二语习得的研究综述

exposed to numerous stimuli in their environment. The response they give to
such stimuli will be reinforced if successful, that is if some desired outcome
practice makes perfect; in other words, learning would
take place by imitating and repeating the same
structures time after time. Second, teachers needed to
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Chomskyan Revolution
以转换 – 生成语法著称的乔式语言结构理论。1957年 因他的《句法结构》的发表而使语言学研究革命化。 到 60年代中期，Chomsky开始强调语言对研究人类心 灵所起的关键作用。他认为语言学应视为认知心理学 的一个分支，这一观点主要在《语言与心理》中作了 论证。正是他思想的这一方面广泛吸引了语言学以外 的学者，特别是在哲学界和心理学界。
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Behaviorism in Linguistics
In the behaviorist view, language leaning is seen like any other kind of
In the 1950s and early 1960s, theorizing about language learning was still very much an adjunct to the practical business of language teaching. However, the idea that language teaching methods had to be justified in terms of and underlying learning theory was well established. At that time the general learning theory dominant in mainstream psychology was behaviorism.
is obtained. Through repeated reinforcement, a certain stimulusme response time and again, which will then become a habit. The
learning of any skill is as the formation of habits, that is the creation of
leaning, as the formation of habits. It stems from work in psychology
which saw the learning of any kind of behavior as being based on the
notions of stimulus and response. This view sees human beings as being
转换生成语法试图用一套规则把操本族语者用以产生合乎语法
的句子的知识显示出来.
32
S
NP DET N
The police
VP
V
NP
DET N
raise
his revolver
The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
1. The 1950s and 1960s
The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Behaviorism
A theory of psychology which states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of physical processes only (including language) It led to theories of learning which explained how an external event ( a stimulus) caused a change in the behavior of an individual ( a response) without using concepts like “mind” or “ideas”, or any kind of mental behavior.
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
行为主义是心理学的一个理论，说明人和动 物的行为只能且必须从生理过程的角度来研 究，受它影响而产生的学习理论解释了人是 如何受外部事件（刺激）的影响产生行为变 化（反应）而不需要“意向” 或“意念”或 任何内心行为等概念。
Chomsky in 1957. It has since been developed by him and many other linguists. Chomsky attempted to provide a model for the description of all languages. A TG grammar tries to show, with a system of rules, the knowledge which a native speaker of a language uses in forming grammatical sentences.
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Researchers embarked on the huge task of comparing pairs of languages in order to pinpoint areas of difference, therefore of difficulty. This was termed Contrastive Analysis.
focus their teaching on structures which were believed to
be difficult, and as we saw above, difficult structures
would be those that were different in the L1 and the L2.
The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
xxWe will limit ourselves to the post-war period, which has seen the development of theorizing about second language learning from an adjunct to language pedagogy, to an autonomous field of research. The period since the 1950s can itself be divided into three main phases. 1. 1950-1960 2. 1970 3. 1980-1990
4. What does he study?
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
The logical outcome of such believes about the learning process was that effective teaching would concentrate on areas of difference, and that the best pedagogical tool for foreign language teachers therefore a sound knowledge of those areas.
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The Recent History of Second
Language Learning Research
CA: the comparison of the linguistic systems of two languages, for example the sound system or the grammatical system. Contrastive analysis was developed and practiced in the 1950s and 1960s, as an application of structural linguistics (based on the theory of behaviorism) to language teaching, and is based on the following assumptions:
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
TG Grammar (transformational-generative grammar) A theory of grammar which was proposed by the
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Examples:
（与L1不同之处，是L2学习的困难之处）
1. He studies English
2. He does not study English.
3. Does he study English?
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II. The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
We will start with the 1950s and 1960s and a short description of how second languages were believed to be learnt at the time. We will then describe the impact of the ‘Chomskyan revolution’ in linguistics on the field of language acquisition, initially on the study of first language acquisition, and subsequently that of second language acquisition.
stimulus-response pairings which become stronger with reinforcement.
36 xx e.g.
The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
xx From a teaching point of view, the implications of this approach were twofold. First, it was strongly believe that