2019届高考英语(江苏专版)二轮复习与策略讲练：第1部分 专题3 类型6 生态环保

类型6| 生态环保
(2016·北京高考·C )
California Condor's Shocking Recovery
California condor
California condors are North America's largest birds ，with wing －length of up to 3 meters.In the 1980s ，electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out.Now ，electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s ，the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖)．Since 1992，there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild ，and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona ，Utah and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines have been killing them off.“As they go in to rest for the night ，they just don't see the power lines ，” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo.Their wings can bridge the gap between lines ，resulting in electrocution (电死) if they touch two lines at once.
So scientists have come up with a shocking idea.Tall poles ，placed in large training areas ，teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock.Before the training was introduced ，66% of set －free birds died of electrocution.This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with.When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead，they absorb large quantities of lead.This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds，and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death.So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo，where they are treated with calcium EDTA，a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.This work is starting to pay off.The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.
Rideout's team thinks that the California condors' average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years.“Although these measures are not effective forever，they are vital for now，”he says.“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”
63．California condors attract researchers' interest because they ________．
A．are active at night
B．had to be bred in the wild
C．are found only in California
D．almost died out in the 1980s
64．Researchers have found electrical lines are ________．
A．blocking condors' journey home
B．big killers of California condors
C．rest places for condors at night
D．used to keep condors away
65．According to Paragraph 5，lead poisoning ________．
A．makes condors too nervous to fly
B．has little effect on condors' kidneys
C．can hardly be gotten rid of from condors' blood
D．makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds
66．This passage shows that ________．
A．the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
B．Rideout's research interest lies in electric engineering
C．the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
D．researchers have found the final answers to the problem
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。

美国加利福尼亚秃鹰由于触电和铅中毒而濒临灭绝，研究人员采取了一些措施来挽救秃鹰，从而使这一种群渐渐恢复了生机。

长难句解读：So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo，where they are treated with calcium EDTA，a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.
分析：本句为复合句。

主语部分有with短语作定语，where引导的定语从句修饰前面的Los Angeles Zoo，a chemical为calcium EDTA的同位语，其后是that 引导的定语从句。

翻译：于是，体内含有高剂量铅的秃鹰被送往洛杉矶动物园。

在那里，用一种名为EDTA的钙物质为其治疗，这是一种化学药物，能够在几天时间内清除血液中的铅。

63．D[推理判断题。

根据第一、二段内容可知，20世纪80年代，由于触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚州的秃鹰濒临灭绝，20世纪80年代末，仅剩的几只秃鹰从野外被带回繁殖，由此可推断正是秃鹰濒临灭绝才引起了研究人员的注意和兴趣，故选D项。

]
64．B[细节理解题。

根据第三段内容可知，电线一直是使秃鹰丧命的杀手，并且解释原因说，秃鹰晚上休息的时候看不见电线，而它们宽大的翅膀正好同时搭在两根电线上，于是它们立刻就被电死了，故选B项。

]
65．D[细节理解题。

根据第五段内容可知，铅中毒影响了秃鹰的神经系统和繁殖能力(affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds)，并且可以导致它们肾衰竭和死亡，故选D项。

]
66．C[推理判断题。

本文主要介绍了美国加利福尼亚秃鹰濒临灭绝以及科
研人员为挽救它们而展开的救援和研究工作，且实施的措施有了回报(pay off)，故选C项。

]
A
(2016·盐城三模)
For 150 million years during the age of the dinosaurs，a group of dolphin－like reptiles called ichthyosaurs ruled the ocean－until everything started to go wrong.
After multiplying into about 100 known species，ichthyosaurs began to disappear from the oceans around the middle of the Cretaceous period，a time of turbulent(混乱的)changes in the environment.The aquatic(水产的)reptiles went extinct 28 million years before the rest of their dinosaur cohort.
Scientists have been unable to find a singular cataclysmic event，such as a volcanic eruption or meteorite strike，that could explain ichthyosaurs' abrupt disappearance from the fossil record.
Now researchers have new explanation for the lizard fish's demise: They had lost their ability to adapt to a swiftly changing climate.
The aquatic lizards thrived throughout the early years of the dinosaurs in the Permian，Triassic and Jurassic periods.Then came the Cretaceous.
That was a turbulent time to live on Earth.The poles were nearly ice－free，causing sea levels to reach great heights.Temperatures were among the hottest the planet has seen in the last 250 million years.
Scientists have blamed the demise of the ichthyosaurs on their inability to keep up with other predators or the loss of key prey species.But a new study by Valentin Fischer，a paleontologist who studies ichthyosaurs at the University of Liege in Belgium，and his colleagues says neither of these explanations could account for the scale and speed of the die－off.
Writing in the journal Nature Communications，Fischer and his colleagues argue that the unstable climate contributed to the disappearance of ichthyosaurs during a 5－million to 6－million－year window in the Cretaceous known as the Cenomanian
stage.
While the rising temperatures and higher seas wouldn't have had a direct effect on the ichthyosaurs，they could have played an indirect role in their decline，Fischer said.The changing climate could have made their food more scarce，or disrupted migratory routes and birthing places，among other consequences.
Despite their variety of body shapes and survival strategies，ichthyosaurs were unable to keep up with all of these changes，the study authors wrote.
They reached this conclusion by comparing the geological record of the Cretaceous to a newly reconstructed history of ichthyosaur evolution based on museum specimens(样品)and a review of information in previously published studies.
What became clear was the ichthyosaurs' extinction coincided with global climate shifts and the animals' slower rate of evolution, which left them unable to adapt as their environment changed，the study found.
“They were probably very well adapted to their niches，and their environments were probably pretty stable，”Fischer said. “That could have lowered the pressure of natural selection and thus lowered their rates of evolution.”
Think of the Cenomanian stage as a transition period.
鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的物种。

在进化成大约100种已知物种后，鱼龙大约在白垩纪时从海洋中消失了。

最新的研究表明，鱼龙的灭绝是因为它们无法适应迅速变化的气候。

1．The underlined word “That” in Paragraph 6 refers to the period of ________．A．Permian B．Triassic
C．Jurassic D．Cretaceous
D[推理判断题。

根据第二段的the middle of the Cretaceous period，a time of turbulent changes in environment和第五段可知，白垩纪是生活在地球上的动荡时期。

故选项D符合题意。

]
2．Fischer and his colleagues came to their conclusion by ________．
A．making comparisons
B．conducting experiments
C．analyzing samples
D．observing weather changes
A[细节理解题。

根据倒数第四段可知，费希尔和他的同事是通过比较的方式得出结论的。

故选项A符合题意。

]
3．Which of the following sentences can be used to conclude the last but one paragraph?
A．No pains，no gains.
B．No man is wise at all times.
C．A bad beginning makes a bad ending.
D．Born in misery and die of happiness.
D[推理判断题。

根据倒数第二段可知，虽然鱼龙因为充分适应了自己的小生态环境而减少了自然选择的压力，但是这却降低了它们进化的速度，最终导致它们因为无法适应整个地球的大环境而在自己安逸的小环境中灭绝。

故选项D 符合题意。

born in the misery and die of happiness意为“生于忧患，死于安乐”；no pains，no gains意为“一分耕耘，一分收获”；no man is wise at all times意为“聪明一世，糊涂一时；智者千虑，必有一失”；a bad beginning makes a bad ending 意为“不善始者不善终，恶其始者必恶其终”。

]
4．What might be the best title for the passage?
A．A new research focused on the history of ichthyosaur evolution
B．A swift climate change followed the disappearance of ichthyosaurs
C．Climate change taught ancient ichthyosaurs a lesson: Adapt or die
D．Ichthyosaurs ruled the ocean for 150 million years before disappearing
C[主旨大意题。

综合全文可知，全文主要讲述了最新的研究表明，鱼龙的灭绝是因为它们无法适应迅速变化的气候。

故选项C符合题意。

]
【导学号：57732026】
B
(2016·合肥市第二次教学质检)
I don't think I can recall a time when I wasn't aware of the beauty of the ocean.Growing up in Australia，I had the good fortune of having the sea at my side.The first time I went to Halfmoon Bay，I_suddenly_had_the_feeling_of_not_being_able_to_feel_the_ground_with_my_feet_ anymore.
For my 10th birthday，my sister and I were taken out to the Great Barrier Reef.There were fish in different colors，caves and layers of coral.They made such an impression on me.When I learned that only 1 percent of Australia's Coral Sea was protected，I was shocked.Australian marine(海洋的) life is particularly important because the reefs have more marine species than any other country on earth.But sadly，only 45% of the world's reefs are considered healthy.
This statistic is depressing，so it's important for us to do everything to protect them.The hope that the Coral Sea remains a complete ecosystem has led me to take action.I've become involved with the Protect Our Coral Sea activity，which aims to create the largest marine park in the world.It would serve as a place where the ocean's species will all have a safe place forever.
Together，Angus and I created a little video and we hope it will inspire people to be part of the movement.Angus also shares many beautiful childhood memories of the ocean as a young boy，who grew up sailing，admiring the beauty of the ocean，and trying to find the secrets of ocean species.
本文旨在号召人们保护海洋生物。

5．From the underlined sentence in Para.1，we can learn the author ________．A．seldom went surfing at the sea
B．forgot his experiences about the ocean
C．never went back to his hometown
D．had a wonderful impression of Halfmoon Bay
D[推理判断题。

根据“I don't think I can recall a time when I wasn't aware of the beauty of the ocean”和“I had the good fortune of having the sea at my side”可知，作者非常喜欢海洋，画线句意为“我突然有了一种不想再踏上陆地的感觉”，说
明Halfmoon Bay给作者留下了一个美好的印象。

故选D。

]
6．According to the second paragraph，Australian marine life ________．
A．is escaping from the Coral Sea gradually
B．depends on reefs for living greatly
C．may be faced with danger
D．is protected better than that in other oceans
C[推理判断题。

根据第二段中的“Australian marine(海洋的)life is particularly important because the reefs have more marine species than any other country on earth.But sadly，only 45% of the world's reefs are considered healthy.”可推知，澳大利亚的海洋生物可能处在危险之中。

故选C。

]
7．The Protect Our Coral Sea activity is intended to ________．
A．contribute to a complete ecosystem
B．prevent more marine species being endangered
C．set up a large nature reserve for reefs
D．raise more teenagers' environmental awareness
B[细节理解题。

根据第三段中的“which aims to create the largest marine park in the world.It would serve as a place where the ocean's species will all have a safe place forever”可知，其目的是保护海洋生物免受危险。

故选B。

] 8．Angus and the author create a little video to ________．
A．urge more people to take action to protect the marine species B．inspire more people to explore the secret of the ocean
C．share their childhood experiences about the ocean
D．bring back to people their memory of ocean species
A[细节理解题。

根据最后一段的第一句可知，他们的目的是鼓励人们参与到保护海洋生物的行动中来。

故选A。

]。