quest ion. However, if yours is a more complex argument, be certain to project a cle ar and explicit message that will make yours stand out from other proposals.Writing Style: Strive for Clarity and GraceYour proposal should offer a clear exposition of anthropology’s resea rch fron tiers, not a tedious litany of its duller dimensions. Avoid pretentious jargon, and if technical language is called for, use only those new words and techni cal terms that have no equivalents in everyday language. Likewise, focus on th e ideas, not the details. Argue the concepts and tendencies in your area of co ncentration, not the descriptive fine points. Keep the main text as streamlined as possible.Poor writing kills the best of ideas. Use a style manual in all your writing.One excellent writing reference (available online) is Strunk and White's The E lements of Style. This and other resources are accessible from the jump page, Anthropology Resources on the Internet, reached from a link on the Hartwick An thropology Department Home Page.Theoretical Concerns: Establish the Proposal ContextYour proposal should not be a tired exercise in the obvious. It should state w hat new knowledge the project will produce. Summarize precisely and succinctly the current state of knowledge, and provide a current, comprehensive bibliogr aphy. You do not need to provide a review of "the literature," but offer a cle arly focused view of the specific body of knowledge to which you will add. The bibliography provides a measure of your seriousness, and its comprehensivenes s will reflect upon your proposal's evaluation. A good bibliography indicates thorough preparation to ensure that your project will enhance the work of othe rs, not duplicate it.Avoid excessive discussion, especially in the Abstract and Introduction, of the general theoretical problem. Concentrate more on discussing specifically how you will carry out the research and analysis (see methodology discussion belo w).In the early stages of proposal writing, the Hartwick library professionals can help you identify and access the many print and electronic resources relevant to your project. Begin with the Library of Congress Subject Headings to identify the keywords that will be essential to efficient, effective bibliographic research. Consult such resource guides as Dissertation Abstracts International, the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Sciences Index, and the S ocial Science Periodical Index, and other online periodical search engines. The Annual Review of Anthropology is an important venue for state-of-the-art dis cussions and extensive bibliographies, as are such area-studies guides as the Handbook of Latin American Studies (available on line) and the International A frican Bibliography. Also consider online databases such as CARL and ERIC. In the early stages, I will ask that you identify the research resources you have utilized. You will avoid frustration and save valuable research time by consulting such resources at the outset.What Is the Core Objective?The statement that "it has not been studied" may be a sufficient argument. Ind eed, generally, the less known about one’s chosen topic, the more compellingthe proposal. Whatever you choose, aim to convince the reader that your topic is not only timely, but also that its results will elucidate enduring human pr oblems.Explicit theoretical interest is always important. Your theoretical frame should situate the question in terms of its relevance to controversial theoretical arguments. How does your problem inform the main theoretical debates in anthr opology? How does your approach test accepted ideas or offer new ones? To be e ffective, your proposal should demonstrate awareness of competing viewpoints and argue your position by addressing anthropological theory broadly, while not ing alternative tendencies.Conceptual Issues: Develop an Innovative ApproachEnigmas and seeming contradictions can be powerfully persuasive. "Beginning in the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement promised to remake racial relations in the Jim Crow south, but several decades later, identity politics is more contro versial issue than ever in popular cultural discourse throughout the nation." "After World War II, social scientists worried that widespread migration to urban centers would undermine rural life. Indeed, the effects can be seen in many parts of the country, but today, aided by modern computer and communications technology, a new urban-to-rural migration trend is simultaneously underway."Cautionary note: Unless you have something original to add, you may want to av oid topics "of central interest to anthropology." Usually these are subjects about which many are writing, in response to the definitive contribution of a true innovator. By the time you write your proposal, do the research, and sit d own to write, you might wish you were working on something else. So if your in terests lead you to a relatively unexplored problem, one "not of current and c entral interest to anthropology," consider pursuing it.Outline Your MethodologyRegarding methodological efficacy, the proposal must specify your research str ategy and how you will interpret the results vis-à-vis your central problem.Do not just state your goal; tell how you will go about it. A methodology goes beyond simply listing research tasks to asserting why these tasks constitutethe best approach to the problem. A simple listing of tasks does not necessarily mean that they comprise the best or most expedient approach.Some common expressions do not specify tangible research strategies. For examp le, "I will look at the relation between x and y" is uninformative. "Looking at" a relation between variables can only be done indirectly, by digging through archives, interviewing, observing and taking standardized notes, collecting data, analyzing patterns and the like. How will you highlight the relationshipof underlying forces intrinsic to the mass of data? You should outline the pr ocess of gathering data and interpreting it as specifically as you can. What a ctivities will you pursue to collect data, what techniques will you use to analyze it, and how will you test the validity of your conclusions? Do not leavethe reader wondering what you actually will do. Specify the sources, the respo ndents, and the proposed techniques of data collection and analysis.Proposals that engage a powerful current issue (identity, gender, ethnicity, r ace, nationalism, hegemony, cultural resistance, relations of states and indig enous people) often follow a predictably weak line of reasoning. They begin by discussing various theoretical formulations of the issue. Then they offer a vague laundry list of research methods, hinting that the project will apply the "appropriate" methodology in the field. The proposal ends by asserting a rather slack and generalized connection between B and A. Try to avoid this dead en d.In contrast, a comparative research design has particular appeal. In some ways all research is comparative because it must employ some implicit or explicitpoint of reference. Make the comparison explicit to enhance its value as an av enue of scientific inquiry. In comparative proposals, the evaluator asks whether the similarities and differences between the chosen cases elucidate the central question, and whether the author is capable of executing both sides of the comparison.Summary: Restate and Specify Your ObjectivesAn effective proposal usually ends by re-invoking the original thesis. How will research and its results finally illuminate the central question? How will you demonstrate the validity of your original idea? You must convince the reade r that there is something clearly at stake in the study, that does not have a preconceived conclusion, and that your exploration of the unknown will yield e ngaging, systematic propositions.Proposals should normally describe the project’s final product in terms of au dience. If you have specific plans, spell them out, because specifying the kind of audience you intend to address will specify for the reader features of the proposal that may otherwise seem peculiar or serendipitous.Keep the preceding guidelines in mind throughout the preparation of your propo sal, and be certain to specifically address the questions outlined in all of the preceding sections. To write a good proposal takes time. Start early. Begin exploring topic possibilities immediately. From the outset, collect references and enter them into a working bibliography as you work on other tasks. Write a first draft by the due date (see below), revise it, and show it to other an thropology faculty and your fellow students. Put it aside, collect others’ co mments and revise it again. You also will have a chance to share it in a class presentation at semester's end. The high level of classroom debate also should help to refine the proposal as you look ahead to the thesis itself. If possi ble, plan on writing the first draft of the thesis itself during January Term.Proposal Outline FormatAbstract:In one or two crisply written paragraphs, provide an engaging resumeof the proposal.Introduction:Set the context for your proposed project and capture the reader's interest.Theoretical Issues & Literature Review:A statement of the general theoreticalproblem, with supporting bibliographic references indicating a grasp of the s ubject, and the conceptual ability to carry out the proposal.Key Question(s): These should be capable of being answered, with answers that are not obvious.Methodology:A specific, detailed indication of how you will go about assessing the key questions, and why the proposed methodology constitutes the best way to pursue the study objectives.[size=-2][size=-2][size=-2]Conclusions & Implications of Research:What new knowledge will the proposed project produce that we do not already know? Why is it worth knowing? How willyou evaluate and ensure the validity of the conclusions?Proposal Summary:A restatement and specification of your objectives.Bibliography:Follow the format of American Anthropologist or American Ethnologist.样本一Background:When designing and choosing a CBE, sales organization and customers use a SWEP developed program (SSP) to choose the most efficient exchanger for their appl ication. The thermodynamic and transport properties in this program for e.g. a refrigerant are calculated by mean of polynomial equation obtained by regression analysis as a function of the temperature. In the vapour region the equations are also corrected for some properties that depend strongly on the pressure. Even though this method works satisfactory below the critical pressure, ithas shown divergence when calculating over the critical point.Description of thesis work The thermodynamic and transport properties of a two-phase fluid that are calculated are:• Viscosity• Heat capacity• Thermal conductivity• Density• Late nt heat or enthalpyAlso the saturation curve is obtained by regression where the bubble- and dew- point temperatures are calculated as a function of the pressure (The pressureis calculated backwards in an iterative manner).The difficulties of calculating correct properties in the super- critical region is a general problem for most fluids in SSP but of immediate interest onlyfor some few fluids of Carbon dioxide (CO₂ is one of those.This thesis project can be divided into three parts:1. Understanding the existing algorithms and make a comparison of calculated p roperties from SSP with table values for some working media including CO₂ ;. This should primary be preformed for saturated and superheated vapour belowand above the critical pressure.2. Literature study of other equation of state (EOS) and investigate how theycan be used in calculation algorithms. (Some known EOS are Modified Benedict- Webb- Rubin (MBWR) and the Peng- Robinson- Stryjek- Vera (PRSV), see e.g. NIST REFROP).3. Suggest new equations or algorithms for density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity (CP), Which represent the data with accuracyand consistency through- out the entire range of temperature, pressure and den sity in the saturated and superheated vapor- region.Goal:The goal of this project is to verify the existing polynomial equations against known data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants inthe critical region. Then, improve equations should be propose and verified for several refrigerants.Suitable student background:Good knowledge of thermodynamics and refrigerants engineering. Basic knowledge of numerical methods.样本二Title:Application of combustion catalysts in gas turbines: An experimental investiga tion.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology is one of the leading research insti tutes to work on catalytic combustion research leading to gas turbine applicat ions. There are two catalytic combustion research projects currently in progress. Projects are in cooperation with the Division of Chemical Technology. Catalytic combustion has received a large attention in the past decades as an alternative to conventional flame combustion for gas turbine applications. Itis possible to combust lean air/fuel mixtures and there by reduce peak tempera ture to about 1400 0C while maintaining complete combustion. The result is that almost no thermal-NOx are formed, as well as low level of carbon monoxide an d hydrocarbon can be achieved. Investigations of this combustion phenomenon, u nder realistic turbine operating conditions are an interesting and important effort towards eliminating harmful emissions from power generation. Pilot-scale scale test facility with flexibility on fuel and wide range of pressure has c onstructed at HPT lab to carryout investigations of catalytic combustion under desired conditions.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 months.Objective:Give an opportunity for a master student to work with catalytic combustion res earch, most probably tomorrow’s gas turbine combustion technology.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) student is expected to gather knowledge on the state of the art of the catalytic combustion research. During the experimental activity, student will get the po ssibility to work with researches working on catalytic combustion in order to generate experimental data on the emissions and catalytic behavior. Results sh ould be published on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background should be in the field of energy technology/mechanical engineering or chemical engineering. Experience/knowledge on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems would be an added advan tage.样本三Title:Experimental investigation of the tar composition and concentration on emissio ns of small-scale gas turbines by combustion of biomass derived low calorific value gas.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology conducts and cooperates with several national and international level research projects on gas turbine combustion. One of current research projects, coordinated within several European partners is to provide customized and cost competitive biomass based IGCC systems. Gasification of biomass and combustion in a gas engine or turbine is the most efficient way of power production. However, for gas turbines tars in the lcv gas are a big problem and can result in fouling, increased emissions failures d uring operation. The focus of this project is on the effect of tars on foulingand emissions of turbines and micro turbines and especially on the interactions between gasifier, gas cleaning and micro turbine.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 months.Objective:Obtain a comprehensive knowledge on biomass gasification, quality of produced gas, post gas treatments and combustion in gas turbine.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) student is expected to gather knowledge on several gasification processes and qua lity of the produced gas on gasification process and the feed of raw materials. During the experimental activity student is expected to work with the other researches working on lcv gas, gas turbine test facility in order to generate experimental data on the emissions of gas turbine when the fuel gas is consists of tars at different compositions and concentrations. Results should be publ ished on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background in the field of energy technology. Experience/knowledge on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems wo uld be an added advantage.样本四Thesis ProposalMajors: English and LatinMinor: Gender StudiesFaculty Advisor: Professor Andrew Levy ??English DepartmentType of Honors: University HonorsTitle of Thesis: Images of Motherhood in Beloved, U ncle Tom’s Cabin, and Inci dents in the Life of a Slave GirlThesis:The purpose of my project is to first examine how three texts represent black American slaves, dealing specifically with the impact that slavery had on moth erhood, and to then analyze the differences in the ways that these images arepresented in two distinctly different time periods. I will examine the imagesof motherhood in two texts, written in the mid?l8OO's: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl; I will then look at a contemporary approach to these same issues in Toni M orrison's Beloved.Background:As Elaine Showalter asserts in A Literature of Their Own, "In the 1960s the fe male novel entered a new and dynamic phase, which has been strongly influenced in the past ten years by the energy of the women's movement." Feminist literary criticism, a natural extension of the political Feminist movement, is itself political in that it is a criticism which searches for the hidden cultural a ssumptions about gender in a text. In the past twenty?five years especially, t hese critics have attempted to uncover the traditional ideals and values about gender to show them as socially constructed, rather than inherent.Additionally, feminist criticism expanded its study to include previously undi scovered works by women authors. It found that many women novelists were still trapped by the masculine defined traditions and the masculine conceptions of women. As Virginia Woolf says of nineteenth?century novelists in her essay "A Room of One's Own,". . .they had no tradition behind them, or one so shortand partial that it was of little help. . . such a lackof tradition, such a scarcity and inadequacy of tools,must have told enormously upon the writing of women.Woolf's quote is especially appropriate to black woman's fiction, as the few m odels of motherhood that appeared in women's fiction of the 1800's were necess arily not applicable as models for black women. According to Patricia Hill Col lins, contributing editor of Double Stitch, "[The] themes implicit in White pe rspectives on motherhood are particularly problematic for Black women and othe rs outside this debate" (43).Black mothers in the 1800's had remarkably different lives than free, white women, for slavery undoubtedly had a large impact on their experiences with moth erhood; nevertheless, slave mothers were still only represented as compared to the white, middle?class model. Until recently, black; motherhood was not rec ognized as having a tradition of its own. In fact, though, writers in the mid? 1800's realistically portrayed slaves' experiences with motherhood; in both Un cle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the authors show the devastating effects of slavery on motherhood: it is the realism with which the slaves' lives are portrayed which lends these novels their power. But inter estingly, the effect of these images is intensified by contrasting these realistic images of the broken family with the Ideal, white models of motherhood. Thus, although these works are in the process of creating a tradition of mothe rhood, they are still limited by the dominant ideology.In the twentieth century novelists of different ethnicities have attempted to create their own tradition and their own models. As a result, there have been radical changes in the way motherhood has been presented over the past century . As Showalte r continues, “In drawing upon two centuries of the female tradit ion, [contemporary novelists] have been able to incorporate many of the streng ths of the past with a new range of language and experience.” In Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Morrison creates a new image of the mother as affected by slaver y. Instead of comparing black mothers to the white model, she uses the assumpt ions that readers still largely hold today about Motherhood, and then shatters these expectations. In creating a morally ambiguous text, Morrison does not p resent an Ideal motherhood, but shows instead the impossibility of such a view for the slave woman.Significance:Along with the development of feminist literary theory in the post?war period, women's literature has increasingly presented alternative views of "womanly d uties." Traditional Motherhood, the Ideal which was once never questioned in l iterature, is now being explored more thoroughly and represented more complexl y. Partly due to the liberation brought about through the feminist movement in literature, new visions of motherhood are being created through the voices of many contemporary authors. Despite these developments and the increasing atte ntion given to women’s texts. The issue of motherhood and sla very as represented in women’s fiction is still an area which needs to be investigated:Even though selected groups of White women are challengingthe…definition of motherhood, the dominant ideology remainspowerful. As long as these approaches remain prominent in scholarly…discourse, Eurocentric views of White motherhoodwill continue to affect Black women's lives. (Collins, 44)By choosing three texts written by women, representing both past and contempor ary literature dealing with slavery, and analyzing the corresponding represent ations of motherhood, not only do I hope to research an underexplored field in literature, but I also hope to continue the creation of a woman's tradition in a field of special concern to women.Methods:Because this project has a multi?faceted purpose, I will concentrate my research in three different areas: first, I will explore the history of slavery andthe multiple impacts slavery had on women and motherhood; second, because my p aper concentrates on the formation of a tradition of black motherhood, I will critique both Stowe's and Jacob's novels to find their uses of (and divergences from) the “traditional” ideology; third, using critical texts as background, I will critique Morrison's novel to explore the developing tradition by looking at the new or alternative ideology for motherhood .Schedule:March 25 Thesis Proposals dueApril ? June 14 Library research and material gatheringJunel4?Oct.14 Analyze and organize all materialsSeptember 22 Second Proposal dueDecember 8 First draft dueDecember 15 First draft returned from advisorJanuary 3 Second draft dueJanuary 6 Second draft returned from advisorFebruary I First final draft due to honors committee? ? March 10 Recommend revisions/advisor’s approvalMarch 24 Final thesis dueBibliography:Maior Texts:Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: First Plume Printing, 1988.Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: W. W. Norton & Company , Inc., 1994.Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Heath Anthologv of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. D.C. Heath and Company, 1994. 1753? 1777.Background and CriticismAskeland, Lori. “Remodeling the Model Home in Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Beloved.” American Literature: a Journal of Literarv History, Criticism, and Bibliopraphy. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 785(20).Bellin, Joshua. “Up to Heaven’s Gate, Down in Earth’s Dust: The Politics of Judgement in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” American Literature, a Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and bibliography. 65:2 (June 1993): 275(20)Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism. New York: Pergamon Press Inc., 1985.Demetrakopoulous, Stephanie. “Maternal Bonds as Devourers of Women’s Indivi duation in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” African American Review. 26:1 (Spring 1992): 51(9)Evans, Mari, Ed. Black Women Writers (1950-1980) New York: Anchor Press, 1984. Flores, Toni. “Claiming and Making: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Common Sense in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies. 10:3 (1989) 52(6).Gilbert, Sandra, and Gubar, Susan. The Madwoman in the Attic. New Haven: Yal e University Press, 1979.Gross, Seymour and Hardy, John, Ed. Images of the Negro in American Literatur e. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.Heilbrun, Carolyn. Writing a Woman’s Life. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.Joswick, Thomas. “’The Crown Without Conflict.’ Religious Values and Moral Reasoning in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Nineteenth Century Literature. 39:3 (Dec 1984): 253(21).Krumholz, Linda. “The Ghosts of Slavery: Historical Recovery in Toni Morris on’s Beloved.” African American Review. 26:3 (Fall 1992): 395(14).Mathieson, Barbara. “Memory and Mother Love in Morrison’s Beloved.” Ameri can Imago. 47:1 (Spring 1990): 1(20).Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark. New York: Vintage Books: 1992.Railton, Stephen. “Mothers, Husbands, and Uncle Tom.” Georgia Review. 38:1 (Spring 1984): 129(15)Rossi, Alice, Ed. The Feminist Papers. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973.Sale, Maggie. “Critiques from Within:Antebellum Projects of Resisitance.”American Literature: a Journal of Literary Historym Criticism, and Bibli ography. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 695(23).Sherman, Sarah. “Moral Experiences in Harriet Jacob’s Incidents in the Life。
深度学习及其应用_复旦大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
深度学习及其应用_复旦大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.GAN中的Mode Collapse问题是指什么？答案:生成器只生成少数几种样本2.有关循环神经网络（RNN）变种的说法哪些是正确的？答案:RNN的变种增加了网络的复杂性，训练过程难度一般会大一些。
_RNN的变种可以在某些方面改进RNN的不足，例如减少梯度消失、输入句子词汇上文文语义获取等_这些RNN的变种结构都有一定的调整，但大多都可以处理时序数据的分类或预测问题。
3.以下说法错误的有哪些？答案:类似VGG、GoogLeNet等网络，AlexNet采用了卷积块的结构。
_为了获得不同尺度的特征，GoogLeNet采用了1X1,3X3,7X7等不同尺度的卷积核。
_ResNet卷积神经网络使用了批量标准化(BN)增加了网络的训练稳定性，并像VGG算法利用了skip链接减少信息的损失。
4.循环神经网络一般可以有效处理以下哪些序列数据？答案:随时间变化的数值型参数_声音_文本数据5.循环神经网络的损失函数是所有时刻的输出误差之和。
答案:正确6.长短期记忆网络（LSTM）通过遗忘门减少一般循环神经网络（RNN）的短期记忆不足，但增加算法的计算复杂度。
答案:正确7.循环神经网络的深度是由RNN cell的时刻数量，或者是隐层的数量确定的，2种说法都有一定的道理。
答案:正确8.循环神经网络（RNN)每一个时间步之间的迁移中使用了共享参数（权重等），与前馈神经网络比较更不容易引起梯度消失问题答案:错误9.以下有关生成对抗网络的说法哪个是错误的？答案:生成器和判别器的代价函数在训练过程中是同时优化的10.有关生成对抗网络（GAN）的代价函数，下面哪个说法是错误的？答案:一般来说，GAN通过训练总能达到代价函数的极小值11.在目标检测算法中，IoU（Intersection over Union）主要用于？答案:度量检测框和真实框的重叠程度12.下面哪种情况可能不能使用生成对抗网络实现？答案:机器人取名字13.对于生成对抗网络（GAN）的训练，下面哪个说法是正确的？答案:如果判别器发生了过拟合，那么生成器可能会生成一起很奇怪的样本14.在DCGAN中，判别器的激活函数可以使用Leaky ReLU，而不采用Sigmoid的原因是以下哪个？答案:防止判别器在训练过程中发生梯度消失，降低鉴别器的能力15.有关生成器和判别器的代价函数，以下哪个说法是错误的？答案:通过一同调整生成器和判别器的权重等参数，达到两者总的代价函数平衡16.有关生成器和判别器的交叉熵代价函数，以下哪个说法是错误的？答案:当训练生成器时，希望判别器的输出越逼近0越好17.有关获得较高质量生成样本的隐向量z的说法，下面说法错误的是哪个？答案:可以随机取值18.与卷积神经网络不同，循环神经网络因为固有的时序性，很难在GPU上做并行训练。
proposal_范例
Martijn Meijers
OTB, GIS Technology
December 15th, 2005
Martijn Meijers (OTB, GIS Technology)
Master’s thesis proposal
December 15th, 2005
Martijn Meijers (OTB, GIS Technology)
Master’s thesis proposal
December 15th, 2005
9 / 12
Planning
Timeframe
Start: 9th November 2005. 34 credit points: 1 point means 28 hours work; 28 × 34 = 952 hours. 8 hours per day – at least 119 days. End: 9th June 2006 (139 days scheduled).
Martijn Meijers http://www.gdmc.nl/martijn/ b.m.meijers@student.tudelft.nl +31-6-29 25 28 82
Martijn Meijers (OTB, GIS Technology)
Master’s thesis proposal
Martijn Meijers (OTB, GIS Technology)
Master’s 2005
10 / 12
Planning
Activities
Start Nov 9 Nov 22 Dec 27 Mar 13 Apr 5 May 8 May 22
凸分析与优化
伪正规的 hi：仿射的
《凸分析与最优化》，柏塞克斯著 不是伪正规的
28
有信息的拉格朗日乘子
• 由增强Fritz John条件得到的拉格朗日乘子具有一种特殊 的灵敏度性质： 它们指明违反约束是为了减小代价 • 我们称这些乘子是有信息的
• 命题：如果至少存在一个拉格朗日乘子向量，则存在一个 是有信息
《凸分析与最优化》，柏塞克斯著
30
关于X=R 的理论结构
独立约束梯度 线性约束 Mangasarian Fromovitz 条件
n
伪正规性
拉格朗日乘子的 存在性
有信息乘子的存在性
《凸分析与最优化》，柏塞克斯著 31
对X：正则性的理论的结构
新的拟Mangasarian Fromovitz条件 Slater 条件
伪正规性
拉格朗日乘子的 存在性
《凸分析与最优化》，柏塞克斯著
2
为什么凸在最优化中重要的 I
• 一个凸函数没有不为全局极小的局部极小值 • 一个非凸函数可以被“凸化的”同时保持全局极小值的最优 性 • 一个凸集有非空的相对内部 • 一个凸集在任何点具有可行方向
《凸分析与最优化》，柏塞克斯著
3
为什么凸在最优化中重要的 II
• 凸函数的极小值的存在可以非常方便地用收缩方向进行刻 画 • 一个多面体凸集可用它的极值点和极值方向来刻画
《凸分析与最优化》，柏塞克斯著
18
II 存在性与无对偶间隙的统一
《凸分析与最优化》，柏塞克斯著
19
闭集的嵌套族的交集
• 凸优化中的两个基本问题 －在集合X上达到一个函数的极小值 －存在对偶间隙 • 第一个问题是一个集合交集的问题： 极小值的集合是非空水平集族 • 第二个问题是一个下半连续问题： 假设F(x,u)是凸的且下半连续的，何时函数
语义文本相似度计算方法研究综述
语义文本相似度计算方法研究综述目录一、内容概括 (2)1.1 研究背景 (3)1.2 研究意义 (3)1.3 文献综述目的与结构 (5)二、基于词向量的语义文本相似度计算 (5)2.1 词向量表示方法 (7)2.2 基于词向量的相似度计算方法 (8)2.3 词向量模型优化 (9)三、基于深度学习的语义文本相似度计算 (10)3.1 循环神经网络 (11)3.2 卷积神经网络 (13)3.3 自注意力机制 (14)四、基于图的方法 (15)4.1 图表示方法 (16)4.2 图上采样与聚类 (18)4.3 图匹配算法 (19)五、混合方法 (21)5.1 结合多种表示方法的混合策略 (22)5.2 不同任务间的知识迁移 (23)六、评估与优化 (24)6.1 评估指标 (25)6.2 算法优化策略 (26)七、应用领域 (28)7.1 自然语言处理 (29)7.2 信息检索 (30)7.3 问答系统 (32)7.4 多模态语义理解 (33)八、结论与展望 (34)8.1 研究成果总结 (35)8.2 现有方法的局限性 (37)8.3 未来发展方向 (38)8.4 对研究者的建议 (39)一、内容概括语义文本表示与相似度计算方法：首先介绍了语义文本表示的基本概念和方法，包括词向量、句子向量、文档向量等，以及这些表示方法在相似度计算中的应用。
基于统计的方法：介绍了一些基于统计的文本相似度计算方法，如余弦相似度、Jaccard相似度、欧几里得距离等，分析了它们的优缺点及应用场景。
基于机器学习的方法：介绍了一些基于机器学习的文本相似度计算方法，如支持向量机(SVM)、朴素贝叶斯(NB)、最大熵模型(ME)等，讨论了它们的原理、优缺点及适用性。
深度学习方法：重点介绍了近年来兴起的深度学习方法在语义文本相似度计算中的应用，如循环神经网络(RNN)、长短时记忆网络(LSTM)、门控循环单元(GRU)等，分析了它们在文本相似度计算中的性能及局限性。
做英语作业怎么写作文
When it comes to tackling English homework, writing an essay can be both a challenging and rewarding task. Its a chance to express your thoughts, showcase your language skills, and delve into topics that interest you. Heres a personal account of how I approach writing an essay for my English homework.Firstly, the topic is the starting point. Its crucial to understand the assignments requirements fully. I usually begin by reading the prompt carefully, noting down key words and phrases that give me a clear direction for my essay. This step is essential because it sets the tone for the entire writing process.Once I have a clear understanding of the topic, I move on to brainstorming. This is where I let my thoughts flow freely. I jot down all the ideas that come to mind, no matter how random or unrelated they might seem at first. This process helps me to identify the main points I want to cover in my essay.After brainstorming, I organize my ideas into a coherent structure. This involves creating an outline that includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction sets the scene for the essay, providing a brief overview of the topic and thesis statement. The body paragraphs delve into the main points, each supported by evidence and examples. The conclusion summarizes the main points and restates the thesis.Research is the next step, and its a critical part of the process. I look for credible sources that provide information relevant to my topic. This couldbe books, academic articles, or reputable online sources. I make sure to take detailed notes and properly cite my sources to avoid plagiarism.With a solid outline and sufficient research, I start drafting my essay. I try to write in a clear and concise manner, ensuring that each paragraph flows logically into the next. I pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and spelling, but I dont get too caught up in these details at this stage. The focus is on getting my ideas down in a coherent manner.After the first draft is complete, I take a break. This pause is important as it allows me to return to the essay with fresh eyes. When I revisit the draft, I look for areas that need improvement. This could be rephrasing sentences, adding more evidence, or clarifying my arguments.Revising is an iterative process. I might go through several drafts, refining my essay each time. I also seek feedback from my peers or teachers. Their insights can provide a new perspective and help me improve my essay further.Finally, I proofread my essay meticulously. This is the stage where I pay close attention to grammar, punctuation, and spelling. I also check for consistency in formatting and citation style. A wellpolished essay not only reflects my understanding of the topic but also demonstrates my attention to detail.In conclusion, writing an essay for English homework is a multistep process that requires careful planning, research, drafting, and revision. Its a journeyof exploration and expression that, when approached with dedication and a critical eye, can result in a wellcrafted piece of writing.。
小目标语义分割 评价指标
小目标语义分割评价指标摘要：一、引言二、小目标语义分割的定义和意义三、评价指标的重要性四、常用的评价指标1.像素准确率2.实例分割准确率3.边界框准确率4.平均IoU五、总结与展望正文：一、引言随着深度学习技术的发展，计算机视觉领域取得了显著的进展。
在众多任务中，小目标语义分割（Small Object Semantic Segmentation）在实际应用中具有重要意义，例如医学影像分析、工业质检等。
为了衡量小目标语义分割的性能，需要一系列评价指标来进行量化评估。
二、小目标语义分割的定义和意义小目标语义分割是指在图像中分割出尺寸较小的目标物体，并为其分配正确的类别标签。
由于小目标的尺寸较小，其像素数量有限，导致模型容易产生误分割。
因此，小目标语义分割对于计算机视觉领域具有很高的挑战性。
三、评价指标的重要性评价指标是衡量小目标语义分割模型性能的重要手段，可以帮助我们了解模型的优缺点，为模型优化提供指导。
四、常用的评价指标1.像素准确率（Pixel Accuracy）：对于每个类别，计算正确分割的像素数与总像素数的比值，再求和得到总体像素准确率。
2.实例分割准确率（Instance Segmentation Accuracy）：对于每个类别，计算正确分割的实例数与总实例数的比值，再求和得到总体实例分割准确率。
3.边界框准确率（Boundary Box Accuracy）：对于每个类别，计算正确预测边界框的个数与总边界框数的比值，再求和得到总体边界框准确率。
4.平均IoU（Intersection over Union，IoU）：计算预测分割与真实分割的交集与并集的比值，求得所有类别的平均值。
五、总结与展望小目标语义分割在计算机视觉领域具有广泛的应用前景。
为了衡量模型的性能，本文介绍了常用的评价指标，包括像素准确率、实例分割准确率、边界框准确率和平均IoU。
然而，随着实际应用场景的不断拓展，可能需要针对特定任务设计更为合适的评价指标。
逼近理想排序法
逼近理想排序法
逼近理想排序法，是通过检测评价对象与最优解的方法。
其实就是优劣距离法
TOPSIS法是一种逼近于理想解的排序法，该方法只要求各效用函数具有单调递增（或递减）性就行。
TOPSIS法是多目标决策分析中一种常用的有效方法，又称为优劣解距离法。
其基本原理，是通过检测评价对象与最优解、最劣解的距离来进行排序，若评价对象最靠近最优解同时又最远离最劣解，则为最好；否则为最差。
其中最优解的各指标值都达到各评价指标的最优值。
最劣解的各指标值都达到各评价指标的最差值。
TOPSIS法其中“理想解”和“负理想解”是TOPSIS法的两个基本概念。
所谓理想解是一设想的最优的解（方案），它的各个属性值都达到各备选方案中的最好的值；而负理想解是一设想的最劣的解（方案），它的各个属性值都达到各备选方案中的最坏的值。
方案排序的规则是把各备选方案与理想解和负理想解做比较，若其中有一个方案最接近理想解，而同时又远离负理想解，则该方案是备选方案中最好的方案。
逼近理想点法
计算四个方案到正负理想解的距离，综合评价值及其排序
方案
Di+
方案1
1.1000 0.6495 0.3712 4
方案2
0.5730 0.9287 0.6184 1
方案3
0.8917 0.6410 0.4182 3
方案4
0.8157 0.8509 0.5105 2
DiLi 排序
灰色关联分析方法(GRA法)
mn
,设各指标权重事先确定
第三步，确定正理想解PIS 和负理想解NIS，即每个属性下最 优方案和最劣方案.
第四步，计算被评价对象到PIS和NIS的欧式距离
D
i
r
j 1
n
ij max
rij
2
D
i
r
j 1
n
ij min
rij
2
Di 第五步，计算各方案的综合评价值Li 从而给出排序. Di Di Li在0与 1之间取值，越接近1说明方案越优，越接近0说明越劣.
逼近理想点法(TOPSIS法)
(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution)
TOPSIS 法自1981 年提出以来, 获得了广泛的 应用, 是人们常用的多属性决策方法之一. TOPSIS认为一个满意解应该距理想解最近且 距离负理想解最远. 可以根据与最优方案和最劣 方案的距离远近程度给出备选方案的排序。 TOPSIS方法有如下优点:比较合理和易于理 解; 计算较简单; 能够用简单的算术形式来描述被 择方案的绩效。
对同趋势化后的数据矩阵利用向量规范化进行归 n 一处理，处理公式： zij aij / aij
topsis法
topsis法优劣解距离法(TOPSIS法)（备用）优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)又称理想解法，是一种有效的多指标评价方法。
这种方法通过构造评价问题的正理想解和负理想解，即各指标的最大值和最小值，通过计算每个方案到理想方案的相对贴近度，即靠近正理想解和远离负理想解的程度，来对方案进行排序，从而选出最优方案。
TOPSIS过程比较简单，请参考司守奎第二版14章第一节，但是TOPSIS的代码暂时无法直接运用，因为这种类型的评价方法还要考虑一下，最优解是越大越好还是越小越好。
例研究生院试评估。
为了客观地评价我国研究生教育的实际情况和各研究生院的教学质量，国务院学位委员会组织过一次研究生院的评估。
为了取得经验，先选5所研究生院，收集有关数据资料进行了试评估，表1是所给出的部分数据。
其MATLAB求解源代码如下：clc, cleara=[0.1550004.70.2660005.60.4770006.70.910100002.31.224001.8];[m,n]=size(a);qujian=[5,6]; lb=2; ub=12;a(:,2)=x2(qujian,lb,ub,a(:,2)); %对属性2进行变换，针对这个题目比较特殊，其他题目一般用不到，详细介绍看司老师的书即可。
for j=1:nb(:,j)=a(:,j)/norm(a(:,j)); %向量规划化 endw=[0.20.30.40.1];c=b.*repmat(w,m,1); %求加权矩阵 Cstar=max(c); %求正理想解Cstar(4)=min(c(:,4)); %属性4为成本型的，越小越好 fprintf('正理想解为：\n');disp(Cstar); C0=min(c); %q 求负理想解C0(4)=max(c(:,4)); %属性4为成本型的，越小越好 fprintf('负理想解为：\n');disp(C0); for i=1:mSstar(i)=norm(c(i,:)-Cstar); %求到正理想解的距离S0(i)=norm(c(i,:)-C0); %求到负理想的距离 endf=S0./(Sstar+S0);[sf,ind]=sort(f,'descend'); %求排序结果 fprintf('排序指标值：\n');disp(sf); fprintf('排序结果为：\n');disp(ind);根据MATLAB源代码运行结果可得：从优到劣的次序为4、3、2、1、5。
犯错误的英语作文
Writing an essay in English about making mistakes can be a reflective and insightful exercise.Here are some key points to consider when crafting such an essay:1.Introduction:Start by introducing the topic and explaining why making mistakes is an important aspect of life.You might want to mention that everyone makes mistakes and that they are a natural part of the learning process.2.Personal Experience:Share a personal anecdote about a time when you made a mistake. Describe the situation,the mistake you made,and how you felt about it.This will add a personal touch to your essay and make it more relatable to readers.3.Importance of Mistakes:Discuss the importance of making mistakes.You can argue that mistakes are essential for personal growth,as they provide opportunities to learn and improve.Explain how mistakes can lead to new insights,better understanding,and the development of problemsolving skills.4.Learning from Mistakes:Elaborate on the concept of learning from mistakes.Discuss the process of reflection and analysis that follows a mistake.Explain how understanding why a mistake was made can help prevent similar errors in the future.5.Coping with Mistakes:Address the emotional aspect of making mistakes.Talk about common feelings such as guilt,embarrassment,or disappointment,and how these can be managed.Offer advice on maintaining a positive attitude and not letting mistakes define ones selfworth.6.Mistakes in Different Contexts:Explore how mistakes can occur in various contexts, such as in school,work,or personal relationships.Discuss how the impact and lessons learned from mistakes can vary depending on the situation.7.Overcoming Perfectionism:Discuss the concept of perfectionism and how it can be a barrier to growth.Explain that striving for perfection can lead to unrealistic expectations and an unhealthy fear of making mistakes.8.Case Studies or Examples:Include examples of famous people or historical figures who made significant mistakes but learned from them and achieved success.This can serve as inspiration and demonstrate that mistakes are not the end of the world.9.Conclusion:Summarize your main points and reiterate the importance of embracing mistakes as part of the learning process.Encourage readers to view mistakes as opportunities for growth rather than failures.10.Call to Action:End your essay with a call to action,urging readers to be open to making mistakes and to use them as stepping stones towards personal and professional development.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide specific examples,and maintain a logical flow throughout your essay.This will help your readers understand and appreciate the value of making mistakes in the pursuit of knowledge and selfimprovement.。
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DAVID F. Bhis proposal describes my work currently under way in the optimization of pointer-intensive programs. The term pointer-intensive refers to programs that spend a signi cant fraction of their CPU time manipulating data structures built out of pointers, such as lists, trees, and graphs. This work had its genesis in my background research in compiler transformations. It became obvious that while there are literally hundreds of papers on methods for analyzing and optimizing programs that manipulate arrays (array-intensive programs ) Bacon et al. 1993], there is very little work on analyzing and optimizing pointer-intensive programs. Meanwhile, hardware architects are in a quandary about how much superscalar parallelism to make available on VLSI processor chips. There have been numerous studies on the limits of instruction-level parallelism Wall 1991; Smith et al. 1989], but no widespread agreement. The IBM Power2 architecture employs 6 functional units (two integer, two oating-point, and two branch) and can dispatch up to 6 instructions per cycle. Whether a machine with twice as many again functional units would be able to deliver signi cant speedups over a general-purpose mix of programs (as typi ed for example, by the SPEC benchmarks Dixit 1992]), is unknown. However, the gap between symbolic (integer) programs and numeric ( oating-point) programs seems to be growing, due to the fact that numeric programs mostly manipulate arrays and perform algorithms with a relatively simple and regular structure and a signi cant amount of inherent parallelism. It is often assumed that the reason that integer programs have less available parallelism is because of their more extensive use of pointers. This is not only because of the obvious data dependence introduced by the need to dereference a pointer to access the data, but also because the analysis required to perform many optimizing transformations is rendered imprecise by the unpredictable nature of pointer assignments. To make matters worse, the general trend in software seems to be towards increasingly sophisticated methods that make more use of the structure of problems. This trend is typi ed by the evolution from the Jacobi method to red-black algorithms to the multigrid method. Another indication of this is the increasing interest in object-oriented programming technology, which makes indirection a fundamental unifying principle of languages like C++.
1
1.1 Research Goals In summary, the current trend is for increased transistor densities to make it possible to provide more superscalar parallelism on processor chips, while the types of program constructs that are least amenable to optimization for such chips are not being studied. It is this gap that I seek to ll with my thesis. By studying the characteristics of pointer-intensive programs, I plan to develop compiler technology capable of producing signi cant speedups of pointer-intensive programs on current and future superscalar machines. I also hope to provide additional insights into the question of how much superscalar parallelism to provide. The rest of this proposal is organized as follows: Section 2 is a summary of a number of di erent kinds of related work, and describes the problems that comprise the research frontier for pointerintensive program optimization. Section 3 provides an overview of my research plan; subsequent sections provide elaboration and describe preliminary results. The appendices include examples of the way in which my program optimizations can be applied. 2 RELATED WORK Important related work falls into a number of broad categories: hardware solutions which feed more functional units by speculatively executing instructions whose results may be discarded; alias analysis, which analyzes the names that can refer to a particular storage location; work on directly parallelizing programs (in both Lisp and C-like languages); and benchmarking which attempts to collect and characterize \typical" programs as a basis for quantitative evaluation. 2.1 Speculative Execution Several researchers have been investigating speculative execution as a way of increasing the number of instructions executed per cycle Smith et al. 1992; Mahlke et al. 1993]. These techniques examine a trace of the program execution to determine the most likely direction of each branch. If a basic block is scheduled and there are cycles during which some functional units are idle, the gaps are lled with instructions from the most likely succeeding block. This requires hardware support to store and commit or discard the results of speculative operations. Speculative instructions that cause exceptions must have the exceptions suppressed until they are committed. Boosting Smith et al. 1990; Smith et al. 1992] tags registers with the number of speculative branches upon which they depend. A correctly predicted branch causes the tags to be decremented; an incorrectly predicted branch causes all speculated results to be discarded. A shift register contains a bit that signals whether an exception has occurred at a particular level of boosting. On a correctly predicted branch, the bits are shifted and if a 1 is shifted o the end, an exception has occurred in an instruction boosted from the basic block currently being entered. In this case, control is transferred to an unboosted version of the block in which the instructions are reexecuted so the interrupt can be detected precisely. On an incorrectly predicted branch, the exception shift register is reset. Sentinel scheduling Mahlke et al. 1993] instead marks each instruction with a \speculative" bit. If 1, this indicates that if an exception occurs during execution of the instruction, the target register is marked as \polluted", the current program counter is written into the register, and no exception is signalled. When a polluted register is read by a non-speculative instruction, transfer is controlled to a non-speculative block of code, in a manner similar to that used in boosting. The compiler is responsible for scheduling the instructions in such a way that a speculative result is not used by a non-speculative instruction before reaching the block from which it was moved. The instruction that reads a speculative value in this \home" block is called a sentinel.