Electrochemical Series
电气专业英语
第一批：generator 发电机gas insulated substation GIS气体绝缘变电站turbogenerator 汽轮发电机neutral point 中性点hydrogenerator 水轮发电机moving contact 动触头hydraulic turbine 水轮机fixed contact 静触头steam turbine 汽轮机arc-extinguishing chamber 灭弧室dynamo 直流发电机stray capacitance 杂散电容motor 电动机stray inductance 杂散电感stator 定子sphere gap 球隙rotor 转子bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线power transformer 电力变压器electrostatic voltmeter 静电电压表variable transformer 调压变压器ammeter 电流表taped transformer 多级变压器grounding capacitance 对地电容step up (down) transformer 升(降)压变压器voltage divider 分压器circuit breaker CB断路器surge impedance 波阻抗dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器Schering bridge 西林电桥live tank oil circuit breaker 少油断路器Rogowski coil 罗可夫斯基线圈vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器oscilloscope 示波器sulphur hexafluoride breaker SF6断路器peak voltmeter 峰值电压表potential transformer PT电压互感器conductor 导线current transformer CT电流互感器cascade transformer 串级变压器disconnector 隔离开关coupling capacitor 耦合电容earthing switch 接地开关test object 被试品synchronous generator 同步发电机detection impedance 检测阻抗asynchronous machine 异步电机substation 变电站Insulator 绝缘子hydro power station 水力发电站lightning arrester 避雷器thermal power station 火力发电站metal oxide arrester MOA氧化锌避雷器nuclear power station 核电站bus bar 母线oil-filled power cable 充油电力电缆overhead line 架空线mixed divider (阻容)混合分压器transmission line 传输线XLPE cable 交链聚乙烯电缆(coaxial) cable (同轴)电缆relay继电器iron core 铁芯tuned circuit 调谐电路winding 绕组suspension insulator 悬式绝缘子bushing 套管porcelain insulator 陶瓷绝缘子front(tail) resistance 波头(尾)电阻glass insulator 玻璃绝缘子inverter station 换流站flash counter 雷电计数器steel-reinforced aluminum 钢芯铝绞线charging(damping) resistor 充电(阻尼)电阻conductortank 箱体point plane gap 针板间隙earth(ground) wire 接地线exciting winding 激磁绕组grading ring 均压环trigger electrode 触发电极highvoltage engineering 高电压工程glow discharge 辉光放电highvoltage testing technology高电压试验技术harmonic 谐波Power electronics电力电子Automatic control 自动控制Principles of electric circuits电路原理Digital signal processing 数字信号处理电气工程专业英语词汇表power system电力系统impulse current 冲击电流power network 电力网络impulse flashover 冲击闪络insulation 绝缘inhomogenous field 不均匀场overvoltage 过电压insulation coordination 绝缘配合aging 老化internal discharge 内部放电alternating current 交流电lightning stroke 雷电波AC transmission system交流输电系统lightning overvoltage 雷电过电压arc discharge 电弧放电loss angle（介质）损耗角attachment coefficient 附着系数magnetic field 磁场attenuation factor 衰减系数mean free path 平均自由行程anode (cathode) 阳极（阴极）mean molecular velocity平均分子速度breakdown （电）击穿negative ions 负离子bubble breakdown 气泡击穿non-destructive testing 非破坏性试验cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器non-uniform field 不均匀场cavity空穴,腔partial discharge 局部放电corona 电晕peak reverse voltage 反向峰值电压composite insulation 组合绝缘photoelectric emission 光电发射critical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压photon 光子Discharge 放电phase-to-phase voltage 线电压Dielectric 电介质,绝缘体polarity effect 极性效应dielectric constant 介质常数power capacitor 电力电容dielectric loss介质损耗quasi-uniform field 稍不均匀场direct current 直流电radio interference 无线干扰divider ratio 分压器分压比rating of equipment 设备额定值grounding 接地routing testing 常规试验electric field 电场residual capacitance 残余电容electrochemical deterioration 电化学腐蚀shielding 屏蔽electron avalanche 电子崩short circuit testing 短路试验electronegative gas电负性气体space charge 空间电荷epoxy resin 环氧树脂streamer breakdown 流注击穿expulsion gap 灭弧间隙surface breakdown 表面击穿field strength 场强sustained discharge 自持放电field stress 电场力switching overvoltage 操作过电压field distortion 场畸变thermal breakdown 热击穿field gradient 场梯度treeing 树枝放电field emission 场致发射uniform field 均匀场flashover 闪络wave front(tail) 波头（尾）gaseous insulation 气体绝缘withstand voltage 耐受电压Prime mover 原动机Power factor 功率因数Torque 力矩Distribution automation system 配电网自动化系统Servomechanism伺服系统Automatic meter reading 自动抄表Boiler 锅炉Armature 电枢Internal combustion engine 内燃机Brush 电刷Deenergize 断电Commutator 换向器Underground cable 地下电缆Counter emf 反电势电气工程专业英语词汇表Loop system 环网系统Demagnetization 退磁，去磁Distribution system配电系统Relay panel 继电器屏Trip circuit 跳闸电路Tertiary winding 第三绕组Switchboard 配电盘，开关屏Eddy current 涡流Instrument transducer 测量互感器Copper loss 铜损Oil-impregnated paper 油浸纸绝缘Iron loss 铁损Bare conductor 裸导线Leakage flux 漏磁通Reclosing 重合闸Autotransformer 自耦变压器Distribution dispatch center 配电调度中心Zero sequence current 零序电流Pulverizer 磨煤机Series (shunt) compensation 串（并）联补偿Drum 汽包，炉筒Restriking 电弧重燃Superheater 过热器Automatic oscillograph 自动录波仪Peak-load 峰荷Tidal current 潮流Prime grid substation 主网变电站Trip coil 跳闸线圈Reactive power` 无功功率Synchronous condenser 同步调相机Active power 有功功率Main and transfer busbar 单母线带旁路Shunt reactor 并联电抗器Feeder 馈电线Blackout 断电、停电Skin effect 集肤效应Extra-high voltage (EHV) 超高压Potential stress 电位应力(电场强度)Ultra-high voltage (UHV) 特高压Capacitor bank 电容器组Domestic load 民用电crusher 碎煤机Reserve capacity备用容量pulverizer 磨煤机Fossil-fired power plant 火电厂baghouse 集尘室Combustion turbine 燃气轮机Stationary (moving) blade 固定（可动）叶片Right-of-way线路走廊Shaft 转轴Rectifier 整流器Kinetic(potential) energy动（势）能Inductive (Capacitive) 电感的(电容的) Pumped storage power station 抽水蓄能电站Reactance (impedance) 电抗（阻抗）Synchronous condenser 同步调相机Reactor 电抗器Light(boiling)-water reactor 轻（沸）水反应堆Reactive 电抗的，无功的Stator(rotor) 定（转）子Phase displacement (shift) 相移Armature 电枢Surge冲击，过电压Salient-pole 凸极Retaining ring 护环Slip ring 滑环Carbon brush 炭刷Arc suppression coil 消弧线圈Short-circuit ratio 短路比Primary(backup) relaying 主(后备)继电保护Induction 感应Phase shifter 移相器Autotransformer 自藕变压器Power line carrier (PLC) 电力线载波（器）Bushing 套管Line trap 线路限波器Turn (turn ratio) 匝（匝比，变比）Uninterruptible power supply不间断电源Power factor 功率因数Spot power price 实时电价Tap 分接头Time-of-use(tariff) 分时（电价）Recovery voltage 恢复电压XLPE(Cross Linked 交联聚乙烯（电缆）Polyethylene )Arc reignition 电弧重燃Rms (root mean square) 均方根值Operation mechanism操动机构RF (radio frequency)射频电气工程专业英语词汇表Pneumatic(hydraulic) 气动（液压）Rpm (revolution per minute) 转/分Nameplate 铭牌LAN (local area network) 局域网Independent pole operation 分相操作LED (light emitting diode) 发光二极管Malfunction 失灵Single (dual, ring) bus 单（双，环形）母线Shield wire 避雷线IC (integrated circuit) 集成电路Creep distance 爬电距离FFT (fast Fourier transform) 快速傅立叶变换Silicon rubber 硅橡胶Telemeter 遥测Composite insulator 合成绝缘子Load shedding 甩负荷Converter (inverter) 换流器（逆变器）Lateral 支线Bus tie breaker 母联断路器Power-flow current 工频续流Protective relaying 继电保护sparkover 放电Transfer switching 倒闸操作Silicon carbide 碳化硅Outgoing (incoming) line 出（进）线Zinc oxide 氧化锌Phase Lead(lag) 相位超前（滞后）Withstand test 耐压试验Static var compensation (SVC) 静止无功补偿Dispatcher 调度员Flexible AC transmission system 灵活交流输电系统Supervisory control and data 监控与数据采集(FACTS) acquisition (SCADA)EMC (electromagnetic 电磁兼容ISO (international standardization 国际标准化组织compatibility) organization)GIS (gas insulated substation, 气体绝缘变电站IEC (international 国际电工（技术）委员会geographic information system) 地理信息系统Electrotechnical Commission)IEEE (Institute of Electrical and 电气与电子工程师学IEE (Institution of Electrical 电气工程师学会（英）Electronic Engineers)会（美）Engineers)scale 刻度，量程calibrate 校准rated 额定的terminal 接线端子fuse 保险丝，熔丝humidity湿度resonance 谐振，共振moisture 潮湿，湿气analytical 解析的operation amplifier 运算放大器numerical 数字的amplitude modulation (AM) 调幅frequency-domain 频域frequency modulation (FM) 调频time-domain 时域binary二进制operation amplifier 运算放大器octal 八进制active filter 有源滤波器decimal 十进制passive filter 无源滤波器hexadecimal 十六进制第二披：electrical back to back test 反馈试验electrical bridge 电桥electrical codes 电气规程electrical communication 电气通信electrical coupler 电路连接器electrical damper 电气阻尼器electrical dipole 电偶极子electrical discharge machining 放电加工electrical distance 电距离electrical efficiency 电效率electrical endurance 电气耐久性electrical energy 电能electrical engineer 电气工程师electrical engineering 电工学electrical equipment 电气设备electrical erosion arc machining 放电加工electrical hygrometer 电气湿度计electrical industry 电气工业electrical installation 电气装置electrical installation work 电气安装工作electrical insulating board 电绝缘纸板electrical interconnection 电互相联接electrical interlocks 电气联锁electrical length 电气长度electrical loss 电损electrical machinery and apparatus 电机与七electrical measurement 电气测定electrical measuring instrument 电测仪表electrical moisture meter 电气水份计electrical musical instrument 电气乐器electrical neutral axis 电气中性轴electrical noise 电噪声electrical ore finding 电探矿electrical potential difference 电位差electrical power 电功率electrical pressure 电压electrical property 电气性质electrical quantity 电量electrical recorder 电气记录器electrical relay 继电器electrical salinometer 电气盐液比重计electrical sheet 电工钢片electrical shielding 电屏蔽electrical thermometer 电气温度计electrical viscometer 电粘度计electrical zero 电零点electrically alterable read only memory 可改写只读存储器electrically heated thermocouple 电热温差变换器electrically measuring instrument 电气计测仪器electrically wound clock 电钟electrician 电气技术员electricity 电气electricity meter 电量计electrification 电气化electrification by friction 摩擦起电electrified body 带电体electrified main line 电气化干线铁路electrify 使电气化electrization 带电electro chemical series 电化序electro driven tools 电气从动工具electro erosion 电腐蚀electro erosion machining 电蚀加工electro hydraulic controller 电动压液控制器electro hydraulic servovalve 电液伺服阀electroacoustic transducer 电声换能器electroacoustics 电声学electroanalysis 电解分析electroanalyzer 电分析仪electrobalance 电动天平electrobiology 电生物学electrobus 电动公共汽车electrocalorimeter 电热量计electrocapillarity 电毛细管学electrocardiogram 心电图electrocardiograph 心电图描记器electrochemical 电化学的electrochemical action 电化酌electrochemical constant 电化常数electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical polarization 电化极化electrochemical valve 电化阀electrochemistry 电化学electroculture 电气栽培electrode 电极electrode admittance 电极的导纳electrode capacitance 极间电容electrode characteristic 电极特性electrode current 电极电流electrode dark current 电极暗电流electrode dissipation 电极耗散electrode potential 电极电位electrode reaction 电极反应electrode resistance 电极电阻electrode spacing 电极间距electrode voltage 电极电压electrodeless discharge 无电极放电electrodeposition 电附着electrodialysis 电渗析electrodynamic 电动力的electrodynamic ammeter 电动式安培计electrodynamic analogy 电动模拟electrodynamic force 电动力electrodynamic instrument 电动系仪表electrodynamic potential 电动势electrodynamic relay 电动式继电器electrodynamic voltmeter 电动式伏特计electrodynamic wattmeter 电动式瓦特计electrodynamics 电动力学electrodynamometer 电动系仪表electrodynamometry 电力测功法electroencephalogram 脑电图electroendosmose 电渗electroextraction 电解抽出electrofluid dynamic generation of electricity 电铃发电electroforming 电铸electrogalvanizing 电镀锌electrograph 电记录器electrographite brush 人造石墨电刷electrograving 电蚀刻electrogravure 电刻electrohydraulic actuator 电动液压传动electrohydraulic analogy 电液模拟electrokinematics 电运动学electrokinetic energy 动电能electrokinetics 动电学electrokinetograph 电动仪electrolier 电烛台electroluminescence 电发光electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electrolytic analysis 电解分析electrolytic capacitor 电解电容器electrolytic cell 电解电池electrolytic cleaning 电解清洗electrolytic condenser 电解电容器electrolytic conduction 电解导电electrolytic copper 电解铜electrolytic corrosion 电蚀electrolytic dissociation 电离解electrolytic extraction 电解抽出electrolytic iron 电解铁electrolytic lightning arrester 电解式避雷器electrolytic meter 电解库仑计electrolytic oxidation 电解氧化electrolytic polarization 电解极化;电解分极第三披：交流平衡指示器 a. c .balance indicator交流电流校准器 a. c. current calibrator交流电流失真 a. c. current distortion交流激电仪 a. c. induced polarization instrument交流电位差计 a. c. potentiometer交流电阻箱 a. c. resistance box交流标准电阻器 a. c. standard resistor交流电压校准器 a. c. voltage distortion阿贝比长仪Abbe comparator抗先还原物质能力ability of anti prereduced component [sensor] 烧蚀厚度传感器ablative thickness transducer独立线圈absolute coil在线英语学习绝对法absolute method土壤（绝对）湿度absolute moisture of the soil [sensor] 绝对压力传感器absolute pressure transducer单独读出absolute read-out绝对分辨率absolute resolution绝对盐度absolute salinity线性系统的绝对稳定性absolute stability of a linear system 流体绝对静压absolute static pressure of the fluid绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝对压力表absolute(pressure transducer吸收电流象absorbed current image吸收比absorptance吸收修正absorption correction吸收边absorption edges吸收温度表absorption hygrometer吸收X射线谱法absorption X-ray spectrometry吸引材料的吸收率absorptivity of an absorbing抽象系统abstract system丰度灵敏度abundance sensityivity交流差动变压器式位移传感器AC-ACLVDT displacement transducer 加速度误差系数acceleration error coefficient加速度仿真器acceleration simulator[sensor] 加速度传感器acceleration transducer滤质器的接收容限acceptance of the mass filter[交]收检验acceptance test 验存取access time 存取时间access可及性accessibility试验机附件accessories of testing machine附属硬件accessory hardware有限互换附件accessory of limited interchangeability二披次：（测量仪表的）附件accessory(for a measuring instrument)积累误差accumulated error累积时差accumulated time difference累积雨量器accumulative raingauge[准]确度等级accuracy class 精（保护用电流互感器的）精确度极限因数accuracy limit factor(of a protective current transformer）测量精[准]确度accuracy of measurement波长精确度accuracy of the wavelength精确度限accuracy rating[准]确度accuracy 精乙炔减压器acetylene regulator乙炔压力表acetylene(pressure)gauge在线英语学习声波幅度测井仪acoustic amplitude logger水声信标acoustic beacon声学海流计acoustic current meter声学元件acoustic element声发射acoustic emission声发射振幅acoustic emission amplitude声发射分析系统acoustic emission analysis system声发射检测系统acoustic emission detection system声发射检测仪acoustic emission detector声发射能量acoustic emission energy声发射事件acoustic emission event声发射前置放大器acoustic emission preamplifier声发射脉冲发生器acoustic emission pulser声发射率acoustic emission rate[conditioner] 声发射信号处理器acoustic emission signal processor声发射源acoustic emission source声发射源定位及分析系统acoustic emission source location and analysis system 声发射源定位系统acoustic emission source location system声发射频谱acoustic emission spectrum声发射技术acoustic emission technique[sensor] 声发射换能器acoustic emission transducer声疲劳acoustic fatigue声波测井仪acoustic logging instrument声失效acoustic malfunction声匹配层acoustic matching layer声比acoustic ratio声释放器acoustic releaser声学温度计；声波温度表acoustic thermometer回声验潮仪acoustic tide gauge声应答器acoustic transponder三披次：[sensor] 声（学量）传感器acoustic(quantity)transducer声频大地电场仪acoustical frequency electric声全息图acoustical hologram声全息acoustical holography电子束扫描声全息acoustical holography by electron-beam scanning激光束扫描声全息acoustical holography by laser scanning机械扫查声全息acoustical holography by mechanical scanning布拉格衍射声成像acoustical imaging by Bragg diffraction声阻法acoustical impedance method透声压力容器acoustically transparent pressure vessel取数据时间acquisition time有效基长active gauge length在线英语学习有效基宽active gauge width活性金属指示电极active metal indicated electrode电流互感器的实际变化actral transformation ratio of current transformer 实物校准actual material calibration实际观测时间actual time of observation电压互感器的实际变化actual transformation ratio of voltage transformer 实际电压比actual voltage ratio执行机构；驱动器actuator执行机构波纹管actuator bellows执行机构负载actuator load执行机构动力部件actuator power unit执行器传感器接口actuator sensor interface(ASI)执行机构输出轴actuator shaft执行机构弹簧actuator spring执行机构输出杆actuator stem执行机构刚度actuator stem force执行机构行程特性actuator travel characteristic适应层adaptation layer适应控制系统adaptive control system适应控制器adaptive controller适应预报adaptive prediction适应遥测系统adaptive telemetering system叠加法addition method补充修正additional correction质谱的可迭加性additivity of mass spectra总离子强度调节缓冲剂adjust buffer total ion strength 动槽水银气压表adjustable cistern barometer相对湿度可调范围adjustable relative humidity range 温度可调范围adjustable temperature range校正针adjusting pin四披次：调整adjustment调节波纹管adjustment bellows调整装置adjustment device航摄仪aerial surveying camera空气动力学天平aerodynamic balance气体动力噪声aerodynamic noise高空气象计aerometeorograph县浮微料；气溶胶aerosol柱老化aging of column农用分析仪agricultural analyzer耗气量air consumption空气压力天平air pressrue balance在线英语学习风（向）袋air sleeve气关air to close气开air to open航空电磁系统airborne electromagnetic system;AEM system 航空磁通门磁力仪airborne flux-gate magnetometer航空伽玛辐射仪airborne gamma radiometer航空伽玛能谱仪airborne gamma spectrometer航空重力仪air-borne gravimeter机载红外光谱辐射计airborne infrared spectroradiometer航空光泵磁力仪airborne optical pumping magnetometer 航空甚低频电磁系统airborne proton magnetometer机载投弃式深温计airborne XBT空投式极地浮标air-deployable buoy空投自动气象站air-drop automatic station气控制器airgun controller锁气装置air-lock device气流表airmeter气密式仪器仪表air-tight instrument报警汇总画面alarm summery panel报警单元alarm unit酒精温度表alcohol thermometer准线仪alignment instrument碱焰离子化检测器alkali flame ionization detector(AFID) 碱误差alkaline error海水碱度alkalinity of seawater配置问题；分配问题allocation problem允许的负载阻抗allowable load impedance允许压差allowable pressure differential许用不平衡量allowable unbalance全天空照相机all-sky camera五披次：全天候风向风速计all-weather wind vane and anemometerα粒子能谱仪alpha spectrometer[exchange]load 交变负荷alternating交流极谱仪alternating temperature humidity test chamber 交变湿热试验箱alternating-current linear variable differential transformer(AC-ACLVDT)环境湿度范围ambient humidity range环境压力误差ambient pressure error环境温度范围ambient temperature range环境振动ambient vibration模糊误差ambiguity error电流表ammeter氨压力表ammonia(pressure)gauge不平衡量指示器amount of unbalance indicatior在线英语学习安时计ampere-hour meter幅值amplitude振幅检测组件amplitude detector module振幅误差amplitude error幅度调制；调幅amplitude modulation(AM)振幅比—相位差仪amplitude ratio-phase difference instrument幅值响应amplitude response幅相误差amplitude-phase error模拟数据analog data模拟深层地震仪analog deep-level seismograhp模拟磁带记录强震仪analog magnetic tape record type strong-motion instrument 模拟磁带地震记录仪analog seismograph tape recorder模拟型立体测图仪analog stereopotter模拟式超导磁力仪analog superconduction magnetometer模拟系统analog system模拟遥测系统analog telemetering system[sensor] 模拟传感器analog transducer数转换精确度analog-to-digital conversion accuracy 模-数转换速度analog-to-digital conversion rate 模-模拟计算单元analogue computer模拟式测量仪器仪表analogue measuring instrument物理量的模拟表示analogue representation of a physical quantity模拟试验analogue signal数转换器；A/D转换器analogue-digital converter;A/D converter 模-数转[变]换analogue-to-digital conversion 模/仿真实验分析analysis of simulation experiment分析型电子显微镜analytical electron microscope分析间隙analytical gap分析仪器analytical instrument分析线analytical line六披次：分析管analyzer tube消声水池anechoic tank测风杆anemometer meast测风塔anemometer tower空盒气压计aneroid barograph空盒气压表；空盒气压计aneroid barometer角度angle斜角法angle beam technique角型angle form冲角angle of attach视场角angle of field of view指向角；半扩散角angle of spread在线英语学习望远镜视场角angle of view of telescope射线辐射圆锥角angle of X-ray projiction X斜探头angle probe角分辨电子谱法angle resolved electron spectroscopy(ARES) 角应变angle strain[sensor] 角度传感器angle transducer[sensor] 迎角传感器anglg-attack transducer[sensor] 角加速度传感器angular acceleration transducer角加速度传感器angular displacement角位移光栅angular displacement grationg角编码器angular encoder角灵敏度angular sensitivity[sensor] 角速度传感器angular velocity transducer环室annular chamber环形线圈间隙annular coil clearance防空化阀anti-cavitation valve防污染装置anti-contamination device抗耦双频激电仪anti-coupling bi-frequency induced polarization instrument消磁电压敏电阻器anti-magnetized varistor反斯托克线anti-stockes line非周期阻尼；过阻尼aperiodic dampong非周期振动aperiodic vibration压差光阑aperture of pressure difference针孔摄影法aperture photographic method孔径光栏aperture stop空隙时间aperture time冲击法直流磁特性测量装置apparatus for measuring d.c.magnetic characteristic with ballistic galvanometer表观温度apparent temperature出现电热谱仪appearance potential spectrometer出现电热谱法appearance potential spectrometer(APS)七披次：出现电位appearance potentical应用层协议规范application layer protocol specification应用室服务定义application layer service definition应用层application layer(AL)应用软件application software批准approval近似绝对温标approximate absolute temperature scale消弧电压敏电阻器arc suppressing varstor极地浮标arctic buoy面积影响area effect区域定位area location主送风方向横截面积area of cross section of the main air flow在线英语学习氩离子化检测器argon ionization detector氩离子枪argon-ion gun算术逻辑运算单元arithmetic logic unit(ALU)算术加权平均值arithmetic weighted mean粗糙度）轮廓的算术平均偏差arithmetical mean deviation of the(foughness)profile ( 不等臂误差arm error阵排列array configuration防雷用电压敏电阻器arrester varistor关节型机器人articulated robot人工缺陷artificial defect人工环境artificial environment人工电场法仪器artificial field method instrument人工海水artificial seawater异步通信接口适配器ash fusion point determination meter 异步输入asynchronous input蒸发仪，蒸发表atmidometer蒸发仪；蒸发表atmometer天电强度计atmoradiograph天气向下辐射atmospheric counter radiation大气不透明度atmospheric opacity气压高度计atmospheric pressure altimeter大气压电离atmospheric pressure ionization(API)天电；远程雷电atmospherics原子力显微镜atom force microscope原子吸收光谱法atomic absorption spectrometry原子荧光光度计atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer原子序数修正atomic number correction原子吸收分光光度计atomic-absorption spectrophotometer 衰减长度attenuation length[sensor] 姿态传感器attitude transducer八披次：监听器audio monitor声频频谱仪audio-frequency spectrometer俄歇电子能谱仪Auger electron energy spectrometer(AEES)俄歇电子象Auger electron image俄歇电子能谱法Auger electron spectroscopy(AES)电子自动测井仪auto-compensation logging instrument自耦式混合绕组电流互感器auto-compound current transformer 交、直流磁特性自动记录装置automatic a.c. d.c.B-H curve tracer 自动平衡机automatic balancing machine真空自动控制电源automatic control souce of vacuum自动曝光装置automatic exposure device盐水溶液自动补给器automatic feeder for brine在线英语学习自动调焦和消象散装置automatic focus and stigmator视轴安平补偿器automatic levelling compensator无线电自动风向风速仪automatic radio wind wane and anemometer 电子轨道衡automatic railway weigh bridge自动扫查automatic scanning自动弹簧式吸液管automatic spring pipette自动试验机automatic testing machine竖直度盘指标补偿器automatic vertical index自动气象站automatic weather station自动/手动操作器automatic/manual station;A/M station自动极化补偿器auto-polarization compensator辅件auxiliary attachment辅助控制器总线auxiliary controller bus(ACB)辅助机箱控制器auxiliary crate controller电位差计的）辅助设备auxiliary equipment(of potentiometer) ( 辅助气体auxiliary gas辅助输出信号auxiliary output signal辅助端auxiliary terminal助动型重力仪auxiliary type gravimeter平均可用度average availability平均名义特性average nominal characteristic平均声级average sound level污染的平均值average value of contarmination平均风速average wind speed轴向通电法axial current flow method轴向灵敏度axial sensitivity轴向振动axial vibration摆轴；旋转轴axis of rotation应变计[片]轴线axix of strain gauge。
泵类汉英对照表
泵类汉英对照表泵类汉英对照表汉语术语英文凹槽 groove饱和压力 Saturation Pressure保持环 retaining ring保护层的形成 Protective Layer Formation保护形式 Types of Protection保证 Guarantee背靠背叶轮泵 Back-to-back Impeller Pump背叶片 Back Vane泵 pump泵测试效率 pump test efficiency泵出力 pump delivery泵的基础 Pump Foundation泵的类型 Pump Types泵的排出口 Pump Discharge Nozzle泵的使用范围 Application Fields for Pumps泵的输出功率 Pump Output泵的旋转方向 Direction of Pump Rotation泵房 pump house(room)泵功率 Pump Power泵和输送装置噪音 Noises in Pumps and Pumping Installations 泵壳 Pump Casings泵内沉积物 Deposits in Pumps泵试验台 Pump Test Bed泵输出功率的降低 Reduction in Pump Output泵输入功率 pump input power泵体 pump casing泵吸入槽 Pump Sump泵吸入管吸上高度 pump lift泵吸入口 Pump Suction Nozzle泵效率 pump efficiency泵效率 Pump Efficiency泵芯包 pump cartridge泵性能曲线 pump performance curve泵站 pumping house泵轴 Pump Shaft比例泵 proportioning pump比输送功 Specific Delivery Work比转数 Specific Speed边界层 Boundary Layer变矩桨叶 Variable Pitch Blade标准泵 Standard Pump标准化工泵 Standard Chemical Pump标准孔板 Standard Orifice Plate标准喷嘴 Standard Nozzle标准温度 Standard Temperature标准文丘里管 Standard Venturi Nozzle标准压力 Standard Pressure标准状态 Standard Conditions表面保护 Surface Protection表压 Manometric Pressure并联运转 Parallel Operation伯努利方程 BERNOULLI Equation补偿器 Compensator补给水泵 make-up water pump部分负荷运转 Part-load Operation残油输出装置 Residual Pump-out Device槽 slot测量的不精确性 Uncertainty in Measurement 测量技术 Measuring Technique测量孔板 Measuring Orifice Plate测量偏差 Measuring Tolerance测量误差 Error of Measurement测量仪器 Measuring Device测试转速 test speed层流 Laminar Flow齿轮泵 gear pump齿轮传动泵 Geared Pump齿轮箱 Gearbox冲击冷凝 Shock Condensation冲击压力 Impact Pressure冲角 Angle of Incidence抽出体积 Extraction Volume抽气（吸）泵；真空泵 suction pump出口侧盖板（大端盖） discharge cover出口截面 Outlet Cross-section出口截面宽度 Outlet Width出口弯管 Outlet Elbow出口压力 discharge pressure初始汽蚀 Incipient Cavitation传输损失 tansmission loss传送器 Transmitter船头推进舵 Bow Thruster Rudder船坞泵 Dock Pump船用泵 Marine Pump大气压 Barometric Pressure大气压力 Atmospheric Pressure带式过滤器 Band Sereen单吸离心泵 single-suctoin centrifugal单相交流电 Single-phase Alternating Current单叶片叶轮 Single Vane Impeller导向叶片 Guide Vane导向装置 Guide Arrangement低温泵 Crygenic Pump低压泵 Low Pressure Pump底料泵 Sump Pump点蚀 Pitting电感应式流量测量 Inductive Flow Measurement 电功率 Electric Power电化学腐蚀 Electrochemical Corrosion电机 Electric Motor电机电耗 Current Consumption of Electric Motors 电机温升 Temperature Rise in Electric Motors电机转矩曲线 Torque Curve of Electric Motors电解腐蚀 Electrolytic Corrosion电缆密封压盖 Cable Gland电力驱动 Electric Drive电流 current电路 Electrical Circuits电气开关设备 Electrical Switchgear电位序 Electrochemical Series电压 voltage电压降 Voltage Drop顶点 Apex定位螺栓 fitted bolt动力液流 Motive Water Flow动力粘度 Dynamic Viscosity动量矩定理 Theorem of Momentum动平衡 Dynamic Balancing动下室排水泵 Cellar Drainage Pump动压力 Dynamic Pressure对开的润滑油密封 split oil seal对轮 the coupling对轮防护罩 the coupling guard对轮螺栓 coupling nut多级泵 Multistage Pump多流式泵 Multiflow Pump恩氏粘度 Degrees Engler阀门和管件 Valves and Fittings法兰结构 Flange Construction反向流动 Reversal of Flow反应堆泵 Reactor Pump反转转速 Reverse Rotational Speed防爆 Explosion Protection防反转装置 Reverse Rotation Locking Device 防腐 Corrosion Protection防护装置 guard放射 Emission非堵塞式叶轮 Non-clogging Impeller非扰动管道长度 Undisturbed Length of Piping 非稳定流 Non-steady Flow非稳定扬程曲线 Unstable Throttling Curve费鲁德准数 FROUDE Number费用 Costs复算 Re-evaluation干式安装 Dry Installation干运转 Dry Running高度 Height高速离心泵 High Speed Centrifugal Pump高压泵 High Pressure Pump隔膜泵 diaphragm pump隔膜式计量泵 diaphragm type metering pump 给水泵 feed water pump给水泵 Feed Pump工业水泵 industrial water pump工作特征 Operating Characteristics公称尺寸 Nominal Size公称压力 Nominal Pressure功 work功率 power功率 power功率测量 power measurement功率调节 power control功率损失 power loss功率因数power factor cosφ供水泵 Water Supply Pump固体颗粒的输送 Conveying of Solids过流翼型 Flow Profile过滤器 Filter海水 Sea Water海水泵 Sea Water Pump海水淡化装置 Sea Water Desalination Plant海水箱 Sea Chest耗水量 Water Consumption合适的流量 corrected flowrate恒定油位油杯 Constant Level Oiler虹吸流动 Syphon Flow虹吸装置 Syphoning Installation化工泵 Chemical Pump化工稳定性表 Chemical Stability Table环境保护 Environmental Protection环形泵 Ring-section Pump环形壳 Annular casing回流导向叶片 Return Guide Vane回路试验 Loop Test混流叶轮 Mixed-flow Impeller活塞传送器 Piston Transmitter货船油泵 Cargo Oil Pump机械传动 Mechnical Drive机械密封 Mechanical Seal机械效率 Mechanical Efficiency基板 Baseplate基本方程 Fundation基础 Foundation基建投资 Capital Investment级 Stage级间导叶 interstage diffuser极数 Number of Poles继电器 Relay家用供水装置 Domestic Water Supply Plant 间隙宽度 Clearance Gap Width间隙密封 Clearance Gap Seal间隙汽蚀 Clearance Gap Cavitation间隙压力 Clearance Gap Pressure监测装置 Monitoring Device键 key键槽 keyway交流电 Alternating Current角速度 Angular Velocity接触器 Contactor接通压力 Switching-on Pressure节流调节 throttling control节流系数 throttling coefficient进液室 Intake Chamber进液条件 Intake Conditions进液弯管 Intake Elbow浸蚀 Erosion经济可行性计算 Economic Viability Calcuation净正吸入压头 NPSH（Net Positive Suction Head)径流泵 Radial Pump径向力 Radial Force径向剖分壳体 Radially Split Casing径向推力 Radial Thrust径向叶轮 Radial Impeller径向轴承 journal bearing绝对速度 Absolute Velocity卡诺冲击损失 Carnot Shock Loss卡普兰弯管 Kaplan Elbow铠装泵 Armoured Pump抗腐蚀性 Corrosion Resistance壳体 Casing可抽出性 withdrawability可调叶片 adjustable vane空气泵 Air Pump空气提升泵 Air-Lift Pump空心旋涡 Hollow Vortex孔板 Oriffice Plate孔径比 Apertuer Ratio扩压管（圆锥管） Diffuser(Conical Duct)扩压器（导轮） Diffuser(Guide Wheel)冷凝液泵 Condensate Pump冷却剂泵 Coolant Pump冷却水泵 Cooling Water Pump离心泵 centrifugal pump离心泵 Centrifugal Pump离心泵的安装 Installation of Centrifugal Pump离心泵的操作条件 Operating Conditions of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的操作性能 Operating Behaviour of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的冲击损失 Shock Loss in Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的间隙损失 Clearance Gap Loss in Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的平稳运行 Smoop and Quiet Running of Centrifugal Pumps 离心泵的验收试验规范 Acceptance Test Codes for Centrifugal Pumps 离心泵的制造材料 Construction Material for Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的注水 Priming of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵调节 Control of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵和驱动设备保养 Care of Centrifugal Pumps and Drives离心泵失衡 Out-of-Balance of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵装置 Centrifugal Pump Plant离心式鼓风机 centrifugal blower离心式滤油机 centrifugal oil filter离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor离心水泵 centrifugal water pump立式泵 vertical pump立式泵 Vertical Pump立式屏蔽泵（筒形泵） Vertical Can-type Pump立轴式井泵 Vertical Spindle Well Pump利息支付 Interest Payment连续性方程 Continuity Equation两相流动 Two-phase Flow临界转速 Critical Speed of Rotation流程泵 Process Pump流程型结构 Process Type Construction流道涡流 Channel Vortex流动分离 Flow Separation流动功 Flow Output流量 flowrate流量 Flow流量（体积流量） Capacity流量测定 Flow Measurement流量测量 Capacity Measurement流量调节器 Flow Controller流量系数 Flow Coefficient流量指示器、流量观察窗 flow indicators流速 Flow Velocity流体 Fluid流体动力学 Fluid Dynamics流体机械 Fluid Flow Machine流线 Flow Line轮毂比 Hub Ratio螺杆泵 screw pump(spiral pump)螺纹紧固件 threaded fastener马达输出功率 motor output power马达输入功率 motor input power马达效率 motor efficiency迷宫密封 labyrinth gland迷宫密封箱体 labyrinth gland housing迷宫式密封 Labyrinth Seal密封衬套 shaft sleeve内效率 Internal Efficiency那维尔－斯托克斯方程 NAVIER-STOKES Equation 耐酸泵 Acid Pump焾 Enthalpy能 Energy能量级 Energy Level逆时针旋转叶轮 Counterclockwise Rotating Impeller 凝泵 condensate extraction pump凝结水泵 condensate transfer pump凝汽器抽气泵 condenser air pump牛顿流体 NEWTONian Fluid扭力杆 Torsion Rod扭力计 Torsion Dynamometer欧拉方程 EULER Equation排出段 Discharge Casing排出管线 Discharge Line排出管嘴 Discharge Nozzle排出损失 Discharge Loss排灌站水泵 Drainage Station Punp排气 Venting排气阀 Vent Valve排水泵 Dewatering Pump排水量 Water Yield排污泵 blowdown pump(sewage pump) 排污泵 Faeces Pump旁路 By-Pass皮带传动 Belt Drive皮托管 Pitot Tube频率 frequency平垫片 flat gasket平衡鼓 balance drum平衡鼓螺母 balance drum nut平衡孔 balance'hole平衡液体流量 balance water flow平衡装置 balancing device平衡状态 equilibrium condition平皮带传动 flat belt drive屏蔽泵 Canned Motor Pump起动 Start Up起动过程 Starting Process起动时间 Starting Time起动转矩 Starting Torgue气囊的形成 Formation of Air Pockets气体分离 Gas Separation汽蚀 Cavitation汽蚀磨损 Cavitation Wear汽蚀噪音 Cavitation Noise强制循环泵 forced-circulation pump切断压力 Switching-off Pressure切换频率 Switching Frequency氢指数 Hydrogen Exponent清水泵 Clean Water Pump驱动 Drive热 Heat热泵 Heat Pump热含量 Heat Content热虹吸 Thermosyphon热量 Quantity of Heat热载体泵 Heat Transfer Media Pump热障 Thermal Barrier容积泵 Positive Displacement Pump入口导叶 suction guide入口管嘴 Entry Nozzle入口截面 Inlet Cross-section入口压力 suction pressure入口锥管 Entry Cone润滑油泵 Lubricating Oil Pump三相电机 Three-phase Motor三相电流 Three-Phase Current三相制 Three-phase System设计工作点 Design Duty Point声学 Acoustics时间 Time视在功率 Apparent Power试验台 Test Bed手动泵 Hand Pump首级内泵壳 first stage ring section输送黏性液体黏性泵 centrifugal pump handling viscous liquids 甩油环，抛油环 oil thrower双缸泵组 Twin Pumping Set双流道泵 two-channel impeller pump双流道叶轮 two-passage impeller双蜗壳 Double Volute水厂泵 waterworks pumps水锤 water hammer水的硬度 hardness of water水力效率 hydraulic efficiency水流量计 water meter水泥壳泵 concrete casing pump水喷射 water jet水喷射泵 water jet pump水温 water temperature水下泵 underwater pump水下电机 underwater motor水下电机泵 underwater motor pump水银泵 mercury pump水硬度 water hardness速度 Velocity速度测定 Measuring of Speeds速度测量 Velocity Measurement速度三角形 Velocity Triangle损失系数 Loss Coefficient锁紧垫圈、防松垫圈 lock-washer 探头 Probe特性 Characteristic特性曲线 Characteristic Curve特性因数 Characteristic Factor体积流量 Volume Flow停转时间 Run-down Time通量线 Flux Line同步转速 Synchronous Speed铜导体 Copper Conductor投资评价 Capital Servicing透平驱动泵 Turbine Driven Pump 涂层 Coat of Paint推力盘 thrust collar推力瓦 thrust pad推力轴承撑板 thrust carrier ring推力轴承室 thrust bearing housing 托轮 Jockey Pulley弯管 Elbow弯管壳体泵 Elbow Casing Pump卧式泵 Horizontal Pump污泥泵 Sludge Pump污水泵 Sewage Pump无冲击流入 Shock-free Entry无泄漏 Leak-tightness吸入口 Suction Nozzle吸入室 Suction Chamber吸入性能 Suction Behaviour吸入压头 Suction Head吸入叶轮 Sution Impeller纤维素 Cellulose纤维性物料 Fibrous Material相对速度 Relative Velocity相合定律 Congruence Law相似条件 Similarity Conditions相位移 Phase Displacement11。
色谱术语中英文对照
色谱字典（术语大全）中文英文色谱图c h r o m a t o g r a m色谱峰c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c p e a k峰底p e a k b a s e峰高h，p e a k h e i g h t峰宽W，p e a k w i d t h半高峰宽W h/2，p e a k w i d t h a t h a l f h e i g h t峰面积A，p e a k a r e a拖尾峰t a i l i n g a r e a前伸峰l e a d i n g a r e a假峰g h o s t p e a k畸峰d i s t o r t e d p e a k反峰n e g a t i v e p e a k拐点i n f l e c t i o n p o i n t原点o r i g i n斑点s p o t区带z o n e复班m u l t i p l e s p o t区带脱尾z o n e t a i l i n g基线b a s e l i n e基线漂移b a s e l i n e d r i f t基线噪声N，b a s e l i n e n o i s e统计矩m o m e n t一阶原点矩γ1，f i r s t o r i g i n m o m e n t二阶中心矩μ2，s e c o n d c e n t r a l m o m e n t三阶中心矩μ3，t h i r d c e n t r a l m o m e n t液相色谱法l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，L C液液色谱法l i q u i d l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，L L C 液固色谱法l i q u i d s o l i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，L S C 正相液相色谱法n o r m a l p h a s e l i q u i dc h r o m a t o g r a p h y反相液相色谱法r e v e r s e d p h a s e l i q u i dc h r o m a t o g r a p h y，R P L C柱液相色谱法l i q u i d c o l u m n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y高效液相色谱法h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i dc h r o m a t o g r a p h y，H P L C尺寸排除色谱法s i z e e x c l u s i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，S E C凝胶过滤色谱法g e l f i l t r a t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y凝胶渗透色谱法g e l p e r m e a t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，G P C亲和色谱法a f f i n i t y c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子交换色谱法i o n e x c h a n g e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，I E C 离子色谱法i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子抑制色谱法i o n s u p p r e s s i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子对色谱法i o n p a i r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y疏水作用色谱法h y d r o p h o b i c i n t e r a c t i o nc h r o m a t o g r a p h y制备液相色谱法p r e p a r a t i v e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y 平面色谱法p l a n a r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y纸色谱法p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y薄层色谱法t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，T L C高效薄层色谱法h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y，H P T L C浸渍薄层色谱法i m p r e g n a t e d t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y凝胶薄层色谱法g e l t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子交换薄层色谱法i o n e x c h a n g e t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y制备薄层色谱法p r e p a r a t i v e t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y薄层棒色谱法t h i n l a y e r r o d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y液相色谱仪l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h制备液相色谱仪p r e p a r a t i v e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h 凝胶渗透色谱仪g e l p e r m e a t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h涂布器s p r e a d e r点样器s a m p l e a p p l i c a t o r色谱柱c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c c o l u m n棒状色谱柱m o n o l i t h c o l u m n m o n o l i t h c o l u m n微粒柱m i c r o p a r t i c l e c o l u m n填充毛细管柱p a c k e d c a p i l l a r y c o l u m n空心柱o p e n t u b u l a r c o l u m n微径柱m i c r o b o r e c o l u m n混合柱m i x e d c o l u m n组合柱c o u p l e d c o l u m n预柱p r e c o l u m n保护柱g u a r d c o l u m n预饱和柱p r e s a t u r a t i o n c o l u m n浓缩柱c o n c e n t r a t i n g c o l u m n抑制柱s u p p r e s s i o n c o l u m n薄层板t h i n l a y e r p l a t e浓缩区薄层板c o n c e n t r a t i n g t h i n l a y e r p l a t e荧光薄层板f l u o r e s c e n c e t h i n l a y e r p l a t e反相薄层板r e v e r s e d p h a s e t h i n l a y e r p l a t e梯度薄层板g r a d i e n t t h i n l a y e r p l a t e烧结板s i n t e r e d p l a t e展开室d e v e l o p m e n t c h a m b e r往复泵r e c i p r o c a t i n g p u m p注射泵s y r i n g e p u m p气动泵p n e u m a t i c p u m p蠕动泵p e r i s t a l t i c p u m p检测器d e t e c t o r微分检测器d i f f e r e n t i a l d e t e c t o r积分检测器i n t e g r a l d e t e c t o r总体性能检测器b u l k p r o p e r t y d e t e c t o r溶质性能检测器s o l u t e p r o p e r t y d e t e c t o r(示差)折光率检测器[d i f f e r e n t i a l]r e f r a c t i v e i n d e xd e t e c t o r荧光检测器f l u o r e s c e n c e d e t e c t o r紫外可见光检测器u l t r a v i o l e t v i s i b l e d e t e c t o r电化学检测器e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l d e t e c t o r蒸发(激光)光散射检测器[l a s e r]l i g h t s c a t t e r i n g d e t e c t o r光密度计d e n s i t o m e t e r薄层扫描仪t h i n l a y e r s c a n n e r柱后反应器p o s t-c o l u m n r e a c t o r体积标记器v o l u m e m a r k e r记录器r e c o r d e r积分仪i n t e g r a t o r馏分收集器f r a c t i o n c o l l e c t o r工作站w o r k s t a t i o n固定相s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e固定液s t a t i o n a r y l i q u i d载体s u p p o r t柱填充剂c o l u m n p a c k i n g化学键合相填充剂c h e m i c a l l y b o n d e d p h a s ep a c k i n g薄壳型填充剂p e l l i c u l a r p a c k i n g多孔型填充剂p o r o u s p a c k i n g吸附剂a d s o r b e n t离子交换剂i o n e x c h a n g e r基体m a t r i x载板s u p p o r t p l a t e粘合剂b i n d e r流动相m o b i l e p h a s e洗脱(淋洗)剂e l u a n t，e l u e n t展开剂d e v e l o p e r等水容剂i s o h y d r i c s o l v e n t改性剂m o d i f i e r显色剂c o l o r[d e v e l o p i n g]a g e n t死时间t0，d e a d t i m e保留时间t R，r e t e n t i o n t i m e调整保留时间t'R，a d j u s t e d r e t e n t i o n t i m e死体积V0，d e a d v o l u m e保留体积v R，r e t e n t i o n v o l u m e调整保留体积v'R，a d j u s t e d r e t e n t i o n v o l u m e柱外体积V e x t，e x t r a-c o l u m n v o l u n e粒间体积V0，i n t e r s t i t i a l v o l u m e(多孔填充剂的)孔体积V P，p o r e v o l u m e o f p o r o u s p a c k i n g液相总体积V t o l，t o t a l l i q u i d v o l u m e洗脱体积v e，e l u t i o n v o l u m e流体力学体积v h，h y d r o d y n a m i c v o l u m e相对保留值r i.s，r e l a t i v e r e t e n t i o n v a l u e分离因子α，s e p a r a t i o n f a c t o r流动相迁移距离d m，m o b i l e p h a s e m i g r a t i o nd i s t a n c e流动相前沿m o b i l e p h a s e f r o n t溶质迁移距离d s，s o l u t e m i g r a t i o n d i s t a n c e比移值R f，R f v a l u e高比移值h R f，h i g h R f v a l u e相对比移值R i.s，r e l a t i v e R f v a l u e保留常数值R m，R m v a l u e板效能p l a t e e f f i c i e n c y折合板高h r，r e d u c e d p l a t e h e i g h t分离度R，r e s o l u t i o n液相载荷量l i q u i d p h a s e l o a d i n g离子交换容量i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y负载容量l o a d i n g c a p a c i t y渗透极限p e r m e a b i l i t y l i m i t排除极限V h，m a x，e x c l u s i o n l i m i t拖尾因子T，t a i l i n g f a c t o r柱外效应e x t r a-c o l u m n e f f e c t管壁效应w a l l e f f e c t间隔臂效应s p a c e r a r m e f f e c t边缘效应e d g e e f f e c t斑点定位法l o c a l i z a t i o n o f s p o t放射自显影法a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y原位定量i n s i t u q u a n t i t a t i o n生物自显影法b i o a u t o g r a p h y归一法n o r m a l i z a t i o n m e t h o d内标法i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d m e t h o d外标法e x t e r n a l s t a n d a r d m e t h o d叠加法a d d i t i o n m e t h o d普适校准(曲线、函数)c a l i b r a t i o n f u n c t i o n o r c u r v e[f u n c t i o n]谱带扩展(加宽)b a n d b r o a d e n i n g(分离作用的)校准函数或校准曲线u n i v e r s a l c a l i b r a t i o n f u n c t i o n o r c u r v e[o f s e p a r a t i o n]加宽校正b r o a d e n i n g c o r r e c t i o n加宽校正因子b r o a d e n i n g c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r溶剂强度参数ε0，s o l v e n t s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r洗脱序列e l u o t r o p i c s e r i e s洗脱(淋洗)e l u t i o n等度洗脱g r a d i e n t e l u t i o n梯度洗脱g r a d i e n t e l u t i o n(再)循环洗脱r e c y c l i n g e l u t i o n线性溶剂强度洗脱l i n e a r s o l v e n t s t r e n g t h g r a d i e n t程序溶剂p r o g r a m m e d s o l v e n t程序压力p r o g r a m m e d p r e s s u r e程序流速p r o g r a m m e d f l o w展开d e v e l o p m e n t上行展开a s c e n d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t下行展开d e s c e n d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t双向展开t w o d i m e n s i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t环形展开c i r c u l a r d e v e l o p m e n t离心展开c e n t r i f u g a l d e v e l o p m e n t向心展开c e n t r i p e t a l d e v e l o p m e n t 径向展开r a d i a l d e v e l o p m e n t多次展开m u l t i p l e d e v e l o p m e n t分步展开s t e p w i s e d e v e l o p m e n t连续展开c o n t i n u o u s d e v e l o p m e n t 梯度展开g r a d i e n t d e v e l o p m e n t匀浆填充s l u r r y p a c k i n g停流进样s t o p-f l o w i n j e c t i o n阀进样v a l v e i n j e c t i o n柱上富集o n-c o l u m n e n r i c h m e n t流出液e l u a t e柱上检测o n-c o l u m n d e t e c t i o n柱寿命c o l u m n l i f e柱流失c o l u m n b l e e d i n g显谱v i s u a l i z a t i o n活化a c t i v a t i o n反冲b a c k f l u s h i n g脱气d e g a s s i n g沟流c h a n n e l i n g过载o v e r l o a d i n g。
(2021年整理)材料专业常用术语英语单词表
材料专业常用术语英语单词表编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（材料专业常用术语英语单词表）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为材料专业常用术语英语单词表的全部内容。
Unit 1property （材料的）性质heat treatment 热处理metal 金属glass 玻璃plastics 塑料fiber 纤维electronic devices 电子器件component 组元，组分semiconducting materials 半导体材料materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程materials science 材料科学materials engineering 材料工程materials scientist 材料科学家materials engineer 材料工程师synthesize 合成synthesissubatomic structure 亚原子结构electron 电子atom 原子nuclei 原子核nucleusmolecule 分子microscopic 微观的microscope 显微镜naked eye 裸眼macroscopic 宏观的specimen 试样deformation 变形polished 抛光的reflect 反射magnitude 量级solid materials 固体材料mechanical properties 力学性质force 力elastic modulus 弹性模量strength 强度electrical properties 电学性质electrical conductivity 导电性dielectric constant 介电常数electric field 电场thermal behavior 热学行为heat capacity 热容thermal conductivity 热传导(导热性）magnetic properties 磁学性质magnetic field 磁场optical properties 光学性质electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射light radiation 光辐射index of refraction 折射率reflectivity 反射率deteriorative characteristics 劣化特性processing 加工performance 性能linear 线性的integrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片strength 强度ductility 延展性deterioration 恶化，劣化mechanical strength 机械强度elevated temperature 高温corrosive 腐蚀性的fabrication 制造Unit 2chemical makeup 化学组成atomic structure 原子结构advanced materials 先进材料high-technology 高技术smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米工程材料metallic materials 金属材料nonlocalized electrons 游离电子conductor 导体electricity 电heat 热transparent 透明的visible light 可见光polished 抛光的surface 表面lustrous 有光泽的aluminum 铝silicon 硅alumina 氧化铝silica 二氧化硅oxide 氧化物carbide 碳化物nitride 氮化物dioxide 二氧化物clay minerals 黏土矿物porcelain 瓷器cement 水泥mechanical behavior 力学行为ceramic materials 陶瓷材料stiffness 劲度strength 强度hard 坚硬brittle 脆的fracture 破裂insulative 绝缘的resistant 耐……的resistance 耐力，阻力，电阻molecular structures 分子结构chain-like 链状backbone 骨架carbon atoms 碳原子low densities 低密度mechanical characteristics 力学特性inert 隋性synthetic (人工）合成的fiberglass 玻璃纤维polymeric 聚合物的epoxy 环氧树脂polyester 聚酯纤维carbon fiber—reinforced polymer composite 碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料glass fiber-reinforced materials 玻璃纤维增强材料high-strength， low-density structural materials 高强度低密度结构材料solar cell 太阳能电池hydrogen fuel cell 氢燃料电池catalyst 催化剂nonrenewable resource 不可再生资源Unit 3periodic table （元素)周期表atomic structure 原子结构magnetic 磁学的optical 光学的microstructure 微观结构macrostructure 宏观结构positively charged nucleus 带正电的原子核atomic number 原子序数proton 质子atomic weight 原子量neutron 中子negatively charged electrons 带负电的电子shell 壳层magnesium 镁chemical bonds 化学键partially-filled electron shells 未满电子壳层bond 成键metallic bond 金属键nonmetal atoms 非金属原子covalent bond 共价键ionic bond 离子键Unit 4physical properties 物理性质chemical properties 化学性质flammability 易燃性corrosion 腐蚀oxidation 氧化oxidation resistance 抗氧化性vapor (vapour）蒸汽，蒸气,汽melt 熔化solidify 凝固vaporize 汽化,蒸发condense 凝聚sublime 升华state 态plasma 等离子体phase transformation temperatures 相变温度density 密度specific gravity 比重thermal conductivity 热导linear coefficient of thermal expansion 线性热膨胀系数electrical conductivity and resistivity 电导和电阻corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性magnetic permeability 磁导率phase transformations 相变phase transitions 相变crystal forms 晶型melting point 熔点boiling point 沸腾点vapor pressure 蒸气压atm 大气压glass transition temperature 玻璃化转变温度mass 质量volume 体积per unit of volume 每单位体积the acceleration of gravity 重力加速度temperature dependent 随温度而变的，与温度有关的grams/cubic centimeter 克每立方厘米kilograms/cubic meter 千克每立方米grams/milliliter 克每毫升grams/liter 克每升pounds per cubic inch 磅每立方英寸pounds per cubic foot 磅每立方英尺alcohol 酒精benzene 苯magnetize 磁化magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic field intensity 磁场强度constant 常数vacuum 真空magnetic flux density 磁通密度diamagnetic 反磁性的factor 因数paramagnetic 顺磁性的ferromagnetic 铁磁性的non-ferrous metals 非铁金属，有色金属brass 黄铜ferrous 含铁的ferrous metals 含铁金属,黑色金属relative permeability 相对磁导率transformer 变压器，变换器eddy current probe 涡流探针Unit 5hardness 硬度impact resistance 耐冲击性fracture toughness 断裂韧度,断裂韧性structural materials 结构材料anisotropic 各向异性orientation 取向texture 织构fiber reinforcement 纤维增强longitudinal 纵向transverse direction 横向short transverse direction 短横向a function of temperature 温度的函数，温度条件room temperature 室温elongation 伸长率tension 张力，拉力compression 压缩bending 弯曲shear 剪切torsion 扭转static loading 静负荷dynamic loading 动态载荷cyclic loading 循环载荷，周期载荷cross-sectional area 横截面stress 应力stress distribution 应力分布strain 应变engineering strain 工程应变perpendicular 垂直normal axis 垂直轴elastic deformation 弹性形变plastic deformation 塑性形变quality control 质量控制nondestructive tests 无损检测tensile property 抗张性能，拉伸性能Unit 6lattice 晶格positive ions 正离子a cloud of delocalized electrons 离域电子云ionization 电离,离子化metalloid 准金属，类金属nonmetal 非金属diagonal line 对角线polonium 钋semi—metal 半金属lower left 左下方upper right 右上方conduction band 导带valence band 价带electronic structure 电子结构synthetic materials （人工）合成材料oxygen 氧oxide 氧化物rust 生锈potassium 钾alkali metals 碱金属alkaline earth metals 碱土金属volatile 活泼的transition metals 过渡金属oxidize 氧化barrier layer 阻挡层basic 碱性的acidic 酸性的electrochemical series 电化序electrochemical cell 电化电池cleave 解理，劈开elemental 元素的，单质的metallic form 金属形态tightly-packed crystal lattice 密排晶格，密堆积晶格atomic radius 原子半径nuclear charge 核电荷number of bonding orbitals 成键轨道数overlap of orbital energies 轨道能重叠crystal form 晶型planes of atoms 原子面a gas of nearly free electrons 近自由电子气free electron model 自由电子模型an electron gas 电子气band structure 能带结构binding energy 键能positive potential 正势periodic potential 周期性势能band gap 能隙Brillouin zone 布里渊区nearly-free electron model 近自由电子模型solid solution 固溶体pure metals 纯金属duralumin 硬铝，杜拉铝Unit 9purification 提纯，净化raw materials 原材料discrete 离散的,分散的iodine 碘long—chain 长链alkane 烷烃,链烃oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物carbide 碳化物diamond 金刚石graphite 石墨inorganic 无机的mixed ionic—covalent bonding 离子-共价混合键constituent atoms 组成原子conduction mechanism 传导机制phonon 声子photon 光子sapphire 蓝宝石visible light 可见光computer-assisted process control 计算机辅助过程控制solid—oxide fuel cell 固体氧化物燃料电池spark plug insulator 火花塞绝缘材料capacitor 电容electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electron microscope 电子显微镜surface analytical methods 表面分析方法Unit 12macromolecule 高分子repeating structural units 重复结构单元covalent bond 共价键polymer chemistry 高分子化学polymer physics 高分子物理polymer science 高分子科学molecular structure 分子结构molecular weights 分子量long chains 长链chain—like structure 链状结构monomer 单体plastics 塑料rubbers 橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性vulcanized rubbers 硫化橡胶thermoplastic elastomer 热塑弹性体natural rubbers 天然橡胶synthetic rubbers 合成橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性resin 树脂polyethylene 聚乙烯polypropylene 聚丙烯polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polyvinyl—chloride 聚氯乙烯polyvinyl 聚乙烯的chloride 氯化物polyester 聚酯polyurethane 聚氨酯polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯nylon 尼龙acrylics 丙烯酸树脂acrylonitrile-butadiene—styrene ABS树脂polymerization 聚合（作用）condensation polymerization 缩聚addition polymerization 加聚homopolymer 均聚物copolymer 共聚物chemical modification 化学改性terminology 术语nomenclature 命名法chemist 化学家the Noble Prize in Chemistry 诺贝尔化学奖catalyst 催化剂atomic force microscope 原子力显微镜（AFM） Unit 15composite 复合材料multiphase 多相bulk phase 体相matrix 基体matrix material 基质材料reinforcement 增强体reinforcing phase 增强相reinforcing material 加强材料metal—matrix composite 金属基复合材料ceramic—matrix composite 陶瓷基复合材料resin—matrix composite 树脂基复合材料strengthening mechanism 增强机理dispersion strengthened composite 弥散强化复合材料particle reinforced composites 颗粒增强复合材料fiber—reinforced composites 纤维增强复合材料Unit 18nanotechnology 纳米技术nanostructured materials 纳米结构材料nanometer 纳米nanoscale 纳米尺度nanoparticle 纳米颗粒nanotube 纳米管nanowire 纳米线nanorod 纳米棒nanoonion 纳米葱nanobulb 纳米泡fullerene 富勒烯size parameters 尺寸参数size effect 尺寸效应critical length 临界长度mesoscopic 介观的quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum effects 量子效应surface area per unit mass 单位质量的表面积surface physics and chemistry 表面物理化学substrate 衬底，基底graphene 石墨烯chemical analysis 化学分析chemical composition 化学成分analytical techniques 分析技术scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道显微镜spatial resolution 空间分辨率de Brogile wavelength 德布罗意波长mean free path of electrons （电子)平均自由程quantum dot 量子点band gap 带隙continuous density of states 连续态密度discrete energy level 离散能级absorption 吸收infrared 红外ultraviolet 紫外visible 可见quantum confinement （effect) 量子限域效应quantum well 量子势阱optoelectronic device 光电子器件energy spectrum 能谱electron mean free path 电子平均自由程spin relaxation length 自旋弛豫长度Unit 21biomaterial 生物材料implant materials 植入材料biocompatibility 生物相容性in vivo 在活体内in vitro 在活体外organ transplant 器管移植calcium phosphate 磷酸钙hydroxyapatite 羟基磷灰石research and development 研发 R＆D Preparation & Characterizationprocessing techniques 加工技术casting 铸造rolling 轧制,压延welding 焊接ion implantation 离子注入thin—film deposition 薄膜沉积crystal growth 晶体生长sintering 烧结glassblowing 玻璃吹制analytical techniques 分析技术characterization techniques 表征技术electron microscopy 电子显微术X—ray diffraction X射线衍射calorimetry 量热法Rutherford backscattering 卢瑟福背散射neutron diffraction 中子衍射nuclear microscopy 核子微探针。
材料科学专业英语词汇（E）
材料科学专业英语词汇(E)e.b.m (electron beam machining)电子束加工，电刻e.c.m. (electrochemical machining)电化加工e.d.m (electrical discharge machining)放电加工earing 成耳(冲压)early-strenghth cement 早强水泥earth bar/grounding bar 接地棒earthenware 陶器；瓦器easy fired 易烧easy glide plane 易滑面easy-flo 易流硬焊料(含ag50%,cd18%,su16.5%,cu15.5% 之四元共晶)eaves tile 詹瓦ebonite 硬橡胶(皮)eccentric converter 偏心转炉eccentric upset forging 偏心锻粗eccentric upsets 偏心锻粗件eccentric upsetting 偏感锻粗法economizer[ 锅炉]节热器eddy current 涡[电]流eddy current loss 涡[电]流损失eddy current method 涡电流法eddy current test 涡[电]流试验edge bead removal /e.b.r 边缘球状物去除edge bending 侧向弯曲edge crack 边缘裂纹edge dislocation 刃差排edge exclusion 周边除外范围edge lining 钩边edge polisher 边缘抛光机edge runner 混砂机edge sensor 边缘感测器edge-runner mill 轮辗机edger 磨边器，成边器edging 磨边，成边edging impression 成边型edging stone 磨边路eds testeds 测试effective aperture 有效孔径effective case depth 有效硬化深度effective strain 有效应变effective stress 有效应力efferrescing steel (同rimming steel)赤静钢efficiency of target utilization 靶子利用效率efflorescence 粉化；吐霜efflorwick test 吓霜试验effluent 流出物eggert'stube 爱格特管(快速比色，测钢中之碳用) eggshell porcelain 蛋壳簿瓷eggshelling 蛋壳耳(搪瓷)(陶)einsteinium (es,99)金爱ejecter 拆卸器ejection 顶出ejector1 顶出器2.喷射器ejector plate 顶出板elastic after-effect 弹性余效elastic constant 弹性常数elastic constraint 弹性抑制elastic deflection 弹性挠曲elastic deformation 弹性变形elastic emission machining 弹性碰撞机械加工elastic fatigue 弹性疲劳elastic hardness 弹性硬度elastic hysteresis 弹性迟滞elastic limit 弹性限elastic medium 弹性媒质elastic modulus 弹性模数，弹性系数elastic reactance 弹性抗elastic strain 弹性应变eldred's wire 爱瑞得导线(镀铜，镍铁心封於玻璃内之导线) electret 驻极[电介]体electric arc furnace 电弧炉electric arc welding 电弧熔接electric flame off 电火炬electric furnace 电炉electric furnace iron 电炉生铁electric furnace steel 电炉钢electric furnace steel making 电炉炼钢electric induction 电感应electric induction furnace 感应电炉electric micrometer 电测分厘卡electric porcelain 电瓷electric precipitation 电力析出electric resistance furnace 电阻炉electric resistance heater 电阻加热器electric resistance strain gage 电阻应变计electric resistance thermometer 电阻温度计electric resistance welding 电阻溶接electric spark maching 放电加工(同e.d.m)electric steel 电炉钢electric welding 电熔接，电焊electric-arc cutting 电弧切割electric-furnace ferrosilicon 电炉矽铁electrical dipole 电隅极electrical discharge machine (edm)电蚀机，放电加工机electrical heating 电加热electrical resistivity 电阻率electrical rule check 电器法则查验electro graphy 电蚀刻electro hydralic forming 电液成型electro striction 电致伸缩electro-deposited coating 电积层electro-deposition 电 [淀]积electro-forming 电铸electro-luminescence method 场致发光法electro-migration check 电性选移查检electro-migration test 电性迁移试验electro-osmosis 电渗electro-osmosis (或electro smose)电渗透作用electro-phoresis 电泳electro-plating 电镀electro-slag refining (esr)电渣精炼electro-type metal 电铸版合金electrocast refractory 电铸耐火材料electroceraimcs 电用陶瓷electrochemical corrosion 电化腐蚀electrochemical cyaniding 电解氰化electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical grinding 电化研磨electrochemical series 电化序electrocoating 电咏护膜，电着护膜electrode materials 电极材料electrode potential 电极电位electrode ring 电极环electrodeposition 电[淀]积electroformed diamond blade 电铸钻石刀片electrofusion 电熔electrokinetics 动电常electroless plating 无电镀金electrolysis 电解electrolysis treatment 电解处理electrolyte 电解质electrolytic cell 电解电池electrolytic cleaning 电解清洁法electrolytic copper 电解铜electrolytic de-rusting 电解去锈electrolytic deflash 电解树脂残渣去除electrolytic discharge aided grinding machine 电解放电辅助研磨机electrolytic dissociation 电[解]离解electrolytic etching 电 [解]浸蚀electrolytic hardening 电[解]硬化electrolytic ionized water /electrolysis-ionized water 电解电离水electrolytic iron 电解铁electrolytic pickling 电解浸洗electrolytic polishing 电解抛光electrolytic powder 电解粉未electrolytic protection 电解防蚀法electrolytic refining 电解精炼electrolytic solution tension 电解溶压electrolytic toughpitch copper 电解勒炼铜electrolytical series 电解序列electromagnet 电磁体，电磁铁electromagnetic forming 电磁成形electromagnetic lens 电磁透镜electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromechanical polishing 电解机械抛光electrometallurgy 电化冶金，电冶学electromotive force series 电动势序electron alloy 伊兰镁合金(含铝锌镁基合金)electron balance 电子天秤electron beam 电子束electron beam annealer 电子波束退火处理机红electron beam cell mask 电子束功能电路胞光罩electron beam control 电子束控制electron beam evaporation system 电子束蒸镀系统electron beam exposure system 电子波束曝光系统electron beam melting furnace 电子束熔解炉electron beam prober 电子波束探针electron beam test system 电子波束测试系统electron beam welding 电子束熔接electron beam zone-refining 电子束区带精炼electron cloud 电子云electron compound 电子化合物electron configuration 电子组态electron coupling resonance (ecr)plasma enhanced cvd systemecr 等离子体增强型cvd 系统electron coupling resonance (ecr)sputtering system 电子耦合谐振溅镀系统electron cyclotron resonance 电子回旋加速器共振electron cyclotron resonance etching system 电子回旋加速器共振蚀刻系统electron diffraction pattern 电子绕射图electron diffratction 电子线绕射electron flood gun 淹没式电子枪，电子流枪electron furnace iron 电炼生铁electron gun 电子枪electron lens 电子透镜electron microscope 电子显微镜electron negative potential 电子负电位electron optics 电子光学electron pair 电子隅electron photomicrograph 电子显微照片electron probe micro analysis 电子探针微分析electron probe microanalysis 电子探针分析electron probe microanalyzer 电子探测显微分析仪electron ratio 电子比electron shading effect 电子遮掩效应electron spin 电子自旋electron suppressor 电子抑制器electron volt 电子伏特electron wave 电子波electronic charge 雯子电荷electronic design automation（eda）电子设计自动化electronic design interchange format（edif）电子电路设计互换格式electronic polarization 电子极化electronic system design automation tool 电子系统自动设计工具electrophoresis 电咏electrophoretic plating 电咏镀electropositive potential 正电位electroslag remelting process 电渣再熔法electroslag welding 电渣熔接electrostatic chuck 静电夹头，静电夹盘electrostatic discharge protection 静电放电保护electrostatic fluidized bed 静电浮床electrostatic mineral separation 静电矿物分离机electrostatic precipitation 静电沉积electrostatic scan 静电扫描electrostatic separation 静电分离electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂electrothermal equivalent 电热当量electrothermic method 电热法electrotype 电铸板electrotyping 电铸版术electrovalent compound 电价化合物electrowinning 湿式电冶eletrode1. 电极2.熔接条eletrum 白黄金(40-50%au, 其余为ag)elevator kiln 升降窑elevator unit 升降机单元elinvar [steel] 恒弹性钢elphal 依尔花法，钢皮差面沉积纯铝法eluant solution 洗涤液elutriation 淘析(液体中分离大小，粉未颗粒的方法)email sur bisque 素三彩emaillieuen 插画珐琅embeded array 埋入行阵列embeded system 埋入型系统embossing 浮花压制法压凸embrittlement 脆性emerg colth[ 金钢]砂布emerg paper[ 金钢]砂纸emergizer 促进剂(渗碳)emery 钢砂，钢石粉emission electrton microscope 发射电子显微镜emissivity 发射率emissivity correction 发射率校正emitter 射极empirical proportioning 经验配合emulator 模拟除错器emulsified oil quenching 乳化油卒火emulsion 乳液，乳胶emulsion cleaner 乳化清洁剂enamel1. 搪瓷2.瓷漆enamel coating 搪瓷护膜enamel color 珐琅色彩enamel glaze 珐琅釉enamel paint 瓷漆enameled iron ware 搪瓷[铁]器enameled wire 漆包线enamelling 施珐琅；搪瓷enamelling iron 搪瓷胎铁encapsulation 封装enclosure 夹杂物，包壳encoustic tile 彩纹瓦end arch 端拱砖end chipping 最终结晶屑end skew 端斜砖end wall 端墙end-station 终端站endless band saw 环型条带锯endothermic gas 叹热型气体(热处理保护气) endothermic reaction 吸热反应endurance limit (fatingue limit)疲劳限endurance ratio 疲劳比endurance strength 疲劳强度endurance test 疲劳试验enduron 安久乐(一悝含铬钼矽之铁系耐蚀合金) energy band 能带energy contamination 能量污染，杂质能量energy gap 能隙energy level 能阶，能准位energy packet 能，束enfield rolling mill 恩菲德巴钢机engine-turning lathe 机动车床engineering change order 工程变更次序engineering work station（ems）工程工作站english 中文english bond 英式砌法english crystal 高铅水晶玻璃english white 白垩engobe 化粧土；釉底料engravers brass 刻版黄铜(一种含铅黄铜) engraving 刻花enhanced global alignment 增强型全晶圆调准enriched uranium 浓缩铀enrichement 浓缩enthalpy 焓entrained air 输气(混凝土)entrapped air 陷入空气(混凝土)entropy 熵environment control 环境控制environmental scanning electron microscope 环境控制扫描型电子显微镜epitaxial growth 叠晶生长，同轴生长(晶体)epitaxial growth system 磊晶生长系统epitaxial wafer 磊晶晶圆epithermal neutrons 超热中子(具有在分裂中子与热中子间能量之中子)epoxy resin 环氧树鲁epsilon carbideε 碳化物epsilon compoundsε 佮合物(电子比为7:4，例如cuzn3)equations of state 状态方程式equi-blast cupola 等吹熔铁炉equiaxial polytggonal grain 等轴多角形晶粒equicohesive temperature 等结合温度(晶粒内晶粒界强度相等时之温度)equigranular 等粒状equilibrium (phase)平衡equilibrium diagram 平衡图equilibrium potential 平衡电位equilibrium segregation 平衡偏析equilibrium segregation coefficient 平衡偏析系数equilibrium state 平衡状态equivalence factors 当量因素equivalent fault 等效故障equivalent section 比量断面equivalent weight 当量equlibrium 平衡erase error 删除错误erase error allowance 删除错误容限erase fail 删除失误erbium (er,68)铒erichsen [cupping] test 爱理逊压凹试验ermalite 艾马来铁(高延性铸铁)ernst hardness tester 恩氏硬度计erosion 冲蚀erosion-corrosion 阵蚀，腐蚀erosion-resistrance 耐冲蚀性erubescite 硫铜石，斑铜矿(cu2fes3)ester 酯estimated wire length 估计布线长度etch back 回蚀etch bands 浸蚀带etch fiqure 蚀迹etch pit density 腐蚀坑密度etch rate 蚀刻速率etch residue 蚀刻残余物etch selectivity raito 蚀刻选择比，蚀刻选择性etch uniformity 蚀刻均质性etchant 浸蚀液，蚀刻液etched wafer 经蚀刻晶圆etching1 蚀刻2浸蚀etching chamber 蚀刻处理室etching end point detection 蚀刻终点检测etching pit 蚀乙etching system 蚀刻系统etching wafer 刚蚀刻晶圆ethyl silicate 矽乙酯ettinghausen effect 埃丁赫逊效应(晶体之一种物理效应) eucryptite 锂霞石eureka 尤瑞卡铜(电阻线之一种，近似康史登铜) europium (eu, 63)铕eutectic 共晶eutectic alloy 共晶合金eutectic bonding 共晶接合eutectic carbide 共晶碳化物eutectic cast iron 共晶铸铁eutectic cell 共晶单胞eutectic cementite 共晶雪明碳体(铁)eutectic colong 共晶集团eutectic graphite 共晶石墨eutectic mixture 共晶混合物eutectic reaction 兆晶反应eutectic temperature 共晶温度eutectoid 共析eutectoid alloy 共析合金eutectoid cementite 共析雪明碳体(铁)eutectoid composition 共析成分eutectoid ferrite 共析肥粒体(铁)eutectoid hardening 共析硬化eutectoid line 共析线eutectoid point 共析点eutectoid reaction 共析反应eutectoid steel 共析钢eutectoid structure 共析组织eutectoid temperature 共析温度eutectoid transformation 共析变态evacuated wet etching system 减压抽气浸渍式蚀刻系统evanohm 艾文姆台金(一种镍铬铝铜合金) evaporation coefficient 蒸发系数evaporation loss 蒸发损失evaporation material 蒸发材料evaporation ratio 蒸发比evaporation source 蒸发源event driven simulator 事件驱动模拟器everdur 艾未狄合金(一种矽青铜)ewald chart 厄互特图(x-ray)exb magnetron sputtering system 直交电磁场型溅镀系统excavator 挖掘机exchange energy 互换能exchange force 互换力exchange-cunent density 交换电流密度excimer laser stepper 准分子雷射步进机excitation 激发，激励exciting level 激励准位excluding backside deposition 防止背面沉积exclusing backside deposition 防止背面沉积exfoliation 表皮脱落exhaust for developer 显影剂排放exhaustion creep 耗竭潜变exogenous metallic inclusion 外来金属夹杂物exothermic reaction 放热反应exothermic-base atmosphere 放热式蒙气，放热式炉器expand stage 黏胶片扩展夹片台expanded metal 展成金属(网)expanded r-field 扩张r 区expanding metals 胀大金属(铋合金)expansion 展开expansion coefficient 膨胀系数expansion ratio 晶圆黏胶片扩展率expansion scab 膨胀剥砂expectation value pattern 期待值图案expected pattern 预期图案explosibility 爆炸性explosion testing 爆炸试验explosion welding 爆炸熔接explosive antimony 爆炸锑explosive bonding 爆炸接合explosive forming 爆炸成形explosive pressing 爆炸压制exposed area ratio 蚀刻面积率，曝光面积率exposure 曝光extended dislocation 扩展差排extension board 延伸接线板；扩张接线板extensometer 伸长计external gettering 外部吸器external torch unit 外界火炬装置external upset 向外锻粗锻件external upset forging 向外锻粗external upsetting 向外锻粗法extra dense flint 特火石玻璃extra light flint 特轻火石玻璃extra-hard cold work 特硬级冷加工(冷巴至断面缩小50.0%) extra-spring-hared cold work 特弹簧硬冷加工(冷巴至断面缩小68.7%)extraction electrodes 提取电极extraction replica 萃取印模(电子显微镜)extraction voltage 提取电压extractive metallurgy 提炼冶金学extrapolation of creep data 潜变数据外推法extrinsic gettering 非本徵吸器extrinsic semi-conductor 他激半导体，他半导体extrudability 挤制性extruding 挤延extrusion1 凸出（疲劳滑动面）2挤裂extrusion cold 冷挤制extrusion, backward 逆向，挤制extrusion, forward 顺向，挤制extrusion, hydrostatic 液压挤制extrusion, impact 冲击，挤制extrusion, reducing 减缩，挤制eyelet 小孔eyeleting 小眼圈eyepies 目镜。
材料专业常用术语英语单词表
Unit 1property （材料的）性质heat treatme nt 热处理metal 金属glass 玻璃plastics 塑料fiber 纤维electro nic devices 电子器件component 组元,组分semic onducting materials 半导体材料materials scie nee and engin eeri ng 材料科学与工程materials scie nee 材料科学materials engin eeri ng 材料工程materials scie ntist 材料科学家materials engin eer 材料工程师syn thesize 合成syn thesissyn theticsubatomic structure 亚原子结构electro n 电子atom 原子nu clei 原子核nu cleusmolecule 分子microscopic 微观的microscope 显微镜n aked eye 裸眼macroscopic 宏观的specime n 试样deformati on 变形polished 抛光的reflect 反射magn itude 量级solid materials 固体材料mecha nical properties 力学性质load 载荷force 力elastic modulus 弹性模量stre ngth 强度electrical properties 电学性质electrical con ductivity 导电性dielectric con sta nt 介电常数electric field 电场thermal behavior 热学行为heat capacity 热容thermal con ductivity 热传导（导热性）magn etic properties 磁学性质magn etic field 磁场optical properties 光学性质electromag netic radiati on 电磁辐射light radiation 光辐射in dex of refract ion 折射率reflectivity 反射率deteriorative characteristics 劣化特性process ing 力口工performa nee 性能lin ear 线性的in tegrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片stre ngth 强度ductility 延展性deterioration 恶化，劣化mecha nical stren gth 机械强度elevated temperature 高温corrosive 腐蚀性的fabrication 制造Un it 2 chemical makeup 化学组成atomic structure 原子结构adva need materials 先进材料high-tech no logy 高技术smart materials 智能材料nanoengin eered materials 纟纳米工程材料metallic materials 金属材料nonl ocalized electr ons 游离电子con ductor 导体electricity 电heat 热tran spare nt 透明的visible light 可见光polished 抛光的surface 表面lustrous 有光泽的alumi num 铝silic on 硅alumi na 氧化铝silica 二氧化硅oxide 氧化物carbide 碳化物nitride 氮化物dioxide 二氧化物clay mi nerals 黏土矿物porcela in 瓷器ceme nt 水泥mecha nical力学行为behaviorceramic materials 陶瓷材料stiffness 劲度stre ngth 强度hard 坚硬brittle 脆的fracture 破裂in sulative 绝缘的resista nt 耐 .. 的resista nee 耐力,阻力，电阻molecular structures 分子结构chai n-like 链状backb one 骨架carb on atoms 碳原子low den sities 彳氐密度mecha nical characteristics 力学特性inert 隋性synthetic （人工）合成的fiberglass 玻璃纤维polymeric 聚合物的epoxy 环氧树脂polyester 聚酯纤维carbon fiber-rei nforced polymer composite 碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料glass fiber-rei nforced materials 玻璃纤维增强材料high-stre ngth, low-de nsity structural materials 高强度低密度结构材料solar cell 太阳能电池hydrogen fuel cell 氢燃料电池catalyst 催化剂nonren ewable resource 不可再生资源Un it 3 periodic table （元素）周期表atomic structure 原子结构magn etic 磁学的optical 光学的microstructure 微观结构macrostructure 宏观结构positively charged n ucleus 带正电的原子核atomic nu mber 原子序数proto n 质子atomic weight 原子量n eutro n 中子n egatively charged electr ons 带负电的电子shell壳层magn esium 镁chemical bonds 化学键partially-filled electro n shells 未满电子壳层bond 成键metallic bond 金属键nonm etal atoms 非金属原子covale nt bond 共价键ionic bond 离子键Un it 4physical properties 物理性质chemical properties 化学性质flammability 易燃性corrosi on 腐蚀oxidatio n 氧化oxidati on resista nee 抗氧化性vapor (vapour) 蒸汽,蒸气,汽melt 熔化solidify 凝固vaporize 汽化，蒸发condense 凝聚sublime 升华state 态plasma 等离子体phase tran sformatio n temperatures den sity 密度specific gravity 比重thermal con ductivity 热导lin ear coefficie nt of thermal expa nsion electrical con ductivity and resistivity 相变温度线性热膨胀系数电导和电阻corrosi on resista nee 抗腐蚀性magn etic permeability 磁导率phase tran sformatio ns 相变phase tran siti ons 相变crystal forms 晶型melt ing point 熔点boili ng point 沸腾点vapor pressure 蒸气压atm 大气压glass tran siti on temperature 玻璃化转变温度mass 质量volume 体积per un it of volume 每单位体积the accelerati on of gravity 重力加速度temperature depe ndent 随温度而变的，与温度有关的grams/cubic cen timeter 克每立方厘米kilograms/cubic meter 千克每立方米grams/milliliter 克每毫升grams/liter 克每升pounds per cubic inch 磅每立方央寸pounds per cubic foot 磅每立方央尺corrosi on resista nee 抗腐蚀性alcohol 酒精benzene 苯magn etize 磁化magn etic induction 磁感应强度magn etic field inten sity 磁场强度con sta nt 常数vacuum 真空magn etic flux den sity 磁通密度diamag netic 反磁性的factor 因数paramag netic 顺磁性的ferromag netic 铁磁性的non-ferrous metals 非铁金属，有色金属brass 黄铜ferrous 含铁的ferrous metals 含铁金属，黑色金属relative permeability 相对磁导率transformer 变压器，变换器eddy curre nt probe 涡流探针Un it 5hard ness 硬度impact resista neefracture tough nessstructural materialsani sotropic 各向异性orie ntati on 取向texture 织构 fiber rein forceme nt Ion gitudi nal 纵向tran sverse directi onshort tran sverse direction短横向 a function of temperature温度的函数，温度条件room temperature 室温elo ngatio n 伸长率tension 张力，拉力 compressi on 压缩ben di ng 弯曲shear 剪切torsio n 扭转static load ing 静负荷dyn amic loadi ng动态载荷 cyclic loading 循环载荷，周期载荷耐冲击性 断裂韧度，断裂韧性 结构材料 纤维增强 横向cross-sect ional area 横截面stress 应力stress distributi on 应力分布strain 应变engin eeri ng stra in 工程应变perpe ndicular 垂直no rmal axis 垂直车由elastic deformati on 弹性形变plastic deformati on 塑性形变quality con trol 质量控制non destructive tests 无损检测tensile property 抗张性能，拉伸性能Unit 6lattice 晶格positive ions 正离子a cloud of delocalized electr ons 离域电子云ionization 电离，离子化metalloid 准金属，类金属nonm etal 非金属cross-sect ional area 横截面diago nal line 对角线polonium 钋semi-metal 半金属lower left 左卜万upper right 右上方con ducti on band 导带vale nee band 价带electro nic structure 电子结构syn thetic materials （人工）合成材料oxygen 氧oxide 氧化物rust 生锈potassium 钾alkali metals 碱金属alkali ne earth metals 碱土金属volatile 活泼的tran siti on metals 过渡金属oxidize 氧化barrier layer 阻挡层basic 碱性的acidic 酸性的electrochemical series 电化序electrochemical cell 电化电池cleave 解理，劈开elemental 兀素的，单质的metallic form 金属形态tightly-packed crystal lattice 密排晶格，密堆积晶格atomic radius 原子半径nu clear charge 核电荷nu mber of bonding orbitals 成键轨道数overlap of orbital en ergies 轨道能重叠crystal form 晶型pla nes of atoms 原子面a gas of n early free electr ons 近自由电子气free electro n model 自由电子模型an electr on gas 电子气band structure 能带结构binding energy 键能positive pote ntial 正势periodic pote ntial 周期性势能band gap 能隙Brillouin zone 布里渊区n early-free electr on model 近自由电子模型solid solution 固溶体pure metals 纯金属duralumin 硬铝,杜拉铝Unit 9purification 提纯,净化raw materials 原材料discrete 离散的，分散的iodi ne 碘Ion g-cha in 长链alkane 烷烃,链烃oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物carbide 碳化物diam ond 金刚石graphite 石墨inorganic 无机的mixed ion ic-covale nt bonding 离子一共价混合键con stitue nt atoms 组成原子con ducti on mecha nism 传导机制phonon 声子phot on 光子sapphire 蓝宝石visible light 可见光computer-assisted process con trol 计算机辅助过程控制solid-oxide fuel cell 固体氧化物燃料电池spark plug in sulator 火花塞绝缘材料capacitor 电容electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electr on microscope 电子显微镜surface an alytical methods 表面分析方法Unit 12macromolecule 高分子repeati ng structural un its 重复结构单元covale nt bond 共价键polymer chemistry 高分子化学polymer physics 高分子物理polymer scie nee 高分子科学molecular structure 分子结构molecular weights 分子量long cha ins 长链cha in-like structure 链状结构mono mer 单体plastics 塑料rubbers 橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性vulca ni zed rubbers 硫化橡胶thermoplastic elastomer 热塑弹性体n atural rubbers 天然橡胶syn thetic rubbers 合成橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性resi n 树脂polyethyle ne 聚乙烯polypropyle ne 聚丙烯polystyre ne 聚苯乙烯polyvi nyl-chloride 聚氯乙烯polyvi nyl 聚乙烯的chloride 氯化物polyester 聚酉旨polyuretha ne 聚氨酉旨polycarbo nate 聚碳酸酯nylon 尼龙acrylics 丙烯酸树脂aery Ion itrile-butadie ne-styre ne ABS 树月脂polymerization 聚合（作用）conden sati on polymerizati on 缩聚additi on polymerizatio n 力口聚homopolymer 均聚物copolymer 共聚物chemical modificati on 化学改性termino logy 术语nomen clature 命名法chemist 化学家the Noble Prize in Chemistry 诺贝尔化学奖catalyst 催化剂atomic force microscope原子力显微镜（AFM）Unit 15composite 复合材料multiphase 多相bulk phase 体相matrix 基体matrix material 基质材料rei nforceme nt 增强体reinforcing phase 增强相rei nforci ng material 力口强材料metal-matrix composite 金属基复合材料ceramic-matrix composite 陶瓷基复合材料resi n-matrix composite 树脂基复合材料stre ngthe ning mecha nism 增强机理dispers ion stren gthe ned composite 弥散强化复合材料particle rei nforced composites 颗粒增强复合材料fiber-re in forced composites 纤维增强复合材料Unit 18nano tech no logy 纟纳米技术nano structured materials 纟纳米结构材料nano meter 纟纳米nano scale 纟纳米尺度nan oparticle 纟纳米颗粒nano tube 纟纳米管nanowire 纟纳米线matrix material 基质材料nanorod 纟纳米棒nanoonion 纟纳米葱nan obulb 纳米泡fullere ne 富勒烯size parameters 尺寸参数size effect 尺寸效应critical le ngth 临界长度mesoscopic 介观的qua ntum mecha nics 量子力学qua ntum effects 量子效应surface area per un it mass 单位质量的表面积surface physics and chemistry 表面物理化学substrate 衬底，基底graphe ne 石墨烯chemical an alysis 化学分析chemical compositi on 化学成分an alytical tech niq ues 分析技术sca nning tunn eli ng microscope 扫描隧道显微镜spatial resoluti on 空间分辨率de Brogile wavele ngth 德布罗意波长mean free path of electrons （电子）平均自由程qua ntum dot 量子点band gap 带隙连续态密度discrete en ergy level 离散能级con ti nu ous den sity of statesabsorpti on 吸收in frared 红夕卜ultraviolet 紫外visible 可见qua ntum confin eme nt (effect) 量子限域效应qua ntum well 量子势阱optoelectro nic device 光电子器件en ergy spectrum 能谱electr on mean free path 电子平均自由程spin relaxati on len gth 自旋弛豫长度Unit 21biomaterial 生物材料impla nt materials 植入材料biocompatibility 生物相容性in vivo 在活体内in vitro 在活体外organ tran spla nt 器管移植calcium phosphate 磷酸钙hydroxyapatite 羟基磷灰石research and development 研发R&DPreparati on & Characterizati onprocess ing tech niq ues 力口工技术cast ing 铸造rolling 轧制，压延weld ing 焊接ion impla ntati on 离子注入thin-film depositi on 薄膜沉积crystal growth 晶体生长sin teri ng 烧结glassblowi ng 玻璃吹制an alytical tech niq ues 分析技术characterizati on tech niq ues 表征技术electr on microscopy 电子显微术X-ray diffractio n X 射线衍射calorimetry 量热法Rutherford backscatteri ng 卢瑟福背散射n eutro n diffractio n 中子衍射nu clear microscopy 核子微探针。
物理化学专业词汇中英文对照
动力电池和电机电控英语术语汇总情况
[单体]电池 cell原电池 primary cell蓄电池 secondary cell电池 battery燃料电池 fuel cell锂电池 lithium cell熔融盐电池 molten salt cell碱性电池 alkaline cell固体电解质电池 solid electrolyte cell非水电解质电池 non aqueous cell指示电池 pilot cellOEM电池 OEM battery替换电池 replacement battery储藏电池 reserve cell应急电池 emergency battery缓冲电池 buffer battery; back-up battery电压标准电池 standard voltage cell韦斯顿电压标准电池Weston standard voltage cell 激活 activation未激活的 inactivated全密封电池 hermetically /sealed cell极板 plate涂膏式极板 pasted plate极群 plate group负极板 negative plate正极板 positive plate管式极板 tubular plate极群组 plate pack极板对plate pair隔离物 spacer隔板 (plate)separator阀 valve电池外壳 cell can电池槽 cell case电池盖 cell lid电池封口剂 lid sealing pound整体电池 monobloc battery整体槽 monobloc container边界绝缘体 edge insulator外套 jacket[单体电池]电极 (cell)electrode端子 terminal端子保护套 terminal protector；terminal cover 负极端子 negative terminal正极端子 positive terminal电极的活性外表 active surface of an electrode 阳极 anode阴极 cathode电解质 electrolyte电解质爬渗 electrolyte creep电解质保持能力 electrolyte containment泄漏 leakage活性物质 active material活性物质混合物 active material mix电池组合箱 battery tray输出电缆 output cable连接件 connector矩形〔的〕 prismatic圆柱形电池 cylindrical cell扣式电池 button cell；coin cell电化学反响 electrochemical reaction电极极化 electrode polarization反极 polarity reversal cell reversal结晶极化 crystallization polarization活化极化 activation polarization阳极极化 anodic polarization阴极极化 cathodic polarization浓差极化 concentration polarization; mass transfer polarization 欧姆极化 ohmic polarization反响极化 reaction polarization阳极反响 anodic reaction阴极反响 cathodic reaction副反响 side reaction; secondary reaction;容量〔电池的〕 capacity(for cells or batteries)额定容量 rated capacity剩余容量 residual capacity体积〔比〕容量 volumetric capacity温度系数 temperature coefficient(of the capacity)质量〔比〕容量 gravimetric capacity面积〔比〕容量 areic capacity电池能量 battery energy〔电池〕体积〔比〕能量volumic energy(related to battery)〔电池〕放电 discharge(of a battery)放电电流 discharge current放电率 discharge rate短路电流〔电池的〕short-circuit current(related to cells or batteries)自放电 self discharge放电电压〔电池的〕 discharge voltage〔related to cells or batteries〕闭路电压 closed circuit voltage负载电压〔拒用〕 on load voltage (deprecated)初始放电电压 initial discharge voltage初始闭路电压 initial closed circuit voltage初始负载电压〔拒用〕initial on load voltage(deprecated)终止电压 end-of-discharge voltage; final voltage; cut-off voltage; end-point voltage 标称电压 nominal voltage开路电压〔电池的〕 open-circuit voltage〔related to cells or batteries〕开路电压温度系数temperature coefficient of the open-circuit voltage比特性 specific characteristic荷电保持能力 charge retention容量保持能力 capacity retention表观内阻 internal apparent resistance剩余活性物质 residual active mass使用质量 service mass并联 parallel connection并串联 parallel series connection串联 series connection串并联 series parallel connection标称值 nominal value电池耐久性 battery endurance贮存试验 storage test使用寿命 service life贮存寿命 storage life; shelf life连续工作试验 continuous service test金属-空气电池air metal battery碱性锌-空气电池alkaline zinc air battery碱性锌-二氧化锰电池alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery锌-氧化银电池zinc silver oxide battery中性锌-空气电池neutral electrolyte zinc air battery氯化锌电池 zinc chloride battery锌-碳电池 zinc carbon battery诸如勒克朗谢电池或氯化锌电池之类的原电池。
ChemicalPotentialandElectricalPotential：化学势和电势
Chemical Potential and Electrical PotentialChapter 20.1 – 20.8Suggested Problems: 20.23, 20.24, 20.33 – 20.38, 20.49-20.54, 20.59, 20.60, 20.63, 20.64, 20.65, 20.69, 20.70Gibbs free energy is the maximum non-expansion work that a reaction can do at constant pressure and temperature:D G = wThe work done when n moles of electrons travels through a potential difference is the product of the total charge and the potential difference. The charge on 1 electron is e = 1.60 x 10-19 C, sow = -neN AFaraday’s constant F is defined as F = eN A = 96,485 Cmol-1w = -nFSoD G = -nFThis expression relates the chemical potential of a reaction to its electrical potential.Instead of using the free energy of half-reactions, we can use the standard reduction potentials:Fe3+ + e–‡ Fe2+ ° = 0.770 VCu2+ + e–‡ Cu+ ° = 0.150 VThe convention is that standard reduction potentials are defined for half reactions written in the reducing directionStandard reduction potentials can be looked up in tables, and are defined for 1 M concentrations of reactants and products, 1 atm pressure, and 298 K. concentrations of 1M.The reactions can be written in reverse, in which case the sign of must be reversed.Note that a favorable half-reaction has negative D G, but positiveFe3+ + e–‡ Fe2+ ° = 0.770 VCu2+ + e–‡ Cu+ ° = 0.150 VFor the electrons to balance, one of these reactions must be reversed: we need a reduction half-reaction and an oxidation half reaction.Both half-reactions are energetically favorable, but the reduction of Fe3+ is more favorable (larger positive °). Keeping the Fe half-reaction as written, and reversing the Cu half-reaction we get the overall reaction:Fe3+(aq) + Cu+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu2+(aq)cell= ox + redSocell= -0.150 V + 0.770 V = 0.62 VNow consider the reaction(aq) + Cu(s) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)2AgNOThe half-reactions and their standard reduction potentials areAg+ + e– ‡ Ag ° = 0.800 VCu2+ + 2e–‡ Cu ° = 0.342 VCalculating the free energies givesAg+ + e– ‡ Ag D G = -77.2 kJmol-1Cu2+ + 2e–‡ Cu D G = -66.0 kJmol-1To calculate the reaction free energy reverse the less favorable Cu equation and remember to bring in the stoichiometry: we need to multiply the Ag reaction by 2 so that the electrons balance with the Cu reactionD G cell = (1 x 66.0 kJ/mol) + (2 x –77.2 kJ/mol) = -88.4 kJ/molD G cell = -nF cell-88,400 = (-2)(96,485)( )= 0.458 VNotice that this is simply the sum of the half-reaction potentials. The reaction potential is independent of the reaction stoichiometry.Free energy is an extensive property and scales with the number of moles involved, but reaction potential is an intensive property – a bigger reaction produces more joules by lasting longer, but the reaction potential remains the same.Coupled Half-Reactions - Electrochemical CellsCu2+(aq) + Zn(s)Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)Zn2+ + 2e–‡ Zn ° = -0.762 V°cell = 1.104 VD G = -nF °D G = (-2)(96,485)(1.104) = -213 kJmol-1That’s a lot of free energy. We should be able to do something constructive we that…If we could separate the two half-reactions somehow, and connect them by a wire, the oxidative half-reaction could pump electrons along this wire according to the demands of the reductive half-reaction. Such a movement of electrons through a wire constitutes an electric current, and we can use such a current to do useful work.So the electrons liberated in the oxidation of zinc metal to Zn2+ can flow through the wire according to the demands of the reductive copper half-reaction, where the driving force is for electrons to reduce Cu2+ to copper metal.But not for long. Pretty quickly, there won’t be enough sulfate ions in the zinc half-cell to satisfy the incoming Zn2+.On the other side, sulfate will be left unaccompanied as the copper ions are plated onto the electrode as copper metal.The reaction will stop, unless we can find a way to allow redistribution of the sulfate anions.We do this with a salt bridge. A salt bridge is simply a conduit between the two half-cells that allows free passage of sulfate ions.In our cell, it might be a tube filled with sodium sulfate with a porous plug at either end.Oxidation occurs at the anode (the zinc electrode)Reduction occurs at the cathode (the copper electrode)The electrons are “pumped” from the anode to the cathode by a potential difference of 1.104 V. This arrangement of electrolytes, electrodes, and salt bridge is a galvanic cell.Shorthand:Zn(s) | ZnSO4(aq) || CuSO4(aq) | Cu(s)Electrochemical CellsAn electrochemical cell is a system far from equilibrium. Chemistry happens and we have to include D G:D G = D G° + RTlnQZn(s) | ZnSO4(aq) || CuSO4(aq) | Cu(s)Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Array Q = [Zn2+(aq)][Cu2+(aq)]CombiningD G° = -nF °andD G = D G° + RTlnQThis is the Nernst Equation, and it relates the cell conditions (Q) and the standard cell potential ( °) to the instantaneous cell potential ( ). The instantaneous cell potential is the voltage of the cell at the specified (non-equilibrium) conditions.The Nernst equation allows us to gain insight into the real workings of electrochemical systems. Consider a cell, with the same components in both half cells, but with electrolyte concentrations in the half-cells unequal.LEFT RIGHTAg(s)|Ag+(aq)||Ag+(aq)|Ag(s)The half reaction for both cells is the same.Ag+ + e–‡ Ag ° = 0.800 VWe can use the Nernst equation to calculate the instantaneous potentials of the left and right half cells:L = ° – RT ln 1nF 0.2L= 0.759 VR = ° – RT ln 1nF 2.0R= 0.818 VReduction occurs at the half-cell on the right so this is the cathodeOxidation occurs at the half-cell on the right, so this is the anodeThe instantaneous cell potential can be calculated from cell = red + oxNoting that we have to reverse the direction, and hence the sign, of the oxidizinghalf-reaction in the left cell.cell = –0.759 V + 0.818 V = 0.059 VSo the Nernst equation allows us to determine the instantaneous potential of the most arbitrary cells, provided we know the electrolyte concentrations and theThis makes sense intuitively, because the electrons are flowing towards the higher concentration of positive charge.The Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeStandard reduction potentials are referenced to the hydrogen/proton couple of the standard hydrogen electrode , SHE. This is also called the normal hydrogen electrode , NHE.Pt|H +(aq)|H 2(g)This is a half-cell, and this is the standard reduction potential:2H + + 2e – ‡ H 2 ° = 0.00 VThe platinum electrode simply transfers electrons between the SHE and another half-cell. It doesn’t participate in any electrochemistry, is not oxidized or reduced,and simply provides a means of connecting the half-cell to the rest of the world.Connection to another half-cell also requires a salt-bridge to the other cell.Pt (s)|H +(aq)|H 2(g)||Cu +(aq)|Cu (s)H +(aq)H 2(g)H 2(g)The standard reduction potentials of the metals with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode gives us the electrochemical series.Metal ion Standard Reduction PotentialAu Au3+ 1.5Ag Ag+0.8Cu Cu2+0.34H2H+0.00Pb Pb2+-0.13Fe Fe2+-0.44Zn Zn2+-0.76Al Al3+-1.66Mg Mg2+-2.37Na Na+-2.71Ca Ca2+-2.87K K+-2.92Li Li+-3.03A metal can reduce metals above it (at higher potential) in the electrochemical series. A metal cannot reduce those below it (at lower potential).Capacity of Electrochemical CellsConsider the following cell with 100mL of electrolyte in each half-cell.Zn(s) | ZnSO4(aq) || CuSO4(aq) | Cu(s)Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Array Cu2+ + 2e–‡ Cu ° = 0.342 VZn2+ + 2e–‡ Zn ° = -0.762 VSo the initial EMF is the standard cell potential, 1.104 VConsider what happens if we run this cell such that we draw a current of 1 ampere for 1 hour.Current is charge (C) per unit time (sec), and 1 hour is 3600 sec. So the charge moved over 1 hour is 3600 C.1 mole of electrons is 96,485 C, so in 1 hour we move 0.0373 moles of electrons.This quantity of electrons will reduce 0.01865 moles of Cu2+ to Cu(s), and oxidize 0.01866 moles of Zn(s) to Zn2+.Each process happens in a 100 mL half-cell, so the concentrations of electrolytes after 1 hour are:[Cu2+]final = 0.8135 M[Zn2+]final = 1.1865 MRecall that the initial concentrations were each 1 M.Now we can use the Nernst equation to calculate the instantaneous half-cell potentials after 1 hour. At the anode:a = °Zn– RT ln 1 = –0.760 VnF 1.1865and at the cathodec = °Cu– RT ln 1 = 0.339 VnF 0.8135From this we can calculate the instantaneous cell potential:cell = red + oxThe oxidation half-potential (zinc) is thus +0.760 V, and the instantaneous cell potential is 1.099 Vcell = 1.099 VThe initial standard cell potential was°cell = 1.104 VSo over 1 hour, the cell has dropped in potential by 5 mV. We can ask how much energy this corresponds to by using the familiar relationshipD G = -nF = –0.965 kJFuel CellsWe saw in the last section how the Nernst equation can be used to describe the approach to equilibrium – the inevitable fate of an electrochemical cell as its power is drained. We can also think about other physical limitations of electrochemical cells. For example, in the copper/zinc cell the zinc anode is constantly being dissolved as the free energy drives the formation of zinc sulfate. Similarly, copper is constantly being deposited at the cathode. Clearly there will come a point at which either the zinc electrode dissolves away completely, or the copper cathode becomes as large as the whole half-cell. We can top up the electrolytes (CuSO4 and ZnSO4) all we like, but eventually the cell will expire. Perhaps we could design an electrochemical cell that doesn’t have electrodes that participate in the chemistry? This way, the cell would run for ever, just so long as we keep topping up the electrolytes. So how might such a thing be done? Well, we could start with the standard hydrogen electrode. After all, the platinum electrode in the hydrogen half-cell is neither oxidized nor reduced in the oxidation of H2(g). It simply serves to take the surplus electrons out of the half-cell. With that as a start, is there another half reaction we can use, that behaves in a similar fashion? The answer is yes. One example is the reduction of oxygen to water:O2 + 4e–‡ H2OTo balance this equation we have to justify the hydrogens on the right hand side of this equation by bringing in some protons:O2(g) + 4e– + 4H+(aq)‡ 2H2O(l) ° = 1.23 VThe other half reaction should be familiar:2H+(aq) + 2e–‡ H2(g) ° = 0 VWe should balance these equations by counting the electrons:O2(g) + 4e– + 4H+(aq)‡ 2H2O(l) ° = 1.23 V4H+(aq) + 4e–‡ 2H2(g) ° = 0 VSo overallO2(g) + 2H2(g) + 4H+(aq)‡ 2H2O(g) + 4H+(aq)And we can describe the cell asPt (s)|H +(aq)|H 2(g)||O 2(g)|H +(aq)|Pt (s)And the cell potential iscell = red + ox = 1.23 VThis cell takes the energy of the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen and converts it to useful electrical energy. The lifetime of the cell is independent of the chemicals it’s made of, and as long as we can supply oxygen and hydrogen we’ll get power. The only by-product of this cell is water. This arrangement if chemically inert electrodes with a constant supply of oxidant and reductant is called a fuel cell .Unfortunately, the half-reaction in which elemental hydrogen is ionized to protons has a high activation energy, and this happens at the platinum surface. It goes better at high temperatures (60-80° C) and such temperatures are incompatible with the aqueous cells and salt bridge.In a fuel cell, the salt-bridge is replaced with a permeable conducting polymer electrolyte – effectively a solid salt-bridge that is selective for protons.OCF 2O CF 2O CF 2OC F F 3CF F CF 2CF 2SO 3-The polymer electrolyte is a very stable fluorocarbon with occasional fluoromethane sulfonic acid groups (-CF 2-CF 2-SO 3H). Protons are transferred between sulfonic acid groups and so the solid polymer acts as a salt bridge for protons.H 2(g)O 2(g)In a real fuel cell the electrodes might be porous graphite, rather than platinum, to allow the oxygen and hydrogen to diffuse through the cell to the membrane. The cell still needs platinum to catalyze the H2‡ 2H+ reaction, so the polymer membrane surfaces are coated with a thin film of platinum.For many applications, the necessary quantities of hydrogen gas make this design of fuel cell unattractive. Fortunately, fuel cells can be run using methanol or ethanol as a source of hydrogen. Both these alcohols are available in large quantities from renewable resources via microbiological fermentation. In order to use alcohols as fuel, the fuel cell must include a reforming reaction, in which methanol is converted to hydrogen and CO2 in two stepsCH3OH(g)‡ 2H2(g) + CO(g)CO(g) + H2O(g)‡ H2(g) + CO2(g)Both reactions require a catalyst, and the top reaction has D G° = +24.8 kJmol-1. Fortunately, the bottom reaction has D G° = -28.6 kJmol-1, so it’s just favorable enough to pull the top reaction along. The overall reforming reaction isCH3OH(g) + H2O(g)‡ 3H2(g) + CO2(g)D G° = -3.8 kJmol-1All the reactants and products are written as gases due to the elevated temperature at which the cell is run. Aside from the reforming reaction, the rest of the fuel cell is the same as for the H2/O2cell. This constitutes a reformed methanol fuel cell (RMFC).One of the most interesting fuel cell technologies is the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). This technology uses methanol directly as the reducing agent, similar to how hydrogen acts as the reducing agent for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell above. This eliminates the need for an onboard methanol reformer, which has the potential to reduce the overall weight and cost of the fuel cell.The half reactions and the overall reaction for the DMFC areCH3OH + H2O ‡ CO2 + 6H+ + 6e-3/O2 + 6H+ + 6e-‡ 3H2O2Overall:CH3OH + 3/2O2‡ CO2 + 2H2OThis technology is approximately 3-4 years behind the DHFC technology, but commercial applications are likely to happen much sooner, simply because the end-user technology is clean and simple – just plug a methanol cartridge into the fuel cell and away you go…More information can be found on the NEC website at .。
界面电化学
10 电化学动力学，吴浩青，李永舫， 1998，高等教育出版 社
11 生命科学中的电分析化学， 彭图治，杨丽菊 编著, 1999 12 电极过程动力学导论， 查全性， 1976(1987 2nd Edition) 13 电化学研究方法， 田昭武， 1984 14 电化学测定方法， 腾岛 昭 等著， 陈震等译， 1995 15 电分析化学， 蒲国刚，袁倬斌，吴守国编著， 1993
Gouy, Chapman:
1905
Stern:
1924
Heyrovsky, Shikata:
Polarograph 1925 (1959 Nobel Prize
Winner).
J.Butler, M.Volmer: Butler-Volmer 公式1924-1930
P.Delahay, Gerischer, Frumkin, Levich, Baker et al: 1950s to 1960s 发展了各种理论，研究方法等
（二）电极反应速率控制过程
ν d >> ν r
（三）中间过程
νd～νr
A. 扩散速率控制过程
电极
x=0
x
溶液
c
x
c + dc x + dx
线性扩散方向
电极表面液层中O的浓度是距离和时间的函数
O + ne ⇔ R
在时间t时(即电解开始t秒钟的时 候)，在一个无限短的时间间隔 dt内，扩散通过离电极表面x处 截面的摩尔数dNx,t与截面的面积A 和当时当地的浓度梯度成正比:
光伏行业英文词汇
太阳电池solar cell通常是指将太阳光能直接转换成电能的一种器件。
硅太阳电池silicon solar cell硅太阳电池是以硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell单晶硅太阳电池是以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池）amorphous silicon solar cell用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。
多晶硅太阳电池polycrystalline silicon solar cell多晶硅太阳电池是以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
聚光太阳电池组件photovoltaic concentrator module？系指组成聚光太阳电池，方阵的中间组合体，由聚光器、太阳电池、散热器、互连引线和壳体等组成。
电池温度cell temperature系指太阳电池中P-n结的温度。
太阳电池组件表面温度solar cell module surface temperature系指太阳电池组件背表面的温度。
大气质量（AM）Air Mass (AM)直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。
太阳高度角solar太阳高度角solar elevation angle太阳光线与观测点处水平面的夹角，称为该观测点的太阳高度角。
辐照度irradiance系指照射到单位表面积上的辐射功率（W/m2）。
总辐照（总的太阳辐照）total irradiation (total insolation)在一段规定的时间内，（根据具体情况而定为每小时，每天、每周、每月、每年）照射到某个倾斜表面的单位面积上的太阳辐照。
直射辐照度direct irradiance照射到单位面积上的，来自太阳圆盘及其周围对照射点所张的圆锥半顶角为8o的天空辐射功率。
化学英文 Making Electricity
copper(II)sulphate solution
Displacement reactions.
When a piece of magnesium metal is added to a solution of copper(II)sulphate, the blue colour of the solution fades and the magnesium is covered with a brown solid.
Mg2+
Electrons given to H ions
+
2e
Mg
2H+
+
2e
H2
End with H molecules
H ions gain electrons to form H atoms
Metals above hydrogen in the electrochemical series react with dilute acids to produce hydrogen gas. Metals below hydrogen do not react with dilute acids.
Mg 2+ Cu2+
+
Mg 2e 2+ 2e
+
2e Mg Cu
+
Electricity can be produced by connecting two different metals in solutions of their metal ions.
e-
Copper
A
e-
Ion bridge/salt bridge
地质专业英语词汇(E
地质专业英语词汇(E地质专业英语词汇(E-F)地质专业英语词汇(E-F)e type structural system 山字型构造体系eagle stone 钤石eakleite 硬硅钙石earth 地球;大地earth auger 钻土机earth axis 地轴earth connection 接地earth current 大地电流earth detector 接地指示器earth ellipsoid 地球椭球earth fall 土崩earth interior 地球内部earth layer 土层earth magenetic field 地磁场earth magnetism 地磁earth pillar 土柱earth potential 地电位earth pressure 土压力earth resistance 大地电阻earth resource technology satellite 地球资源枝术卫星earth satellite 地球卫星earth science 地球科学earth surface 地面earth thermometer 地温表earth tide 地潮earth vortex 地旋涡earth's axis 地轴earth's core 地心earth's crust 地壳earth's mantle 地幔earth's spheroid 地球椭圆体earthing resistance 接地电阻earthquake 地震earthquake fault 地震断层earthquake focus 地震震源earthquake generating stress 地震发生应力earthquake intensity 地震强度earthquake intensity scale 地震强度分级earthquake magnitude 震级earthquake mechanism 震源机构earthquake observation by mobile station 移动地震观测earthquake prediction 地震预报earthquake proof construction 抗震建筑earthquake region 震区earthquake sound 震声earthquake vibration 地震振动earthquake zone 地震带earthwork 挖土easer 辅助炮眼east longitude 东经east pacific rise geothermal belt 东太平洋中脊地热带eastonite 富镁黑云母eboulement 崩塌酌eccentric well 偏心钻井eccentricity 偏心率ecesis 定居echellite 白沸石echelon faults 阶状断层echelon folds 阶状褶皱echelon like veins 斜列式矿脉echelon structure 雁行式构造echelon tension joint 雁行式张节理echelon veins 雁行矿脉echo 回波echo sounding 回声测深eckermannite 氟镁钠闪石eclogite 榴辉岩eclogite facies 榴辉岩相ecological factor 生态因素ecological series 生态系列ecology 生态学economic geography 经济地理economic geology 经济地质学ecostratigraphic unit 生态地层单位ecostratigraphy 生态地层学ecosystem 生态系ecotope 生态环境ecotype 生态型ectoblast 外胚层ectoderm 外胚层ectoproctous polyzoa 苔藓动物ectosarc 外质eddy diffusion 涡动扩散eddy friction 涡动摩擦eddy motion 涡动edge 边缘edge water 边水edingtonite 钡沸石edisonite 斜方金红石editycle 小旋回edolite 长云角页岩edwardsite 独居石effective diameter 有效直径effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷effective permeability 有效渗透率effective porosity 有效孔隙度effective precipitation 有效降水量effective radiation 有效辐射effervescence 泡沸efflorescence 粉化effluent 瘤effluent cave 出水洞effluent stream 潜水补给河effusion 溢出effusive rock 喷发岩egg shell 卵壳eggonite 水磷铝石eglestonite 氯汞矿eh ph diagram eh ph 图表ehrwaldite 二辉石岩eif 艾斐尔阶eifelian 艾斐尔阶einsteinium 锿ejection 喷出ejection of slime 泥喷出ekerite 钠闪花岗岩ekmannite 锰叶泥石elaeite 叶绿矾elaeolite 脂光石elastic aftereffect 弹性后效elastic afterworking 弹性后效elastic deformation 弹性形变elastic limit 弹性极限elastic properties 弹性elastic wave 弹性波elasticity 弹性elastodynamics 弹性动力学elastoviscous flow 弹粘性怜elater 弹丝elaterite 弹性沥青elbaite 锂电气石electric charge distribution 电荷分布electric conductivity 导电度electric double layer 双电层electric drill 电钻electric hoist 电力提升机electric lateral curve log 横向测井electrical exploration 电法勘探electrical logging 电法测井electrical prospecting 电法勘探electrical resistance thermometer 电阻温度计electrical resistivity 电阻率electro chemical gaging 电化的测定electrochemical affinity 电化亲合势electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical oxidation 电化氧化electrochemical potential 电化势electrochemical reduction 电化还原electrochemical series 电化序electrochemistry 电化学electrode 电极electrode separation 电极间距electrode spacing 电极间距electrodialysis 电透析electrofiltration 电滤electrokinetic effect 动电学效应electrokinetic potential 动电学电位electrolyte 电解液electrolytic capacitor 电解电容器electrolytic dissociation 电离electromagnetic field 电磁场electromagnetic induction method 电磁感应法electromagnetic method 电磁法electromagnetic seismometer 电磁式地震检波器electrometallurgy 电冶金electron absorption 电子吸附electron affinity 电子亲合势electron detachment 电子脱离electron diffraction camera 电子衍射仪electron microscope 电子显微镜electron migration 电子迁移electron multiplier 电子倍增器electron pair bond 电子对键electron probe microanalyser 电子探针显微分析器electron tube 电子管electron volt 电子伏特electronegative atom 阴电原子electronegative element 阴电性元素electronegative gas 负电性气体electronegativity 电负性electroneutrality 电中性electronic counter 电子计数管electronic ionizaton 电子电离electronic lens 电子透镜electrophilic reactivity 亲电子反应性electrophoresis 电泳electrophoresis apparatus 电泳器electropositive atom 阳原子electropositive element 阳电性元素electrostatic precipitation 静电沉积electrostatic separation 静电分离electrovalence 电价electrovalent bond 电价键electrum 银金矿element 元素elemental structural type 元素性构造型式elementary 初步的elementary fossil 分子化石elements of iron group 铁族元素elements of platine group 铂族元素elements of symmetry 对称要素eleolite syenite 脂光正长岩elevated ral reef 升露珊焊elevated shore 上升海岸elevation 隆起elevation crater 上升火山口elevation head 位势水头elevation theory of volcano 火山隆起说elimination 排出ellipsoid 椭圆体ellipsoid of revolution 回转椭面ellipsoidal structure 椭球形构造elliptic 椭圆形的elliptical 椭圆形的ellipticity 椭圆率ellsworthite 钙铌水石elongated 引伸的elongation 伸长elpasolite 钾冰晶石elpidite 钠锆石elutriation 水析elutriation method 水析法eluvial deposit 残余沉积物eluvial horizon 淋溶层eluvial ore deposit 残积矿床eluvial placer 残积矿床eluviation 淋滤酌eluvium 残积层elytron 翅鞘eman 爱曼emanate 分离emanation 射气酌emanation survey 射气测量emanometer 射气测量仪embankment 堤坝embayed coast 湾形海岸embayment 弯入embolite 氯溴银矿embouchure 河口embryogenesis 胚发生embryogeny 胚发生embryonic geosyncline 萌地槽embryonic platform 萌地台embryonic volcano 雏火山emendation 订正emerald 祖母绿emergence 上升emergence angle 出射角emery 刚砂emission 发射emission spectrum 发射光谱emissivity 发射率emitter 发射体emmonite 钙菱锶矿emmonsite 绿铁碲矿emperor seamounts 北潍平洋海岭emplacement 侵位emplectite 硫铜铋矿emscherian stage 埃穆什尔阶emulsion 乳浊液emulsion structure 乳浊液emulsoid 乳胶体en echelon 雁列式的enalite 水硅钍铀矿enamel 珐琅质enantiomorph 左石形enantiomorphic hemihedry 左右半面象enantiotropy 互变性enargite 硫砷铜矿enceladite 硼镁钛矿enclosed sea 内海encrinite limestone 海百合灰岩encroachment 入侵encrustation 结壳end 工祖end effect 末端效应end member 端员end moraine 尾碛end peneplain 终期准平原end till 尾碛endemic cretinism 地方性克汀病endemic disease 地方病endemic fluorosis 地方性氟中毒endemic goitre 地方性甲状腺肿endemism 特有现象endless rope haulage 元极绳运输endlichite 砷钒铅矿endoblast 内胚层endogenetic 内成的endogenetic agent 内营力endogenetic rock 内生岩endogenic agency 内成酌endogenic deposit 内成矿床endogenic energy 内能endogenic process 内成酌endogenous 内成的endogenous enclosure 内生包体endogenous uranium ore 内生铀矿endokinetic joint 内因节理endomorphism 内变质酌endopodite 内肢endoskeleton 内骨胳endospore 内生孢子endosporium 内生孢子endothermal deposit 内生热水矿床endothermic compound 吸热化合物endothermic reaction 吸热反应endurance 持久度energy absorption 能量吸收energy alternation 能量交换energy balance 能量平衡energy band 能带energy barrier 能障energy conservation 能量守恒energy density 能量密度energy dissipation 能量散布energy distribution 能量分布energy exchange 能量交换energy grade line 能量均衡线energy interchange 能量交换energy level 能级energy level diagram 能级图energy level spacing 能级间距energy level spectrum 能级谱energy line 能量线energy metabolism 能量代谢energy of adsorption 吸附能energy state 能态energy transfer 能量传输engineering geology 工程地质学engineering geomorphology 工程地貌学englacial moraine 内碛englishite 水磷钾石enrichment 富集enstatite 顽火辉石enstenite 斜方辉石enthalpy 焓entoblast 内胚层entomology 昆虫学entomophilous plants 虫媒植物entrance capacity 进入容量entrenched meander 嵌入曲流深切河湾entropy 平均信息量;熵entropy of activation 活化熵entropy of solution 溶液熵entropy of surface 表面熵envelope 包络层enveloping surface of folds 褶皱包络面environgeology 环境地质学environment 环境environmental biogeochemistry 环境生物地球化学environmental complex 生境综合environmental conditions 环境条件environmental engineering geology 环境工程地质学environmental factor 环境因子environmental geochemistry 环境地球化学environmental geology 环境地质学environmental hydrogeologic survey 环境水文地质甸environmental hydrogeology 环境水文地质学environmental mineralogy 环境矿物学environmental oceanography 环境海洋学environmental remote sensing 环境遥感environmental soil science 环境土壤学enzyme reaction 酶反应eocambrian 始寒武纪eocene 始新统eogene 早第三纪eolation 风蚀eolian deposit 风积eolian rock 风成岩eolianite 风成岩eon 宙eosphorite 磷铝锰矿eozoic 始生代eozoon 始生物eozoonal 原始虫状的epeiric sea 大陆海epeirocraton 陆缘克拉通epeirogenesis 造陆酌epeirogenic 造陆的epeirogeny 造陆酌epeirophoresis 大陆移动ephemeral stream 季节性河流epibiotic species 残遗种epiboulangerite 过硫锑铅矿epicenter 震中epicentral area 震中区epicentral distance 震中距epicentral region 震中区epichlorite 次绿泥石epiclastic conglomerate 外力碎屑砾岩epicontinental geosyncline 陆缘地槽epicontinental sea 陆缘海epidermal fold 表皮褶皱epidermis 外皮epidesmine 红辉沸石epidiabase 变辉绿岩epididymite 斜板晶石epidiorite 变闪长岩epidosite 绿帘石岩epidote 绿帘石epidote amphibolite facies 绿帘石闪石岩相epidotite 绿帘石岩epidotization 绿帘石化epieugeosyncline 次生地槽epifauna 底生动物epigene 后成的epigenesis 后成epigenetic 后成的epigenetic anomalies 后生异常epigenetic concretion 后成结核epigenetic deposit 后成矿床epigenetic washout 后生冲刷epigenite 砷硫铜铁矿epiglaubite 钙磷石epimagma 后期岩浆残液epimetamorphism 浅变质酌epimigmatization 后生混合酌epipelagic 光合酌带的epiphanite 富铁泥石epirock 浅带变质岩epirogenesis 造陆酌epirogenetic regenerated deposit 后成再生矿床epirogenic movements 造陆运动episode 幕epispore 孢表壁episporium 孢表壁epistilbite 柱沸石epitaxy 取向生长epithelium 上皮epithermal deposit 浅成热液矿床epithermal gold deposit 浅成低温热液金矿床epizone 浅带epoch 世epsilon type structural system 山字型构造体系epsomite 泻利盐equal angle projection 等角投影equal area projection 等积投影equalization 同等化equation of state 状态方程式equator 赤道equidistant projection 等距投影equigranular 等粒状的equilibrium coefficient 平衡系数equilibrium moisture content 平衡湿量equilibrium state 平衡状态equipluve 等降水量线equipotential line 等势线equipotential surface 等势面equivalent 当量equivalent barotropic model 相当正压模式equivalent bond 共价键equivalent concentration 规定液度equivalent layer 同位层equivalent per million 百万分之当量equivalent potential temperature 等效势温equivalent resistivity 等效电阻率era 代erbium 铒eremacausis 腐败eremeyevite 硼铝石erg 尔格erikite 多水磷铯石erinite 翠砷铜矿erionite 毛沸石erodible 易蚀的erosion 侵蚀erosion base 侵蚀基面erosion plain 准平原erosion surface 侵蚀面erosion terrace 侵蚀阶地erosion thrust 侵蚀冲断层erosional coal accumulating basin 侵蚀聚煤盆地erosional lake 侵蚀湖erosional process 侵蚀过程erosional unconformity 侵蚀不整合erosional valley 侵蚀谷erosiveness 侵蚀性erratic 漂砾的erratic block 巨漂砾erratic boulder 漂砾erratics 漂砾error 误差ersbyite 钙柱石eruption 喷发eruption symptom 火山喷发前兆eruptive 火成的eruptive breccia 火成角砾岩eruptive rock 喷发岩erythrine 钴华erythrite 钴华erythrosiderite 红钾铁盐erythrozincite 锰纤锌矿escarpment 丘eschynite 易解石esker 蛇形丘esmeraldaite 多英白云母岩espichellite 橄闪斑岩essential ejecta 同源喷出物essential mineral 知矿物essexite 厄塞岩essonite 钙铝榴石establish 建立esterellite 英微闪长岩estimation of geothermal field's reserve 地热田储量估算estuarine delta 三角湾状三角洲estuarine deposit 海湾沉积estuarine lake 河口湖estuary 河口湾estuary coast 三角湾海岸estuary deposit 河口湾沉积etched figure 蚀象ethane 乙烷ethmolite 漏斗岩盘ethologo paleontology 古生态学ettringite 钙矾石eucairite 硒铜银矿euchroite 翠砷铜矿euclase 蓝柱石eucolite 负异性石eucrite 倍长辉长岩eucryptite 锂霞石eudialyte 异性石eudidymite 双晶石eugeosyncline 活动正地槽eugranitic 花岗岩状的euktolite 橄金斑岩eulysite 榴辉铁橄岩eulytine 硅铋石eulytite 硅铋石euosmite 水脂石eupelagic 远洋的euphotic zone 光亮带euphyllite 钠钾云母euplankton 全浮游生物euporphyric 全斑状的eurasian plate 欧亚板块eurite 霏细岩euritic 硅长岩质的europium 铕eurybathyal 广深性的eurybiontic 广生性eurycheme 广温性eurythermal 广温性eustachian tube 咽鼓管eustasy 海面升降eustatic movement 海面升降运动eustatism 海面升降eustele 直中柱eutaxic 条纹斑状eutaxitic 条纹斑状eutectic 低共熔混合物eutectic line 共晶线eutectic mixture 共晶混合物eutectic plates 共晶面eutectic point 共晶点eutectic reaction 共晶反应eutectic structure 共晶结构eutectic temperature 共熔温度eutectite 共结岩eutectoid 共析的;共结晶eutectoid composition 共析成分eutectophyric 共结斑状的eutrophic lake 滋育湖euutectic crystallization 共晶结晶酌euxenite 黑稀金矿evaluation map 估价图evansite 核磷铝石evaporate 蒸发盐evaporation 蒸发evaporation discharge 蒸发量evaporation loss 蒸发损失evaporation pan 蒸发皿evaporation reduction 蒸发减少evaporation suppression 蒸发抑制evaporativity 蒸发度evaporimeter 蒸发表evaporimeter atmometer 蒸发表evaporite 蒸发的evaporite deposit 蒸发沉积矿床evaporite rocks 蒸发岩evapotranspiration 蒸散even fracture 平坦断口even odd 偶数奇数的even odd nucleus 偶奇核event 事件everfrost 多年冻土evergreen 常绿的evergreen plants 常绿植物evergreenite 硫英硷正长岩everlasting 永久的evolution 进化evolution theory 进化论evolutional history 月球演化史example 标本excavate 挖掘excavation 发掘excess components 过剩成分excess load 过负荷exchange acidity 交换酸度exchange capacity 交换容量exchange coupling 交换耦合exchange energy 交换能exchange reaction 交换反应excitation 激发excitation energy 激发能excitation potential 激发电位excite 激发exclusion principle 不相容原理excreta 排泄物excretion 分泌exemplar 标本exfoliation 鳞剥exfoliation joint 页状剥落节理exhalation 喷气exhalation deposit 喷气矿床exhalative sedimentary deposit 喷气沉积矿床exhaust 排干exhausted soil 瘦土exhausted well 枯竭井exhaustion of groundwater resources 地下水源枯竭exhumation 发掘exine 外膜exinite 壳质煤exite 外叶exocrine 外分泌的exocrine gland 外分泌腺exocuticle 外角皮exocuticula 外角皮exoderm 外皮exodermis 外皮exodiagenesis 表生成岩酌exogenetic 外生的exogenetic rock 外生岩exogenic 外生的exogenous ejecta 外成喷出物exogenous process 外部营力exogeology 外空地质学exogeosyncline 外枝准地槽exokinetic joint 外因节理exomigmatization 外成混合岩化exomorphism 外变质酌exopodite 外肢exosphere 外逸层exospore 孢子外壁exosporium 外膜exothermic compound 放热化合物exotic plant 外来植物expansion 膨胀expansion coefficient 膨胀系数expansion fissure 膨胀裂缝expansion fold 膨胀褶皱expansion joint 膨胀节理expansion of gases 气体膨胀expansion of liquids 液体膨胀expansion of solids 固体膨胀expansion theory 膨胀说expansion thrust 膨胀冲断层expectation 期望值expected value 期望值experiment by photoelastic method 光弹性实验experimental geomorphology 实验地貌学exploitation 开发exploration 勘探exploration drilling 勘探钻井exploration engineering 勘探工程exploration of the groundwater 地下水勘察exploratory boring 钻探exploratory drilling 勘探钻井exploratory shaft 探井exploratory trench 探槽exploratory well 探井explore 勘探exploring 勘探工作exploring mine 勘探矿井exploring opening 勘探巷道explosion breccia 爆发角砾岩explosion caldera 爆裂巨火口explosion crater 爆裂火口explosive 炸药explosive index 爆破指数exposure 暴露exposure age 暴露年岭exposure meter 露光计exposure site 露头位置expulsion 排驱酌exsolution 出溶酌exsolution structure 固溶体分解结构extension 延长extension fracture 延长断裂extension joint 延长节理external 外部的external agency 外部营力external diameter 外径external gill 外鳃external loads 外加负载external magnetic field 外部磁场external projection 外心投影external rotation 外回转external volcanism 外部火山酌extinct nuclide 衰减核素extinct volcano 死火山extinction 衰减extinction angle 消光角extinction position 消光位置extinction rule 消光规则extract 提取extraction 提取extraction rate 回采率extraordinary light 非常光线extrapolation 外推法extruded sheet 喷出岩席extrusion 喷出extrusive rock 溢烈exudation deposit 分凝矿床eye survey 目测eyed structure 眼状构造f test f 检验fabric 构造fabric analysis of rock 岩石组构解析fabric domain 组构域fabric element 组构要素face 面;工祖face centered lattice 面心点阵facet eye 复眼faceted pebble 棱石faceted spur 截切山嘴facetted peneplation 交切准平原facial sutures 面线facies 相facies analysis 相分析facies angle 相角facies change 相的变化facies fossil 指相化石facies index 指相化石facies map 相图facies series 相系factor analysis 因子分析fahlband 矿带fahlore 铜矿fahlunite 褐堇青石failure 破坏fairfieldite 磷钙锰石falcate 镰状的falciform 镰状的fall line 瀑布线falling ball viscosimeter 落球粘度计falling off of drill string 跑钻false bedding 假层理false cleavage 假劈理false roof 伪顶faluns 砂质泥灰岩famatinite 脆硫锑铜矿famennian stage 法门阶family 科family of curves 曲线族fan 扇状地fan cleavage 扇状劈理fan delta 扇形三角洲fan fold 扇状褶皱fan shaped 扇形的fan shooting 扇形排列法地震勘探fanglomerate 扇积砾faratsihite 黄高岭石farrisite 闪辉黄煌岩fasibitikite 负异钠花岗岩fasinite 辉霞岩fat cell 脂细胞fat coal 肥煤fathometer 测深仪fatigue 疲劳fatty acid 脂肪酸faujasite 八面沸石fault 断层fault amplitude 垂直断距fault associated with earthquake 地震断层fault basin 断层盆地fault bench 断层阶地fault block 断块fault block reservoirs 断块油气藏fault block tectonism 块断构造酌fault breccia 断层角砾岩fault coal 劣质煤fault creep 断层蠕动fault displacement 断层位移fault effect 断层效应fault escarpment 断层崖fault facet 断层三角面fault fissure 断层裂缝fault fold 断层褶皱fault gouge 断层泥fault graben 地堑fault ledge 断层崖fault line 断层线fault line scarp 断层线崖fault line valley 断层线谷fault mountain 断层山fault plane 断面fault screened reservoir 断层遮挡油气藏fault surface 断面fault terrace 断层阶地fault trap 断层圈闭fault trough 断层槽fault valley 断层谷fault warp 坳块fault zone 断裂带fauna 动物群faunal remains 动物残余faunule 小动物群fayalite 铁橄集feather 羽饰斑feather tension joints 羽状张节理featherlike drainage pattern 羽毛状水系feathery structure 羽状构造fedorovite 霓透辉石feeding device 加料装置feldspar 长石feldspathoid 似长石felsic magmatism 长英岩浆酌felsic rock 长英质岩felsite 霏细岩felsitic 硅长岩质的felsitic texture 霏细构造felsobanyite 斜方矾石felsophyre 霏细斑岩felty 针状的femic mineral 铁镁质矿物fen 沼泽fen peat 低位泥炭fenite 长霓岩fenster 格状的ferberite 钨铁矿ferghanite 磷矾铀矿fergusite 假白榴等色岩fergusonite 褐钇铌矿fermentation 发酵fermium 镄fermorite 锶磷灰石fernandinite 纤钒钙石ferns 蕨类ferri halloysite 多水铁高岭土ferric oxide 氧化铁ferric sulfide 硫化铁ferrierite 镁碱沸石ferrimolybdite 铁钼华ferrimontmorillonite 高铁蒙脱石ferrisymplesite 纤维砷铁矿ferrite 自然铁ferrite zone 自然铁带ferrithorite 高铁方钍石ferritungstite 高铁钨华ferrocalcite 铁方解石ferrocobaltine 铁辉钴矿ferrocyanide 亚铁氧化物ferrodolomite 铁白云石ferromagnesian component 铁镁组分ferromagnesian mineral 铁镁矿物ferromagnetic 强磁性的ferromagnetic element 铁磁性元素ferromagnetic material 铁磁性材料ferromagnetism 铁磁性ferromangandolomite 低铁锰白云石ferronatrite 针钠铁矾ferroplumbite 磁铅铁矿ferrosilite 斜铁辉石ferrouranothorite 铁铀钍石ferrous metal 黑色金属ferrous sulfide 硫化亚铁ferruginous 含铁的fersmanite 硅钠铌石fersmite 铌钙矿fertile 肥沃的fervanite 水钒铁矿festoon islands 花彩列岛fiber 纤维fibroblastic texture 纤维变晶构造fibroferrite 纤铁矾fibrous 纤维质的fibrous parallel 平行纤维状的;平行纡维状的fibrovascular bundle 维管束ficinite 柴苏辉石fidelity 保真性fiedlerite 水氯铝石field book 野外纪录簿field capacity 土壤毛细含水量field carrying capacity 土壤毛细含水量field check 野外检验field geology 野外地质学field of view 视场field survey 野外测量field work 野外工作现场工作fiery seam 瓦斯煤层filiform 丝状的filiform texture 丝状结构fill 淤积fill terrace 填充阶地filler 填充物fillowite 锰磷矿film 薄膜film water 薄膜水filter 过滤机filter cake 泥饼filter paper 滤纸filtrate 滤液filtration 过滤filtration spring 渗出泉filtration velocity 过滤速度fin ray 条finder 检影器fine coal 细粉煤fine earth 细土fine grain development 微粒显像fine grained sand 细粒砂fine grained texture 细粒结构fine gravel 细砾fine ore 细矿fine porosity 小气孔性fine sand 细砂fine soil 细粒土壤fine structure 精细结构fine texture 细密结构finely porous 细孔质的fines 细粉煤finger veined 掌状脉的finnemanite 砷氯铅矿fiord 峡湾fiorite 硅华fire clay 耐火粘土fire point 坩埚fire pot 坩埚fire refining 火法精炼fire resistance 耐火性firing 点火firn 万年雪fischerite 水磷铝石fishing reef 鱼礁fishtail bit 鱼尾钻头fissile material 可裂变物质fissility 可劈性fission 分裂fission product 核分裂产物fission track method 裂变轨迹年代测定法fissure 裂缝fissure eruption 裂缝喷发;裂缝喷溢fissure of retreat 收缩裂缝fissure spring 裂缝泉fissure volcano 裂隙式火山fissure water 裂隙水fissure zone 裂隙带fixation 固定fixed ash 固定灰分fixed bitumen 束缚沥fixed boundary 固定边界fixed carbon 固定碳fixed drilling platform 固定式钻探平台fixed load 定负载fixed point 固定点fjeld 冰蚀高原fjord 峡湾flabellate 扇形的flabelliform 扇形的flagellates 鞭毛虫类flagellum 鞭毛flake 鳞flaky graphite 鳞片状石墨flaky texture 鳞片状结构flamboyant structure 火焰构造flame assay 火焰试验flame coal 焰煤flame jet drilling 火焰喷出钻井flame like 焰状的flame photometry 火焰光谱法flame reaction 焰色反应flame safety lamp 火焰安全灯flame spectrophotometry 火焰分光光度测定flamy structure 火焰构造flank 翼flank eruption 山侧喷发flank moraine 侧碛石flaser 压扁状的flaser structure 压扁构造flash 闪光flash flood 暴洪flash roaster 悬浮焙烧炉flash spectrum 闪光光谱flat seam 平矿层flat topped fold 箱状褶皱flat wall 下盘flattening 压扁酌flattening plane 压扁面flaw 横推断层flexible hose 软管flexible joint 柔性接头flexural fold 弯曲褶皱flexure 单斜绕褶flexure fault 挠曲断层flexure scarp 弯曲悬崖flinkite 褐水砷锰矿flint 燧石float 转石float gage 浮标floating drilling barge 钻探浮船floating drilling rig 浮动式钻探装置floating island 浮岛floating pan 浮式蒸发仪flocculation 絮凝floe ice 漂冰floeberg 冰山floitite 帘片状岩flood and ebb 潮汐flood area 浸水地flood bassin 泛滥地flood bed 泛滥地flood crest 洪水最高顶flood current 涨潮流flood discharge 洪水量flood plain 泛滥平原flood plain deposit 泛滥平原沉积flood routing 洪水推测flood water 洪水flood zone 泛滥带floodcontrol 防洪flooding 泛滥flooding method 洪水法floodway 排水渠floor 底盘floor of coal seam 煤层底板flora 植物群florencite 磷铝铈石floristic region 植物区flotation 浮选flotation concentrate 浮选精矿flotation process 浮选法flotation tailings 浮选尾矿flow 流量;涨潮flow cleavage 咙理flow duration curve 量历时曲线flow fold 赁皱flow line 吝flow mass curve 量累积曲线flow of ground water 地下水流flow rate 临flow regime 连flow structure 怜结构flow test 怜试验flow till 运动冰碛flowage 怜flowering plants 显花植物flowers of sulfur 硫华flowing artesian well 自喷井flowing pressure 动水压力flowing water 廉flowmeter 量计flowsheet 撂图flowsheet of mill 选矿撂图fluctuation 起伏fluid 铃fluid inclusion 液体包体fluid inclusion geothermometer 液包体地质温度计fluid phase 拎fluidal 疗状的fluidal structure 怜结构fluidity 怜性flume 沟底川fluoborite 氟硼镁石fluocerite 氟铈矿fluorescence 荧光fluorescence microscope 荧光显微镜fluorescent bitument 荧光沥青fluorescent screen 荧光屏fluorescent x ray analysis 荧光x 线分析fluoridation 加氟酌fluorimeter 荧光计fluorine 氟fluorine dating 氟年代测定法fluorine metasomatism 氟素交代酌fluorite 萤石fluorography 荧光照相术fluorometer 荧光计fluosolid roaster 沸腾焙烧炉flush drilling 环陵井flushed zone 冲洗带flushing 湿法充填flushing fluid 冲洗液fluvial deposit 河成沉积fluvial erosion 河蚀fluvial geomorphology 河霖貌学fluvial landform 河成地貌fluvial process of rivers 河霖质酌fluvial type 河拎型。
材料专业常用术语英语单词表
Unit 1property （材料的）性质heat treatment 热处理metal 金属glass 玻璃plastics 塑料fiber 纤维electronic devices 电子器件component 组元，组分semiconducting materials 半导体材料materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程materials science 材料科学materials engineering 材料工程materials scientist 材料科学家materials engineer 材料工程师synthesize 合成synthesissyntheticsubatomic structure 亚原子结构electron 电子atom 原子nuclei 原子核nucleusmolecule 分子microscopic 微观的microscope 显微镜naked eye 裸眼macroscopic 宏观的specimen 试样deformation 变形polished 抛光的reflect 反射magnitude 量级solid materials 固体材料mechanical properties 力学性质load 载荷force 力elastic modulus 弹性模量strength 强度electrical properties 电学性质electrical conductivity 导电性dielectric constant 介电常数electric field 电场thermal behavior 热学行为heat capacity 热容thermal conductivity 热传导（导热性）magnetic properties 磁学性质magnetic field 磁场optical properties 光学性质electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射light radiation 光辐射index of refraction 折射率reflectivity 反射率deteriorative characteristics 劣化特性processing 加工performance 性能linear 线性的integrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片strength 强度ductility 延展性deterioration 恶化，劣化mechanical strength 机械强度elevated temperature 高温corrosive 腐蚀性的fabrication 制造Unit 2chemical makeup 化学组成atomic structure 原子结构advanced materials 先进材料high-technology 高技术smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米工程材料metallic materials 金属材料nonlocalized electrons 游离电子conductor 导体electricity 电heat 热transparent 透明的visible light 可见光polished 抛光的surface 表面lustrous 有光泽的aluminum 铝silicon 硅alumina 氧化铝silica 二氧化硅oxide 氧化物carbide 碳化物nitride 氮化物dioxide 二氧化物clay minerals 黏土矿物porcelain 瓷器cement 水泥mechanical behavior 力学行为ceramic materials 陶瓷材料stiffness 劲度strength 强度hard 坚硬brittle 脆的fracture 破裂insulative 绝缘的resistant 耐……的resistance 耐力，阻力，电阻molecular structures 分子结构chain-like 链状backbone 骨架carbon atoms 碳原子low densities 低密度mechanical characteristics 力学特性inert 隋性synthetic （人工）合成的fiberglass 玻璃纤维polymeric 聚合物的epoxy 环氧树脂polyester 聚酯纤维carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite 碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料glass fiber-reinforced materials 玻璃纤维增强材料high-strength, low-density structural materials 高强度低密度结构材料solar cell 太阳能电池hydrogen fuel cell 氢燃料电池catalyst 催化剂nonrenewable resource 不可再生资源Unit 3periodic table （元素）周期表atomic structure 原子结构magnetic 磁学的optical 光学的microstructure 微观结构macrostructure 宏观结构positively charged nucleus 带正电的原子核atomic number 原子序数proton 质子atomic weight 原子量neutron 中子negatively charged electrons 带负电的电子shell 壳层magnesium 镁chemical bonds 化学键partially-filled electron shells 未满电子壳层bond 成键metallic bond 金属键nonmetal atoms 非金属原子covalent bond 共价键ionic bond 离子键Unit 4physical properties 物理性质chemical properties 化学性质flammability 易燃性corrosion 腐蚀oxidation 氧化oxidation resistance 抗氧化性vapor (vapour) 蒸汽，蒸气，汽melt 熔化solidify 凝固vaporize 汽化，蒸发condense 凝聚sublime 升华state 态plasma 等离子体phase transformation temperatures 相变温度density 密度specific gravity 比重thermal conductivity 热导linear coefficient of thermal expansion 线性热膨胀系数electrical conductivity and resistivity 电导和电阻corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性magnetic permeability 磁导率phase transformations 相变phase transitions 相变crystal forms 晶型melting point 熔点boiling point 沸腾点vapor pressure 蒸气压atm 大气压glass transition temperature 玻璃化转变温度mass 质量volume 体积per unit of volume 每单位体积the acceleration of gravity 重力加速度temperature dependent 随温度而变的，与温度有关的grams/cubic centimeter 克每立方厘米kilograms/cubic meter 千克每立方米grams/milliliter 克每毫升grams/liter 克每升pounds per cubic inch 磅每立方英寸pounds per cubic foot 磅每立方英尺alcohol 酒精benzene 苯magnetize 磁化magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic field intensity 磁场强度constant 常数vacuum 真空magnetic flux density 磁通密度diamagnetic 反磁性的factor 因数paramagnetic 顺磁性的ferromagnetic 铁磁性的non-ferrous metals 非铁金属，有色金属brass 黄铜ferrous 含铁的ferrous metals 含铁金属，黑色金属relative permeability 相对磁导率transformer 变压器，变换器eddy current probe 涡流探针Unit 5hardness 硬度impact resistance 耐冲击性fracture toughness 断裂韧度，断裂韧性structural materials 结构材料anisotropic 各向异性orientation 取向texture 织构fiber reinforcement 纤维增强longitudinal 纵向transverse direction 横向short transverse direction 短横向a function of temperature 温度的函数，温度条件room temperature 室温elongation 伸长率tension 张力，拉力compression 压缩bending 弯曲shear 剪切torsion 扭转static loading 静负荷dynamic loading 动态载荷cyclic loading 循环载荷，周期载荷cross-sectional area 横截面stress 应力stress distribution 应力分布strain 应变engineering strain 工程应变perpendicular 垂直normal axis 垂直轴elastic deformation 弹性形变plastic deformation 塑性形变quality control 质量控制nondestructive tests 无损检测tensile property 抗张性能，拉伸性能Unit 6lattice 晶格positive ions 正离子a cloud of delocalized electrons 离域电子云ionization 电离，离子化metalloid 准金属，类金属nonmetal 非金属diagonal line 对角线polonium 钋semi-metal 半金属lower left 左下方upper right 右上方conduction band 导带valence band 价带electronic structure 电子结构synthetic materials （人工）合成材料oxygen 氧oxide 氧化物rust 生锈potassium 钾alkali metals 碱金属alkaline earth metals 碱土金属volatile 活泼的transition metals 过渡金属oxidize 氧化barrier layer 阻挡层basic 碱性的acidic 酸性的electrochemical series 电化序electrochemical cell 电化电池cleave 解理，劈开elemental 元素的，单质的metallic form 金属形态tightly-packed crystal lattice 密排晶格，密堆积晶格atomic radius 原子半径nuclear charge 核电荷number of bonding orbitals 成键轨道数overlap of orbital energies 轨道能重叠crystal form 晶型planes of atoms 原子面a gas of nearly free electrons 近自由电子气free electron model 自由电子模型an electron gas 电子气band structure 能带结构binding energy 键能positive potential 正势periodic potential 周期性势能band gap 能隙Brillouin zone 布里渊区nearly-free electron model 近自由电子模型solid solution 固溶体pure metals 纯金属duralumin 硬铝，杜拉铝Unit 9purification 提纯，净化raw materials 原材料discrete 离散的，分散的iodine 碘long-chain 长链alkane 烷烃，链烃oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物carbide 碳化物diamond 金刚石graphite 石墨inorganic 无机的mixed ionic-covalent bonding 离子—共价混合键constituent atoms 组成原子conduction mechanism 传导机制phonon 声子photon 光子sapphire 蓝宝石visible light 可见光computer-assisted process control 计算机辅助过程控制solid-oxide fuel cell 固体氧化物燃料电池spark plug insulator 火花塞绝缘材料capacitor 电容electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electron microscope 电子显微镜surface analytical methods 表面分析方法Unit 12macromolecule 高分子repeating structural units 重复结构单元covalent bond 共价键polymer chemistry 高分子化学polymer physics 高分子物理polymer science 高分子科学molecular structure 分子结构molecular weights 分子量long chains 长链chain-like structure 链状结构monomer 单体plastics 塑料rubbers 橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性vulcanized rubbers 硫化橡胶thermoplastic elastomer 热塑弹性体natural rubbers 天然橡胶synthetic rubbers 合成橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性resin 树脂polyethylene 聚乙烯polypropylene 聚丙烯polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polyvinyl-chloride 聚氯乙烯polyvinyl 聚乙烯的chloride 氯化物polyester 聚酯polyurethane 聚氨酯polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯nylon 尼龙acrylics 丙烯酸树脂acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ABS树脂polymerization 聚合（作用）condensation polymerization 缩聚addition polymerization 加聚homopolymer 均聚物copolymer 共聚物chemical modification 化学改性terminology 术语nomenclature 命名法chemist 化学家the Noble Prize in Chemistry 诺贝尔化学奖catalyst 催化剂atomic force microscope 原子力显微镜（AFM）Unit 15composite 复合材料multiphase 多相bulk phase 体相matrix 基体matrix material 基质材料reinforcement 增强体reinforcing phase 增强相reinforcing material 加强材料metal-matrix composite 金属基复合材料ceramic-matrix composite 陶瓷基复合材料resin-matrix composite 树脂基复合材料strengthening mechanism 增强机理dispersion strengthened composite 弥散强化复合材料particle reinforced composites 颗粒增强复合材料fiber-reinforced composites 纤维增强复合材料Unit 18nanotechnology 纳米技术nanostructured materials 纳米结构材料nanometer 纳米nanoscale 纳米尺度nanoparticle 纳米颗粒nanotube 纳米管nanowire 纳米线nanorod 纳米棒nanoonion 纳米葱nanobulb 纳米泡fullerene 富勒烯size parameters 尺寸参数size effect 尺寸效应critical length 临界长度mesoscopic 介观的quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum effects 量子效应surface area per unit mass 单位质量的表面积surface physics and chemistry 表面物理化学substrate 衬底，基底graphene 石墨烯chemical analysis 化学分析chemical composition 化学成分analytical techniques 分析技术scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道显微镜spatial resolution 空间分辨率de Brogile wavelength 德布罗意波长mean free path of electrons （电子）平均自由程quantum dot 量子点band gap 带隙continuous density of states 连续态密度discrete energy level 离散能级absorption 吸收infrared 红外ultraviolet 紫外visible 可见quantum confinement (effect) 量子限域效应quantum well 量子势阱optoelectronic device 光电子器件energy spectrum 能谱electron mean free path 电子平均自由程spin relaxation length 自旋弛豫长度Unit 21biomaterial 生物材料implant materials 植入材料biocompatibility 生物相容性in vivo 在活体内in vitro 在活体外organ transplant 器管移植calcium phosphate 磷酸钙hydroxyapatite 羟基磷灰石research and development 研发R&D Preparation & Characterizationprocessing techniques 加工技术casting 铸造rolling 轧制，压延welding 焊接ion implantation 离子注入thin-film deposition 薄膜沉积crystal growth 晶体生长sintering 烧结glassblowing 玻璃吹制analytical techniques 分析技术characterization techniques 表征技术electron microscopy 电子显微术X-ray diffraction X射线衍射calorimetry 量热法Rutherford backscattering 卢瑟福背散射neutron diffraction 中子衍射nuclear microscopy 核子微探针。
强大的电化学分析网址
强大的电化学分析网址1. Center for Electrochemical Science and Engineering, University of Virginia (弗吉尼亚大学电化学科学与工程中心CESE)/cese/2. Corrosion Laboratory, McMaster University (加拿大麦克马斯特大学腐蚀科学实验室) http://mse.eng.mcmaster.ca/resource/corrlab.htm3. Current Separations (免费,全文)/4. Electroanalysis (免费,摘要)http://www.wiley-vch.de/vch/journals/2049/index.html5. Electroanalytical Chemistry: A Series of Advances/servlet/product/productid/7608-9/sub?n...6. Electrochemistry Group, University of Liverpool (利物浦大学电化学研究组)/Electrochem.html7. Frontiers of Multifunctional Nanosystems （多功能纳米体系的前沿）http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/1-4020-0560-18. Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology (纳米科学、工程、技术手册) /shopping_cart/products/product_detai...9. Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications/servlet/product/productid/0604-810. Molecular Electronics (分子电子学)/books/nanosci/5194.html11. Reactions and Characterization of Solids (固体的反应与表征)/CFSLD/DisplayProduct.cfm?RefNo=180012. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (Monographs in Electroanalytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Series Volume: 8)/servlet/product/productid/0471-113. Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry (电分析化学学会SEAC)/index.html14. 澳大利亚皇家化学会：电化学分会/EDRACI/15. 澳大利亚新南威尔士大学：电分析、传感与化学计量学研究组.au/research/groups/esc/ESCgroup.htm16. 第10届电分析化学国际会议(ESEAC 2004)(2004-06-06)http://www.nuigalway.ie/eseac2004/17. 第九届国际电分析化学研讨会(2003-10-10)/isec/index.htm18. 电化学指南（以色列耶路撒冷希伯来大学）(免费)http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/electrochemical_tutorial...19. 国际电泳学会委员会(ICES)/ICES.html20. 加拿大曼尼托巴大学：Freund研究小组http://www.umanitoba.ca/chemistry/staff/freund/21. 美国北卡罗来纳州立大学化学系：Daniel L. Feldheim副教授的研究小组/chemistry/dlf.html22. 美国标准研究院化学科学与技术实验室的William F. Koch博士/bill.html23. 美国德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校第27任校长：Larry R. Faulkner教授/president/bio.html24. 美国德州A&M大学：微量化学系统集成研究中心/cims25. 美国华盛顿大学化学系：Frank 教授的研究小组/nlfrank/26. 美国华盛顿大学化学系：Norm Dovichi 教授的研究小组(生物化学分析) /dovichi/27. 美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校化学系：W. Ronald Fawcett教授的研究小组/groups/fawcett/28. 美国克莱姆森大学化学系：孙亚平教授的研究小组/ChemDocs/sungroup/research.html29. 美国肯塔基大学：分析光谱研究小组/default.html30. 美国塔夫脱大学：化学系/31. 美国特拉华大学：Evans教授电化学研究小组/dhevans/devans.htm32. 南京大学：陈洪渊院士/staff/staff.asp?iname=陈洪渊33. 牛津大学物理和理论化学实验室：Compton教授研究小组/~rgc/home.html34. 日本电泳学会(JES)http://proteome.tmig.or.jp/JES/index_body.html35. 日本高纯度化学研究所http://www1m.mesh.ne.jp/kojundo/e/index.htm36. 瑞士苏黎世大学：Pretsch研究组http://www.ceac.ethz.ch/pretsch/37. 厦门大学化学系：田昭武院士/person/zwtian/index.asp38. 印度电化学研究所(CECRI)/39. 英国巴斯大学化学系：Laurence Peter教授电化学研究小组/chemistry/peter/40. 英国皇家化学会：分析分会电分析组/lap/rsccom/dab/ana006.htm41. 英国皇家化学会：分析分会色谱和电泳组/lap/rsccom/dab/ana005.htm42. 英国曼彻斯特理工大学化学系：J. Philip Day 的研究小组/people/academic/jpd.html43. 英国南安普敦大学：固态电化学研究小组/~ssegroup/44. 英国南安普敦大学：化学学院/45. 英国南安普敦大学化学学院：Phil Bartlett教授/research/profiles/electrochem/ba...46. 英国南安普敦大学化学学院：电化学研究小组/research/profiles/electrochem/in...47. 中国医学科学院药物研究所：周同惠院士/yuanshi/body_zhouth.html48.《分析化学》编辑部/49.分析化学网/50.分析化学精品课件/lesson/fxhx。
电气专业名词中英对照表-4
electrochemical valve 电化阀 electrochemistry 电化学 electroculture 电气栽培 electrode 电极 electrode admittance 电极的导纳 electrode capacitance 极间电容 electrode characteristic 电极特性 electrode current 电极电流 electrode dark current 电极暗电流 electrode dissipation 电极耗散 electrode potential 电极电位 electrode reaction 电极反应 electrode resistance 电极电阻 electrode spacing 电极间距 electrode voltage 电极电压 electrodeless discharge 无电极放电 electrodeposition 电附着 electrodialysis 电渗析 electrodynamic 电动力的 electrodynamic ammeter 电动式安培计 electrodynamic analogy 电动模拟 electrodynamic force 电动力 electrodynamic instrument 电动系仪表 electrodynamic potential 电动势 electrodynamic relay 电动式继电器 electrodynamic voltmeter 电动式伏特计 electrodynamic wattmeter 电动式瓦特计 electrodynamics 电动力学 electrodynamometer 电动系仪表 electrodynamometry 电力测功法 electroencephalogram 脑电图 electroendosmose 电渗 electroextraction 电解抽出 electrofluid dynamic generation of electricity 电铃发电 electroforming 电铸 electrogalvanizing 电镀锌 electrograph 电记录器 electrographite brush 人造石墨电刷 electrograving 电蚀刻 electrogravure 电刻 electrohydraulic actuator 电动液压传动 electrohydraulic analogy 电液模拟 electrokinematics 电运动学 electrokinetic energy 动电能 electrokinetics 动电学 electrokinetograph 电动仪
腐蚀与防护术语中、英文名词对照
1、加速腐蚀试验accelerated corriosion test2、加速氧化accelerated oxidation3、酸洗acid cleaning4、酸洗清洁剂acid picking5、酸洗清洁剂acidic cleaner6、酸度acidity7、活化activity8、激化能activation energy9、活化极化activation polarization10、活化剂activator11、活性的，活化的active12、活化金属active metals13、活化-钝化电池active-passive cell14、活性区，活化区active zone15、活度activity16、优级海军黄铜admiralty brass17、充气aeration18、充气电池aeration cell19、嗜氧菌aerobic bacteria20、老化aging21、老化作用aging action22、大气污染air pollution23、周浸试验alternate immersion test24、厌氧菌anaerobic bacteria25、厌氧菌腐蚀anaerobic corrosion26、阴离子anion27、阳极anode28、阳极极化anodic polarization29、阳极电流密度anodic current density30、阳极氧化物膜anodic oxide coating31、阳极保护anodic protection32、阳极区电解质anolyte33、耐侯性低合金钢anti-weathering low alloy steel34、外加电位applied potential35、水溶液腐蚀aqueous corrosion36、人造海水artificial seawater37、大气暴露试验atmospheric exposure test38、大气腐蚀atmospheric corrosion39、奥氏体不锈钢austenitic stainless steel40、辅助电极auxiliary electrode41、细菌腐蚀bacteria corrosion42、贱金属base metal43、双金属腐蚀bimetallic corrosion44、甘汞电极calomel electrode45、甘汞电极电位calomel electrode potential46、碳化carburizing47、阴极cathode48、阴极保护cathodic protection49、阴极极化cathodic polarization50、阴极电流密度cathodic current density51、阴极电流效率cathodic current efficiency52、阴极区电解质catholyte53、阳离子cation54、碱脆caustic embrittlement55、空泡作用cavitation56、空泡腐蚀cavitation corrosion57、空泡损伤cavitation damage58、空泡磨蚀cavitation erosion59、电池cell60、渗镀，渗碳cementation61、化学清洗chemical cleaning62、化学转化涂层chemical conversion coating63、化学钝化chemical passivation64、化学镀chemical（electroless）plating65、铬酸盐处理（铬化）chromating66、清洗液cleaning solution67、浓差电池concentration cell68、接触腐蚀contact corrosion69、转换涂层conversion coating70、恒变形constant deflection71、恒载荷constant load72、腐蚀corrosion73、腐蚀-磨蚀corrosion-erosion74、腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue75、腐蚀电位corrosion potential76、腐蚀控制corrosion control77、腐蚀电流corrosion current78、腐蚀电流密度corrosion current density79、腐蚀疲劳开裂corrosion fatigue cracking80、腐蚀疲劳极限corrosion fatigue limit81、腐蚀产物corrosion product82、腐蚀速率corrosion rate83、腐蚀科学corrosion science84、腐蚀试验corrosion test85、腐蚀失重corrosion weight loss86、腐蚀增重corrosion weight gain87、电偶couple88、电偶作用couple action89、开裂cracking90、龟裂crazing91、缝隙腐蚀crevice corrosion92、临界阳极电流密度critical anodic current density93、临界浓度critical concentration94、临界湿度critical humidity95、晶体crystal96、辅助电极counter electrode97、电流密度current density98、去活化作用deactivation99、脱合金元素作用dealloying100、脱铝dealuminization101、去气deaeration102、缺陷defect103、脱脂degreasing104、去矿化物质demineralization105、去极化depolarization106、腐蚀深度depth of corrosion107、沉积物腐蚀deposit corrosion108、脱锌dezincification109、扩散diffusion110、扩散电位diffusion potential111、差异充气电池differential aeration cell112、极限扩散电流密度diffusion limited current density 113、电流electric current114、电位electric potential115、电化学电池electrochemical cell116、电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion117、电化学当量electrochemical equivalent118、电极electrode119、电极电位electrode potential120、电极反应electrode reaction121、电解质electrolyte122、电解electrolysis123、电解清洗electrolytic cleaning124、电动序electromotive force（Emf）series125、负电性电位electropositive potential126、电泳沉积electrophoretic deposition127、电镀electroplating128、正电性电位electropositive potential129、静电喷涂层electrostatic coating130、脆化embrittlement131、磨耗erosion132、磨耗腐蚀（或冲击腐蚀）erosion-corrosion133、平衡电位equilibrium potential134、腐蚀极化图Evans diagram135、剥蚀exfoliation corrosion136、交换电流密度exchange current density 137、暴露实验exposure test138、疲劳fatigue139、铁素体ferrite140、铁素体不锈钢ferrite stainless steel 141、丝状腐蚀filiform corrosion142、弗拉德电位Flade potential143、剥层腐蚀foliation144、膜film145、微动腐蚀fretting corrosion146、燃灰腐蚀fuel ash corrosion147、电偶作用galvanic action148、伽法尼电池galvanic cell149、电偶腐蚀galvanic corrosion150、电偶对galvanic couple151、电偶序galvanic series152、热镀锌galvanizing153、恒电流的galvanoststatic154、普遍（全面）腐蚀general corrosion 155、晶界裂纹grain boundary crack156、晶粒grain157、石墨化腐蚀graphitic corrosion158、重量法gravimetric methods159、绿锈green rot160、哈氏合金hastelloy161、热影响区heat affected zone（HAZ）162、耐热钢heat resistant steel163、热处理heat treatment164、高温腐蚀high temperature corrosion 165、热腐蚀hot corrosion166、热镀铝hot-dip alumizing167、湿度humidity168、氢腐蚀hydrogen attack169、氢鼓泡hydrogen blistering170、氢损伤hydrogen damage171、氢电极hydrogen electrode172、氢脆hydrogen embrittlement173、氢致开裂hydrogen induced cracking 174、氢超电压hydrogen overvoltage175、氢标hydrogen scale176、浸泡实验immersion test177、冲蚀impingement corrosion178、因科乃尔Inconel179、因科罗Incoloy180、工业大气industrial atmosphere181、缓蚀剂inhibitor182、晶间裂纹intergranular crack183、不溶性阳极insoluble anode184、晶间腐蚀intergranular corrosion185、延晶应力腐蚀断裂intergranular stress corrosion cracking 186、内氧化interal oxidation187、内应力interal stress188、例子浓差电池ion concentration cell189、离子ion190、离子注入ion implantation191、刀线腐蚀knife-line corrosion192、激光釉化laser glazing193、层状腐蚀layer corrosion194、晶格缺陷lattic defect195、液态金属腐蚀liquid metal corrosion196、局部作用local action197、局部电池local cell198、局部腐蚀local corrosion199、海洋腐蚀marine corrosion200、马氏体martensite201、马氏体不锈钢martensitic stainless steel202、力学性能mechanical property203、金属离子浓差电池metal ion concentration cell204、金属喷镀metal spray205、金属镀层metallic coating206、微生物腐蚀microbiological corrosion207、金属粉化metal dusting208、混合电位mixed potential209、轧制铁鳞mill scale210、贵金属noble metal211、海军黄铜navy brass212、贵电位noble potential213、非金属涂层nonmetallic coating214、氮化nitriding215、过电位overpotential216、氧化oxidation217、开路电位open circuit potential218、氧化-还原电位oxidation-reduction potential219、氧化物oxide220、氧化膜oxide film221、氧浓差电池oxygen concentration cell222、钝化passivation223、钝化剂passivator224、钝化-活化电池passive-active cell225、钝化的，钝性的passive226、铜绿patina227、酸度计pH indicator，acidometer228、磷酸盐处理phosphating229、酸洗液pickling solution230、蚀孔pit231、点蚀pitting232、点蚀击穿电位pitting breakdown potential233、点蚀系数pitting factor234、点蚀电位pitting potential235、极化polarization236、动电位potential dynamic（potentiokinetic）237、恒电位仪potentiostat238、恒电位potentisostic239、电位-pH图Pourbaix diagram，potential-pH diagram 240、底涂层prime coat241、保护电位protective potential242、氧化-还原电位redox potential243、还原reduction244、参比电极reference electrode245、相对湿度relative humidity246、残余内应力residua interal stress247、铁锈rust248、防锈油rust preventive oil249、牺牲阳极保护sacrifice anode protection250、盐水喷雾试验salt spray test251、喷砂sand blasting252、饱和甘汞电极saturated calomel electrode（SCE）253、氧化皮scale254、季裂season cracking255、选择性腐蚀selective corrosion256、选择性氧化selective oxidation257、自钝化self passivation258、敏化热处理sensitizing heat treatment259、喷丸shot peening260、银-氯化银电极silver-sliver chloride electrode 261、慢应变速率slow strain rate262、土壤腐蚀soil corrosion263、剥离spalling264、不锈钢stainless steel265、标准电极电位standard electrode potential266、标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode267、应变能strain energy268、杂散电流腐蚀stray current corrosion269、应力场强度因子stress intensity factor270、应力腐蚀断裂stress corrosion cracking（SCC）271、硫化sulfidation272、表面氧化surface oxidation273、表面处理surface treatment274、皮下腐蚀subsurface corrosion275、塔菲尔斜率Tafel slope276、失泽tarnish277、抗拉强度tensile strength278、热偶腐蚀thermogalvanic corrosion279、热力学thermodynamics280、结瘤腐蚀tuberculation281、穿晶腐蚀transgranular corrosion282、穿晶应力腐蚀断裂transgranular stress corrosion cracking 283、过钝化transpassive284、膜下腐蚀underfilm corrosion285、均匀腐蚀umiform corrosion286、水线腐蚀waterline corrosion287、焊接腐蚀weld decay288、湿度humidity289、工作电极working electrode290、291、292、。
色谱术语中英文对照(按中文首字母排序)
色谱术语中英文对照B:薄层板thin layer plate薄层扫描仪thin layer scanner薄壳型填充剂pellicular packing薄层色谱法thin layer chromatography，TLC薄层棒色谱法thin layer rod chromatography保护柱guard column保留时间tR，retention time保留体积vR，retention volume保留常数值Rm，Rm value棒状色谱柱monolith column monolith column半高峰宽Wh/2，peak width at half height板效能plate efficiency斑点定位法localization of spot斑点spot比移值Rf，Rf value边缘效应edge effectC:尺寸排除色谱法size exclusion chromatography，SEC 程序溶剂programmed solvent程序压力programmed pressure程序流速programmed flowD:点样器sample applicator叠加法addition method电化学检测器electrochemical detector多孔型填充剂porous packing(多孔填充剂的)孔体积VP，pore volume of porous packing多次展开multiple development等水容剂isohydric solvent等度洗脱gradient elutionE:二阶中心矩μ2，second central momentF:反相液相色谱法reversed phase liquid chromatography，RPLC反相薄层板reversed phase thin layer plate反冲back flushing反峰negative peak峰底peak base峰高h，peak height峰宽W，peak width峰面积A，peak area分离因子α，separation factor分离度R，resolution(分离作用的)校准函数或校准曲线universal calibration function or curve [of separation]分步展开stepwise development阀进样valve injection放射自显影法autoradiography负载容量loading capacity复班multiple spotG:高效液相色谱法high performance liquid chromatography，HPLC高效薄层色谱法high performance thin layer chromatography，HPTLC高比移值hRf，high Rf value固定相stationary phase固定液stationary liquid改性剂modifier管壁效应wall effect归一法normalization method沟流channeling过载overloading拐点inflection point光密度计densitometer工作站work stationH:混合柱mixed column化学键合相填充剂chemically bonded phase packing环形展开circular development活化activationJ:基线base line基线漂移baseline drift基线噪声N，baseline noise基体matrix浸渍薄层色谱法impregnated thin layer chromatography 积分检测器integral detector积分仪integrator加宽校正broadening correction加宽校正因子broadening correction factor径向展开radial development假峰ghost peak检测器detector记录器recorder间隔臂效应spacer arm effect畸峰distorted peakK:空心柱open tubular columnL:离子交换色谱法ion exchange chromatography，IEC 离子色谱法ion chromatography离子抑制色谱法ion suppression chromatography离子对色谱法ion pair chromatography离子交换薄层色谱法ion exchange thin layer离心展开centrifugal development离子交换容量ion exchange capacity离子交换剂ion exchanger流动相mobile phase流体力学体积vh，hydrodynamic volume流动相迁移距离dm，mobile phase migration distance 流动相前沿mobile phase front流出液eluate馏分收集器fraction collector粒间体积V0，interstitial volume连续展开continuous developmentN:凝胶过滤色谱法gel filtration chromatography凝胶渗透色谱法gel permeation chromatography，GPC 凝胶薄层色谱法gel thin layer chromatography凝胶渗透色谱仪gel permeation chromatograph浓缩区薄层板concentrating thin layer plate粘合剂binder内标法internal standard methodP:排除极限Vh，max，exclusion limit普适校准(曲线、函数) calibration function or curve [function]谱带扩展(加宽) band broadening calibration function or curve [of separation] 平面色谱法planar chromatography chromatography chromatographyQ:前伸峰leading area区带zone区带脱尾zone tailing亲和色谱法affinity chromatography气动泵pneumatic pumpR:蠕动泵peristaltic pump溶质性能检测器solute property detector溶质迁移距离ds，solute migration distance溶剂强度参数ε0，solvent strength parameterS:色谱峰chromatographic peak色谱图chromatogram色谱柱chromatographic column死时间t0，dead time死体积V0，dead volume三阶中心矩μ3，third central moment疏水作用色谱法hydrophobic interaction chromatography浓缩柱concentrating column烧结板sintered plate(示差)折光率检测器[differential] refractive index detector渗透极限permeability limit生物自显影法bioautography上行展开ascending development双向展开two dimensional developmentT:拖尾峰tailing area拖尾因子T，tailing factor调整保留时间t''R，adjusted retention time调整保留体积v''R，adjusted retention volume 梯度洗脱gradient elution梯度展开gradient development梯度薄层板gradient thin layer plate统计矩moment涂布器spreader填充毛细管柱packed capillary column体积标记器volume marker脱气degassing停流进样stop-flow injectionW:微粒柱microparticle column微径柱microbore column微分检测器differential detector往复泵reciprocating pump外标法external standard methodX:洗脱(淋洗)剂eluant，eluent洗脱体积ve，elution volume洗脱序列eluotropic series洗脱(淋洗) elution相对比移值Ri.s，relative Rf value相对保留值ri.s，relative retention value显色剂color [developing] agent显谱visualization吸附剂adsorbent线性溶剂强度洗脱linear solvent strength gradient 下行展开descending development向心展开centripetal developmentY:液相色谱法liquid chromatography，LC液液色谱法liquid liquid chromatography，LLC 液相色谱仪liquid chromatograph液固色谱法liquid solid chromatography，LSC液相总体积Vtol，total liquid volume液相载荷量liquid phase loading预柱precolumn预饱和柱presaturation column荧光薄层板fluorescence thin layer plate荧光检测器fluorescence detector原位定量in situ quantitation原点origin匀浆填充slurry packing一阶原点矩γ1，first origin moment抑制柱suppression columnZ:柱液相色谱法liquid column chromatography柱外体积Vext，extra-column volune柱后反应器post-column reactor柱填充剂column packing柱上检测on-column detection柱寿命column life柱流失column bleeding柱外效应extra-column effect柱上富集on-column enrichment注射泵syringe pump制备液相色谱法preparative liquid chromatography制备薄层色谱法preparative thin layer制备液相色谱仪preparative liquid chromatograph载体support载板support plate展开室development chamber展开development展开剂developer组合柱coupled column纸色谱法paper chromatography总体性能检测器bulk property detector紫外可见光检测器ultraviolet visible detector蒸发(激光)光散射检测器[laser] light scattering detector 折合板高hr，reduced plate height正相液相色谱法normal phase liquid chromatography (再)循环洗脱recycling elution。
电池电压的英文
电池电压的英文一、单词1. voltage- 英语释义：An electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.（以伏特表示的电动势或电势差。
）- 用法：通常作为名词使用，例如“The voltage of this battery is 1.5 volts.”（这个电池的电压是1.5伏。
）- 双语例句：- High voltage power lines are dangerous.（高压电线是危险的。
）- We need to measure the voltage across the circuit.（我们需要测量电路两端的电压。
）2. cell- 英语释义：A single unit in a battery, usually consisting of a positive and a negative electrode separated by an electrolyte.（电池中的一个单元，通常由被电解质隔开的正电极和负电极组成。
） - 用法：可作名词，例如“This battery is made up of three cells.”（这个电池由三个电池单元组成。
）- 双语例句：- A solar cell can convert sunlight into electricity.（一个太阳能电池能将太阳光转化为电能。
）- The cell in the flashlight battery is dead.（手电筒电池里的电池单元没电了。
）3. battery- 英语释义：A device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices.（一种由一个或多个电化学电池组成，带有外部连接以给电器设备供电的装置。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
electrochemical SerieSPetr VanýsekThere are three tables for this electrochemical series . Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298 .15 K (25 °C), and at a pressure of 101 .325 kPa (1 atm) . Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements . Thus, data for silver (Ag) precede those for aluminum (Al) . Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions that have E° values posi-tive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode . In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0 .0000 V to + 3 .4 V . Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode . In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0 .0000 V to –4 .10 V . The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data . Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability . The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to oc-casional revisions .Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2´-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline .references1 . Milazzo, G ., Caroli, S ., and Sharma, V . K . Tables of Standard ElectrodePotentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978 .2 . Bard, A . J ., Parsons, R ., and Jordan, J . Standard Potentials in AqueousSolutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985 .3 . Bratsch, S . G . J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989 .Reaction E°/V Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌Ac–2 .20 Ag+ + e ⇌Ag0 .7996 Ag2+ + e ⇌Ag+ 1 .980 Ag(ac) + e ⇌Ag + (ac)–0 .643 AgBr + e ⇌Ag + Br–0 .07133 AgBrO3 + e ⇌Ag + BrO3–0 .546 Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + C2O42–0 .4647 AgCl + e ⇌Ag + Cl–0 .22233 AgCN + e ⇌Ag + CN––0 .017 Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + CO32–0 .47 Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + CrO42–0 .4470 AgF + e ⇌Ag + F–0 .779 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4–0 .1478 AgI + e ⇌Ag + I––0 .15224 AgIO3 + e ⇌Ag + IO3–0 .354 Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + MoO42–0 .4573 AgNO2 + e ⇌Ag + 2 NO2–0 .564 Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + 2 OH–0 .342 Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌2 AgO + 2 OH–0 .739 Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌Ag+ 1 .9 Ag3+ + e ⇌Ag2+ 1 .8 Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌2 Ag + 2 H2O 1 .802 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌Ag2O + 2 OH–0 .607 AgOCN + e ⇌Ag + OCN–0 .41 Ag2S + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + S2––0 .691 Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + H2S–0 .0366 AgSCN + e ⇌Ag + SCN–0 .08951 Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + SeO42–0 .3629 Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + SO42–0 .654 Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + WO42–0 .4660 Al3+ + 3 e ⇌Al–1 .662 Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌Al + 3 OH––2 .31 Al(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌Al + 4 OH––2 .328 H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌Al + 4 OH––2 .33 AlF63– + 3 e ⇌Al + 6 F––2 .069 Am4+ + e ⇌Am3+ 2 .60 Am2+ + 2 e ⇌Am–1 .9 Am3+ + 3 e⇌Am–2 .048 Am3+ + e⇌Am2+–2 .3Reaction E°/V As + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌AsH3–0 .608 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 As + 3 H2O0 .234 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌As + 2 H2O0 .248 AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌As + 4 OH––0 .68 H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–⇌HAsO2 + 2 H2O0 .560 AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌AsO2– + 4 OH––0 .71 At2 + 2 e⇌2 At–0 .3 Au+ + e⇌Au 1 .692 Au3+ + 2 e⇌Au+ 1 .401 Au3+ + 3 e⇌Au 1 .498 Au2+ + e –⇌Au+ 1 .8 AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Au+ + H2O 1 .32 AuBr2– + e⇌Au + 2 Br–0 .959 AuBr4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Br–0 .854 AuCl4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Cl– 1 .002 Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌Au + 3 H2O 1 .45 H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e⇌ BH4– + 8 OH––1 .24 H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e⇌B + 4 OH––1 .79 H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌B + 3 H2O–0 .8698 B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e⇌BH4– + 3 H2O–0 .481 Ba2+ + 2 e⇌Ba–2 .912 Ba2+ + 2 e⇌Ba(Hg)–1 .570 Ba(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Ba + 2 OH––2 .99 Be2+ + 2 e⇌Be–1 .847 Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌2 Be + 6 OH––2 .63 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌hydroquinone0 .6992 Bi+ + e⇌Bi0 .5 Bi3+ + 3 e⇌Bi0 .308 Bi3+ + 2 e⇌Bi+0 .2 Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌BiH3–0 .8 BiCl4– + 3 e⇌Bi + 4 Cl–0 .16 Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 Bi + 6 OH––0 .46 Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1 .593 BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + H2O0 .320 BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + Cl– + H2O0 .1583 Bk4+ + e⇌Bk3+ 1 .67 Bk2+ + 2 e⇌Bk–1 .6 Bk3+ + e⇌Bk2+–2 .8TABLE 1. Alphabetical Listing 8-20Reaction E°/V Br2(aq) + 2 e⇌2 Br– 1 .0873 Br2(l) + 2 e⇌2 Br– 1 .066 HBrO + H+ + 2 e⇌Br– + H2O 1 .331 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1 .574 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1 .596 BrO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Br– + 2 OH–0 .761 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1 .482 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Br– + 3 H2O 1 .423 BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Br– + 6 OH–0 .61 (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HCN0 .373 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌(CN)2 + 2 H2O0 .330 (CNS)2 + 2 e⇌2 CNS–0 .77 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HCOOH–0 .199 Ca+ + e⇌Ca–3 .80 Ca2+ + 2 e⇌Ca–2 .868 Ca(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Ca + 2 OH––3 .02 Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl0 .2800 Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)0 .2801 Calomel electrode, 0 .1 molar KCl0 .3337 Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE)0 .2412 Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)0 .2360 Cd2+ + 2 e⇌Cd –0 .4030 Cd2+ + 2 e⇌Cd(Hg)–0 .3521 Cd(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cd(Hg) + 2 OH––0 .809 CdSO4 + 2 e⇌Cd + SO42––0 .246 Cd(OH)42– + 2 e⇌Cd + 4 OH––0 .658 CdO + H2O + 2 e⇌Cd + 2 OH––0 .783 Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌Ce–2 .336 Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌Ce(Hg)–1 .4373 Ce4+ + e⇌Ce3+ 1 .72 CeOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ce3+ + H2O 1 .715 Cf4+ + e⇌Cf3+ 3 .3 Cf3+ + e⇌Cf2+–1 .6 Cf3+ + 3 e⇌Cf–1 .94 Cf2+ + 2 e⇌Cf–2 .12 Cl2(g) + 2 e⇌2 Cl– 1 .35827 HClO + H + + e⇌1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1 .611 HClO + H+ + 2 e⇌Cl– + H2O 1 .482 ClO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Cl– + 2 OH–0 .81 ClO2 + H+ + e⇌HClO2 1 .277 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO + H2O 1 .645 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1 .628 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e⇌Cl– + 2 H2O 1 .570 ClO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO– + 2 OH–0 .66 ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌Cl– + 4 OH–0 .76 ClO2(aq) + e⇌ClO2–0 .954 ClO3– + 2 H+ + e⇌ClO2 + H2O 1 .152 ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO2 + H2O 1 .214 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1 .47 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Cl– + 3 H2O 1 .451 ClO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO2– + 2 OH–0 .33 ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Cl– + 6 OH–0 .62 ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌ClO3– H2O 1 .189 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1 .39 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Cl– + 4 H2O 1 .389 ClO4– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO3– + 2 OH–0 .36 Cm4+ + e⇌Cm3+ 3 .0 Cm3+ + 3 e⇌Cm–2 .04 Co2+ + 2 e⇌Co–0 .28 Co3+ + e⇌Co2+ 1 .92Reaction E°/V [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e⇌[Co(NH3)6]2+0 .108 Co(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Co + 2 OH––0 .73 Co(OH)3 + e⇌Co(OH)2 + OH–0 .17 Cr2+ + 2 e⇌Cr–0 .913 Cr3+ + e⇌Cr2+–0 .407 Cr3+ + 3 e⇌Cr–0 .744 Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 1 .36 CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌Cr + 4 OH––1 .2 HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1 .350 CrO2 + 4 H+ + e⇌Cr3+ +2H2O 1 .48 Cr(V) + e⇌Cr(IV) 1 .34 CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e⇌Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH––0 .13 Cr(OH)3 + 3 e⇌Cr + 3 OH––1 .48 Cs+ + e⇌Cs–3 .026 Cu+ + e⇌Cu0 .521 Cu2+ + e⇌Cu+0 .153 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu0 .3419 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu(Hg)0 .345 Cu3+ + e⇌Cu2+ 2 .4 Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e⇌2Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2 .0 Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e⇌[Cu(CN)2]– 1 .103 CuI2– + e⇌Cu + 2 I–0 .00 Cu2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Cu + 2 OH––0 .360 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cu + 2 OH––0 .222 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O–0 .080 2 D+ + 2 e⇌D2–0 .013 Dy2+ + 2 e⇌Dy–2 .2 Dy3+ + 3 e⇌Dy–2 .295 Dy3+ + e⇌Dy2+–2 .6 Er2+ + 2 e⇌Er–2 .0 Er3+ + 3 e⇌Er–2 .331 Er3+ + e⇌Er2+–3 .0 Es3+ + e⇌Es2+–1 .3 Es3+ + 3 e⇌Es–1 .91 Es2+ + 2 e⇌Es–2 .23 Eu2+ + 2 e⇌Eu–2 .812 Eu3+ + 3 e⇌Eu–1 .991 Eu3+ + e⇌Eu2+–0 .36 F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HF 3 .053 F2 + 2 e⇌2 F– 2 .866 F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e⇌H2O + 2 F– 2 .153 Fe2+ + 2 e⇌Fe–0 .447 Fe3+ + 3 e⇌Fe–0 .037 Fe3+ + e⇌Fe2+0 .771 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e⇌Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2 .09 HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌FeOOH + 2 H2O 2 .08 HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .07 Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 FeOH+ + H2O0 .16 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e⇌[Fe(CN)6]4–0 .358 FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .20 [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌Fe(bipy)2]2+0 .78 [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1 .03 Fe(OH)3 + e⇌Fe(OH)2 + OH––0 .56 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(phen)3]2+ 1 .147 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molarH2SO4) 1 .06 [Ferricinium]+ + e⇌ferrocene0 .400 Fm3++ e⇌Fm2+–1 .1 Fm3+ + 3 e⇌Fm–1 .89 Fm2+ + 2 e⇌Fm–2 .30Reaction E°/V Fr+ + e⇌Fr–2 .9 Ga3+ + 3 e⇌Ga–0 .549 Ga+ + e⇌Ga–0 .2 GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e⇌Ga + H2O–0 .498 H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e⇌Ga + 4 OH––1 .219 Gd3+ + 3 e⇌Gd–2 .279 Ge2+ + 2 e⇌Ge0 .24 Ge4+ + 4 e⇌Ge0 .124 Ge4+ + 2 e⇌Ge2+0 .00 GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌GeO + H2O–0 .118 H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Ge + 3 H2O–0 .182 2 H+ + 2 e v H20 .00000 H2 + 2 e⇌2 H––2 .23 HO2 + H+ + e⇌H2O2 1 .495 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2 + 2 OH––0 .8277 H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2O 1 .776 Hf4+ + 4 e⇌Hf–1 .55 HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e⇌Hf + H2O–1 .724 HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Hf + 2 H2O–1 .505 HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e⇌Hf + 4 OH––2 .50 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg0 .851 2 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg22+0 .920 Hg22+ + 2 e⇌2 Hg0 .7973 Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2(ac)–0 .51163 Hg2Br2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Br–0 .13923 Hg2Cl2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Cl–0 .26808 Hg2HPO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + HPO42–0 .6359 Hg2I2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 I––0 .0405 Hg2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 OH–0 .123 HgO + H2O + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 OH–0 .0977 Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 H2O 1 .034 Hg2SO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + SO42–0 .6125 Ho2+ + 2 e⇌Ho–2 .1 Ho3+ + 3 e⇌Ho–2 .33 Ho3+ + e⇌Ho2+–2 .8I2 + 2 e⇌2 I–0 .5355 I3– + 2 e⇌3 I–0 .536 H3IO62– + 2 e⇌IO–3 + 3 OH–0 .7H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e⇌IO3– + 3 H2O 1 .601 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌I2 + 2 H2O 1 .439 HIO + H+ + 2 e⇌I– + H2O0 .987 IO– + H2O + 2 e⇌I– + 2 OH–0 .485 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e⇌I2 + 6 H2O 1 .195 IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌I– + 3 H2O 1 .085 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌IO– + 4 OH–0 .15 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌IO– + 6 OH–0 .26 In+ + e⇌In–0 .14 In2+ + e⇌In+–0 .40 In3+ + e⇌In2+–0 .49 In3+ + 2 e⇌In+–0 .443 In3+ + 3 e⇌In–0 .3382 In(OH)3 + 3 e⇌In + 3 OH––0 .99 In(OH)4– + 3 e⇌In + 4 OH––1 .007 In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 In + 6 OH––1 .034 Ir3+ + 3 e⇌Ir 1 .156 [IrCl6]2– + e⇌[IrCl6]3–0 .8665 [IrCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Ir + 6 Cl–0 .77 Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 Ir + 6 OH–0 .098 K+ + e⇌K–2 .931 La3+ + 3 e⇌La–2 .379Reaction E°/V La(OH)3 + 3 e⇌La + 3 OH––2 .90 Li+ + e⇌Li–3 .0401 Lr3+ + 3 e⇌Lr–1 .96 Lu3+ + 3 e⇌Lu–2 .28 Md3+ + e⇌Md2+–0 .1 Md3+ + 3 e⇌Md–1 .65 Md2+ + 2 e⇌Md–2 .40 Mg+ + e⇌Mg–2 .70 Mg2+ + 2 e⇌Mg–2 .372 Mg(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Mg + 2 OH––2 .690 Mn2+ + 2 e⇌Mn–1 .185 Mn3+ + e⇌Mn2+ 1 .5415 MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Mn2+ + 2 H2O 1 .224 MnO4– + e⇌MnO42–0 .558 MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌MnO2 + 2 H2O 1 .679 MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e⇌Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1 .507 MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .595 MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .60 Mn(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Mn + 2 OH––1 .56 Mn(OH)3 + e⇌Mn(OH)2 + OH–0 .15 Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e⇌2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1 .485 Mo3+ + 3 e⇌Mo–0 .200 MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Mo + 4 H2O–0 .152 H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e⇌7 Mo + 24 H2O0 .082 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Mo + 3 H2O 0 .075 N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 NH4OH0 .092 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HN3–3 .09 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌2 NH4+ 1 .275 N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + H2O 1 .766 H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + 2 H2O 2 .65 N2O4 + 2 e⇌2 NO2–0 .867 N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 NHO2 1 .065 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 NO + 2 H2O 1 .035 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1 .42 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O + H2O 1 .591 2 NO + H2O + 2 e⇌N2O + 2 OH–0 .76 HNO2 + H+ + e⇌NO + H2O0 .983 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌H2N2O2 + 2 H2O0 .86 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌N2O + 3 H2O 1 .297 NO2– + H2O + e⇌NO + 2 OH––0 .46 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O22– + 4 OH––0 .18 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O + 6 OH–0 .15 NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌HNO2 + H2O0 .934 NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌NO + 2 H2O0 .957 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O4 + 2 H2O0 .803 NO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌NO2– + 2 OH–0 .01 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌N2O4 + 4 OH––0 .85 Na+ + e⇌Na–2 .71 Nb3+ + 3 e⇌Nb–1 .099 NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌NbO + H2O–0 .646 NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Nb + 2 H2O–0 .690 NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Nb + H2O –0 .733 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 Nb + 5 H2O–0 .644 Nd3+ + 3 e⇌Nd–2 .323 Nd2+ + 2 e⇌Nd–2 .1 Nd3+ + e⇌Nd2+–2 .7 Ni2+ + 2 e⇌Ni–0 .257 Ni(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Ni + 2 OH––0 .72 NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ni2+ + 2 H2O 1 .678 NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH––0 .490Reaction E°/V No3+ + e⇌No2+ 1 .4 No3+ + 3 e⇌No–1 .20 No2+ + 2 e⇌No–2 .50 Np3+ + 3 e⇌Np–1 .856 Np4+ + e⇌Np3+0 .147 NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e⇌Np(OH)3–0 .962 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O20 .695 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 H2O 1 .229 O2 + H2O + 2 e⇌HO2– + OH––0 .076 O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2O2 + 2 OH––0 .146 O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌4 OH–0 .401 O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌O2 + H2O 2 .076 O3 + H2O + 2 e⇌O2 + 2 OH– 1 .24 O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O 2 .421 OH + e⇌OH– 2 .02 HO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌3 OH–0 .878 OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Os + 4 H2O0 .838 OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌OsO2 + 2 H2O 1 .02 [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)2]2+0 .81 [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)3]2+0 .80 P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .111 P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .063 P + 3 H2O + 3 e⇌PH3(g) + 3 OH––0 .87 H2P2– + e⇌P + 2 OH––1 .82 H3PO2 + H+ + e⇌P + 2 H2O–0 .508 H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H3PO2 + H2O–0 .499 H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌P + 3 H2O–0 .454 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2PO2– + 3 OH––1 .65 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌P + 5 OH––1 .71 H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H3PO3 + H2O–0 .276 PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌HPO32– + 3 OH––1 .05 Pa3+ + 3 e⇌Pa–1 .34 Pa4+ + 4 e⇌Pa–1 .49 Pa4+ + e⇌Pa3+–1 .9 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb–0 .1262 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb(Hg)–0 .1205 PbBr2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 Br––0 .284 PbCl2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 Cl––0 .2675 PbF2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 F––0 .3444 PbHPO4 + 2 e⇌Pb + HPO42––0 .465 PbI2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 I––0 .365 PbO + H2O + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 OH––0 .580 PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1 .455 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌Pb + 3 OH––0 .537 PbO2 + H2O + 2 e⇌PbO + 2 OH–0 .247 PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1 .6913 PbSO4 + 2 e⇌Pb + SO42––0 .3588 PbSO4 + 2 e⇌Pb(Hg) + SO42––0 .3505 Pd2+ + 2 e⇌Pd0 .951 [PdCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pd + 4 Cl–0 .591 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 1 .288 Pd(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pd + 2 OH–0 .07 Pm2+ + 2 e⇌Pm–2 .2 Pm3+ + 3 e⇌Pm–2 .30 Pm3+ + e⇌Pm2+–2 .6 Po4+ + 2 e⇌Po2+0 .9 Po4+ + 4 e⇌Po0 .76 Pr4+ + e⇌Pr3+ 3 .2 Pr2+ + 2 e⇌Pr–2 .0 Pr3+ + 3 e⇌Pr–2 .353Reaction E°/V Pr3+ + e⇌Pr2+–3 .1Pt2+ + 2 e⇌Pt 1 .18 [PtCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pt + 4 Cl–0 .755 [PtCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl–0 .68 Pt(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pt + 2 OH–0 .14 PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO2 + H2O 1 .7 PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1 .5 PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Pt + H2O 1 .2 PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO + H2O 1 .01 PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Pt + 2 H2O 1 .00 Pu3+ + 3 e⇌Pu–2 .031 Pu4+ + e⇌Pu3+ 1 .006 Pu5+ + e⇌Pu4+ 1 .099 PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Pu(OH)4 1 .325 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e⇌PuO2OH + H2O 1 .062 Ra2+ + 2 e⇌Ra–2 .8 Rb+ + e⇌Rb–2 .98 Re3+ + 3 e⇌Re0 .300 ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌ReO2 + 2 H2O0 .510 ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Re + 2 H2O0 .2513 ReO4– + 2 H+ + e⇌ReO3 + H2O0 .768 ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e⇌Re + 8 OH––0 .584 ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇀Re + 4 H2O0 .368 Rh+ + e⇌Rh0 .600 Rh3+ + 3 e⇌Rh0 .758 [RhCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Rh + 6 Cl–0 .431 RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e⇌Rh + H2O0 .83 Ru2+ + 2 e⇌Ru0 .455 Ru3+ + e⇌Ru2+0 .2487 RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1 .120 RuO4– + e⇌RuO42–0 .59 RuO4 + e⇌RuO4– 1 .00 RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O 1 .40 RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Ru + 4 H2O 1 .038 [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–⇌[Ru(bipy)3]2+ 1 .24 [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–⇌[Ru(H2O)6]2+0 .23 [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–⇌[Ru(NH3)6]2+0 .10 [Ru(en)3]3+ + e –⇌[Ru(en)3]2+0 .210 [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–⇌[Ru(CN)6]4–0 .86 S + 2 e⇌S2––0 .47627 S + 2H+ + 2 e⇌H2S(aq)0 .142 S + H2O + 2 e⇌SH– + OH––0 .478 2 S + 2 e⇌S22––0 .42836 S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2SO30 .564 S2O82– + 2 e⇌2 SO42– 2 .010 S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HSO4– 2 .123 S4O62– + 2 e⇌2 S2O32–0 .08 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e⇌HS2O4– + 2 H2O–0 .056 H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌S + 3 H2O0 .449 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌S2O42– + 4 OH––1 .12 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌S2O32– + 6 OH––0 .571 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SO3 + H2O0 .172 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌S2O62– + H2O–0 .22 SO42– + H2O + 2 e⇌SO32– + 2 OH––0 .93 Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌SbH3–0 .510 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Sb + 3 H2O0 .152 Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O3 +2 H2O0 .671Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O3 + 2H2O0 .649Reaction E°/V Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌2 SbO+ + 3 H2O0 .581 SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Sb + 2 H2O0 .212 SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌Sb + 4 OH––0 .66 SbO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌SbO2– + 2 OH––0 .59 Sc3+ + 3 e⇌Sc–2 .077 Se + 2 e⇌Se2––0 .924 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Se(aq)–0 .399 H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Se + 3 H2O0 .74 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Se–0 .082 SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌Se + 6 OH––0 .366 SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SeO3 + H2O 1 .151 SeO42– + H2O + 2 e⇌SeO32– + 2 OH–0 .05 SiF62– + 4 e⇌Si + 6 F––1 .24 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Si + H2O–0 .8 SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Si + 2 H2O0 .857 SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌Si + 6 OH––1 .697 Sm3+ + e⇌Sm2+–1 .55 Sm3+ + 3 e⇌Sm–2 .304 Sm2+ + 2 e⇌Sm–2 .68 Sn2+ + 2 e⇌Sn–0 .1375 Sn4+ + 2 e⇀Sn2+0 .151 Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+ + 3 H2O0 .142 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–⇌Sn2+ + 2 H2O–0 .094 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sn + 2 H2O–0 .117 SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌SnOH+ + H2O–0 .194 SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌Sn + 4 OH––0 .945 HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌Sn + 3 OH––0 .909 Sn(OH)62– + 2 e⇌HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O–0 .93 Sr+ + e⇌Sr–4 .10 Sr2+ + 2 e⇌Sr–2 .899 Sr2+ + 2 e⇌Sr(Hg)–1 .793 Sr(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Sr + 2 OH––2 .88 Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 Ta + 5 H2O–0 .750 Ta3+ + 3 e⇌Ta–0 .6 Tc2+ + 2 e⇌Tc0 .400 TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌TcO2 + 2 H2O0 .782 Tc3+ + e⇌Tc2+0 .3 TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Tc + 4 H2O0 .472 Tb4+ + e⇌Tb3+ 3 .1 Tb3+ + 3 e⇌Tb–2 .28 Te + 2 e⇌Te2––1 .143 Te + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Te–0 .793 Te4+ + 4 e⇌Te0 .568 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Te + 2 H2O0 .593 TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌Te + 6 OH––0 .57 TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Te + 4 H2O0 .472 H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌TeO2 + 4 H2O 1 .02 Th4+ + 4 e⇌Th–1 .899 ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Th + 2 H2O–1 .789 Th(OH)4 + 4 e⇌Th + 4 OH––2 .48 Ti2+ + 2 e⇌Ti–1 .630 Ti3+ + e⇌Ti2+–0 .9 TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ti2+ + 2 H2O–0 .502 Ti3+ + 3 e⇌Ti–1 .37 TiOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ti3+ + H2O–0 .055Reaction E°/V Tl+ + e⇌Tl–0 .336 Tl+ + e⇌Tl(Hg)–0 .3338 Tl3+ + 2 e⇌Tl+ 1 .252 Tl3+ + 3 e⇌Tl0 .741 TlBr + e⇌Tl + Br––0 .658 TlCl + e⇌Tl + Cl––0 .5568 TlI + e⇌Tl + I––0 .752 Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌2 Tl+ + 6 OH–0 .02 TlOH + e⇌Tl + OH––0 .34 Tl(OH)3 + 2 e⇌TlOH + 2 OH––0 .05 Tl2SO4 + 2 e⇌Tl + SO42––0 .4360 Tm3+ + e⇌Tm2+–2 .2 Tm3+ + 3 e⇌Tm–2 .319 Tm2+ + 2 e⇌Tm–2 .4 U3+ + 3 e⇌U–1 .798 U4+ + e⇌U3+–0 .607 UO2+ + 4 H+ + e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .612 UO22+ + e⇌UO+20 .062 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .327 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e⇌U + 2 H2O–1 .444 V2+ + 2 e⇌V –1 .175 V3+ + e⇌V2+–0 .255 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌V3+ + H2O0 .337 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + H2O0 .991 V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e⇌2 VO2+ + 3 H2O0 .957 V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 V + 5 H2O–0 .242 V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + 3 H2O 1 .00 V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e⇌V + 4 H2O–0 .254 [V(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[V(phen)3]2+0 .14 W3+ + 3 e⇌W0 .1 W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 WO2 + H2O–0 .031 WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌W + 2 H2O–0 .119 WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌W + 3 H2O–0 .090 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌WO2 + H2O0 .036 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌W2O5 + H2O–0 .029 H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌XeO3 + 3 H2O 2 .42 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Xe + 3 H2O 2 .10 XeF + e⇌Xe + F– 3 .4 Y3+ + 3 e⇌Y–2 .372 Yb3+ + e⇌Yb2+–1 .05 Yb3+ + 3 e⇌Yb–2 .19 Yb2+ + 2 e⇌Yb–2 .76 Zn2+ + 2 e⇌Zn–0 .7618 Zn2+ + 2 e⇌Zn(Hg)–0 .7628 ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌Zn + 4 OH––1 .215 ZnSO4· 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7H2O (Saturated ZnSO4)–0 .7993 ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Zn + H2O–0 .497 Zn(OH)42– + 2 e⇌Zn + 4 OH––1 .199 Zn(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Zn + 2 OH––1 .249 ZnO + H2O + 2 e⇌Zn + 2 OH––1 .260 ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Zr + 2 H2O–1 .553 ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e⇌Zr + 4 OH––2 .36 Zr4+ + 4 e⇌Zr–1 .45TABLE 2. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than That of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction E°/V 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H20 .00000 CuI2– + e⇌Cu + 2 I–0 .00 Ge4+ + 2 e⇌Ge2+0 .00 NO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌NO2– + 2 OH–0 .01 Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌2 Tl+ + 6 OH–0 .02 SeO42– + H2O + 2 e⇌SeO32– + 2 OH–0 .05 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌WO2 + H2O0 .036 UO22+ + e = UO2+0 .062 Pd(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pd + 2 OH–0 .07 AgBr + e⇌Ag + Br–0 .07133 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Mo + 3 H2O0 .075 S4O62– + 2 e⇌2 S2O32–0 .08 H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e⇌7 Mo + 24 H2O0 .082 AgSCN + e⇌Ag + SCN–0 .8951 N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 NH4OH0 .092 HgO + H2O + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 OH–0 .0977 Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 Ir + 6 OH–0 .098 2 NO + 2 e⇌N2O22–0 .10 [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e⇌[Ru(NH3)6]2+0 .10 W3+ + 3 e⇌W0 .1 [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e⇌[Co(NH3)6]2+0 .108 Hg2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 OH–0 .123 Ge4+ + 4 e⇌Ge0 .124 Hg2Br2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Br–0 .13923 Pt(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pt + 2 OH–0 .14 [V(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[V(phen)3]2+0 .14 S + 2H+ + 2 e⇌H2S(aq)0 .142 Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+ + 3 H2O0 .142 Np4+ + e⇌Np3+0 .147 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e⇌4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4–0 .1478 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌IO– + 4 OH–0 .15 Mn(OH)3 + e⇌Mn(OH)2 + OH–0 .15 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O + 6 OH–0 .15 Sn4+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+0 .151 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Sb + 3 H2O0 .152 Cu2+ + e⇌Cu+0 .153 BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + Cl– + H2O0 .1583 BiCl4– + 3 e⇌Bi + 4 Cl–0 .16 Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 FeOH+ + H2O0 .16 Co(OH)3 + e⇌Co(OH)2 + OH–0 .17 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SO3 + H2O0 .172 Bi3+ + 2 e⇌Bi+0 .2 [Ru(en)3]3+ + e⇌[Ru(en)3]2+0 .210 SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Sb + 2 H2O0 .212 AgCl + e⇌Ag + Cl–0 .22233 [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e⇌[Ru(H2O)6]2+0 .23 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 As + 3 H2O0 .234 Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)0 .2360 Ge2+ + 2 e⇌Ge0 .24 Ru3+ + e⇌Ru2+0 .24 Calomel electrode, saturated KCl0 .2412 PbO2 + H2O + 2 e⇌PbO + 2 OH–0 .247 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌As + 2 H2O0 .248 Ru3+ + e⇀Ru2+0 .2487 ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Re + 2 H2O0 .2513 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌I– + OH–0 .26Reaction E°/V Hg2Cl2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Cl–0 .26808 Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl0 .2800 Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)0 .2801 At2 + 2 e⇌2 At–0 .3 Re3+ + 3 e⇌Re0 .300 Tc3+ + e⇌Tc2+0 .3Bi3+ + 3 e⇌Bi0 .308 BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + H2O0 .320 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .327 ClO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO2– + 2 OH–0 .33 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌(CN)2 + 2 H2O0 .330 Calomel electrode, 0 .1 molar KCl0 .3337 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌V3+ + H2O0 .337 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu0 .3419 Ag2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Ag + 2 OH–0 .342 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu(Hg)0 .345 AgIO3 + e⇌Ag + IO3–0 .354 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e⇌[Fe(CN)6]4–0 .358 ClO4– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO–3 + 2 OH–0 .36 Ag2SeO3 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + SeO32–0 .3629 ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Re + 4 H2O0 .368 (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HCN0 .373 [Ferricinium]+ + e⇌ferrocene0 .400 Tc2+ + 2 e⇌Tc0 .400 O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌4 OH–0 .401 AgOCN + e⇌Ag + OCN–0 .41 [RhCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Rh + 6 Cl–0 .431 Ag2CrO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + CrO42–0 .4470 H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌S + 3 H2O0 .449 Ru2+ + 2 e⇌Ru0 .455 Ag2MoO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + MoO42–0 .4573 Ag2C2O4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + C2O42–0 .4647 Ag2WO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + WO42–0 .4660 Ag2CO3 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + CO32–0 .47 TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Tc + 4 H2O0 .472 TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Te + 4 H2O0 .472 IO– + H2O + 2 e⇌I– + 2 OH–0 .485 NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH–0 .490 Bi+ + e⇌Bi0 .5 ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌ReO2 + 2 H2O0 .510 Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2(ac)–0 .51163 Cu+ + e⇌Cu0 .521 I2 + 2 e⇌2 I–0 .5355 I3– + 2 e⇌3 I–0 .536 AgBrO3 + e⇌Ag + BrO3–0 .546 MnO4– + e⇌MnO4–0 .558 H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HAsO2 + 2 H2O0 .560 S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2SO30 .564 AgNO2 + e⇌Ag + NO2–0 .564 Te4+ + 4 e⇌Te0 .568 Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌2 SbO+ + 3 H2O0 .581 RuO4– + e⇌RuO42–0 .59 [PdCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pd + 4 Cl–0 .591 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Te + 2 H2O0 .593 MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .595 Rh2+ + 2 e⇌Rh0 .600Reaction E°/V Rh+ + e⇌Rh0 .600 MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .60 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e⇌Ag2O + 2 OH–0 .607 BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Br– + 6 OH–0 .61 UO2+ + 4 H+ + e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .612 Hg2SO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + SO42–0 .6125 ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Cl– + 6 OH–0 .62 Hg2HPO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + HPO42–0 .6359 Ag(ac) + e⇌Ag + (ac)–0 .643 Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O3 + 2 H2O0 .649 Ag2SO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + SO42–0 .654 ClO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO– + 2 OH–0 .66 Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O5 + 2H2O0 .671 [PtCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl–0 .68 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O20 .695 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌⇌hydroquinone0 .6992 H3IO62– + 2 e⇌IO3– + 3 OH–0 .7 Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e⇌2 AgO + 2 OH–0 .739 Tl3+ + 3 e⇌Tl0 .741 [PtCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pt + 4 Cl–0 .755 Rh3+ + 3 e⇌Rh0 .758 ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌Cl– + 4 OH–0 .76 2 NO + H2O + 2 e⇌N2O + 2 OH–0 .76 Po4+ + 4 e⇌Po0 .76 BrO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Br– + 2 OH–0 .761 ReO4– + 2 H+ +e⇌ReO3 + H2O0 .768 (CNS)2 + 2 e⇌2 CNS–0 .77 [IrCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Ir + 6 Cl–0 .77 Fe3+ + e⇌Fe2+0 .771 AgF + e⇌Ag + F–0 .779 [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌[Fe(bipy)2]2+0 .78 TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌TcO2 + 2 H2O0 .782 Hg22+ + 2 e⇌2 Hg0 .7973 Ag+ + e⇌Ag0 .7996 [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)3]2+0 .80 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O4 + 2 H2O0 .803 [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)2]2+0 .81 RhOH2+ + H + 3 e⇌Rh + H2O0 .83 OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Os + 4 H2O0 .838 ClO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Cl– + 2 OH–0 .841 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg0 .851 AuBr4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Br–0 .854 SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Si + 2 H2O0 .857 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌H2N2O2 + H2O 0 .86 [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–⇌[Ru(CN)6]4–0 .86 [IrCl6]2– + e⇌[IrCl6]3–0 .8665 N2O4 + 2 e⇌2 NO2–0 .867 HO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌3 OH–0 .878 Po4+ + 2 e⇌Po2+0 .92 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg22+0 .920 NO3– +3 H+ + 2 e⇌HNO2 + H2O0 .934 Pd2+ + 2 e⇌Pd0 .951 ClO2(aq) + e⇌ClO2–0 .954 NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌NO + 2 H2O0 .957 V2O5 +6 H+ + 2 e⇌2 VO2+ + 3 H2O0 .957 AuBr2– + e⇌Au + 2 Br–0 .959 HNO2 + H+ + e⇌NO + H2O0 .983Reaction E°/V HIO + H+ + 2 e⇌I– + H2O0 .987 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + H2O0 .991 PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Pt + 2 H2O 1 .00 RuO4 + e⇌RuO4– 1 .00 V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + 3 H2O 1 .00 AuCl4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Cl– 1 .002 Pu4+ + e⇌Pu3+ 1 .006 PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO + H2O 1 .01 OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e⇌OsO2 + 2 H2O 1 .02 H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌TeO2 + 4 H2O 1 .02 [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1 .03 Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 H2O 1 .034 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 NO + 2 H2O 1 .035 RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Ru + 4H2O 1 .038 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) 1 .06 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e⇌PuO2OH + H2O 1 .062 N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HNO2 1 .065 Br2(l) + 2 e⇌2Br– 1 .066 IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌I– + 3 H2O 1 .085 Br2(aq) + 2 e⇌2Br– 1 .0873 Pu5+ + e⇌Pu4+ 1 .099 Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e⇌[Cu(CN)2]– 1 .103 RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1 .120 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌⇀[Fe(phen)3]2+ 1 .147 SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SeO3 + H2O 1 .151 ClO3– + 2 H+ + e⇌ClO2 + H2O 1 .152 Ir3+ + 3 e⇀Ir 1 .156 Pt2+ + 2 e⇌Pt 1 .18 ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌ClO3– + H2O 1 .189 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e⇌I2 + 6 H2O 1 .195 PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Pt + H2O 1 .2 ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO2 + H2O 1 .214 MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Mn2+ + 2 H2O 1 .224 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 H2O 1 .229 O3 + H2O + 2 e⇌O2 + 2 OH– 1 .24 [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Ru(bipy)3]2+ 1 .24 Tl3+ + 2 e⇌Tl+ 1 .252 N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌2 NH4+ 1 .275 ClO2 + H+ + e⇌HClO2 1 .277 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 1 .288 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌N2O + 3 H2O 1 .297 AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Au+ + H2O 1 .32 PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e⇌Pu(OH)4 1 .325 HBrO + H+ + 2 e⇌Br– + H2O 1 .331 Cr(V) + e⇌Cr(IV) 1 .34 HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1 .350 Cl2(g) + 2 e⇌2Cl– 1 .35827 Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 1 .36 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Cl– + 4 H2O 1 .389 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1 .39 No3+ + e⇌No2+ 1 .4 RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O 1 .40 Au3+ + 2 e⇌Au+ 1 .401 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1 .42 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Br– + 3 H2O 1 .423 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌I2 + 2 H2O 1 .439 Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌Au– + 3 H2O 1 .45Reaction E°/V 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Cl– + 3 H2O 1 .451 PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1 .455 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1 .47 CrO2 + 4 H+ + e⇌Cr3+ + 2 H2O 1 .48 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1 .482 HClO + H+ + 2 e⇌Cl– + H2O 1 .482 Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e⇌2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1 .485 HO2 + H+ + e⇌H2O2 1 .495 Au3+ + 3 e⇌Au 1 .498 PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1 .5 MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e⇌Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1 .507 Mn3+ + e⇌Mn2– 1 .5415 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e⇌Cl– + 2 H2O 1 .570 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1 .574 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O + H2O 1 .591 Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1 .593 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1 .596 H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e⇌IO3– + 3 H2O 1 .601 HClO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1 .611 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1 .628 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO + H2O 1 .645 Bk4+ + e⇌Bk3+ 1 .67 NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ni2+ + 2 H2O 1 .678 MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇀MnO2 + 2 H2O 1 .679 PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1 .6913 Au+ + e⇌Au 1 .692 PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO2 + H2O 1 .7 CeOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ce3+ + H2O 1 .715 Ce4+ + e⇌Ce3+ 1 .72 N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + H2O 1 .766 H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2O 1 .776Reaction E°/V Ag3+ + e⇌Ag2+ 1 .8 Au2+ + e–⇌Au+ 1 .8 Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e⇌2 Ag + 2 H2O 1 .802 Co3+ + e⇌Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) 1 .83 Ag3+ + 2 e⇌Ag+ 1 .9 Co3+ + e⇌Co2+ 1 .92 Ag2+ + e⇌Ag+ 1 .980 Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e⇌2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2 .0S2O82– + 2 e⇌2 SO42– 2 .010 OH + e⇌OH– 2 .02 HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .07 O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌O2 + H2O 2 .076 HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌FeOOH + 2 H2O 2 .08 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e⇌Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2 .09 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Xe + 3 H2O 2 .10 S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HSO4– 2 .123 F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e⇌H2O + 2 F– 2 .153 FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .20 Cu3+ + e⇌Cu2+ 2 .4H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌XeO3 + 3 H2O 2 .42 O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O 2 .421 Am4+ + e⇌Am3+ 2 .60 H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + 2 H2O 2 .65 F2 + 2 e⇌2 F– 2 .866 Cm4+ + e⇌Cm3+ 3 .0F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HF 3 .053 Tb4+ + e⇌Tb3+ 3 .1 Pr4+ + e⇌Pr3+ 3 .2 Cf4+ + e⇌Cf3+ 3 .3 XeF + e⇌Xe + F– 3 .4TABLE 3. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than That of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction E°/V 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H20 .00000 2 D+ + 2 e⇌D2–0 .013 AgCN + e⇌Ag + CN––0 .017 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌W2O5 + H2O–0 .029 W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌2 WO2 + H2O–0 .031 Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + H2S–0 .0366 Fe3+ + 3 e⇌Fe–0 .037 Hg2I2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 I––0 .0405 Tl(OH)3 + 2 e⇌TlOH + 2 OH––0 .05 TiOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ti3+ + H2O–0 .055 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e⇌HS2O4– + 2 H2O–0 .056 P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .063 O2 + H2O + 2 e⇌HO2– + OH––0 .076 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O–0 .080 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Se–0 .082 WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌W + 3 H2O–0 .090 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+ + 2 H2O–0 .094 Md3+ + e⇌Md2+–0 .1P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .111 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sn + 2 H2O–0 .117 GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌GeO + H2O–0 .118Reaction E°/V WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌W + 2 H2O–0 .119 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb(Hg)–0 .1205 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb–0 .1262 CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e⇌Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH––0 .13 Sn2– + 2 e⇌Sn–0 .1375 In+ + e⇌In–0 .14 O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2O2 + 2 OH––0 .146 MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Mo + 4 H2O–0 .152 AgI + e⇌Ag + I––0 .15224 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O22– + 4 OH––0 .18 H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Ge + 3 H2O–0 .182 SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌SnOH+ + H2O–0 .194 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HCOOH–0 .199 Mo3+ + 3 e⇌Mo–0 .200 Ga+ + e⇌Ga–0 .22 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌S2O62– + H2O–0 .22 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌Cu + 2 OH––0 .222 V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 V + 5 H2O–0 .242 CdSO4 + 2 e⇌Cd + SO42––0 .246 V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e⇌V + 4 H2O–0 .254 V3+ + e⇌V2+–0 .255。