四级基础写作讲义

四级基础写作
写作流程：破题，选词，组句，成段，谋篇
题目格式
练：1.my view on fake commodities
2. on-campus marriage
3. should the university campus be open to tourists?
4.a letter in reply to a friend
选词
（一）选词要求
✧准确贴切，避免重复
✧切忌生造
✧语体单一
练习：1.客人们在共进晚餐后都放松下来，也随便多了。

2. A Her answer was short but accurate.
B Her answer was short but hit the nail on the head.
（二）常见用词错误
✧拼写unversity eviroment concluson argument phanomenon
sugestion government polution technology
✧赘词
1)I will return back as soon as possible.
2)No one wants to repeat it again.
3)Everyone wants to lead a rich and wealthy life
✧搭配
Eg. crowded traffic expensive price
study/learn knowledge small opportunity
✧误用
Eg. industrial VS industrious effect VS affect
ecnomic VS economical continuous VS continual
efficient VS effective considerate VS considerable
（三）选词标准
✧具体表抽象
✧名词中心论
✧应急措施a. 试用笼统词
b. 试用解释性语句
练习：1.He is dumb.
2.He refused.
3.I have never seen such a stubborn person.
（四）用词替换&升级
（五）题材语料库
四级选题特点：1.校园热点话题—在校生活，学习，实践，人生观等
2.普通市民关心话题—环境，疾病与健康，社会弊端，休闲娱乐等
附一:升级词汇替换
about—approximately
always—invariably
amount—quantity
as a result—consequently
able—capable, in a(ny)position
all the time--continually, continuously, constantly
a lot of-- considerable, substantial, an abundance of(opportunities, sources etc.) basically--essentially, in essence, substantially
buy—purchase
let, allow--permit
be amount to—constitute
become smaller--be on the decline ,decrease, decline, diminish
become worse--deteriorate
before--prior to
begin--commence
better--superior
be(come/get) used to --be(come/get) accustomed to
big--major, significant, substantial
by means of—by virtue of
carry out--conduct, execute, implement
change--alter, alteration, modify, modification communication—exchange, interaction
common—universal
competitor—rival,opponent
consider—allow for, take into consideration
deal with-- tackle
do--conduct
do not--fail to
end--conclusion(to bring sth. to a conclusion)
enough-- sufficient, adequate(grounds, evidence, preparation, resources etc) every year—annually
explain—account for
fairly--comparatively, moderately
famous-- distinguished
find out-- discover(the cause of, factors behind sth etc)
have-- be equipped with, possess
help--accommodate
if--in the event of, in case(of)
important—crucial,essential,necessary,vital,indispensable,significant
in the end--eventually, ultimately
in the future—in the days ahead
later--subsequent(ly)
less and less--decreasing(ly)
keep(doing)-- persist in
long--extensive(coverage, passages, scope)
explore-- investigate(possibility),observe(behaviour)
more and more--increasingly
much--considerably, substantially
need--demand, require
now--at present, for the time being, at this moment
nowadays-- currently
often--frequent(ly)
opinion--perspective
quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)
realize--be aware of
remember—bear in mind that
right--appropriate, correct, proper
set up--establish(a newstate,a government,abusiness),
sharp--abrupt, drastic(rise and falls)
show—demonstrate,betray
side--aspect(of a problem)
small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc)
stop-- cease
suitable--proper, appropriate
therefore--consequently
thing--element, aspect, object, factor, consideration
think—assume, believe,consider, deem, emphasize,hold, maintain,reckon,support
too--excessively, unduly
too many/ too much --excessive(ly)
try –endeavor , strive
understand--appreciate
very--extremely, immensely, intensely
附二：题材语料库
永恒话题：经济增长，科技进步，人民生活水平提高
极力推荐：英语学习
1.学习：素质/应试/终身教育，必修/选修课，学位，留学，文化交流，启发性
2.就业：人才市场，面试，工作经验，创业，房地产
3.品质：谦虚，幽默，自信，随和，勤奋，忠诚，创造性，道德，智慧，耐心，毅力
4.团队：合作，竞争，团队精神，求同存异
5.健康：身体，心理，压力，情绪，乐/悲观，积/消极
6.社会：政府，改革政策，爱国，与时俱进，抗震救灾，弱势群体，和谐，
发展，繁荣，革新
7.环境：环保，全球变暖，拼车，生存
8.经济：金融危机，富裕，贫穷，商业，股市，利润
9.科技：电子，手机，触屏
10.休闲：娱乐，大片，健身，减肥，脱口秀
组句
⏹基本句型之“简单句”
1.主谓结构
Eg I gazed./ He lies. / I came, I saw, I conquered.
Eg Our existence can only be proved by our sufferings.
Lover departs, future dims, exam tortues, life pains.
But all this sadness proves one thing: we are still alive.
To everybody, in sad days, happiness is everywhere, for we have nothing to lose.
2.主系表结构
Eg “I think, therefore I am.”—Descartes
Parody “I pod, therefore I am.”—ipod
Eg “ Knowledge is power.”– Francis Bacon
3. 主谓宾结构
Eg “Change begets change.”—Charles Dickens
4. 主谓宾补结构
Eg I find you pretty.
5. 主谓双宾
A job interview offers the employers a lot of advantages.
⏹组句基本要求
a 成分完整性
1. While waiting for my turn brought me to nervousness.
2. Outlines are especially helpful if you want to see the details explain or develop the main idea,and to put these parts into a whole.(如果你想了解这些细节怎样来解释或拓展主要观点，并想把这些细节组合成一个整体，写好提纲事非常有帮助的)
3. Being the yougest child, mother hates to see me leave home.
b 成分一致性
1. They want to keep freshmen from having a car on campus.
2. The lecturer leaves time for the audience to ask them questions.
3. Those who are imprisoned find it hard to find a job after they have been released.
⏹扩展句子方法
1.增添法
2.并列法a 分句Ⅰ，并列词+分句Ⅱ
b 分句Ⅰ；并列副词，+分句Ⅱ
✧并列连词（7个）：for, and, nor, but,or, yet, so
✧并列副词：furthermore, besides, moreover, also, however, nonetheless, nevertheless,
still, otherwise, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, hence等
3.排比结构
Eg It is important for government leaders to think logically, to analyse carefully, and to make decisions practically.
Eg Studies serve for delight, for ornament,and for ability.-- Francis Bacon
Eg …and that the government of the people,by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.—Abraham Lincoln
4.从属法
✧名词性从句
✧定语从句
✧状语从句
练：大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪得工作事不可能的。

⏹润色句子方式
1.修辞多样化
2.开头多样化
3.结构多样化
⏹万能句型
⏹常见句式错误
成段
（一）段落结构
（二）主题句写作公式
（三）成段要求
1.统一性
2.连贯性
（四）成段写作方法
Ⅰ准备阶段：破题思路（Brainstorm）
Ⅱ具体写法
1.比较
2.举例
3.分析
✧平行分析法
✧二分法
谋篇
1.正反观点阐述
2.现象问题分析
3.图表作文
4.书信作文
英汉思维与写作对比小结
重点模板示例
以下为为美国白宫网站的一份声明，属于议论文范畴，揣摩其中的语言运用。

地道的表达方式真是值得背诵下来，涉及到具体用词可能偏难，但是句式和段落的展开方式十分值得大家学习。

World Press Freedom Day is annually observed on May 3 to remind us all of the vital importance of this core freedom. It is a day in which we celebrate the indispensable role played by journalists in exposing abuses of power, while we sound the alarm about the growing number of journalists silenced by death or jail as they attempt to bring daily news to the public.
Although World Press Freedom Day has only been celebrated since 1993, its roots run deep in the international community. In 1948, as people across the globe emerged from the horrors of the Second World War, nations saw fit to enshrine in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights the fundamental principle that everyone “has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”
Even as the world recognizes the central and indisputable importance of press freedom, journalists find themselves in frequent peril. Since this day was first celebrated some sixteen years ago, 692 journalists have been killed. Only a third of those deaths were linked to the dangers of covering war; the majority of victims were local reporters covering topics such as crime, corruption, and national security in their home countries. Adding to this tragic figure are the hundreds more each year who face intimidation, censorship, and arbitrary arrest – guilty of nothing more than a passion for truth and a tenacious belief that a free society depends on an informed citizenry. In every corner of the globe, there are journalists in jail or being actively harassed: from Azerbaijan to Zimbabwe, Burma to Uzbekistan, Cuba to
Eritrea. Emblematic examples of this distressing reality are figures like J.S. Tissainayagam in Sri Lanka, or Shi Tao and Hu Jia in China(此部分涉华言论已遭外交部强烈抗议). We are also especially concerned about the citizens from our own country currently under detention abroad: individuals such as Roxana Saberi in Iran, and Euna Lee and Laura Ling in North Korea.
Today, I lend my voice of support and admiration to(声援) all those brave men and women of the press who labor to expose truth and enhance accountability around the world. In so doing, I recall the words of Thomas Jefferson: "The basis of our governments being the opinion of the people,(独立主格结构) the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”
例文一1)网络几乎已经渗透到人们生活和工作的方方面面，包括我们的一些个人隐私
2)网络会对个人隐私产生哪些影响
3)你认为应该如何保障我们在网络上的个人隐私
Internet and Piracy
Internet has penetrated into all the aspects of our life and work. We can study and work by it; we can find a job by it; we can communicate by it; we can entertain by it; we can buy and sell by it. We can do almost everything on the Internet, and almost anywhere anytime。

However, at the same time Internet provides services for us, it is inevitably invading our privacy to some degree. The services on most websites require our registering. If we want to enjoy these services, we have to provide much private information, including our names, gender, address, telephone number and sometimes bank account. Due to the poor Internet administration and weak network security, our information might be open, stolen or sold. Even sometimes the information will be misused by the criminals。

Considering the above-mentioned, we must enhance the alertness when using the Internet. First, when we need Internet service, we should always log on those big legal websites. Second, if the service requires important private information, you should think twice before you type in it.
例文二1)现在很多漂亮的女孩子尽管没有很强的能力仍能找到很好的工作，因此一些人得出结论说外貌比能力更重要
2)你是否同意？给出你的理由
Is Good Appearance More Important than Capability?
Old people often tell the young, "Don't judge a person by his appearance"，meaning capability is more important than appearance. However, nowadays, with more interviewers putting emphasis on looks and the appearance of the applicants, a lot of people come to the conclusion that appearance is more important than capability.
As for me, I can't agree with this argument. Good appearance is pleasant, but capability is more important, because it demonstrates one's self-cultivation and practical values. It shows the effortsand the glory of acquiring something through one's hard work whereas good looks bespeak no struggle of the individual. Besides, maybe sometimes a beautiful face can help a girl acquire a good position, but in the long run it is her talent not her look that really works in her career development.
Therefore, those without good appearance needn't feel depressed because one's success depends on his capability; those with good appearance have to work hard since good appearance cannot bring a person final success.
例文三1)目前购买二手货的人越来越多
2)分析产生这一现象的原因
3)二手货交易可能带来的问题
Secondhand Goods
In recent years, second-hand transactions have become quite common. Nowadays there are more and more secondhand goods in the market, such as secondhand books, furniture, appliances, cars, and so on. Why do so many people like to buy secondhand goods?
The following reasons can account for this phenomenon. Above all, secondhand goods are cheaper than new ones. This enables those people who have poor financial abilities to buy the things they want. Moreover, secondhand goods transactions make it possible for people to make good use of the goods which may be useless in their hands. Besides, Internet provides a more convenient and quicker transaction platform for secondhand goods.
However, there are also some problems in secondhand goods transactions. For one thing, the quality of secondhand goods can not be promised and you can not enjoy the good after-sale service. For another, secondhand goods market lacks enough supervision and management, and there exist many dishonest business activities. In a word, I think secondhand goods transaction is a good trading way, but it needs further perfection of the rules.
例文四1)目前社会上有许多人喜欢购买彩票
2)分析产生这种现象的原因
3)提出你的建议
Why Do People Like to Buy Lotteries?
Nowadays, there exist all kinds of lotteries in our society, such as welfare lottery, sports lottery, computer lottery, and so forth. Anyone, whether men or women, the young or the old, may buy lottery tickets. But why do so many people like buying them?
The following reasons can account for the popularity of lotteries. First of all, most people are trying their luck on lottery tickets. They have a long-cherished dream of making big money overnight. In addition, there are some people who want to make donation to public welfare by buying lottery tickets. Besides, some people buy them just for fun.
As far as I am concerned, there are some risks in buying lotteries. People never should count on making big money by buying lotteries. Furthermore, lotteries to some extent are similar to gambling, so people should not spend too much money and energy on them. In a word, people should keep a clear head when buying lotteries.。