综合英语第三册的课本知识点

综合英语第三册的课本知识点
综合英语3
Unit 1
1. distinct: clearly seen, heard, felt, understood, ------ obvious, noticeable
Now that the boss was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude.
The children have distinct memories of their grandfather in his last days.
distinct from: different in kind
Mozart's style is quite distinct from Haydn's
Cf. distinctive: having a unique quality
A thing or quality that is clearly different from others of its kind is distinctive or
distinct from
1. Discreet: adj. careful in what one says or does; not too obvious
e.g. You should make a few discreet enquires about the firm before you sign anything.
discretion：n. quality of being discreet; good judgment
e.g. to act with discretion谨慎行事
Indiscreet; indiscretion
2. clutch vt. to hold or grasp tightly
vi. to try to grasp or seize
The frightened woman clutched her bags to her breast.
He clutched at the rope we had thrown to him but could not reach it.
n.Make a clutch at sth.
o.She released the clutch and the car began to move.
3. Reserve: n. self-restraint in expression
Being a man of reserve, Mr. York was never popular with his colleagues.
A few drinks broke through his reserve.
Practice: 她一反平素的沉默寡言，表现得很活跃。

For once, she lost/dropped her customary reserve and became quite lively. Reserved adj. slow to show feelings or express opinions
1) The English have a reputation for being reserved.
2) booked: Did you have a reserved seat?
reserve v. (refer to the dictionary)
4. crisp adj: Paper or clothes that are crisp are stiff and fresh with no creases in them.
I lay down on the freshly made bed with its crisp white sheets.
crisp new bank notes
5. ruled: ruled paper has thin, straight lines printed across it.
6. grope for/after sth:
Feel or search about (for sth) in the dark
Darkness gives me dark eyes with which I grope for brightness.
(fig) a tricky question which left him groping for an answer Fumble: to feel or make (one's way) awkwardly
He fumbled about in his pockets for the ticket.
7. The bottled snakes along the wall should have tipped me off.
should have + P.P.
1) to say that sth.was expected or intended to happen but did not happen.
(=ought to have)
Yesterday should have been the start of the soccer season.
2) When you realize that you or someone else has made a mistake and you are
suggesting how it could have been avoided. (=ought to have) You should have thought about that before you invited her.
I shouldn’t have trusted that man.
tip off: to give an advance warning or hint to
Somebody must have tipped the burglars off that the house would be empty.
The police was tipped off about the robbery.
8. flail: (cause sth. to) wave or swing about wildly
I flailed her arms to get her attention.
Flail one’s arms/hands above one’s head
9. Sneak into, out of, past, etc sth.
He stole the money and sneaked out of the house.
adj: secret and unexpected
a sneak attack; a sneak look at a letter
10. composed: calm, self-controlled
a composed person, manner, look
Composed of: made up from sth.
Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
11 . somebody’s heart goes out to somebody: feel sympathetic towards
His heart went out to Mrs. Bradshaw and her fatherless child.
12. Grin: smile broadly to show the teeth, showing amusement or contempt
smile, laugh,
” Some other different “laughs
giggle (at sb/ sth): laugh lightly in a nervous or silly way
sneer (at sb/sth): laugh scornfully
chuckle (laugh quietly or to oneself)
cackle (loud and silly laugh, like the noise that a hen makes after laying an egg)
13. slink: v. to sneak; to move as if one feels guilty or ashamed
She tried to slink (=sneak) out of the office so that nobody would see her.
The cat slunk (=sneaked) through the grass toward its prey.
1. interpret…as:
She interpret his silence as arrogance.
We interpret a frown as a sign of disapproval.
2. malicious: adj. intended to harm others
a malicious remark, smile, act
malicious gossip
malice: n. a desire to harm others; extreme ill will or spite
He did it through /out of malice.
I am quite certain that his wife bears malice to/towards/against (=feels
continuing dislike for) me.
3. Popularity was not so important: running with the crowd was no longer a law
of survival.
Paraphrase: It didn’t matter whether or not you were widely accepted or admired. You did not have to behave to the liking of everybody else.
4. This was my big chance to …doing everything perfectly.
preoccupation (with): obsession
Such an excessive preoccupation with one's health can't be normal.
It is preoccupation with possessions that prevents us from living freely and nobly.
Preoccupied: adj.
Paraphrase: So long as I could give up the attempt to be perfect in everything, I would well be able to do what I wanted in the way I was comfortable with.
5. shackle:
The pol iceman placed shackles on the suspect’s hands.
(fig) a restraint to action or progress, often used in the plural form
the shackles of convention
It is hard to break through the shackles of habit.
Even if: whether or not
e.g. Even if he loses the election, the president will control foreign policy.
(The speaker doesn’t know definitely whether or not the president has lost the election.) Even though: despite the fact that
e.g. Even though Tom doesn’t speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madr id. (The speaker knows that Tom doesn’t speak Spanish.)
Unit2
Tyranny: n.
unfair or cruel use of power or authority
e.g. the tyranny of military rule
(fig) submit to the tyranny of inflexible office hours
1. trail→ a long line or series of marks that is left by somebody/something
e.g. He went inside, leaving a trail of muddy footprints behind him.
Translate: 飓风过后满目疮痍。

The hurricane left a trail of destruction behind it.
2. haunt → to be always in the thoughts of; return repeatedly
to the mind of
e.g. Thirty years after the earthquake he is still haunted by images of death and destruction.
The memory of that day still haunts me.
(of ghosts) visit (a place) regularly:
a haunted house
3. exacting→ (of a person or pie ce of work) demanding much care, effort and
attention
e.g. an exacting teacher/piece of work
Volunteers are needed for an exacting assignment.
[synonym] demanding
exact v. insist on and obtain; require
e.g. exact obedience from one’s staff
(fml) Her work exacts great care and attention.
1. dilemma
e.g. The doctor faced a dilemma as whether he should tell the patient the truth or not. The president finds himself in a dilemma over how to tackle the crisis.
[synonym] predicament
2. priority
1)[c] something that is regarded as more important than others
Education is a top priority.
Our first priority is to improve standards.
Financial security was high on his list of priorities.
You need to get your priorities right.
(American English) You need to get your priorities straight.
2) [u] priority (over something) high or top place among various things to be done
Club members will be given priority.
The search for a new vaccine will take priority over all other medical research.
prioritize v. : to put tasks, etc. in order of importance
3. misgiving :
doubt, distrust, or fear, esp. about a future event
The plan seemed utterly impractical and I was filled with misgiving about it. Translate: 我对是否接受那份工作顾虑重重。

I have serious misgivings about taking that job.
4. crowd out→ to keep out for lack of space
e.g. Pressure on study space has crowded out new students from many university
libraries.
The article was crowded out of yesterday's edition.
prevent sb/sth from operating successfully
Translate: 小商店受到大超市不断排挤。

Small shops are being crowded out by the big
supermarkets.
5.He didn’t realize how hard his maxim hit. It often returns to haunt and rebuke
me by raising the critical problem of priorities. (Para. 4)
rebuke：to speak angrily to
e.g. He was rebuked for cheating.
Paraphrase:
He did not realize what an impact his words had on me. They often return to my mind and reproach me with the grave problem of priorities.
1. breach → to break (a promise, agreement, etc.); to make a gap in
e.g. The government is accused of breaching the terms of the
treaty.
breach the enemy defences
breach n. (please refer to dictionary)
2. imperious→ (too) commanding; expecting obedience from others
an imperious gesture/look/command
傲慢的姿势、飞扬跋扈的样子、专横的命令
3. devour→ to use up all of something; to eat hungrily or greedily; destroy
Her job devours all her energy.
He devoured half of his burger in one bite.
[fig] She devoured the new detective story.
Translate: 大火吞噬了大片森林。

[fig] Fire devoured a huge area of forest.
4. But in the light of time’s perspective their deceptive prominence fades; with a
sense of loss we recall the important tasks pushed aside.
in the light of→ in view of, considering
In the light of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular
care of their personal belongings.
prominence→ the fact or quality of being well-known and important
Messi came to prominence during the World Cup in Germany.
Most of the papers give prominence to the same story.
catch up(on/with something): to spend time or efforts doing something that you
have had not time to do properly until now.
He shut himself away for a month to catch up on his academic work.
catch up (with somebody): to reach somebody in front of you by walking faster;
to reach the same standard or level as they are.
apart from
1) It is used to refer to something, often something small or unimportant, which is an exception to the general situation or state of affairs. = excepting for 除了…以外（别无）；除去She had no money, apart from the five pounds that Christopher had given her.
Apart from his nose he is quite good-looking.
2) In addition to除了…以外（尚有）；不止
Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.
Unit3
1. attend to→to take care of, look after, deal with
His company helps employees attend to their elderly relatives.
Could you attend to this matter immediately?
→give carefu l thought
Attend to your work and stop talking.
2. indifferent→ without interest or concern
She was utterly indifferent to his irritation.
Translate: 你怎能对饥民的疾苦无动于衷呢？
How can you be indifferent to the sufferings of starving people?
n. indifference (to sb/sth)
3. profoundly→ extremely
She was profoundly shaken by the news.
He could hardly calm down after that profoundly disturbing experience.
adj. profound
e.g. profound changes in the earth's climate
a man of profound learning
profound questions about life and death
4. derive from→ to come from a source or origin
The story derives from a very common folktale.
Translate: 英语中有成千上万的词源自拉丁文。

Thousands of English words derive from Latin.
5. ecstasy→ [U, C] (feeling or state of) great happiness
e.g. He is in an ecstasy of joy.
They were thrown into /went into ecstasies over the view.
adj. ecstatic
6. smother → to cover closely or thickly
The cook smothered a steak with mushrooms.
smother a child with kisses
Smother the flames/ a yawn/giggle/grin /ones’ voices
7. lavish something on/upon somebody/something: to give
a lot of something, often too much, to somebody/something
e.g. She lavishes most of her attention on her youngest son.
lavish adj. (refer to dictionary)
8. proceed
→proceed (with something) to continue d oing sth.
We're not sure whether we still want to proceed with the sale.
Work is proceeding slowly.
→ proceed to do something to do something next
[Synonym] go on
He outlined his plans and then proceeded to explain them in more detail.
1. marked→ easy to s ee
[synonym] noticeable, distinct
a marked difference/improvement
There is a marked increase in economy.
Translate: 她很安静好学，跟她妹妹截然不同。

She is quiet and studious, in marked contrast to her sister.
2. assert→to declare strongly
assert that… She continued to assert that she was innocent.
assert something She continued to assert her innocence.
+ speech ‘That is wrong,’ he asserted.
it is asserted that… It is commonly asserted that older people prefer to receive care from family members.
n. assertion
3. ubiquito us→seeming to be everywhere; very common
His ubiquitous influence was felt by the whole family.
n. Ubiquity
4. spring up→To emerge suddenly and in large quantity
spring up like mushrooms 如雨后春笋般涌现
5. come about→ happen, take place
How did the accident come about?
How did it come about that he knew where we were?
6. infamous→ well-known for being bad or evil
[synonym] notorious
a general who was infamous for his brutality
the most infamous concentration camp
7. part and parcel→ an essential part that must not be ignored
Unemployment is part and parcel of the bigger problem -- a sagging economy.
It's best to accept that some inconveniences are part and parcel of travel.
Translate: 我的工作主要是记账。

Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.
8. inherent→existin g as a natural and permanent quality
[synonym) intrinsic
e.g. The drug has certain inherent side effects.
Dance is an inherent part of the culture.
Translate: 对自由的渴望是我们所有人的天性。

(inherent in)
The desire for freedom is inherent in us all.
9. phenomenal →very remarkable, impressive
[synonym] extraordinary
The product has been a phenomenal success.
She has a phenomenal memory.
The response to the appeal has been phenomenal.
1. fastidious→ being careful that every detail of something is correct Everything was planned in fastidious detail.
He was fastidious in his preparation for the big day.
(sometimes derog) hard to please; easily disgusted
She is so fastidious about her food that I never invite her for dinner.
2. chore→ a. a task that you do regularly
doing the household/domestic chores
b. an unpleasant or boring task
Shopping's a real chore for me.
3. contrive→to make or invent something in a skillful way
contrive a device, a technique, an experiment, a means of escape
adj. contrived: planned in advance rather than being genuine–a contrived incident 人为事件
…with its procession of …dishes
…courses that are served in order /… a number of dishes that are served one after another in an orderly way
E.g. Water Banquet of Luo Yang (24 dishes)
4. conform to→ to act in acco rdance with; to comply with
The building does not conform to safety regulations.
Translate: 大多数人都愿意遵从社会习俗。

Most people willingly conform to the customs of society.
5. elusive→ hard to express or define
He tried to recall the elusive thought he had had months before.
The meaning of the poem was somewhat elusive.
6. piquant→ having a pl easantly sharp or strong taste; exciting and interesting ?With that piquant tomato sauce, the dish tastes much better.
a piquant bit of gossip 有趣的闲谈
n. piquancy [U]
7. ent erprise →[U] the ability to think of new projects and make them successful [Synonym] initiative
a man of great enterprise
He got the job because he showed the spirit of enterprise.
adj. enterprising
Unit4
incidentally:
1.In a way that was not planned, but as a result of something else
e.g. Quite incidentally, I got some information at the party.
2.by the way
Eg. I must go now, incidentally, can you look after my dog?
adj. incidental
incidental music (= music used with a play or a film/movie to give atmosphere) incidental expenses (= small costs that you get in connection with something).
fresh from: having just experienced
students fresh from college
fresh from her success at the Olympic Games
Translate: 这个公司主要是由刚刚从学校毕业的年轻人组成的。

This company is mostly composed of young people fresh from school.
occur to: come into (somebody’s mind)
It occurs to sb. that…
if need be: if necessary
We will come to your help if need be.
If need be, I can come early tomorrow.
Keep/lose track of: to have (not have) up-to-date information about something
all the time
How do you manage to keep track of the latest economic development?
I want a wife to keep track of the children’s doctor and dentist appointments.”
I want a wife who can accurately remember the appointments with chi ldren’s doctor and dentist and contact them on time.
Peer: a person of the same age, class, position, etc. as oneself
e.g. It is hard to resist peer pressure.
He is popular with his peers.
sympathize with sb. :to feel sorry for sb.
They sympathize with those children who have lost their homes.
sympathetic adj.
sympathy n.
rambling: (of a speech, writing) disordered and wandering
This is really a rambling essay.
I've just had this rambling, incoherent letter from my sister.
replenish : to fill up again
Eg. Allow me to replenish your glass.
Food stocks should be replenished every morning before opening.
Translate: 我的工作是不时地补充库存。

My work was to replenish our stock time and again.
clutter up : to make untidy or confused, especially by filling with useless or unwanted things
This room is so impressive that it would be a shame to clutter it up.
(fig) Try not to clutter up your head with trivia.
“…that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy.”
I need at times to have some affairs outside marriage so as to have my sexual needs fully satisfied.
entail :to make (an event or action) necessary; to involve
Writing a book entails a lot of work.
This job will entail driving a long distance every day.
adherence to : acting in accordance (with something); following (something)
He was known for his strict adherence to the rules.
v. adhere to
For ten months he adhered to a strict no-fat low-salt diet.
monogamy : the custom or practice of having only one wife or husband at one time Compare bigamy/polygamy/polyandry adj. monogamous: a -- marriage
Mono- (pref): one, single
Eg. monologue/ monolingual
Unit5
precisely →
e.g. They arrived at five o'clock precisely.
She pronounced the word very slowly and precisely.
“But if the delivery is late , we will lose the order!” -- “Precisely.” (express agreement)
[synonyms] exactly, accurately, definitely
[idioms] more precisely
The problem is due to discipline, or, more precisely, the lack of discipline, in schools.
overweight→weighing more than is considered nor mal, allowed or healthy for one's age or build
e.g. I'm on a diet now because I am overweight.
The baggage is two kilos overweight.
Compare: fat, obese, fleshy, stout, pudgy, plump, chubby
These adjectives mean having an abundance and often an excess of flesh.
Fat implies excessive weight and is generally unfavorable in its connotations:
Charlie is not merely overweight but downright fat.
Obese implies gross overweight（过度肥胖的）:
... a woman of robust frame ... though stout, not obese"(Charlotte Brontē).
Fleshy suggests a not necessarily excessive abundance of flesh（多肉的，肥胖的；丰满的）:
Susan quite likes her boyfriend's firm, fleshy arms.
Stout is sometimes used as a polite term to describe fatness. In stricter application stout refers to a person with a thickset, bulky figure（粗壮的；肥厚的；
结实的，牢固):
Even slim girls can become stout matrons.
Pudgy means short and fat(矮胖的) :
His pudgy fingers look really funny.
Plump applies to a pleasing fullness of figure:
Everybody loves Rita, the plump, rosy little girl.
A chubby person is round and plump(圆胖的) :
chubby cheeks
But it did list his “survivors” quite accurately (P7) ----
Paraphrase: But the obituary did list the family members of the dead man quite accurately.
survive → to live longer than; to outlive
e.g. My father survived my mother by four years.
Translate: 他死时留下妻子和四个孩子。