北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit-8-Understanding-of-Culture(文化理解)
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15
1)An Iceberg
a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part) b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )
Define “culture” in your own words
……
more that 500 versions no consensus reached up to present
10
Some well-known definitions…
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
By the same token, culture like an onion.
when you strip it layer by layer, you will notice the fact that the culture also have three layers.
23
Three Levels
12
Definition in Textbook
Most anthropologists agree that
culture refers to the total way of living of particular groups of people.
It includes everything that a group of people think, say, do, and make.
24
Example – Americans in Cultural Onion
Intercultural
Communication
Basic Concepts: Culture
1
The Tower of Babel
in the Old Testament
following the Great Flood
built by a united humanity to reach the heavens
human with culture. 6)The computer stops working as a result of its incompatibility
with someone else’s software.
20
3) The Rules of the Game
1) Everybody is playing in any particular society although we generally are not highly aware of the rules at any given moment.
So God said, “Come, let us go down and confound their speech.”
God scattered them upon the face
of the Earth, and confused their
languages.
the Confusion of Tongues
Can you tell what went wrong? “Help yourself” VS. “Be my guest”
22
4) An Onion
The onion has three different layers.
the outer layer the middle layer the inner nuclear layer.
speaking a single
language
Adamic Language
“… with its top in the heaven…lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the earth.”
2 /wiki/Tower_of_Babel
(2) Discuss in groups the strengths and weakness of the American and Chinese education systems.
14
Metaphors of Culture 1) an iceberg
2) software of our mind in our textbook 3) the rules of the game 4) an onion 5) water that fish is swimming in
3) Physical selves are the hardware. 4) Home culture programs us and proves us the software. 5) An infant is a potential human at birth and become a real
The Tower of Babel
God came down and see what they did…
“They are one people and have one language, and nothing will be withholden from them which they purpose to do.”
Liang Shuming梁漱溟, a well-known Chinese scholar, the last Confuscianist in China, offers three aspects of culture in his book Culture & Philosophy:
(1) Material life such as material things, essential for human survival;
2) These shared rules of the game tell us how to communicate with others and how to interpret the behavior of those around us.
21
Case Study
Richard, an engineer from the United States, was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in England. This was a purely social, relaxed occasion. Tea was served along with sugar and cream. As he helped himself to some sugar and cream, he sensed he had done something wrong.
(2) Social life such as lifestyles, social organizations, and political and economic relation;
(3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art.
3
“People fail to get along because they fear each other;
They fear each other because they don’t know each other;
They don’t know each other because they have not communicated with each other.”
In a word, culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behavior.
13
People differ from each other …
For example, in education…
(1) Why is Elle Woods considered diverse by Harvard Law School? And why is Elle Woods admitted by Harvard Law School? What can we learn from it about American culture?
bad, etc. Car parking
17
18
2) Software of Our Mind
19
Operating System
1)The basic operating system that makes us human.
2) Humans around the world are physically the same, universal.
Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable: 1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning 2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior 3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect
16
Which of the following are above the water and which are below?
What people eat What people wear What games children play How to use time How to introduce people How to participate in ceremonies Rules for gestures Rules for facial expressions and eye contact Etiquette Work speed What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or
— Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
4
Culture
5
Definition Metaphors Characteristics
Subculture and Co-culture
6
7
8
9
Definition of Culture
Brainstorm
Please write down whatever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture. Next, try to figure out how they are related to culture.
E. B. Tylor, 1871 the earliest, perhaps the best known, formal definition
“culture is communication and communication is culture.”
Hall, 1976
11
Some well-known definitions…
1)An Iceberg
a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part) b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )
Define “culture” in your own words
……
more that 500 versions no consensus reached up to present
10
Some well-known definitions…
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
By the same token, culture like an onion.
when you strip it layer by layer, you will notice the fact that the culture also have three layers.
23
Three Levels
12
Definition in Textbook
Most anthropologists agree that
culture refers to the total way of living of particular groups of people.
It includes everything that a group of people think, say, do, and make.
24
Example – Americans in Cultural Onion
Intercultural
Communication
Basic Concepts: Culture
1
The Tower of Babel
in the Old Testament
following the Great Flood
built by a united humanity to reach the heavens
human with culture. 6)The computer stops working as a result of its incompatibility
with someone else’s software.
20
3) The Rules of the Game
1) Everybody is playing in any particular society although we generally are not highly aware of the rules at any given moment.
So God said, “Come, let us go down and confound their speech.”
God scattered them upon the face
of the Earth, and confused their
languages.
the Confusion of Tongues
Can you tell what went wrong? “Help yourself” VS. “Be my guest”
22
4) An Onion
The onion has three different layers.
the outer layer the middle layer the inner nuclear layer.
speaking a single
language
Adamic Language
“… with its top in the heaven…lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the earth.”
2 /wiki/Tower_of_Babel
(2) Discuss in groups the strengths and weakness of the American and Chinese education systems.
14
Metaphors of Culture 1) an iceberg
2) software of our mind in our textbook 3) the rules of the game 4) an onion 5) water that fish is swimming in
3) Physical selves are the hardware. 4) Home culture programs us and proves us the software. 5) An infant is a potential human at birth and become a real
The Tower of Babel
God came down and see what they did…
“They are one people and have one language, and nothing will be withholden from them which they purpose to do.”
Liang Shuming梁漱溟, a well-known Chinese scholar, the last Confuscianist in China, offers three aspects of culture in his book Culture & Philosophy:
(1) Material life such as material things, essential for human survival;
2) These shared rules of the game tell us how to communicate with others and how to interpret the behavior of those around us.
21
Case Study
Richard, an engineer from the United States, was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in England. This was a purely social, relaxed occasion. Tea was served along with sugar and cream. As he helped himself to some sugar and cream, he sensed he had done something wrong.
(2) Social life such as lifestyles, social organizations, and political and economic relation;
(3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art.
3
“People fail to get along because they fear each other;
They fear each other because they don’t know each other;
They don’t know each other because they have not communicated with each other.”
In a word, culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behavior.
13
People differ from each other …
For example, in education…
(1) Why is Elle Woods considered diverse by Harvard Law School? And why is Elle Woods admitted by Harvard Law School? What can we learn from it about American culture?
bad, etc. Car parking
17
18
2) Software of Our Mind
19
Operating System
1)The basic operating system that makes us human.
2) Humans around the world are physically the same, universal.
Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable: 1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning 2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior 3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect
16
Which of the following are above the water and which are below?
What people eat What people wear What games children play How to use time How to introduce people How to participate in ceremonies Rules for gestures Rules for facial expressions and eye contact Etiquette Work speed What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or
— Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
4
Culture
5
Definition Metaphors Characteristics
Subculture and Co-culture
6
7
8
9
Definition of Culture
Brainstorm
Please write down whatever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture. Next, try to figure out how they are related to culture.
E. B. Tylor, 1871 the earliest, perhaps the best known, formal definition
“culture is communication and communication is culture.”
Hall, 1976
11
Some well-known definitions…