汉译英中的词语翻译

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汉译英中的词语翻译
“No brick, no construction; no word no composition.”
“无砖不成房,无词不成章。

” (译文)
“千里之行,始于足下;翻译万卷,始于一词。


不管是汉英还是英汉翻译,都必须从大处着眼,小处着手,即表达时词汇的处理入手,由词到句,由句到段,由段到章,也就是遣词造句,谋篇布局。

词语的翻译涉及到许多方面的问题,其中最根本的一条是译词的选择,
要探讨这个问题,首先让我们看一下英汉词汇在词义上的对应关系,根据英汉词汇在意义上的对应程度,大致可以归纳为:
一、完全对应(主要是一些专有名词,术语,客观事物)
天空sky; 眼睛eye;湖泊lake;婴儿baby;
广播讲话radio address;
尾灯tail light;
综合国力overall national strength;
民族尊严national dignity
二、包含关系(汉语词语的意义包含在英语词语中或者英语的意义包含在汉语词语中)
1)英语的意义包含在汉语词语中:
穿(衣服):wear/put on
借:borrow; lend;
主人:master/owner/host;
地毯:carpet/rug;
货:goods; merchandise(泛指货物;)products; cargo; freight; shipment;
e.g.华侨=overseas Chinese?
“华侨”(《辞海》):“侨居国外的具有中国国籍的人,不包括出国旅行、访问的人员,政府派在他国协助建设的工人和技术人员,国家派驻外国的公务人员和在国外学习的留学生。

已经加入或取得外国国籍的中国血统的人是外国公民(亦称中国血统外籍人),不是华侨”。

“Chinese” (Webster) : a native of China or a descendant of the people of China. 2)汉语词语的意义包含在英语词语中
例:英语中的audience 包括了汉语的:
“听众”、“观众”、“读者”;
英语的marry包含了汉语的:
“娶,嫁”;
英语的cousin包含了汉语的:
“堂兄”、“堂弟”、“堂姐”、“堂妹”、“表兄”、“表弟”、“表姐”、“表妹”;英语中的thick / thin可以表示
“厚薄”、“粗细”、“稠稀”、“浓密/稀疏”
三、语义空缺
由于社会文化的差异,汉语中有些词语的词义在英语中没有表达这种词义的词语,反之亦然。

例:“粽子”
Zongzi—dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leeves;“窝窝头”
Wowotou—steamed bread of corn or sorghum
“中山装”
Chinese tunic suit/ Mao‟s jacket/Mao‟s suit
乌纱帽
an official post
例:钱先生周岁时“抓周”抓了一本书,因此得名“钟书”(舒展文《钱钟书与杨绛》)
he picked up a book of all things. There upon his father very gladly gave him the name: Shu (it means book-lover in Chinese).
四、交叉对应
汉英词语之间有部分语义相同,其他语义不同的现象:
Works 1) 著作;2)工厂
工厂:1)works; 2) plant
Plant: 1) 工厂;2)植物
植物:1)plant; 2) vegetable
V egetable: 1) 植物;2)蔬菜
英汉词语之间的交叉对应主要是由搭配、上下文和语境决定的。

大多数英汉词语在语义上呈交叉对应关系
词的翻译:译意而不是译词
Translating is to translating meaning (Eugene A. Nida)
“翻译即译意。

”(尤金·奈达)
我们想通过下面这些具体的例子,分析和说明在词语翻译中译词和译意的区别:例:失足青年
*youth who has lost his foot
youth who has taken a wrong step in life 例:今晚公司总经理将设宴为您洗尘,请您携带家人一起光临。

*Our managing director will family to come.
改译:Our managing director will host a reception banquet in your honor tonight, and we would like you and your family to come to the dinner
(一)在汉英翻译中选择词义的最根本的一个原则,就是根据词语所在语境来确定词义。

根据语境理解词义是所有语言交际中的普遍原则
“Each word is a new word in a new context.”(Firth)
汉语是强语境文化(high-context culture),更多地依赖交际中的语境去推理出会话含义,汉语的词义有一定的模糊性;英语是弱语境文化(low-context culture),在语言交际中则注重表达的明确、形式的完整、逻辑的严密和有形的衔接。

1.根据原文语境确定词义,使译词准确无误
译文是否忠实于原文,很重要一点就是译词的准确性上。

也可以说译词的准确性是整个译文忠实性的基础。

所以,我们必须要把好这一关。

汉译英中的译词选择对中国学生来说是一个难题,因为我们掌握的英语词汇量比较不多,但是在汉译英时要是译词准确无误在很多情况下不仅仅是词汇量的问题,关键在于要我们细微观察上下文或借助工具书。

尤其是一些常见词,看似容易,如果想当然或一知半解,往往译错了还自以为是对的,这就是翻译能力而不仅仅是语言能力的问题。

例:……母亲拧着纺车把它拉扯大,这是要星星不给月亮。

(孙犁《藏》)
“拧着纺车”此处不是“拧”着纺车的动作,而是指母亲靠纺线养活孩子;“要星星不给月亮”也
是喻义,指他家虽然家境贫寒,母亲却设法满足他的一切要求。

在原文中,“他”指新卯,小说中的主人公。

His mother had brought him up by doing spinning and had given him whatever he wanted. 例:他憋了一会,终于说出几个字来:……(《退伍军人》)
*He held his breath for a moment, and finally spoke out a few words.
实际上根据对上下文的分析,这里“憋了一会”并非“屏住呼吸”之意,而是“说不出话来”,这句话可以改译成:
He kept silent for a moment, finally, he blurted out. 例:大厅的灯亮得我睁不开眼。

* The lights in the hall are so bright that I can’t open my eye.
“睁不开眼”指的是“我”走进大厅,见到强光后,出于保护眼睛的本能,把眼睛眯起来,并不是闭上。

The bright lights in the hall dazzled me.
The lights in the hall were so bright that they dazzled me.
2. 根据上下文联系选择词义,有时可以避免译文发生歧义或矛盾
例:全市已形成松脂、肉桂、竹子、水果、南药和木薯六大山区商品生产基地。

“六个山区商品生产基地”*six production bases of mountainous commodities.
实际上该市当时有12个县(区),这样的生产基地何止六个!对于相应词组的理解应是其深层的含义:六种大宗山区商品的生产基地。

The City has established ,namely,Rosin,Cassia,Bamboo,Fruits,Crude Drugs of South China Origin and Cassava.
例:一座大厦如果有了白蚁,不加防治,(不到十年时间,里面的地板壁板,都会蛀蚀一空。

)“不加防治”:and no prevention and cure is taken,
这样翻译会产生逻辑上的矛盾:大厦已经有了白蚁,已经不是防治,而是要治理的问题。

另外,“有了”不能简单译成has。

If a tall building is infested with termites and nothing is done about them / no actions are taken against them.
3.根据原文语境可以把原文字里行间所隐含的意思翻译出来例:第二天,他发现有好几家门上上了两把锁。

《冬宝》
*But on the following day, he found there were on the door of several houses in the neighborhood.
“上了两把锁”翻译成there was two locks on the door 并没有真正表达出原文的隐含意义:邻居对冬保的猜疑和不信任,因为象冬保家乡这样一个民风淳朴,经济并不发达的小镇,如果不是出于特别的防卫心理,一般人家是不会在门上上两把锁的。

But on the following day, he found there was 例:当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点!(《“家”是一只瓷碗》)
Why didn’t you open your eyes wider in the beginning?
这是夫妻吵架时丈夫骂妻子胡搅蛮缠,妻子反唇相讥的话。

“当初”这一模糊语隐含意义的是“结婚时“这一具体时间。

汉语读者一听就明白,对英语读者来说却不那么清楚,需要明示。

4.根据原文语境可以较好地解决汉语词语在原文中意义空缺的问题
例:“菜篮子工程”
*vegetable basket project
指政府为了解决城镇居民的肉、菜、蛋等副食品供应而采取的一系列措施,其中的“菜篮子”并非指人们以前上街买菜时所用的篮子,而是借指城镇的蔬菜、副食品供应。

a programme aimed to improve the market supply of non-staple food
例:“筒子楼”
tube-shaped apartments
这样的英译文不是我们所指的“筒子楼”,而是“外型象管子的公寓”。

“筒子楼”实际上是指我国高校里因为住房紧张而由已婚青年教师居住的单身宿舍,应该按其实际指称意义译成
university dormitoriess dwelled by young couples due to shortage of housing,“筒子楼(改造)工程”
the project of converting dormitories into apartments and the renovation of old residential buildings so as to meet the housing needs of young teachers in universities.
5.根据原文语境,解决一词多义的问题
例:“意见”一词的翻译:
1 (《外贸英语翻译》第100页)
End-users have a lot of complaints about your packing.
2、双方价格差距很大,先谈到这里吧!?
Since the price gap is very wide between the two parties, shall we suspend the discussion? What’s your idea?
3
Y our President had a frank exchange of views with our Managing Director on the proposed joint venture project.
例:“人家”
1
How many households are there in your village?
2、他妹妹已经有人家了。

His sister is already engaged.
3
I hear it from others.
二)根据英语的习惯表达法选择译词
1、英语有些表达法约定俗成,特有的表达方法,注意汉语中的一些概念如何用特定方式表达出来,而不要逐字逐句死译。

例:油漆未干
Wet paint
打九折*a 90 percent discount
A 10 percent discount
候机楼
the departure lounge
死胡同*dead alley
a blind alley
触电*touch electricity
Have a electric shock
例:太岁头上动土/摸老虎屁股
beard the lion in his den
例:双方见面寒暄几句
寒暄:*coldly talk for a while
When two strangers are introduced to each other, they will greet each other briefly. 但现在他觉得舌头好象不听使唤了。

*But now he felt his tongue did not obey his order.
But now he felt tongue-tied
Tongued-tied: unable to talk in a relaxed way because you feel nervous or embarrassed
2、在选择译词时有时可以转换表达视角
按照英语的思维习惯,转化表达的角度,来传递原文的意义。

最常见的视角转换有“正说反译”法和“反说正译”法,除此之外,还有其他的一些与原文不同或相反的表达角度。

例:这个旅游项目不会使你失望。

This tourist program will not disappoint you.
This tourist program will turn out to be rewarding.
例:我心里一个沉重的担子放下了。

这里的“放下”不能直译成:A tremendous weight in my mind has been laid down”,它可能会产生与原文完全不同的歧义:“沉甸甸地压在心上。


这里如果转换视点,从“拿起来去掉”这个相反的角度入手,译文便清楚了。

所以译成:
A tremendous weight has been lifted from my mind.
例:救火;恢复疲劳;养病;吃食堂;(我吃饭喜欢)吃大碗
例:救火;
put out a fire;
恢复疲劳;
get over one‟s fatigue;
养病;
take rest and nourishment to regain one’s health;
吃食堂;
have one‟s meal in a students‟ canteen;
(我吃饭喜欢)吃大碗
I prefer to eat in big bowls at meals
3、辨析同义词的词义轻重、强弱、深浅、分寸和程度和适用场合。

例:近视眼
Near-sighted /short sighted
例:王二婶哀求他说:“求求你了,(要是我当家的回来了,我又少不了一顿揍。

”)(《冬宝》)*Aunt Wang begged him: “I beg you…”
Aunt Wang plead ed with him: “Dongbao, please…”
例:他们吓得魂不附体。

They were terribly frightened. They were terrified of their wit
4、根据词义的褒贬选择译词
例:节俭/吝啬
thrifty;
stingy;
1)应该使用褒义词的例子
例:打得赢就打,打不赢就走。

(《毛选》第1卷)
Fight when we can win and run away when we cannot. (a translation published by a British Press)
Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot win. (by FLP of China)
例:“你想想,有那么多人关心我,爱护我,医生、护士、领导、同事,还有许多陌生人……” (《高级汉英语篇翻译》)
"Y ou see, many people care about and take care of me: doctors and nurses, superi ors and colleagues, and even lots of people whom I’ve not yet had the pleasure of knowing." 例:农村富余劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移,是工业化和现代化的必然趋势。

富余劳动力:*redundant workers
Surplus rural labor moving to non-agricultural industries and to cities and towns is an inevitable trend in industrialization and modernization.
例:中国的经济是一个大问题,各级领导务必优先考虑这一问题。

(《邓选》)问题:*problem
China’s economy is a major issue, and leaders at all levels must give it a priority consideration.
3)应该使用贬义词的例子例:其实中年是人生盛华的开始,不应贪懒,不应享受。

In actual fact, middle age represents the prime of one’s life, allowing no indolence, no self-indulgence.
另外,在外事宣传的翻译中要注意译词的政治色彩
例:宣传部
*propaganda ministry
Propaganda: information which is false or which emphasizes just one part of a situation, used by a government or political group to make people agree with them.
E.g. The spreading of political propaganda/Nazi/Communist etc propaganda
改译:Publicity ministry/information ministry
Publicity: the business of making sure that people know about a new product, film etc or what a particular famous person is doing. 例:中国人民有决心也完全有能力早日解决台湾问题,完成祖国统一大业。

(九届人大第三次会议政府工作报告)The Chinese people are determined and absolutely able to bring the Taiwan question to an early settlement and realize the great cause of reunification of the motherland. “祖国统一”译为reunification of the motherland而不是unification of the motherland。

例:中国大陆
mainland China
China‟s mainland / the mainland of China
例:香港“回归”
The reverting of Hong Kong(英国媒体)
The returning of Hong Kong(中国媒体)
(三)根据词语的搭配选择译词:
汉英语有各自不同的固定或常见词汇搭配用法,词汇的搭配可以说是汉译英表达过程中的一个重要问题,也是词义选择的一个重要依据,包括主谓搭配、主表搭配、动宾搭配、形容词和中心词的搭配等,翻译时要在保持原意的前提下找出符合英语习惯的搭配,切忌逐字翻译。

1)修饰语—中心词搭配
大雪:heavy snow;
大风:strong wind
红茶:black tea;
红糖:brown sugar;
浓茶:strong tea;
浓汤:thick soup;
浓烟:Heavy/dense smoke;
生活水平
the living standard
英语水平
one‟s English proficiency
领导水平
the art of leadership
强硬政策
Tough policy 他们两人都被吸收为正式成员。

例:(这种人其实不是共产党员,)至少不能算一个纯粹的共产党员。

(《纪念白求恩》)纯粹的:pure?
In truth, such people are not Communists, or at least cannot be counted as devoted Communists . Pure一般不用来修饰“人”,如果用来修饰“人”,意思是:“血统纯正的” He is a pure Anglo-Saxon.
2)动宾搭配:
例:创造奇迹
*create wonder
work wonders
例:接电话*receive a telephone
answer a telephone
例:盯着某人的眼睛看
*Stare at one‟s eyes
Look sb in the eye.
例:拉动消费
*pull consumption
stimulate consumption
例:听取意见
*hear one‟s opinion
have one‟s opinion
例:打开锁
*open the lock
unlock the door
例:帝国主义和国民党反动派的长期统治,造成了社会经济的不正常状态,造成了广大的失业群(《毛选》)
Long years of imperialist and reactionary Kuomintang rule left our economy in a chaotic state and caused widespread unemployment.
3)主谓搭配
例:我没有注意到这个错误。

(运用“无灵主语”)
*I failed to notice this mistake.
This mistake escaped me.
例:帝国主义日趋衰落。

(运用“无灵主语”)
*Imperialism growing weaker every day.
Every day sees Imperialism growing weaker. 例:蹲在池塘边苇丛中的青蛙叫得更起劲。

(《雷雨》).
squat,shout只能用于人,青蛙用crouch,croak
汉语“是”字句要灵活翻译:例:革命是解放生产力,改革也是解放生产力。

Revolution is the emancipation of the productive forces and reform is also the emancipation of the productive force. 例:中央的方针是等待他们,让事实教育他们。

*The Central Committee‟s policy was to wait for them and let facts educate them. The Central Committee‟s policy was to wait for them to be convinced by facts. 4)主表搭配:例:他们是我们现在工作很重要的基础。

*They are the important basis of our work today.
They are the mainstay of our work today
Mainstay: A chief support e.g. mainstay of leadership 领导骨干
例:邓小平理论是改革开放的理论基础。

Deng’s theory is the theoretical basis for reform and opening-up. 例:基础就要依靠群众的大多数。

* The basis is to rely on the majority of the people.
The basic principle / point is to rely on the majority of the people.
5)谓状搭配:
例:简单地说*simply speaking
to put it briefly 例:我们完全可以预言。

*We can completely predict that …
We can safely predict that…
例:门徒说:“我这平庸的人,又怎能慷慨地把衣给您这个杰出的人穿呢?” (《戎夷》)“Now that I am an ordinary person,” replied his disciple, “How can I be so generous as to give my clothes to such an outstanding figure like yours?”
以上例子说明汉英翻译中的词语搭配关系是比较复杂的,我们在翻译时要特别小心,如果没有把握,我们可以借助于《英语搭配大词典》的帮助。

(三)词语的具体化和概括化译法。

根据汉语原文中的词语的实际意义,把字而意义抽象和空泛的汉语词具体地表达出来,或者反之把一些字面意义比较具体形象,但是实际上表示一些概括的,泛指的或一般性含义的词用一些抽象或概括的译词表达出来,说明该词语在上下文中的具体含义。

1)词义的具体化:这是指汉语词汇语义较宽,语义比较模糊,很难从字面直译,或者说如果仅仅根据字面意思对译,可能使译文不准确
“搞”的翻译
例:我们搞社会主义才几十年,还处在初级阶段。

(《邓选》,379)
we have practiced socialism for only several decades and are still in the primary stage.
we have been building socialism for only a few decades and are still in the primary stage. 例:台湾可以有自己的军队,大陆不派人去,军队不去,行政人员不去,台湾的党、政、军等系统都由台湾自己来管。

《邓选——一国两制》
“大陆不派人去”中的“人”应该怎么理解,直译成people,这个词大而无当,范围太广,意义太含混,那么应该怎样译,结合上下文,结合语言使用的环境。

“大陆不派人去,军队不去,行政人员不去,台湾的党、政、军等……”,这样“人”与“党”相呼应,我们知道,国共两党在历史上曾经有过两次合作,在合作期间,两党之间互派代表到对方去工作,根据这一历史知识,并结合上下文,可以把“人”理解成“执政党派出的代表。

” 译文:Taiwan can retain its own armed forces. The mainland will dispatch no representatives, troops, or administrative personnel to Taiwan. Taiwan will maintain control over the party, the government and military apparatus.
“走”的不同译法:
Walk走
Pace踱步
Stagger蹒跚地走
Saunter信步走
Trot小步走
Stalk昂然阔步地走
Stroll不紧不慢地走
Trudge(在泥地、雪地里等)费力地走
Plod缓慢、疲倦而又不停地走
Slip悄悄地走进或溜走
“风”:任何室例:过去,从斋堂进北京靠羊肠小道,需要六七天的时间(董秋波:“斋堂川:京西旅游新热点)
羊肠小道:*sheep intestine path
In the past, it took six or seven clays to go from Zhaitang to Beijing through a narrow winding trail.
例:烟波浩渺
a wide expanse of mist-covered waters
例:青翠欲滴
green and luxuriant
例:杭州的春天,淡妆艳抹,无不相宜;夏日荷香阵阵,沁人心脾;秋天,桂枝飘香,菊花斗艳;冬日,琼装玉琢,俏丽媚人。

西湖以变幻多姿的风韵,令人心旷神怡。

Sunny or rainy, Hangzhou looks its best in spring. In summer the fragrance of lotus flowers is Autumn brings with it the of laurel flowers, and chrysanthemums are in full bloom. In winter the snow scenery looks just like jade-carvings,
译文基本上传达出了原文的意义,但原文的神韵、文采、美感和充满诗情画意的联想在译文中已丧失了许多。

例:奇特秀丽的海景,山景和石景,海山相连,相得益彰,蔚为壮观。

Wonders of nature hills, the sea, and rocks all presenting a splendid sight.
如果亦步亦趋地刻意追随原文反而会弄巧成拙。

例:王二婶(《冬宝》)
Aunt Wang
例:四叔(《祥林嫂》)
My uncle
(四)注意文章的文体,选词注意语体。

英语中一般把语体分为五种,它们是:正式体(formal)——半正式体(semi-formal)——共同核心(common core)——半非正式体(semi-informal)——口语体(informal/colloquial)。

在汉语里,我们一般分为庄重体——共同核心——口语体。

虽然在汉语中我们分得较粗略,但也可以和英语的相对应起来,主要原因就是我们的“共同核心”部分覆盖面要比英语中的“共核”部分宽,可以相当于半正式体----共同核心----半非正式体的总范畴。

例如:在英语中表示“子孙后代”的词有几个,如果按语体排列可以是offsprings---- descendant----Children---- sons and daughters----kids
汉语:后裔(后代)----子女(孩子)----小孩儿(娃娃)
惊悉令尊大人去世
翘辫子
*I‟m surprised to learn your father has died.
改译:I‟m shocked to learn that your father have departed.
翘辫子:
kick the bucket
(1)他们朝警察扔了块石头,然后就带着抢来的钱溜了。

(2)他们向警察投掷石块,后携款潜逃。

(1)They chucked a stone at the cops and then did a bunk with the loot.(Leech: semantics, P15,1981)
(2)After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.(Ibid)
语体的问题不仅涉及用语,还涉及句式。

例如,分词作状语比较正式,而用从句作状语则较随便,短句多为口语化,长句多为正式用法。

例如,同是“他听到这个消息便立刻打电话给他的父亲”这个意思,下面两句语体就不相同。

1. On hearing the news, he telephoned his father without delay.
2. When he heard the news, he rang his father right away.
(工厂外面挂着一块牌子,上面写道:)“本厂不再招收工人”(《退伍军人》)
“this factory no longer recruit new workers”,
不仅语言拖沓,而且完全不象是英语中在同样场合下的所使用的语言,
“No more hands wanted.”
敬启者:
进出口部请我通知您:一个月前从贵公司订购的150吨煤至今仍未发货,能否请您过问一下此发货事宜?
请尽快回复,不胜感激。

您忠实的
原文是一封公函,语言严谨简洁。

译文不论从词语上或句式上,都要庄重严肃、彬彬有礼,把原文的语体色彩表示出来。

Dear sirs,
I am requested by the Import & Export Department to inform you that the 150 tons of coal ordered from your company one month ago has not been delivered. Will you be so kind as to institute enquiries concerning this non-delivery?
It will be appreciated that you give your reply as soon as possible.
Y ours faithfully,
(五)注意避免词汇的重复,使译文灵活生动
如果在一篇短文中,我们对一个词的使用频率太大,势必会使人感到枯燥无味,也使人感到译者的词汇贫乏。

重复是汉语的一大特点,同一词汇或词组可以在文中反复出现,以求准确或有力。

但英语则倾向于变换用词,用不同的词汇来表达同一意义。

以求达到活跃文风的效果。

因此我们不能不采用一些手法,避免重复使用同一个词。

避免重复的重要方法是采用同义词替换,或采用一定的修辞手段。

例如,在一篇谈小汽车的文章,第一次当然要用car这一词以后的情况可以用it(代词),the machine(概括性词)the wheel(借代词),the engine(借代法)the vehicle(概括性词替换),等等,这样,读者就不会感到枯燥,因为文章因此而显得灵活、生动。

例:封建社会代替奴隶社会,资本主义代替封建主义,社会主义经历一个长过程发展后必然代替资本主义。

(《邓选》)
Feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.
Supplant/supersede: replace
汉译英中的增补译法
由于各种语都有各自的表达方式,所以,在翻译中词语的增减是常有的事。

英语和汉语在词义和句式结构方面的存在差异,出于意义上、语法上和修辞上的需要,在汉译英的表达过程中时常需要增加或减少某个词汇,这也是翻译中最重要的手段之一,著名翻译家泰特勒曾言:There is no mathematics without plus or minus,which holds good for translation.
(“没有加减,就没有算术;同样,没有增删,也就没有翻译。

”)
但要注意当增则增,当减则减,减词与增词都不能影响意义的表达,而是为了译出更好的译文。

“加词不加其意”,“减词不减其色”
一、出于语义需要的增词:
有时汉表意较模糊笼统,英表意较准确完整,所以在汉译英中常常要增补词语,使译文准确而完整的传达原文的意义。

1)准确忠实地传达原文的意思例:从前,中国人喜欢大家庭,(很多人生活在一起,有的家庭四世同堂——四代人住在一起。

*In the old days, Chinese people liked big families
In the old days, Chinese people preferred to live in extended families
例:世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆,它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化史。

(2000年八级考题)
*The world‟s first-generation museums were natural museums, which introduce to people through fossils and specimens the evolution of the earth and all sorts of living things..
The world‟s first-generation museums were natural history museums which illustrated the evolution of the earth and all sorts of organisms on it to the visitors by means of fossils and specimens.
例:他让人把废铜熔化,铸成小自由女神像
小自由女神像:*small Statues of Liberty
He had them melt the waste copper and cast it into miniature souvenir models of Statues of Liberty 例:我省的船舶工业从无到有,从木到钢。

改译:Jiangsu Province has witnessed a marked development in shipbuilding industry that has out every year.
this province. Then wooden ships could be built, and now steel ships are turned out every year. 分析:原文部分只有八个词,对汉语读者来说非常清楚:我省过去没有造船业,后来有了,开始也只能造木船,现在也能钢船了。

但英语译文要把上面的意思说清楚,必须要用两三个句子才行。

(From scratch: (begin sth) at the beginning, not using any work that was done before…)
译文2:Shipbuilding industry has been developing rapidly in Jiangsu province. In the past, there was no shipbuilding industry at all in
2)原文暗含的某种意思而又必须明示,可以通过增补词语译出。

汉语委婉含蓄,言贵曲折,不喜欢显山露水,原文字里行间中的暗含意思,不必说明,不言而喻,而在译文中却必须指明,否则就会造成理解的模糊甚至歧义。

例:(可以说,加拿大除了印第安人外,无一不是外来移民,)不同的只是时间长短而已。

*(Except for the native Indians, Canadian population is, so to speak, entirely made up of immigrants. ) The only difference is the length of time.
Except for the native Indians, Canadian population is, so to speak, entirely made up of immigrants 例:必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓,两手都要硬的方针,加强精神文明建设。

*…grasp with both hands and both hands must be hard…
想一想:“两手”是指哪两个方面?
改译:We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on the one hand and to the development of socialist cultures and ideology on the other hand
3)原文语境的增补
我们知道,语言的理解离不开语境。

语境有显性的语境,有隐性的语境。

汉语中的许多语境是不言而喻的,因而在原文中省略,而对译文读者来说却是必须要表达出来的。

A. 语言语境
语言语境是指词、句、段等构成的上下文。

汉译英时,常常需要补充这样的上下文以便于译文读者准确理解原文的意义。

例:返回时,他中途下了车,不辞劳苦地找到了那座房子。

*On his return journey, he got off the train halfway and took trouble to find his way to the house.
On his return journey, he got off the train at a midway station and took trouble to find his way to the house. 例:九月新生进校,我又看见许多父母的脸。

* It is September when many new college students enter campus. Again, I see the faces of many parents
It is September when many new college students enter campus. Again, I see the faces of many 例:(公元2005年的某一天晚上,天津的一位作家打来长途电话,说第二天要来北京,并要来看我,嘱我从中午起,就在家中守候。

)第二天中午,我从编辑部赶回家中,不敢睡午觉(怕来电话时我听不见)
*The following noon, I hurried home from the editor’s office. I dare not take a nap for fear of missing phone calls.
The following noon, I hurried home from my workplace, the editor’s office. I dare not take my usual nap for fear of missing his phone call.
B: 原文文化语境的增补顾况看他还是个孩子,就不怎么当回事,又看到诗稿上的名字“居易”就开玩笑地说:“长安这地方米贵,在这里。

…居‟可不…易‟呀!*” —Juyi on the manuscript, he remarked jokingly:
“Rice here in Chang‟an is expensive. So it‟s not ” When Gu saw the signature—Juyi (which means easy-life in Chinese) on the manuscript, he remarked jokingly:
“Rice here in Chang‟an is expensive. So it‟s not here
“小李,什么时候请吃糖啊?”王奶奶笑着问道。

“还没定呢。

”她脸一红。

“Xiao Li,” Granny Wang smiled, “When can I eat your wedding candy?”
“That depends.” She blushed.
为此我拼命干活,连春节也不例外。

(《远去的红伞》)
C:原文情景语境的增补
在叙述性段落中,可以适当补充情景语境,以保证思路的连续和线索的清晰,使行文逻辑连贯有个富翁在急流中翻了船,爬到溪间的石头上大喊救命。

A
一位渔夫从大海里捞上来一只密封的瓶子。

One day a fisherman found a sealed bottle in his net when he was fishing in the sea. 汉语往往采用暗示的方法来实现上下文的语义连贯,而英语往往采用明示的方法实现连贯。

例:脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是传自明朝的故事。

白蛇精与青蛇精化作美女来到人间。

(《白蛇传》)The Legend of the *White Snake, a。

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