英语语言学试卷精粹(10套题)

第一部分选择题
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the
letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,
it is said to be ___.
A、prescriptive
B、sociolinguistic
C、descriptive
D、psycholinguistic
2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.
A、bound morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、free morpheme
4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A、coordinator
B、particle
C、preposition
D、subordinator主从连词
5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."
A、is synonymous with
B、is inconsistent with
C、entails
D、presupposes
6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.
A、semantics
B、pragmatics
C、sociolinguistics
D、psycholinguistics
7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.
A、elaboration
B、simplification精简
C、external borrowing
D、internal borrowing
8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A、Lingua franca通用语
B、Creole
C、Pidgin
D、Standard language标准语言
9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .
A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回
B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex
C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons
D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area
10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A、learning
B、competence
C、performance
D、acquisition
第二部分非选择题
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the
letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.
12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .
13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.
15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.
16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.
17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .
18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".
19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short
period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.
20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or
false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.
()22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.
()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the
meanings
of its components.
()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.
()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated
and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.
()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken
today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.
()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech
situations known as domains.
()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.
()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration. (3%×10=30%)
31、duality
32、diachronic linguistics
33、broad transcription
34、morphological rules
35、phrase structure rule
36、relational opposites
37、componential analysis
38、context
39、euphemism
40、brain lateralization
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in
English for illustration.
42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of
a second language.
英语语言学试题（2）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)
1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.()
A.gradable opposites
B.relational opposites
C.co-hyponyms
D.synonyms
2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )
A.Jacob Grimm
B.Rasmus Rask
C.Franz Bopp
D.Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )
A.unusual
B.something to be feared
C.abnormal
D.natural
4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )
A.Broca's aphasic
B.The linguistic deprivation
C.The damage on the angular gyrus
D.Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern le arners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows:.( )
A.They cannot pronounce/n/
B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue
C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )
A.a polysemous
B.a synonymous
C.an abnormal
D.a multiple
7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.()
rmative
B.phatic
C.directive
D.performative
8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )
age
B.grammar
C.pronunciation
D.structure
9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )
A.Linguistic geography
B.Lexicology
C.Lexicography
D.Sociolinguistics
10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( )
A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult
B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult
C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult
D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult
二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)
11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.
12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of
s__g________.
13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.
14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.
15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。

每小题2分，共20分)
16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )
17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )
18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )
19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.( )
20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )
21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )
22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。

( )
23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.()
24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( )
25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
26.general linguistics
27.suprasegmental features
28.root and stem
29.hierarchical structure
30.naming theory and conceptualist view
31.maxims of quality and manner
32.blending
33.sociolect
34.subvocal speech
35.contrastive analysis
五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)
36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.
(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.
(2)He saw young men and women present.
(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.
re-
un-
anti-
super-
-wise
-itis
-ize
-age
英语语言学试题（3）
第一部分选择题
Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.
A. arbitrary
B.non-arbitrary
C. logical
D.non-productive
2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.
3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______.
A.phrase structure
B.surface structure
C.syntactic structure
D.deep structure
4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
A.Case Condition
B.Adjacent Condition
C.parameter
D.Adjacent parameters
5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.
A.polysemy
B.hyponymy
C.antonymy
D.homonymy
6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.
A.quality
B.quantity
C.relation
D.manner
7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.
e
B.accept
C.generalize
D.reconstruct
8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate
communications.
nguage interpretation
nguage identification
nguage choice
nguage planning
9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition?
______.
A.Cerebral cortex
B.Neurons
C.Eyes
D.Angular gyrus
10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.
A.the copula verb "be"
B.inflectional morphemes
C.function words
D.content words
第二部分非选择题
Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of
a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.
12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.
13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.
14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the
_s________,N the head and S the complement.
15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the doctor" should fall into the category of
_d________.
16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.
17.V owels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.
18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of
_s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.
19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called
_h________, one on the right and one on the left.
20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)
21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.
23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.
24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.
25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.
26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.
27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.
28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more
status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.
29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.
30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.
(3%×10=30%)
31.narrow transcription
32.stem
33.derivational affixes
34.grammatical relation
35.predication
36.semantic narrowing
37.nonstandard languages
38.linguistic taboo
39.angular gyrus
40.interlanguage
Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.
英语语言学试题（5）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)
1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.
A. comparative
B. diachronic
C. up-to-date
D. descriptive
2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.
A. auditory
B. acoustic
C. articulatory
D. none of the above three
3. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular,present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect.Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).
A. phonemes
B. morphemes
C. allophones
D. phones
4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.
A. speech act
B. TG
C. principles-and-parameters
D. minimalist programme
5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).
A. predication analysis
B. stylistic analysis
C. componential analysis
D. proposition analysis
6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutionary act
D. constative act
7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).
A. Sir William Jones
B. John Firth
C. M. A. K. Halliday
D. F. D. Saussure
8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).
A. discourse role-switching
B. activity role-switching
C. social role-switching
D. code-switching
9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’().
A. second language
B. first language
C. foreign language
D. interlanguage
10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).
A. 7800
B. 6800
C. 5800
D. 4800
二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)
11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.
12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.
13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.
14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.
15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.
16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in
which it is uttered.
17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.
18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.
19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.
20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。

每小题2分，共20分)
21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )
22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
( )
23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often
idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )
24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )
25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( )
26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )
27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )
28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )
29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )
30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual
contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
31. competence and performance
32. minimal pair
33. morphology
34. finite clause
35. sense and reference
36. Cooperative Principle
37. semantic broadening
38. language planning
39. the critical period hypothesis
40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation
五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)
41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?
42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.
The girl ate the orange.
43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.
King: Where is Polonius?
Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.
If your messenger find him not there,
seek him i’ the other place yourself.
But indeed, if you find him not within
this month, you shall nose him as you
go up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV, Scene iii
英语语言学试题（6）
Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his l anguage in linguistic communication.
A. langue
B. competence
C. parole
D. performance
2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).
A. palatal
B. alveolar
C. bilabial
D. dental
3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.
A. L. Bloomfield
B. F. Saussure
C. N. Chomsky
D.M. A. K. Halliday
4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.
A. Adjacent Condition
B. parameters
C. Case Condition
D. Case requirement
5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called () synonyms.
A. stylistic
B. dialectal
C. emotive
D. collocational
6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.
A. representatives
B. commissives
C. expressives
D. declaratives
7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).
A. Middle English
B. Old English
C. French
D. Norman French
8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.
A. genetic
B. social
C. direct
D. close
9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.
A. Werniker’s
B. visual
C. motor
D. Broca’s
10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.
A. Instrumental
B. Functional
C. Integrative
D. Social
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)
11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
d _____.
12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o ____ and are therefore consonants.
13. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
14. A _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.
15. R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.
16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c ____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it
a_____ the grammatical rules of the adult language.
18. A s _____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.
19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.
20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true
or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)
21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thu s there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.
23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.
24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.
25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.
26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the
classification of performative verbs.
27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.
28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.
29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.
30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)
31. assimilation rule。