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倒装
英语中,根据主语与谓语相对顺序的不同有两种语序(Word Order)。

通常,句子的主语位于谓语动词之前,这种语序就被称作倒装语序(Inverted Order)。

倒装语序有两种:全部倒装(Full inversion),即将整个谓语置于主语之前;部分倒装(Partial inversion),即只将谓语的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)移置主语前面。

还有一种情况,句子的谓语顺序没有变,但句中某一成分提前了(通常是宾语、表语和状语)。

这种情况通常被称作前置(Fronting)。

例如:
In one corner of the room stands a bookcase.
(全部倒装)
在房间的一个角落里有一个书橱。

Never before have I heard such a thing.
(部分倒装)
我从未听说过这样的事。

What lovely weather it is!
(表语前置)
多么好的天气啊?
一般来说,英语中有两种情况需要使用倒装句。

一种是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装;另一种是由于修辞需要而进行的倒装。

在前一种情况下,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误。

在后一种情况下,倒装则是任意的,只会产生表达效果上的差异,前置情况大致也是如此。

语法倒装(Grammatical Inversion)
1.一疑问句中的倒装。

例如:
Is she favor of the plan or against it?
她是赞成还是反对这个计划?
How long have you been learning English?
你学习英语有多长时间了?
[注]若疑问句的疑问词提问的是主语,则仍用正常语序。

例如:
Who beat Mary yesterday?
昨天是谁打了玛丽?
Which bike is yours?
哪辆自行车是你的?
2.(或+其他联系动词)的倒装。

例如:
There are a lot of people in the hall.
大厅里有很多人。

There stands a weather station at the top of the hill.
山头上有一座气象站。

该结构中的be 动词还可以与情态动词或其他动词连用,如:there may be, there can be, there must be, there seems to be, there appears to be, there happened to be.有时,该结构不是用的动词be,而是用了表示状语的其他动词,例如:there exit, there stand, there remain 等。

3.省略if 的虚拟条件句中的倒装。

例如:
Had they been given more help ,they would have succeeded.
假如给予他们更多的帮助,他们就会成功。

Were it fine tomorrow, we would go on a picnic.
如果明天是晴天,我们就去野餐。

4.在以here, there, now, then等引导的句子中,谓语是be, come, go等动词的时候。

这类句子大多带有引起注意的含义。

例如:
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.
你企盼已久的信在这儿。

There goes the bell!
打铃了!
Now comes your turn.
现在论到你啦。

Then came the order to take off.
起飞的命令来到了。

[注]如果主语是人称代词,则不用倒装。

试比较:
(1)There comes the postman!邮差来啦!
There he comes!他来啦!
(2)Here are the books you want.你要的书在这儿。

Here they are他们在这儿。

5.在so, nor, neither 开头的句子中,要用倒装语序。

例如:
I went to a movie last night. So did my sister and brother.
我昨晚去看电影了。

我妹妹和弟弟也去了。

Tom does n’t like bananas. Neither(Nor)does his wife.
汤姆不喜欢吃香蕉。

他妻子也不喜欢。

If you won’t go, neither will I.
如果你不愿意去,我也不去。

[注] so有时可表示对对方的讲话有同感,相当于“是的”,“不错”。

这时不用倒装。

在该结构中,so 后面涉及的不是另外的人或事,而谈论是与前句同一个主语。

试比较:(1)“John is very bright.”“约翰很聪明。


(a) “so he is .”“是的,他的确很聪明。


(b) “so is she (Mary).”“她(玛丽)也很聪明。


(2)“They will have a good time.”“他们将玩的很痛快。


(a) “so they will.”“不错,会玩的很痛快的。


(b) “so will we.”“我们也会玩的很开心。


6.语法上要求的前置(Grammatical Fronting)
1)在感叹句(Excalmation)中的前置。

例如:How beautiful this dress is!(表语提前)这件衣服多漂亮啊!
What a lovely picture he has painted!(宾语提前)
他画了一张多好的画啊!
2)在“the more…, the more…”的结构中的前置。

例如:
The sooner you give up smoking ,the healthier you will become.
(状语提前)(表语提前)你越早戒烟,你就会越健康。

The more books one reads,the more knowledge he has.
(宾语提前)(宾语提前)一个人读的书越多,他的知识就越多。

3)在疑问句或连接词等引起的从句中的前置。

例如:
I don’t know who he is .
(宾语从句中表语提前)
我不知道他是谁。

Whatever advice you may offer,it will be of value to us .
(状语从句中状语提前)无论你提什么建议,对我们对我们都会有价值。

Y ou can hardly imagine how fast he driver.
(宾语从句中状语提前)你难以想象他开的多么快。

What books he wants is not clear.
(主语从句中宾语提前)
他要的是什么书还不清楚。

修辞倒装(Rhetorical Inversion)
1.当“only+状语”用于句首表示强调(Emphasis)时,要用倒装;如果不在句首,则用正常语序。

例如:
1)Only in this way can you sole this problem.(倒装)
或:Y ou can solve this problem only in this way.(正常)
只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

2)Only when we had studied the data again did we realize that there was a mistake.(倒装)We realized that there was a mistake only when we had studied the data again.(正常)
只有当我们再次研究了这些数据的时候,我们才意识到出了错。

注:only位于句首不是修饰状语时,要用正常语序。

Only socialism can save China.
只有社会主义能够救中国。

2. 含有否定意义的副词或词组,用于句首,充当状语时,要用倒装。

常见的词有:never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until等,以及含有no的词组如:by no means, in no time , under no circumstances等。

另外,含有否定意义的关连词如:not only…(but also), neither…(nor), no sooner…(than), hardly …(when),位于句首时也要用倒装。

若上述词或词组不是在句首,则用正常语序。

① Never shall I forget this lesson.(倒装)或:I shall never forget his lesson。

(正常)我决不忘记这个教训。

② Not only was Churchill a statesman,but also(he was)a poet.(倒装)或:Churchill
was not only a statesman but also (he was)a poet.(正常)邱吉尔不仅上一位政治家,他还是一位诗人。

③ In no case will he give up the experiment.(倒装)He will give up the experiment
in no case。

(正常)无论如何他都不会放弃那个试验。

3.在“as”和“be”引导的让步状语从句中,要用倒装语序。

例如:
①Tired as he was, he continued to work.(倒装)或:Though he was tired, he continued to work.(正常)
虽然他累了,但他仍然继续工作。

②Try as he might, he could not fulfil the task alone.(倒装)或:Although he
might try (hard), he could not fulfil the task alone.(正常)不管他如何努力,他还是无法独自完成任务。

③Everybody must obey the law ,be he a common citizen or a high ranking
official.(倒装)或:Everybody must obey the law, whether he is a common citizen or a high ranking official.(正常)人人都必须守法,无论是普通公民还是高级官员。

1.当“so (such)…that”结构中的“so, such”用于句首加强语气时,要用倒装。

So angry was he (=He was so angry )that he couldn’t speak.
他如此愤怒,以致说不出话来。

Such was the force of the explosion(=The force of the explosion was such )that all the windows were broken.
那个爆炸的力量是如此之大,以致所有的窗户都震破了。

To such an extent do the parents love their son that they have tried to satisfy every demand of his.
这对父母爱子到了如此程度,以致他们尽量满足他的任何要求。

5.为了使句子平衡,或使上下文衔接更紧,也常常使用倒装。

1)主语较长,为了使句子平衡。

例如:
Cone are the days when China had to depend on foreign oil.
中国依赖外国石油的日子一去不复返了。

To the coal mine came a team of navy divers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
奉司令部之命,一队海军潜水员来到那座煤矿解救受困的矿工。

2)为了使句子与上下文衔接更紧密。

例如:
(There is a gate to the south of Tian An Men Square .)Facing the gate is the Monument to the People’s Heroes.
(天安门广场的南面有一个城门。

)面对着城门的是人民英雄纪念碑。

(He found a table in one corner of the room.)Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
(他发现房间的一个角落里有一张桌子。

)桌子底下躺着一个半昏迷的年青人。

6.为了生动地描写动作,在in, out away ,up, down, off等副词开头的句子里常常使
用倒装。

例如:
Up went the rocket into the air.
嗖的一声,火箭冲上了天。

Following a roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
随着一声吼叫,丛林中冲出了一只老虎。

[注]在此结构中,当主语是代词时,用正常语序。

例如:
Away they went.
In she came.
7.在比较状语从句和其他比较结构中,为了保持句子的平衡,经常使用倒装。

例如:He traveled a great deal as did most of his friends.(=as most of his friends did)
他到过很多地方旅行,他的多数朋友也是这样。

In winter, the closer to the North Pole, the shorter is the day.(=the shorter the day is )
在冬季,越是靠近北极,白昼越短。

He is older than are the other students in his class.(=than the other students
in his class are)
他比班里其他学生的年龄都大。

8.在宾语从句为直接引语的句子中,若整个或部分直接引语置于主句的前面时,主谓要倒装。

例如:
“Help! Help!” shouted the boy.(倒装)
这男孩大声喊:“救命啊!救命啊!”
“I am sure ,”said Jack ,”you are right.”(倒装)
“我确信,”杰克说,“你是对的。


如果主语是人称代词时,仍用正常语序。

例如:
“What do you want?” he asked.(正常)
他问道,“你要什么?”
[注] 如果作为宾语从句的直接引语位于主句之后,则仍用正常语序。

例如例 1)、例2)、例3可分别改为:
The boy shouted, “Help! Help!”
Jack said, “I’m sure you are right.”
He asked, “What do you want?”
9.修辞中所出现的前置(Rhetorical Fronting)
修辞前置一般服务于两个目的:强调(Emphasis)和衔接。

修辞中所出现的前置主要有:
1)宾语前置。

例如:
Very good lesson we had yesterday.(表示强调)
昨天上的这一课真是太好了。

He fried two small pieces of fish. One he fed to his cat, the other he ate himself.(为了衔接紧密)
他油炸了两条小鱼,一条喂了猫,一条他自己吃光了。

2)状语前置,例如:
In 1971,the Soviet Union sent into robit the first experimental manned space station.(=sent …into orbit)
1971年,苏联将第一个实验性的载人空间站送入轨道。

She has translated into Chinese a novel written by Mark Twin.(=translated…into Chinese)
她已经将马克吐温的一部小说翻译成了汉语。

He was writing carefully the Ne w Year’s cards to be sent to his friends.(=writing…carefully)
他在认真地写着即将几给朋友的贺年片。

3)宾语的补足语前置。

例如:
They saw playing in the garden a group of children aged from about six to ten.
(= They saw …playing in the garden.)
他们看见一群大约六岁到十岁的孩子在花园里玩。

Many people consider impossible what really is possible .(=Many people consider…impossible.)
不少人把本来可能做到的事看成是不可能的。

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