人类语言学共性

1582
Standardized If a language has a causative morpheme which expresses permissiveness, this morpheme usually combines with a larger group of verbal stems in this meaning than in its
second meaning, factitivity, which is implied by the first.
标准表达式如果一种语言有一个使役语素表达放纵的意思，那么这个语素比起在第二意思中，通常在本义中结合了更多组动词性质的词干，后接宾语和补语，暗含于本义当中。

1583
Standardized The following four causative oppositions: (1) laugh - make laugh, amuse; (2) boil - bring to boil; (3) burn - ignite (of a paper); (4) break, get broken - break in two (of a stick),
display varying predispositions to expression by one or another formal opposition. Thus,
A. The probability that a formal opposition with a causative morpheme will appear
decreases from the first causative opposition to the fourth.
B. The probability that a formal opposition with an anticausative morpheme will appear
increases from the first causative opposition to the fourth.
C. The probability that a conversive formal opposition will appear increases from the
second causative opposition to the fourth (it was not not found at all in the first).
D. Suppletive formal oppositions are encountered almost exclusively in the second and
third causative oppositions, which indicates that there is a greater tendency for the first
and fourth semantic oppositions to be expressed by one and the same root morpheme.
标准表达式下面四组使役对立：（1）笑-使…笑，使欢乐；(2)沸腾-使沸腾；（3）流浪，乞讨-点燃（纸张）；（4）打破，被打破-破碎成两半（从一根）
显示多种不同倾向的表达的一个或另一个正式的反意词。

因此
A.一个有着使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使役反意词到第四个
的减少。

B.一个有着非使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使役反意词到第四
个的增加
C.后正式对立会使可能性出现从第二使役反意词到第四的增加（这在第一项中也可
以发现）
D.替补的正式对立遇见的几乎完全是是第二和第三个使役对立，这表明存在一个更
大的趋势也就是第一和第四的语义对立表达的是同一个词根语素。

1584
Standardized IF culturally basic possessed items are among ‘inalienables’, THEN part-whole and/or spatial relations are included in the ‘inalienable’ class as well.
IF part-whole and/or spatial relations are a mong ‘inalienables’, THEN kin terms and/or
body parts are included in the ‘inalienable’ class as well.
标准表达式如果文化基本具备项目在’不可分割’范围中，那么部分和/或空间关系也在’不可分割’范围中。

如果部分和/或空间关系在’不可分割’范围中，那么亲属称谓和/或身体的部分也在’
不可分割’范围中。

1585
Standardized Provided there is a split in the marking of possession, inalienable possession tends to be encoded through head-marking and alienable possession through dependent-marking. 标准表达式只要有一个分裂的标记，不可分割的所有往往通过编码的头标记和可通过从属标记的可分割所有。

1586
Standardized IF possession is regularly head-marked, THEN there will be an opposition of alienable and inalienable possession.
BY CONTRAPOSITION:
IF there is no opposition of alienable and inalienable possession, THEN possession is
regularly dependent-marked .
标准表达式如果所有是规则的头标记，那么就会有一个可分割和不可分割的所有对立。

相反的
如果没有可分割和不可分割的所有对立，那么其所有是规则的从属标记
1587
Standardized IF there is a set of nouns which cannot occur without a possessive marker, THEN there will be head-marked possession.
标准表达式如果有一堆名词它们不能脱离领属标记存在，那么它们是头标记所有。

1588
Standardized IF products are among inalienables, THEN so are pet animals;
IF pet animals are among inalienables, THEN so are kin terms;
IF kin terms are among inalienables, THEN so are clothing items;
IF clothing items are among inalienables, THEN so are inherent attributes;
IF inherent attributes are among inalienables, THEN so are body parts.
标准表达式如果产品属于不可分割，那么宠物也是;
如果宠物属于不可分割，那么金也是；
如果金属于不可分割，那么服装也是；
如果服装属于不可分割，那么固有属性也是；
如果固有属性属于不可分割，那么身体部分也是。

1589
Standardized IF basic order is verb-final, THEN there will be a strong tendency to place grammatical morphemes (grams) after the verb, and eventually to suffix them.
标注表达式如果基础顺序是动词置于最后，那么会有很大的趋势在动词之后代替语法语素，最终作为它们的后缀。

1590
Standardized IF basic order is verb-medial, THEN there is a strong tendency for preposed grammatical
morphemes not to be affixed (i.e., to be free).
标准表达式如果基本顺序是verb-medial，然后有一种强烈的趋势，前置语法语素不固定（例，可以免费）。

1591
Standardized IF there are internal relative clauses, THEN word order will be SOV.
标准表达式如果有内部关系从句，那么单词语序就是SOV。

1592
Standardized IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN basic word order will be OV.
IF basic word order is OV, THEN there will be left-branching.
FROM WHICH FOLLOWS:
IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN there will be left-branching NP
structure.
标准表达式如果是以内部结构为首的关系从句，那么基本单词顺序就是OV
如果基本单词顺序是OV，那么就会存在左分支
从以上可以得出
如果是以内部结构为首的关系从句，那么就会存在左分支名词词组结构。

1593
Standardized IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN there will be null anaphora (i.e., pro drop).
标准表达式如果有以内部结构为首的关系从句，那么会有无效的首语重复（例如，降临）
1594
Standardized The linguistic distance between possessor and possessum is never greater for the terms in the left than it is for the terms on the right:
kinsmen/body parts > artefacts.
标准表达式左置术语在领主属宾上的语言差异绝对不会比右置术语要大
亲属/身体部分>文物
1595
Standardized IF an element has auxiliary function, THEN it will be bound.
标准表达式如果一个元素有辅助作用，那么它将受到约束。

1596
Standardized IF AUX occurs in final position (in surface-order), THEN basic order is rigidly verb-final. 标准表达式如果助动词出现于末尾（表面的顺序）那么基本顺序就刚性是动词至于末尾
1597
Standardized IF there are headless relative clauses, THEN basic word order will be verb-final.
标准表达式如果有没有前端的关系从句，那么基本单词顺序将是动词置于末尾。

1598
Standardized IF there are headless relative clauses, THEN there is a productive pattern of
nominalization.
标准表达式如果有无前端的关系从句，那么就有名词化产生模式
1599
Standardized Every language has N’s and NPs of the type e → t (common nouns as predicates).
标准表达式每种语言都有名词和名词词组类型→t（普通名词作谓语）
1600
Standardized IF there are DPs of types other than e, THEN there are DPs of type e.
When there are no DPs distinct from NPs, NPs can be used as type e.
标准表达式如果除了e之外还有其他直接引语类型，那么就有直接引语类型。

如果没有不同于名词词组的直接引语，那么名词词组可以当做类型e使用。

1601
Standardized IF the feature [nasal] is compatible with obstruent stops, THEN it is also compatible with fricatives;
IF the feature [nasal] is compatible with fricatives, THEN it is also compatible with liquids;
IF the feature [nasal] is compatible with liquids, THEN it is also compatible with
semivowels;
IF the feature [nasal] is compatible with semivowels, THEN it is also compatible with
vowels.
标准表达式如果特征[鼻]兼容阻塞音停止，那么它也兼容擦音；
如果特征[鼻]兼容擦音，那么它也兼容液体；
如果特征[鼻]兼容液体，那么它也兼容半元音；
如果特征[鼻]兼容半元音，那么它也兼容元音。

1602
Standardized IF the feature [nasal] is a dependent of the Spontaneous Voicing node (SV-node), THEN there are prenalized stops.
标准表达式如果特征[鼻]是一个依赖的自发表达的节点（sv-node），然后有prenalized中止。

1603
Standardized IF high vowels are regressively nasalized, THEN low vowels are regressively nasalized as well.
标准表达式如果高元音鼻化元音是退步，然后低鼻化以及回归。

1604
Standardized IF front vowels are nasalized, THEN back vowels are nasalized as well.
标准表达式如果前面的元音鼻化元音鼻音化，那么后面的也一样。

1605
Standardized IF vowels are nasalized before nasals that are syllable-initial, THEN vowels are nasalized before a nasal followed by non-continuants.
IF vowels are nasalized before a nasal followed by non-continuants, THEN also before a
nasal followed by continuants.
IF vowels are nasalized before a nasal followed by continuants, THEN vowels are
nasalized when nasal is final.
标准表达式如果鼻化元音在鼻音前，音节，元音鼻化之前，那么元音鼻化在接着不持续的鼻音前。

如果元音鼻化在接着不持续的鼻音前，那么它也在接着持续音的鼻音前。

如果元音鼻化在接着持续音的鼻音前，那么元音鼻话当鼻音终止时。

1606
Standardized IF nasalization spreads from a contextually nasalized vowel to a liquid, THEN it also spreads to oral glides.
IF nasalization spreads from a contextually nasalized vowel to an oral glide, THEN it also
spreads to glottal stop, h and adjacent vowels.
标准表达式如果从一个上下文鼻化元音鼻音化为液态，那么它也蔓延到口腔下滑。

如果从一个上下文鼻化元音鼻音的下滑，那么它也蔓延到声门塞音，与相邻的元音。

1607
Standardized IF the modals/auxiliaries do not inflect for person, THEN there will be no infinitive.
标准表达式如果情态动词/辅助语言不能使人曲折变化，那么它就没有动词不定式
1608
Standardized IF the feature [nasal] spreads through supralaryngeal segments (like in the implicational sequence above), THEN it spreads also through vowels.
IF the feature [nasal] spreads through laryngeal segments, THEN it spreads also through
vowels.
IF the feature [nasal] spreads through supralaryngeal segments, THEN it does not
necessarily spread through laryngeal segments.
IN OTHER WORDS: spreading through supralaryngeal segments is independent of
spreading through laryngeal segments.
标准表达式如果特征[鼻]传播上喉部分（如在蕴涵序列以上）传播也通过元音。

如果特征[鼻]传播通过喉部分，那么传播也通过元音。

如果特征[鼻]传播上喉部分，那么它不一定通过喉部分。

换句话说，通过传播上喉部分独立的传播通过喉部分。

1609
Standardized Languages would not be expected to exhibit phonological constrasts such as [-nasal] laryngeal segments and [+nasal] laryngeal segments.
标准表达式语言不会像预期的展现出语音的差别对比，如[-鼻]喉部分和[+鼻]喉部分。