论西奥多·德莱塞小说《“天才”》中的自然主义特征
[论德莱塞作品中的自然主义风格]德莱塞自然主义
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[论德莱塞作品中的自然主义风格]德莱塞自然主义一自然主义文学自然主义文学是文学艺术创作中的一种倾向。
作为创作方法,它一方面排斥浪漫主义的想象、夸张、抒情等主观因素,另一方面轻视现实主义对现实生活的典型概括,而追求绝对的客观性,崇尚单纯地描摹自然,着重对现实生活的表面现象作记录式的写照,并企图以自然规律特别是生物学规律解释人和人类社会。
在文学艺术上,它倾向于“按照事物本来的样子去摹仿”。
美国自然主义文学在美国文学史上占有重要地位,它揭示了现代美国社会核心价值观的深层次问题,探索了其工业化与后工业化进程中复杂的文化模式、社会心理及其个人行为方式的历史变迁。
自然主义比以前的美国传统文学更具体地揭示了美国资本主义生产的社会心理本质,即生产过程作为“生产欲望和消费欲望”的社会化过程,作家所再现的主体“动物本性”实际上是资本主义工业化进程中最根本的“人性”。
自然主义文学创作在美国工业化结束之际作为美国民族精神建设的一部分,成为19世纪末重要的文化和价值观念。
自然主义作家面对文学商业化的创作思考,梳理了当时社会文化转型与走向新世纪的美国精神建设之间的复杂关系。
随着经济垄断程度的不断提高,人们越来越感觉到统治自己的东西变成一种“无形的铁手”,在生存的斗争中会觉得有一种难以理解的力量总是在控制着他们,但又不知道这种力量到底是什么。
自然主义所叙述的就是社会主体在生存中抗争、在注定的失败中堕落以及在悲剧性的结局中灭亡的故事,但是,这种悲剧化的叙述并不是自然主义作家故意追求艺术效果的产物,而是对当时美国现实的一种心理反映,暗含了作家意识形态和对社会的价值观念判断的转变。
总之,自然主义文学在美国19世纪末的兴起不是偶然的,是各种社会文化因素相互作用的产物,是工业化进程中文化转型时期的特定意识形态表现,是习惯于农业文明价值体系的美国人面对新的工业文明所产生的困惑和思索,更是美国农民逐步在适应工业文明过程中心理震荡和行为失常的正常表现。
论_嘉莉妹妹_的自然主义特色
第17卷第1期 南京理工大学学报（社会科学版） Vol. 17 No. 1 2004年2月 Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology Feb.2004论《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义特色马 岚 （南京理工大学 高职院，江苏 南京２１００９４） 摘 要：西奥多・德莱塞是美国杰出的自然主义作家之一，１９００年发表的《嘉莉妹妹》是他的成名作。
作品具有鲜明的自然主义风格，注重环境描写，强调客观环境对主人公性格命运发展的影响。
德莱塞以他的一个姐姐的真实经历作为小说的背景材料，小说贯穿了自然主义的 “真实性”原则，深刻地揭示与批判了当时美国社会的道德沦丧及资本主义道德的虚伪。
关键词：嘉莉妹妹；自然主义；批判性 中图分类号：I712.074 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-2646（2004）01-68-03 １９世纪的自然科学以前所未有的重大成就大踏步地推动着人类文明、文化的进程。
孔德的实证主义风行于思想界，达尔文的进化论产生了强烈的冲击和震荡，于是科学主义作为一股思潮遍及于世。
正是在这种时代的社会风尚撞击之下出现了自然主义文学流派。
自然主义文学十分注重环境描写，特别强调客观环境对作品中人物性格命运的决定作用，强调环境决定人物，决定人性善恶，决定人的本质属性。
自然主义文学流派还主张将文学纳入科学的领域，从科学的角度认识文学，用科学的态度对待文学，在文学创作中强调真实，把真实看作是文学的生命。
受科学主义的影响，自然主义所说的真实包括两个层面的含义：一方面是在作品中对事物进行客观、精确的描摹，另一方面是努力探究事物的内在规律；换言之，即作家除了反映或再现事物，还要揭示和说明事物，如左拉所说的，“我们的领域并非惟一是体现人性永恒的感情，因为我们还要说明这些感情的真正根源”，要“找出人类和社会现象的决定因素”。
［１］ 西奥多・德莱塞（１８７１－１９４５）是美国杰出的自然主义作家之一。
从自然主义的角度分析
从自然主义的角度分析作者：魏欣悦来源：《牡丹》2018年第33期西奥多·德莱塞是自然主义文学的杰出代表。
《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱塞第一部，也是最著名的一部自然主义作品。
本文首先简单介绍了自然主义，然后从自然主义的角度分析嘉莉妹妹这一人物形象。
很多人一直认为她是欲望、物质和不择手段的代表，而笔者认为她是新型女性的体现，她勇敢、大胆、适应性强，敢于牺牲，善于利用资源，最终名利双收。
美国著名小说家西奥多·德莱塞被称为美国自然主义小说的宗师之一，而《嘉莉妹妹》则被视为自然主义作品的发轫之作，小说的出版开创了美国文学的新时代，自然主义贯穿于整部小说。
本文通过对嘉莉妹妹这一人物形象分析，结合自然主义的产生、发展和主要特点，以及当时的斯宾塞哲学、赫胥黎的思想、达尔文主义和宿命论等影响，进一步了解德莱塞的作品。
嘉莉妹妹是一个十八岁的农村姑娘，心怀美国梦，来到大城市，偶遇销售员杜洛埃，因被其老练和富有所迷惑，与其同居。
后相识酒店经理赫斯特伍德，被其诱惑与他私奔，但最后迫于生活穷困潦倒，只能当演员赚钱为生。
机缘巧合，她成为百老汇名角，名噪一时。
最终，她实现了当时来大城市的梦想，名利双收。
一、德莱塞生平和创作动机西奥多·德莱塞从小生活条件不好，父親在一场火灾中受伤致残，一直是母亲在照顾家里，因此没有受过良好的教育。
生活比较凄惨，而这本小说的主人公原型是德莱塞的姐姐，其与嘉莉妹妹的境遇如出一辙，她名声不好，曾与多名男子同居，后又与一位已婚的男人相识，此人窃取公司巨款带她逃到加拿大。
德莱塞为了生存，从事过很多工作：洗过盘子、卖过五金杂货、家具商店收账单、房地产公司推销员等。
特别是记者工作让他进一步了解社会，了解社会丑陋的一面，为他后期的创作埋下了伏笔。
他目睹了富人的穷奢极欲，见证了贫民窟贫民的可怜，社会两极分化十分严重。
除此之外，德莱塞是一个心思缜密、善于观察的人，善于总结身边的人和事物，善于用艺术的手法再现美国社会面貌，描写美国人是怎样在社会上生存、挣扎、竞争和堕落的，从而揭露各种社会悲剧。
西奥多·德莱塞论文：德莱塞自然主义文学的叙事艺术
西奥多·德莱塞论文：德莱塞自然主义文学的叙事艺术【中文摘要】作为美国自然主义文学的勇敢开拓者，西奥多·德莱塞的自然主义文学呈现出与传统文学截然不同的神采风貌，这既源于作家本人的开创精神，又源于作家对自然主义文学创作技巧的自觉吸收。
自然主义文学奉“真实感”为最高原则，包括外部的客观“真实”和内在的主观“真实”。
本文旨在从“真实”的角度探索德莱塞自然主义文学的叙事艺术，主要从叙事话语、叙事结构和叙述视点三个方面进行分析。
一、独特的叙事话语。
德莱塞自然主义文学独特的叙事话语主要体现为“非个人化”叙事，即通过运用“非个人化”的叙事技巧和自由间接引语保持作家叙事态度上的客观中立，从而实现作品在整体上的“真实感”。
这种叙事话语打破了传统小说过分表露作者本人情感态度的倾向，使作品呈现出客观冷静的风格。
德莱塞的“非个人化”叙事从两个方面实现：一是将叙述视角转换，叙事主体隐匿起来，通过调整叙述人与作品人物之间的距离加强小说的客观性和真实感，此时叙述人非常隐蔽，可感知度很小；二是大量使用自由间接引语，将人物话语和叙述人话语紧密结合，叙述人在故事的发展进程中并未直接“现身”，而是隐藏其后，读者找不到叙述人“在场”的痕迹。
二、叙事的“空间性”结构。
德莱塞在叙事结构上采用“空间性结构”叙事，摒弃传统小说中封闭完整的“线性结构”，使传统小说中的线性物理时间碎裂成为无数“偶然”的瞬间，随之而来的细节之缤纷绽放进一步营造了小说细微之处的“真实”。
这种空间主要表现为一种“情境性空间”，即生活情境。
生活的横断面如绘画般铺展开来，如此设置带来的是饱含生活气息的细节绽放，必然性被层出不穷的偶然性取代，生命的本真状态在文本中客观地展现出来。
三、叙述视点的“向内转”。
德莱塞从生理和心理两个方面描写“生物的人”，人是本能的载体、遗传的产儿、环境的奴隶，表现出一种“类型化”的特征，即源于生理-心理的富有激情的“气质类型”。
文学自然主义探讨
文学自然主义探讨概要：对欧美这些代表作家的作品进行归纳，我们可以得出一条结论，文学自然主义主张的基点，就在于对现实世界进行刻画，积极探索人之所以产生困境，是有其根源的。
根源之一就在于人的自然本性。
其二是人的社会环境力量。
但是人处于着两种力量之间，无法突围，而陷入困境，在困境里走不出了。
文学自然主义下行为与遗传和环境是文学自然主义的第一个主题。
在自然主义下，文学家在他们的作品中，想通过具体的故事揭示出能够主宰人一生的两个重要的力量，这两种力量是遗传和环境。
遗传是人的内在力量，环境是人的外在力量。
这两种力量给人造成的威胁，是人无法突围的困境，人一生都身不由己地陷入这种困局里。
比如，欧美作家艾米莉·勃朗特，在她的《呼啸山庄》作品中，就有特别明显的自然主义的主题，在小说中，作家赋予人的内涵就是自然。
主人翁凯瑟琳和希思克利夫，就是具有自然精神的人，他们的快乐就是在荒野上跑，把希思克利夫刻画成一个性格执拗暴烈的人，而凯瑟琳则是一个疯狂、任性、野蛮之人。
正因为他们有着这些相似的品质中，一直将他们的爱情、生命、命运紧紧地维系在一起。
再比如，作家哈代，他是一个“性格与环境”的最具代表的小说家。
在他的《德伯家的苔丝》的作品中，农村姑娘苔丝，她纯洁，清新，如同是大自然里的一缕清风，在苔丝的性格里，流淌的是大自然的勃勃生机之气，在她的思想里流淌的是淳朴。
也正因为她的纯朴而失去了贞操与幸福，直到最后失去了生命。
再如《还乡》里，主人翁充满着激情和浪漫。
她一心希望进入大城市巴黎，结果由于她的这种不可钳制的欲望导致了她的不幸。
我们就环境来说，在作家哈代的作品中，哈代认为自然背景是一种神秘不可预测的，它主宰者人的命运，不可抗拒。
另外，自然主义的作家西奥多·德莱塞，他的作品中体现的自然主义已经非常成熟。
作家认为人的行动，应该是外在诱惑跟人的内在冲动的一种反应。
没有一个人能够进行选择的。
《嘉莉妹妹》是他的代表作，其中嘉莉的故事就是很好地说明。
人性异化的都市--解析德莱塞“都市小说”《“天才”》
的主题 。在他的小说 里 ， 城市绝不仅仅是个 地理标准 ，更是一种文化特征和精 神内涵 。 批评家 格尔凡特说过 ，“ 随着 《 嘉莉妹妹 》
的出版 ，二十世 纪美 国小说产生 了。而德莱
术 家、 骗子 、 暴徒 、 盗贼等 的魔窟 ， 在这里 ， 人 人都公 然 只顾 自己 ，大伙 都竭 力争 先恐
然而戴尔太太略施小计 ，以一些钱财为诱惑 时 ，尤金立 马就妥协 了，再看 ，苏珊最初 口 口声声 只为爱 ，要为 了爱 “ 战斗”到底 ，可
二、 享乐纵 欲下 的人 性沉沦 —— 人 与 自身异 化
ｌ ９世纪末 、２ Ｏ世纪初 ，美国社会 发生
塞也 被公认 为 “ 二 十世 纪城市 小说 的开拓
塞笔下的 ｌ ９世纪末 ２ Ｏ世纪初美 国社会有着
现 为人与人关系和伦理道德 的失衡 堕落。
一
惊 人的相 似 ， 在 “ 欲望都市”中面临诱惑与 挣 扎的芸 芸众生如何才能不迷失在 “ 都市沼 泽 ”里 ，寻找到人生真正的幸福；社会又如 何 引导人们正确 的价值取向，解决好 “ 三大
奢侈 低头屈 服。……尤金败给了财富 ，拜倒 在舒 适享受 的脚 下。 ”结果 ，他 的创造才能 日益枯竭 ，由艺术创作者逐步堕落成 了艺术
掮客 。
困厄 ： 繁华掩盖下的残酷 和冷漠—— 人 与人
（ 人与社会 ） 异化 、享乐纵欲下的人性沉沦
— —
志。 《“ 天才 ” 》 里的尤金从小城镇 到芝加哥 、
者” 。
德莱塞 自 传体小说 《 “ 天才” 》自出版 以
来， 一直饱受评论 界及公众舆论 的质疑和谴
了深刻的变化 ， 从生产型社会转 变为消费型
Dresier(浅析德莱赛德在嘉莉妹妹中的自然主义)
Dresier’s Naturalism in Sister Carrie摘要：美国作家西奥多德莱赛被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱赛自然主义德一些特征。
论文从德莱赛创作嘉莉妹妹的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱赛在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义。
论文涉及该小说的两大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国自然主义。
同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望，本能和环境，人的本能欲望迫使人一直想往更高处走，动物的本能可能迫使人为了达到目的不择手段的使用各种计策，大的环境直接决定了这个人的命运以及他最后是否能够获得成功。
通过对这三方面德分析，最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中的主人公嘉莉在欲望的驱使下，使用各种手段最后虽然获得了成功，但是她最后却始终与孤独相伴。
同时本文还对自然主义存在的缺陷进行了批判，自然主义过分强调悲观主义决定论和人性兽性化。
这些倾向势必会影响到读者在阅读自然主义作品中对人性的分析和评价。
因此，读者应秉承凡事都有两面性的原则，对人性本善充满信心，看到人性中真善美的一面。
关键词自然主义；环境因素；遗传因素；欲望Abstract：Theodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the features of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to two great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to their insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.At the same time, the paper criticize the shortcomings of naturalism. Naturalism pays too much attention to the determinism and human beast. These factors may cause effects on the reading of the readers. Therefore,readers should have an exact attitude in reading Sister Carrie.Key Words:Naturalism; Environment; Hereditary; DesireContentsⅠ. Introduction (1)Ⅱ.Environmental Factors for Carrie (5)2.1The Living Environmental Factors--the Lure of the Big City (5)2.2 The Social Environment Factors -the Lure of Love (6)2.3.The Work Environmental Factor--the lure of chances (7)Ⅲ.Hereditary Factors for Carrie (8)3.1A Gift of Beauty (9)3.2A Sentimental Hear (10)3.3An Endless Desire (11)Ⅳ.Critique for Sister Carrie (13)4.1Critique of Pessimistic Determinism (14)4.2Critique of the Concept of Human Beast (15)Ⅴ.Conclusion (17)Bibliography (19)Ⅰ.IntroductionAt the very beginning of the paper, it is of importance to introduce Sister Carrie. Sister Carrie is the first novel of Dresier, it was seemed as the beginning work of his naturalism. This novel takes the development of the industry of American city as the background, describes a story that a beautiful girl come to Chicago and the process that she succeed in the high level society. Dresier pays more attention to the influence of Carrie’s fate of environment factors and heredity factors. These two factors are the main features of Naturalism. Naturalism is evolved from realism and it is the outgrowth of realism. It appeared at the end of the 19th century, came from France. It was influenced by Charles Darwin theory of evolution. Human life was governed by the two crushing forces of heredity and environment, this ideal was picked up by writers in different countries. They held that realism was too genteel in tone to reveal the harsh reality. Then, they ushered a literary movement called Naturalism. The major features of naturalism is that determinism. The second one is that the universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle of survival. The last one is that naturalism is a harsher and extreme form of realism. The main figures of naturalism are Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dresier. Besides that, it is easy to understand that naturalism has many limitations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Sister Carrie with critical eyes, criticizing pessimistic determinism and the concept of human beast as reflected in the novel.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this paper includes three chapters. The first and second chapter describe the obvious factors that decide Carrie’s fate: one is environmental factors, the other is heredity factors. The first chapter discusses that environmental factor have a great influence on Carrie’s life. It tells people that one man would success if she is in an advantageous environment. On the opposite, she will be fail in fate. This paper discusses three different environmental factors that include living environment, social environment and work environment. The reason why Carrie gets succeed in big city just becauseof these factors fit for her properly.Chapter two discusses the naturalistic heredity factors for Carrie. There is one famous principle for naturalism. That is, hereditary decides fate. Like Darwin’s evolution theory, one person will survive if he adapt for the environment, or he will be out. It is obvious that Carrie has many advantages, such as her appearance, her cleverness and so on. All of these factors make her adapt for the environment well. And she also has a desire for enjoying the life of the big city. And her success in the big city proves to readers that “only the fittest can be survived from natural selection.”Chapter three criticizes the naturalism’s limitations as reflected in Sister Carrie. Firstly, this paper criticizes the pessimistic determinism of naturalism. It believes that human being is helpless. They are all controlled by environment and heredity which they live in. Therefore, no matter how hard work they are, they still not change their fate.Because of these factors, human being should keep optimistic attitude in daily life. Secondly, this paper criticizes the naturalistic idea that human being as a beast-like creature, which regards human being as a combination of beast and human.The conclusion makes a summary and tells readers that the paper’s practical significance. Nowadays, with the development of market-oriented economy, many young women have the similar fate with Carrie. A lot of girls come to the big city from countryside, they may be lured by the prosperous city. In fact, people must keep a sober mind and be a independent woman. Everyone should believe in themselves and try one’s best to change the environment they live in. Therefore, everyone can be a new man, can be the master of their life.Ⅱ.Environmental Factors for CarrieOne of the most outstanding feature of naturalism is that the environment plays an important role on one’s fate. For example,Theodore Dresier has written another book—Jannie Gerhardt, which is seen as the sister of Sister Carrie. Dresier has been said that”all of us are more or less pawns. We are moved that like chessman by circumstance over which we have no control”. This sentence has always been regard as the center of naturalism. In another words, it emphasis on the determination of environment. A lot of famous books about the naturalism point out the negative effect of the environment on each person. For instance, in Stephen Crane’s The Red Badage of Courage, the novel presents character of low social and economic classes who were controlled by their environment and heredity. However, the novel not only shows readers the picture of Carrie’s down, but also shows the process of Carrie’s success. Chapter one mainly contribute to discussing how the environment factors play important role in Carrie’s success.2.1 The Living Environmental Factors--the Lure of the Big CityNaturalism pays more attention on people’s living environment, believing that one’s living environments influence one’s fate enormously.Carrie was born in a working family of a flour mill. She lived a poor life in her hometown. Her father was a worker worked in a flour factory. No matter what hard life she lived , she still had the hope for the luxurious life of the big city. At the same time, her sister resided in Chicago. Therefore, she made a decision to go to Chicago to get to a job in order to have a better life. Then, she left her mother and father, her hometown and went to Chicago. In Chicago, there were colorful theaters, supermarket and dancing room in this big city. The jewelers were shining and bright behind the glass. The business opportunity and wide rage of goods made the city be full of attraction. As Theodore Dresier described in the book:Its many and growing commercial opportunities gave it widespread fame, which made of it a gaint magut, drawing to itself from all quarters, the hopeless-those who had their fortune yet to make and those fortunes and affairs had reached a disastrous climax elsewhere.(Sister Carrie,1965:206-207)When Carrie arrived in Chicago, Mr.Drouet told her that Chicago was a wonder , and that she will find lots to see. Even her sister told her”You will want to see the city”. She come there, she come to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties , lights, dinners, theaters attracted her.When Carrie begun to look for a job, she found it is hard for her to get a job because all of the work ask for experience. In the meantime, she lived in her sister’s house that was not comfortable. She had to pay for her board and lodging expenses. After one week, she got a job which was very boring and hard. Although that,she can only got 4.5dollars one week and 90percent of the salary should be given to her sister. She walked to the factory to work. Her brother-in-law’s indifference had never change since she come. He only cared about if Carrie can pay for her fee in his family. In Dreiser’s work, Carrie just live in such an environment.Opposite to her hometown, Chicago is a prosperous city that is full of attraction. What makes Carrie indulge in are those beautiful cinemas, magnificent hotels, extravagant and comfortable restaurants. All those attractive things embody much luxury and richness of the city, which makes her pursue succeed in another aspect, for Carrie, only those prosperous metropolis are the most suitable habitable palace to live, because the luxury atmosphere satisfy her vanity and show her talent in drama. Therefore, some big cities, such as Chicago and New York,could offer Carrie a favorable environment to succeed.2.2 The Social Environment Factors -the Lure of LoveEnvironmental factors also include the influence which come from the character’s social relationships. Zola has pointed out that human beings are social animals, which are not independence from the outside and also can not be exist without others. Each individual exist in the society, which will influence ones in almost each aspect. Therefore, the social environment , such as one’s living environment, which play a decisive role in one’s fate. In another words, the social environment who was in will affect one’s value system, and stimulate one to pursuit one’s success.At the very beginning of the novel, Carrie left her hometown and come back to her sister who dwelt in Chicago. In Chicago, she lived in a cramped little apartment with her sister’s husband and her sisters. After several twists and turns, she had not get a job. Therefore,she made a decision to leave her sister’s house and to go for Drouet, she learned much knowledge about clothing and etiquette. All these knowledge helped her adapt the taste of this city. However, the persons who helped Carrie become fashionable not only because of her two lovers, but also because of two neighbors of her. Compared with Drouet and Hustwood, the neighbors and friends played more important roles on her. They inculcated Carrie to pursuit magnificent clothes and fortune, and made her cultivate a keen sense of touch and a elegant taste of fashion. For example, Mrs.hale, a neighbor she met in Chicago, helped her know how to appreciate fashion. All above these help her got to where she wants to go.2.3The Work Environmental Factor--the Lure of ChancesThe reason why Carrie can succeed in her career is that she has many chances which are unexpected. First, when Carrie took a train to Chicago, she met Drouet, a person that led her to a luxurious way. Second, when Carrie become the mistress of Drouet, Drouet introduced Hustwood to her, Of course, it was unexpected that Hustood fell love with Carrie at the first sight. The next Hustwood took many measure to let Carrie love him. Third, On occasion, Drouet had got a task to find a beautiful woman to play a drama. Naturally, he recommended Carrie to play the drama. From then on, Carrie’s ability of performance was showed to everyone. Especially in New York, Carrie mastered every chance to change her fate. She worked hard in order to perform the drama well. All her endeavor made her be a famous performer.Carrie is women who has strong ambition and her ability is also very strong. She is a county girl at first, She is clever so that she do not speak and observe how the person do in city. She observe the fashionable girl‘s appearance, their clothes, their speech. It is a exact thing that the appearance is an important thing in big city. After Drouet and Hustwood shelp, she choose the clothes that fit her well. Then Carrie become the symbol of all that is fresh, pure and beautiful, Carrie is so clever that she master every chance .The first chance she leave for her sister s family and go to Drouet’s department. She fells the city’s prosperous slightly. The second chance, she accept Hustwood’s love, she understood that only the people who has more knowledge can give her more colorful experience and life. This choice make her come to the center of the world---New York. The third chance is that leave Hustwood. Carrie leave Hustwood and choose to made his Broadway by herself.In fact, give up a person who you loved deeply is not an easy thing. Carrie maybe become a housewife if she does not leave Hustwood. Therefore Carrie is girl who know what she really want to have .Ⅲ.Hereditary Factors for CarrieHereditary Factors is another important factors of Naturalism. It is known to us that Naturalism is evolved from Darwin’s evolutionary. Therefore, it emphasis on the determination of naturalistic hereditary factors. In the novel, Dresier believes that Carrie s behavior is determined by arbitrarily and should not have a standard. On the basic of Darwin’s evolutionary, human beings are evolved from lower animals. There is not a god to judge who is wrong or right. One individual ’s fate is determined by heredity factors. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of man s competition from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. Carrie’s beautiful appearance, her gift of performance, her desire of the better life, proves that she is a lucky dog of the society. Her success in big cities set out to people the marrow of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, that is, species develop from generation to generation by a process of natural selection .Zola has pointed out all the motivations of one’s actions can be traced back to one’s heredity, in The Experiment Novel. That is, for individual, heredity factors not only determine one’s temper and hobby,but also determine one’s achievement in one’s life.3.1 A Gift of BeautyFor women, especially for beautiful women, to become an actress is their biggest dream. In fact, actress is an occupation that almost each woman can not refused. Being an actress, Carrie can show her ability of performance to audience; Carrie can release herself on the stage; Carrie can enjoy herself through each play. As the saying goes,”A crow is never the writer for washing herself often.” It is referred to that all the factors lead her to the way of success, include beauty and rich feelings, are all from heredity.Firstly, Carrie’s beauty is one of the inevitable factors of her career as a player in the metropolis. Except for her sister’s husband, a man who is overthrew by pressure,almost each man she meet is greatly admired by her beauty. From the very beginning of the novel, Carrie met Drouet on the train. Drouet was allured by Carrie just because her beauty and then fell in love with Carrie at the first sight. He helped Carrie out of the dilemma at the next. Then Carrie become a clever girl in the city from a county girl. Of course, she had a success in the metropolis which paid more attention to one’s appearance just because her beauty. For instance, when Carrie had a chance to play a drama, the manager chose her although she had never accepted professional training of actress. If her appearance was common, even ugly, the manager was sure not choose her to play the drama. When Drouet introduced Carrie to Hustwood, Hustwood was attracted by Carrie’s beauty. He often visit Carrie when Drouet was not at home. He showed his love to Carrie and write many letters to express his deep love for Carrie. What attracted Hustwood most was Carrie’s beauty. Since loved Carrie, Hustwood lost patience of his family. When his lie exposed, he got into trouble that he dared that Carrie will not see him forever. He felt life was meaningless at once. All his thoughts and actions showed to readers that the importance of Carrie. When Hustwood want to leave for Chicago, he took Carrie with him.Carrie had a bigger stage to show her gift. Therefore, her beauty which was from heredity is the inevitable factors of Carrie’s success.3.2 A Sentimental HeartExcept for Carrie’s beauty, her rich emotion is another important factors of her way on the stage. As everyone knows, performance is an activity that the player should devote abundant emotion to the drama.T here is no doubt that Carrie is a girl who was born with emotional heart. Her imitation ability shows her perfectly. It is very important that a good actor should have a emotional heart. Only have a emotional heart, can a actor play the play well. If Carrie does not have a emotional heart, she can not act the role vividly. Of course, she will not chose by the big boss,and she also can not become a famous actress.When Carrie saw Drouet at first time, she knew that she was a common girl came from country so that there was nothing important what she desired. The experience of feeling in finding a job hit her deeply. She realized that if she becomes a graceful lady, she will integrate into society quickly. At this time, her gift began to guide her keeping up with the fashionable pioneer who around her. For example, she began to imitate how the neighbors dress up, how to walk, how to make up and so on. She improved her understanding of fashion by studying these details. Later, her outstanding imitation caught the eyeball of the drama theater manager and the audience successfully. Her ability laid a foundation for a famous actress and a model.For an actress, imitation is not enough. In the novel, Carrie is shaped into a sensitive woman who is easy to be moved and a woman who is full of fantasy. Thus, if her nature is cultivated slightly, her splendid career of drama will be accomplished. For Carrie, her success bases not only on her imitation of beauty in the play. What more important is that her perception of beauty in daily life. Exactly, the bridge between this two abilities is her rich imagination.As mentioned in this novel, the first time when Carrie had the opportunity to act Rola on the stage,she felt excited. And these complicated and painful emotion is exactly what Laura felt after her experience. Carrie’s rich imagination made her put herself into the experience of the Roller. Then she finished her first performance in AveryHall.3.3 An Endless DesireIn sister Carrie’s creation, Dresier put human instinct desire in it. In social life at that time,people’s desire lead Carrie walk a way of struggle for herself. As mentioned in the novel:It was in August, 1889. She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth. Whatever touch of regret at parting characterised her thoughts, it was certainly not for advantages now being given up. A gush of tears at her mother's farewell kiss, a touch in her throat when the cars clacked by the flour mill where her father worked by the day, a pathetic sigh as the familiar green environs of the village passed in review, and the threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken.(Sister Carrie,1965:103-107)To be sure there was always the next station, where one might descend and return. There was the great city, bound more closely by these very trains which came up daily. ”In such a materialistic city, it makes person’s desire bigger and bigger. Person may give up anything in order to satisfy one’s desire.In Sister Carrie, Dresier incisively and vividly shows the desires driven by different people. The description shows that different people have different attitude and they suffered the different fate.At first, Carrie wanted to get a job in Chicago. As a girl come from country, she had not many requirements. After she found a job, she thought the job was so boring and made her tired. Then she chose to become the mistress of Drouet. After Drouet introduced Hustwood to her, she believed that Hustwood would give her a better life. When she lived a life she wanted to live at first, she began to look forward to a better life. She become a famous actress. People’s desire is inherited, endless. This is also one of the reasons why Carrie have a success finally.Ⅳ.Critique for Sister CarrieNowadays, naturalism is always criticized by writers both at home and abroad. In China, many critics pointed out that there are many limitations on naturalism. For example,they believe that the naturalistic writers have many shortcomings in the creation of the work.”He was a photographer for the phenomenon, but it was purely an investigation of his eyes”. There are the imitator of the phenomena, not the creator of the phenomena. In another word, their works are all records of things happened in the world without any identifying and screening. Not to mention the creativity and depth of the phenomena. The naturalistic writers were influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory, so they show the positive attitude in their works obviously. Furthermore, they emphasis on the concept of human beast. In the following paper, taking Sister Carrie as an example, aiming at revealing the limitations of naturalism from these two aspects.4.1Critique of Pessimistic DeterminismFrom the pessimistic fatalism view of naturalism writers, human beings can only live in a contradiction of life environment and natural heredity. Their fates decided by environment and inheritance hopelessly. No matter how hard she is, she can not change and escape his own fate. Influenced by above pessimistic theory, figures on naturalism works almost are unlucky and style of writing is also pessimistic.For Sister Carrie, when she become brilliant actress, for a moment, she feels satisfy,because she believes that her happiness is not coming yet, she go ahead forced by the desire of wealth and reputation.The naturalists tend to depict the dark side of the society, and always take the low classes as their heroes or heroins. Compare to the realism and romanticism, they have a more pessimistic view toward the society. In Sister Carrie, it reveal that man can not control themselves, and is at the mercy of the nature, the heredity, the society and instinct. From thevery beginning of the novel, Carrie respond to live together with Drouet in order to live a better life and then leave Hustwood, she become a very famous actress in New York, she can be a actress in the Broadway Stage, she become a girl in the upper ten, she finally live a life that she ever want to live, she become a man that she ever want to be, but she still did not happy. On the opposite, she feels lonely and hopelessly. We have to say that Carrie has not find her real love in life. No matter Drouet or Hustwood, they are all the tools that help Carrie live a better life. In this level, Carrie’s love was a failure. In her career, she did not get satisfaction from her work, instead she feels emptiness in spirit. As described in the last sentence of the novel”In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.”Her name is Carrie. Dresier give the name of the character also has a figurative meaning.carried from the sea. Her fate has already been doomed by her name.Drsier’s pessimistic determinism give an tragedy end to Carrie. In fact, not only Carrie, Hustwood the most tragic one. he is sophisticated , easy going demeanor, tongda fickle, but he has obvious character with professional modification.the tragedy of him seems that began when he and Carrie siphoned with money to New York .But in fact, his failure is due to its failure of the adventure of unknown life. In the novel, Carrie’s rise and Hustwood’s decline is the most striking contrast. In this comparison, it can be said that the tragedy of Carrie had a deeper color, also shows the readers Hustwood’s fate more tragic.This is the center of the naturalism. In Dresier’s work, Carrie and her partners must be have an tragic end. What I have obtained from this novel is that everyone has the power to change his fate. By studying Carrie’s fate, people have to accept the fact that environmental and heredity factors are significant in one’s fate, that is, the favorable environmental and hereditary factors are indispensable in one’s success, although the disadvantageous environmental and heredity factors will impede one’s development. However, man has the characteristic of self -worth and self-reliance,he is full of energy and hope in his fate. Besides, man hasthe right to double his efforts to improve the life and pursue his career in face of the relentless reality. That means man can still wield his determination to solve those adverse factors and change his fate. There are many examples in our realistic life that man can still wield his free will to master his fate. For example, many great writers have become successful men through their efforts and the disabled have challenged the adverse environment factors and become worthful members of our society. All these illustrate that we can conquer the adverse environmental factors and become worthful members of our society. All these illustrate that we ca conquer that adverse environmental and heredity defections. Therefore, people should be active and optimistic in our life and double our efforts to live a better future.4.2 Critique of the Concept of Human BeastBased on influence of Darwinism naturalism works are dedicated in exploring beast and human and take human as a kind of mixture and applicated, taking human society as ramifucation of nature and the essence of man is to the survival of the fittest. The work is to become victim of strangers who adjust to the world and qualified to live. Though sister Carrie was born with sensibility, her every decision was made under the rational judgment, not only under the emotional demand. For example, when crowed in a narrow apartment with her sister’s family, facing poor condition, accepts ugly Drouet’s help and has a comfortable life; while when Hustwood traps her to elope, she does not go immediately, but say goodbye to her past with the thought that she wants to broaden her eyesight to New York. Although both of man offer her rich life and enjoying it much. She will go away and continue her life as soon as another road appears. When Carrie and Hustwood come to New York.Hustwood lost his reputation, his career and become a frustrated man. In this case, Carrie make a decision to leave Hustwood otherwise she will become a housewife. she continue her career and become a famous actress. The man who Carrie stay with are all tools to the way of success. Just like Drouet does not treat Carrie sincerely, Carrie also does not pay her true heart to Drouet. They are both entranced by others one aspect of features. On one hand, Carrie was entranced by Drouet。
《天才》：伦理、艺术和自然
Ｗｉ ａ ｔ ｌｕ ｔａ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｏ ｅ ’Ｓ ｒ ａｉｔ ｓｇ ｉ ｃ ｎ ｅ ｔ ａ Ｄｒ ｉｅ ｕ ｄ ｌｋ ｏ ｉｐ ａ ｖａ ｉ ｄ ａ ｔｉ ａ ｔ ｏ ｉ ｓｒ ｔ ｈ ｎ ｖ ｌ ｅ ｌ ｉ ｉｎｆ ａ ｃ ｈ ｔ ｅｓ ｒ ｗｏ ｌ ｉ ｅ ｔ ｄｓ ｌｙ ｉ ｈｓ ｉ ｅ ｅ ｈｃ ｌ ｌ ｌ ｓｃ ｉ ｌ ｓ ｏ ｅ ｍａ ｑ Ｅｕ ｅ ｅ ｐｋ ｓ ｎ ｇｎ ． Ｋｅ ｒ ：Ｎａ ｕ ａ ｅ ｔ ｅｉｓ ｅ ｉａ ｉｅ ｙ ｗｏ ｄｓ ｔ ｒｌａ ｓｈ ｔｃ ｔ ｃ ｌｄ ｌｍｍａ ａ ｉｔｃ ｐ ｒｕ ｔ ｒ ｔ ｎ ｌｔ ｈ ｒ ｓｉ ｕ ｓ ｉ ｔ ａ ｉ ａｉ ｏ ｙ
德莱塞《天才》主要内容概要及赏析
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《天才的思想》天才的心理与创作
《天才的思想》天才的心理与创作在人类文明的长河中，总有一些闪耀着独特光芒的个体，他们被称为天才。
天才们以其非凡的创造力和深刻的思想，为世界带来了无数的惊喜和变革。
然而，天才的背后究竟隐藏着怎样的心理特质？他们的创作过程又有着怎样的独特之处？天才往往具有超越常人的敏锐感知力。
他们能够捕捉到生活中那些细微而又极易被忽略的细节，将其转化为创作的灵感源泉。
这种感知力并非仅仅局限于视觉、听觉等常规感官，更包括对情感、氛围和人性的敏锐洞察。
比如，画家能够从一片普通的风景中看到色彩与光影的奇妙组合，诗人能从日常的琐碎中感受到深刻的情感波动。
这种敏锐的感知力使得天才们能够发现常人所无法察觉的美与奥秘，从而为他们的创作提供了丰富的素材。
强烈的好奇心也是天才的显著心理特征之一。
他们对世界充满了无尽的好奇，不断地探索未知的领域，追求知识的边界。
无论是科学领域的天才对自然规律的痴迷探究，还是艺术领域的天才对表现形式的不断创新，好奇心都驱使着他们勇往直前。
这种好奇心并非浅尝辄止，而是深入、持久且充满激情的。
它促使天才们打破常规，挑战传统观念，从而开创出全新的思想和创作道路。
执着与坚韧是天才在创作道路上不可或缺的品质。
面对困难和挫折，他们不会轻易放弃，而是坚持不懈地努力。
许多天才的作品并非一蹴而就，而是经过了长时间的琢磨、修改和完善。
例如，著名音乐家贝多芬在失聪的情况下，依然凭借着顽强的毅力创作出了不朽的乐章。
这种执着和坚韧使得天才们能够在追求卓越的道路上克服重重困难，最终实现自己的创作理想。
天才的心理还常常表现出一种独特的孤独感。
他们的思想和见解往往超越了所处时代的主流认知，导致他们在精神上感到孤独。
然而，这种孤独并非完全消极，反而成为了他们深入思考和独立创作的空间。
在孤独中，天才们能够摆脱外界的干扰和束缚，专注于内心世界的探索，从而创造出具有深刻内涵和独特价值的作品。
在创作过程中，天才们展现出了非凡的创新能力。
他们敢于突破传统的思维模式和表现形式，大胆地尝试新的方法和理念。
《天才的思想》天才的心理与创作
《天才的思想》天才的心理与创作在人类的历史长河中，总有那么一些闪耀着独特光芒的人物，他们被我们称之为“天才”。
从科学领域的爱因斯坦到艺术殿堂的达芬奇，从文学巨擘莎士比亚到音乐奇才莫扎特，这些天才们以其非凡的成就让世人瞩目。
然而，天才并非仅仅是拥有卓越的才华和能力，他们的心理状态和创作过程同样引人深思。
天才往往具有异于常人的敏锐感知力。
他们能够捕捉到常人容易忽略的细节，对周围的世界有着更为深刻的洞察。
这种敏锐的感知让他们能够在看似平凡的事物中发现不平凡，从而为创作提供源源不断的灵感。
比如，画家梵高在他的作品中对色彩和线条的运用，就展现出了他对自然景观独特而深刻的理解。
他能够看到阳光在麦田上跳跃的金色光芒，感受到星空旋转的神秘力量，这种对美的敏锐感知成就了他不朽的画作。
同时，天才们还具备强烈的好奇心和探索欲。
他们不满足于表面的现象，总是渴望深入探究事物的本质。
牛顿对苹果落地的好奇，引领他发现了万有引力定律；爱迪生对电的不懈探索，使他发明了电灯。
这种对未知的渴望驱使着天才们不断挑战传统观念，开拓新的领域。
他们不怕失败，敢于在黑暗中摸索前行，因为他们心中燃烧着对知识和真理的炽热追求。
然而，天才的心理并非总是一帆风顺。
他们常常面临着巨大的压力和孤独感。
由于他们的思维和想法超越了时代，往往难以被他人理解和接受。
这种孤独感可能会导致他们内心的痛苦和挣扎。
例如，哲学家尼采，他的思想在当时被视为离经叛道，他一生都在孤独中思考和创作，最终精神崩溃。
但正是这种孤独，也让他们能够更加专注于自己的内心世界，不受外界干扰地进行创作。
天才的创作过程也充满了独特性。
他们通常不拘泥于常规的方法和模式，而是凭借着自己独特的思维方式和灵感来创作。
莫扎特能够在短时间内创作出美妙的乐曲，仿佛灵感如泉水般在他心中流淌；而作家托尔斯泰则会花费数年时间精心打磨一部作品，不断完善每一个细节。
无论是一气呵成还是精雕细琢，天才们的创作都展现出了他们对艺术和知识的执着追求。
《天才的思想》天才的心理与创作
《天才的思想》天才的心理与创作在人类文明的长河中，总有那么一些闪耀着璀璨光芒的人物，他们以非凡的智慧和创造力，为世界留下了宝贵的财富。
这些被我们称为“天才”的人，他们的思想仿佛来自另一个维度，其心理和创作过程充满了神秘的色彩，令人着迷又难以捉摸。
天才的心理特质往往与众不同。
他们通常拥有超乎常人的好奇心，对世界充满了无尽的探索欲望。
这种好奇心驱使着他们不断地追问、思考，试图揭开事物背后隐藏的奥秘。
无论是自然界的规律，还是人类社会的复杂现象，都能成为他们关注的焦点。
比如爱因斯坦，他对宇宙的奥秘充满了好奇，不断地思考和探索，最终提出了相对论，改变了人们对时空的认知。
高度的专注力也是天才的显著特征之一。
当他们沉浸于自己感兴趣的领域时，可以完全屏蔽外界的干扰，将全部精力集中在手头的工作上。
牛顿在研究万有引力定律时，据说常常废寝忘食，甚至会忘记自己是否已经吃过饭。
这种专注力使得他们能够深入挖掘问题的本质，取得常人难以企及的成就。
然而，天才的心理并非只有积极的一面。
他们常常面临着巨大的压力和孤独感。
由于其思维方式和认知水平远远超越了周围的人，很难找到能够真正理解和交流的伙伴。
这种孤独可能会导致内心的痛苦和挣扎，但同时也促使他们更加依赖自己的内心世界，从独处中汲取创作的灵感。
在创作方面，天才们展现出了惊人的创造力和创新精神。
他们敢于突破传统的思维框架，挑战既定的规则和观念。
毕加索的画作打破了传统的绘画技法和表现形式，开创了立体主义的先河；乔布斯则凭借其对科技和艺术的独特理解，推出了一系列具有划时代意义的电子产品，改变了人们的生活方式。
天才的创作过程往往充满了不确定性和偶然性。
他们可能会在不经意间获得灵感，然后凭借着敏锐的洞察力和直觉，将其迅速转化为具体的作品。
这种灵感的来源多种多样，可能是生活中的一次偶然经历，也可能是对某个问题长时间的思考积累。
莫扎特在散步时，突然脑海中浮现出一段美妙的旋律，于是他赶忙跑回家记录下来，这便成为了他众多经典作品中的一部分。
论西奥多·德莱塞小说《“天才”》中的自然主义特征
论西奥多·德莱塞小说《“天才”》中的自然主义特征科技信息2008年第27期SCIENCE&TECHNO LO GY INFORMATION一、引言西奥多德莱塞是美国自然主义文学最重要的代表。
一方面,他的自然主义小说如《嘉莉妹妹》、《珍妮姑娘》代表了美国自然主义文学的最高成就;另一方面,他一生中创作的绝大部分小说都采用了自然主义的创作方法。
德莱塞在美国自然主义文学发展道路上的开拓者和先驱的地位是不可动摇。
二、德莱塞自然主义文学观的形成(一)左拉的自然主义文学理论的继承自然主义作为一种文学流派是继古典主义、启蒙文学、浪漫主义之后,世界上最具影响力的文学流派之一。
进化论、遗传学以及哲学领域的科学方法对自然主义文学理论的形成具有深远的影响。
对自然主义理论的形成,法国作家埃米尔左拉(Emile Z o la,1840-1902)功不可莫。
他在达尔文的进化论、贝尔纳的实验医学、孔德的实证主义哲学和泰纳的艺术观的基础上,创立了一套较为完整的自然主义文学理论.左拉提倡把“真实性”作为创作的最高目标,要求作家在文学中运用科学的方法。
(二)接受达尔文、赫胥黎、斯宾塞等人的思想根据美国一些论者收集的证据来看,德莱塞当时读了托马斯亨利赫胥黎的《科学与希伯来传统》、《科学与基督传统》和斯宾塞的《第一原理》,这些书在他整个人生中是一个转折点,粉碎了他对整个宇宙、人的本性以及他自己在这个世界上的看法。
当然,对德莱塞影响最大、最突出的当推赫伯特斯宾塞。
他不仅从斯宾塞的衣钵中接受了“不可知论”,而且接受了机械论和享乐主义以及个人生存本能等思想。
这三位科学家的思想对德莱塞哲学观的建立起到了关键作用,德莱塞的哲学观就是建立在他们的学说之上。
(三)在生活中找到理论的验证美国评论家艾尔弗雷德卡津指出:“自然主义是德莱塞对生活本能的反应”。
1871年8月27日,德莱塞生于印地安那州的特雷霍特镇,尝尽人间辛酸。
他的小说创作生涯也是充满了坎坷。
德莱塞自传体小说《“天才”》的自我表征模式与大众意识裂变
作者： 方成
作者机构： 解放军国际关系学院《外语研究》编辑部
出版物刊名： 外国文学研究
页码： 71-77页
主题词： 德莱塞;《“天才”》;大众意识
摘要：本文通过对德莱塞自传体小说《“天才”》的阅读 ,探讨美国 19- 2 0世纪之交作家的自我塑型过程。
笔者把德莱塞的经历作为记录当时社会进程的“文化地震仪”,集中分析了作家艺术审美的形成及裂变与美国工业化社会转型时期作家自我形象塑造的关系 ,挖掘了当时资本主义生产方式与作品表征模式的内在联系 ,揭示了作品所蕴涵的大众意识从生产主义到具有消费主义性质的意识形态变迁。
浅析西奥多·德莱塞的自然主义小说创作
浅析西奥多德莱塞的自然主义小说创作
杨涛
【期刊名称】《南昌航空大学学报（社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2002(004)002
【摘要】西奥多*德莱塞是美国史上的一个杰出作家.他用自然主义文学创作手法开创了美国文学的一个新时代,影响了一大批同时代以及后来的作家们.本文从真实客观性,现实性和悲剧性三个特点入手浅析了西奥多*德莱塞自然主义小说的创作特点.【总页数】3页(P77-79)
【作者】杨涛
【作者单位】南昌航空工业学院,江西南昌,330034
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106.4
【相关文献】
1.论西奥多·德莱塞小说《"天才"》中的自然主义特征 [J], 徐秀峰
2.西奥多·德莱塞小说创作动因之文化解读——兼谈精神分析学在其中的运用 [J], 刘金龙;刘晓民
3.西奥多·德莱塞小说研究的新话题、新思路与新范式r——《都市空间与文化想象:德莱塞小说中女工形象的文化表征》评介 [J], 张宇
4.摇椅上的梦——由西奥多·德莱塞笔下的嘉莉人物形象解读自然主义 [J], 尹虹霓
5.西奥多·德莱塞的自然主义与小说《嘉莉妹妹》 [J], 陈梅
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
评德莱塞小说《黑鬼杰夫》中的自然主义倾向
作者： 邹惠玲
出版物刊名： 江苏师范大学学报：哲学社会科学版
页码： 44-47页
主题词： 德莱塞;自然主义;戴维斯;社会达尔文主义;小说家;美国现实主义小说;黑人;机械决定论;暴徒;人与人
摘要： <正> 十九世纪末二十世纪初,美国现实主义小说进入了一个新的发展阶段,一批来自中西部的小说家打破“斯文现实主义”的传统,将丑陋、残酷、甚至血淋淋的中下层生活不加粉饰地呈现给读者,西奥多·德莱塞(1871—1945)是这批小说家的带头人之一。
他是个思想相当复杂的作家,对美国社会十分熟悉,但缺乏全面的本质的认识;他拒绝用传统观念观察事物,但不知道如何看待这个社会的一切,于是他盲目地接受了当时风靡一时的社会达尔文主义和机械决定论,在怍品中一方面真实地展现中下层尘活的阴暗面和人与人之间冷酷的金钱关系,另一方面却又自觉不自觉地用自然主义观点解释生活,因而他的部分作品都带有一定的自然主义色彩,其中自然主义色彩最为浓厚的要算是一九○一年发表的《黑鬼杰夫》。
《黑鬼杰夫》的情节十分简单。
在愉快谷镇,一个叫杰夫的黑人侮辱了一个白人姑。
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○ 职校论坛○
SCIE NCE & TE CHNO LO GY INFORM ATION
2008 年 第 27 期
论西奥多 德莱塞小说《“天才”》中的自然主义特征
徐 秀峰 ( 山 东外 贸职 业学 院 山东 青 岛 266071)
【摘 要】自传 体小说《“天才”》是西奥多·德 莱塞( Theodore Dreiser,1871- 1945 ) 的一部中期作 品, 其中流露 出与他的早期 作品如《嘉莉妹 妹》、《珍妮姑娘》相似的自然主义特征。通过这部作品, 我们为力等机械唯物主 义 观 点 和 宿 命 论观 点 。
如防底线突破开始先放底线站位于罚球区分位线的地方给进攻者一个错似乎底线可以通过待持球者从底线突破时立即快速移动堵死底这样可以阻止持球者运球突破甚至会造成进攻者带球撞人达到争取控制球权的目的但是这一动作只限防底线突破时采用效果最其它区域的防突破一定要与同伴配合进行关门防守才能采用这一防守假动作
科技信息
【K ey wor ds】Theodore Dreiser; Eugene Wilt a; genius; fai thfulness; environment ; desire; inst inct
一 、引 言 西奥多·德莱塞是美国自然主义文学最重要的代表。一方面, 他的 自 然 主 义 小 说 如 《嘉莉 妹 妹 》、《珍 妮 姑 娘 》代 表 了 美 国 自 然 主 义 文 学 的 最高成就; 另一方面, 他一 生中创作的绝 大部分小说都采 用了自然主 义 的 创 作 方 法 。德 莱 塞 在 美 国 自 然 主 义 文 学 发 展道 路 上 的 开 拓 者 和 先 驱 的 地 位 是 不 可 动摇 。 二 、德 莱 塞 自 然 主 义 文 学观 的 形 成 ( 一) 左拉的自然主义文学理论的继承 自然主义作 为一种文学流派 是继古典主义、启蒙文学、浪 漫主义 之后, 世界上最具影响力的文学流派之一。进化论、遗传学以及哲学领 域 的 科 学 方 法 对 自 然主 义 文 学 理 论 的 形 成 具 有 深 远 的 影 响 。对 自 然 主 义理论的形成, 法国作家埃 米尔·左拉(Emile Zol a, 1840- 1902) 功不可 莫 。他 在 达 尔 文 的 进 化 论 、贝 尔 纳 的 实 验 医 学 、孔 德的 实 证 主 义 哲 学 和 泰纳的艺术观的基础上, 创立了 一套较为完整的自然主义 文学理论. 左拉提倡把“真实性”作为创作的最高目 标, 要求作家在文学中运用科 学的方法。 ( 二) 接受达尔文、赫胥黎、斯宾塞等人的思想 根据美国一些论者收集的证据来 看, 德莱塞当时读了托马斯·亨 利·赫胥黎的《科学与希伯来传统》、《科学与 基督传统》和斯宾塞的《第 一原理》, 这些书在他整个人生中 是一个转折点, 粉碎了他对整个宇 宙、人的本性以及他自己在这个世界上的看法。当然, 对德莱塞影响最 大、最突出的当推赫伯特·斯宾塞。他 不仅从斯宾塞的衣钵中接受了 “不可知论 ”, 而且接受了机 械论和享乐主义 以及个人生存 本能等思 想。这三位科学家的思想对德莱塞哲学观 的建立起到了关键作用, 德 莱 塞 的 哲 学 观 就 是 建立 在 他 们 的 学 说 之 上 。 ( 三) 在生活中找到理论的验证 美国评论家艾尔弗雷德·卡津指出: “自然主义是德莱塞对生活本 能的反应”。1871 年 8 月 27 日, 德莱塞生于印地安那州的特雷霍特镇, 尝 尽 人 间 辛 酸 。他 的 小 说 创 作 生 涯 也 是 充 满 了 坎 坷 。经 过 长 时 间 的 思 考和实践, 德莱塞形成了自己独特的自 然主义文学观。这种文学观直 接反映在他的作品中, 尤其反映在他 的早期作品如 《嘉莉妹妹》、“欲 望”三部曲 中的前两部— — —《金 融家》和《巨人 》当中, 形成 了他作为一 个 自 然 主 义 作 家 的独 特 风 格 。 三 、自 传 体 小 说 《“天 才 ”》表 现 出 的 自 然 主 义 特 征 ( 一) 真实性 《“天才”》是德莱塞根据自身经历和体 验写出的一部自传体小说, 其 中 的 主 人 公 尤 金·威 特 拉 即 是 德 莱 塞 自 己 的 影 子 。尤 金·威 特 拉 的 许 多 经 历 保 证 了 这 部 小说 对 生 活 观 察 的 准 确 性 。 ( 二) 环境对人的决定性影响 故事发生在十九世纪八十年代, 正 是美国由自由资本主义阶段过 渡到垄断资本 主义阶段的时 期, 美国的经济 已相当发达, 这段时期被 称 为 美 国 的 “黄 金 时代 ”。
【关键词】西奥多·德莱塞; 尤金·威特拉; 天才; 真实性; 环境; 欲望; 本能 O n Nat ur alism i n Theodore Dr eiser ’s Biogr aph ic Novel “Th e‘Geniu s’”
【Abst ract 】Theodore Dreiser’s biographic novel “The ‘Genius ’”was writt en i n 1915—in the middl e of his l iterary career. It reveals many naturali stic features which are fami liar with his early works such as Si ster Carrie and Jenni e Gerhardt . Throughout thi s novel, Dreiser carries through Emile Zol a’s central idea in his naturalist ic theories— — —“fai thful to life”. In this novel, he portrays the early l ife of the protagonist Eugene Wilta. By reading t his novel, we can get to know Dreiser’s mechanical and deterministi c theories: the environment control s t he conduct s of human beings, human beings are helpless under the control of instinct, etc.