科技类

剑五人工智能
It is becoming acceptable again to talk of computers performing human tasks such as problem-solving and pattern-recognition（It is widely known that after years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence' (Al) seems poised to make a comeback. ）
谈论计算机执行人类才能执行的任务，如解决问题、模式识别，再一次成为受欢迎的话题(在失宠数年之后，“人工智能”这个词好像在准备着东山再起。

)
人工智能对社会经济的好处
the prospects for Al in the near future are boosted. Investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information - classic Al problems.
在不远的将来，还可能会有另外一个使人工智能前景更光辉灿烂的因素。

为了突显自己的个性，投资者不再单纯地寻求一种精明的商业模式，转而寻求与利用智能技术的公司的合作。

电子邮件和网页数量的激增加剧了信息超载问题，这一特别的问题意味着新技术在信息过滤和分类方面将大有可为，而这些其实都是人工智能要解决的典型的问题。

8.剑6Test3雅思阅读Passage3原文翻译-寻找抗衰老药
The Search for the Anti-aging Pill
寻找抗衰老药
第一段
vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way
在政府实验室等地，科学家们正在寻找能够延长生命和保持青春活力的药物。

有关热量限制的研究为我们指明了出路。

第二段
human aging —
we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.
衰老是一种随着年龄增长，人体内分子与细胞损伤的累积导致人越来越虚弱的现象。

然而，有一种干预措施对许多动物都十分有效，那就是低热量且营养均衡的饮食，它会延长实验动物的寿命并维系健康。

限制热量的摄取可能也会延缓衰老，延长人类的寿命。

第三段
Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end.
不幸的是，若想达到最佳效果，人们大概需要减少约30%卡路里的摄人量，相当于从每天2500大卡降低到1750大卡。

很少有人能够坚持这样严格的养生之道，尤其是年复一年这样做。

‘caloric-restriction mimetic催吐药’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a
would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned扇动，吹拂hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.
但能不能制造出一种药来模拟限食的生理效应，而又不需要强迫人们少吃东西呢?这种被我们称为“限食拟药”
的药片是否能让人们长久保持健康，延缓老年疾病(比如糖尿病、动脉硬化症、心脏病及癌症)的发生，直到更老的时候?
此前研究者们偶然发现了一种化学药剂，该药剂似乎可以在啮齿动物身上产生限制热量摄取的许多好处。

至今我们还没有发现能够安全应用到人类身上并达到同样功效的药物，但研究经验助燃了希望之火，令我们相信，限食拟药终究会研制出来的。

The benefits of caloric restriction
限制能量摄入的好处
（第四段）
The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the
low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence发生率of
寻找限食拟药的动机是我们想更多地了解限制热量摄取对身体的影响。

科学家们早在60多年前就已经认识到限制热量摄人的益处。

当时，他们发现被喂食低热量食物的鼠类平均寿命长于自由摄取食物的鼠类，而且也更少患鼠类衰老时的常见病
What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only。

除此之外，食用低热食物的鼠类活得比对照组中最老的鼠类还要长，这表明不仅是平均寿命，连最大寿命(可活的最大年龄)也增加了。

尽管抗感染药物等各种干预方法也可以增加种群的平均寿命，但只有通过降低身体衰老速率才能增加最大寿命。

（第五段）
worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures
正在进行中in two species more closely related to humans —rhesus and squirrel monkeys —have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.
鼠类的实验结果已经重复过多次，而且对酵母菌、果蝇、蠕虫、鱼、蜘蛛、小鼠及仓鼠的实验也都有同样的结果。

迄今，这类研究针对的都只是与人类基因相去甚远的短命生物，然而，正在进行中的研究采用了恒河猴与松鼠猴这两种更接近人类的物种做实验对象，这使科学家们乐观地相信限食拟药可以帮助人类。

（第六段）
monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more
对这些猴类的研究证实，比起正常饮食的对照组动物，限制热量摄人组猴子的体温和胰岛素浓度都较低，而且某些随年龄增长而降低的荷尔蒙在他们体内仍维持在年轻时的水平。

（第七段）
The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels).
在与衰老有关的疾病风险指数方面，这些热量摄人受限的动物看起来也更加健康。

例如，它们的血压与甘油三酸酷含量都比较低(表示得心脏病的可能性较小)，血糖浓度也比较正常(表示得糖尿病的风险较低，糖尿病的特征是高于常规的血糖浓度)。

Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys.
此外，有关研究最近指出，长期限制热量摄人(将近15年)的恒河猴患慢性病的几率也较低。

但想要知道限制热量摄人是否会延长猴类的平均寿命和最长寿命，我们还必须对这些恒河猴以及其他猴类做更长时间的跟踪研究。

与众多被吹捧为最新抗衰老疗法的长生不老药不同，限食拟药会改变衰老的基本进程。

我们的目标是研制出能够欺骗细胞进人保养与修复状态的药物。

剑六贷物运输
The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight
国际贸易规模的巨大扩张应当归功于货运业的变革
D Countries still trade disproportionately不相称地with their geographic neighbours. Over time,
Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have
tended to become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports.
D 至今为止，各国仍然将重点放在与邻国的贸易往来上。

然而随着时间的推移，全世界范围的商品生产已经转向其价值与其尺寸、重量并不相关的商品。

现今，制成品已在贸易往来中占据主体地位，而且像轻量级组件等科技进步成果使制成品变得愈加轻便、小巧。

因此，进出口商品所需的运费也相应有所降低。

E To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from
Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.
E为了理解运费降低对于贸易的影响，让我们看看计算机磁盘驱动器的生产制造业。

全世界大多数的磁盘驱动器制造业都集中在东南亚地区。

磁盘驱动器价格昂贵(价值高)。

但正是由于其重量轻、体积小而运输花费低，才使得制造业的集中成为可能。

即使从新加坡进口磁盘驱动器而不是在国内市场购买，日本或美国得克萨斯州的计算机制造商们也不会面对花费高出很多的运费账单。

因此，距离已不再是磁盘驱动器制造业的全球化进程的障碍。

F This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films and compact discs cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be ‘exported’without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight
product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.分词伴随
F在飞速发展的信息产业更是如此。

即便用飞机运输，胶片和光盘也只需极低的运费。

计算机软件的“出口”甚至不需要装运，仅仅通过电话线就可以在各国之间传输。

因此，在选定制造地点时，货运费用和货物装卸表已成为无关紧要的因素。

企业在选址时可以去考虑其他因素，例如劳动力的可获得性，而不必过分担心产品的运送费用。

G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the
transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of
G在许多国家，管制的解除推动了国际贸易的发展。

除此之外，一系列科技创新也间接地促进了货物装卸作业中生产率的迅速提高，其中包括广为人知的集装箱运输和多式联运。

四十年前，进出口商品程序繁杂，这带来了部分货物在运送过程中被损坏或偷窃的危险。

The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be
集装箱起重机的发明实现了集装箱的安全装卸，又不至于倾覆货运船只;而采用同一标准规格的集装箱则使所有船只都能够运载装箱运送的不同货物。

到1967年，货舱中装运散装货物而甲板上装运集装箱的两用货轮已逐渐被淘汰，取而代之的是可以一次运载几千个集装箱的全集装箱船。

H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different story. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight.
H集装箱已将海上运输转变为一种效率极髙且竞争力强的行业，但将货物运往或者运离码头却绝非易事。

总体来说，相对于控制海上运输的费用，各国政府都更倾向于牢牢控制货车运输和铁路运输的运价。

剑七蝙蝠
Animal tests facilitates human science technology.Bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, their 'radar' achieves feats功绩of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. Engineers built instruments to exploit the echolocation principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a
ship. After this technique was invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. As a result, both sides in the Second world war relied heavily on these devices.正是蝙蝠，或者说是自然选择在蝙蝠身上的鬼斧神工，蝙蛹的“雷达”在探测及导航方面取得的完美成果足以让人类工程师佩服到哑口无言。

工程师们利用这条原理制造了很多设备。

比如用回声来测量船底海洋的深度。

在这项技术发明之后，武器制造者很快就将其改良来侦测潜水艇。

二战期间，交战双方都充分运用了这些设备。

剑七蚂蚁智能
the social lives of ants in the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack.
Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes.
在昆虫界，某些成员社会生活的复杂程度显示出了相当程度的智能。

蚂蚁储存食物，反击外敌，在攻击时用化学信号互相联系。

此类化学信号交流可与人类使用视觉和听觉逾径(如圣歌、广告形象、铃声、政治标语以及军乐)来激发情绪和传递理念的行为相媲美。

Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. Ants farm fungi, raise aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly. In addition, the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought，in spite of modern human agribusiness total overtaking，their fungus farming and
aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago,
蚂蚁和人类是如此的相似，都让我们觉得自愧不如。

它们培育真菌，把蚜虫作为家畜来饲养，调配军队作战，用化学气雾发出警告和述惑敌人，俘虏奴隶，忙于育婴，不停地交流信息。

蚂蚁的农耕方式可能比过去我们所认为的还要成熟和灵活。

虽然被人类现代的综合农业远远超越,但它们培育真菌、饲养蚜虫的技术和五千年前的人类农耕技术相比还算成熟。

剑七珍惜每滴水
Two factors explains this remarkable turn转变of events: the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry.
people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use.
人均用水量下降了，这主要得益于一系列新技术在家庭及工业节水方面的作用。

人们已经懂得如何更有效地利用水资源，社会各界也在重新思考各自用水的优先权。

剑八害虫的生物学控制
剑九test3潮汐发电
第一段
Undersea turbines which produce electricity from the tides are set to become an important source of renewable energy for Britain.用于潮汐发电的海底涡轮机即将成为英国可再生能源的一项重要来源。

the extent of the impact they may have, the signs are that they will play a significant role in the future
带来多大的影响，迹象都表明它们将会扮演一个举足轻重的角色。

第二段：
The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants and export renewable power to other parts of Europe.
科技的发展提升了英国实现本国可再生能源自给自足同时大大减少二氧化碳排放量的前景。

如果英国同时开发本国的潮汐能、风能和海浪能，那么它就有可能将本国的天然气、煤炭和核能发电厂全部关闭并且还能向欧洲其他地区输出可再生能源。

第四段：
The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant.
“利用潮汐水流开发能源的前景要远远好于利用风能获取能源，这是因为水的流动是可以预知推测的并且是持续不断的。

The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. 并且在发展北海石油工业时，我们已经获取了应对海底不利的盐化环境的技术；在利用风能和轮船推动器的过程中，我们也已经掌握了关于涡轮机叶片设计的众多知识。

剑九test3 信息理论（从句较多，分词不多）
Information theory lies at the heart of everything - from DVD players and the genetic code ofDNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental It has been central to the development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically and has therefore had a major impact on our lives
信息理论是所有现代科技理论——从DVD播放器到DNA遗传密码，再到最基础的宇宙物理学说——的核心内容。

它在通讯科学的发展过程中占有重要的地位，它使得信息数据能够实现电子传送，从而对我们的日常生活产生了极大的影响。

A In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications of information theory.
A 2002年四月的一个事件呈现了应用信息理论的一种途径。

语法分析：限制性定语从句与先行词分离
The space probe, Voyager I,launched in 1977,had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars.
1977年发射的旅行者1号空间探测器曾经传送回火星和土星的壮观图像，之后又开始了飞向太阳系之外恒星的单向旅程。

After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age.
在经历了25年的太空低温环境后，探测器开始呈现出老化的迹象。

Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realised that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever.
探测器的感应器和电路都处于失灵的边缘，美国国家航空和航天管理局（NASA）的专家此时意识到如果他们不采取相应措施的话，他们将会永久的失去和探测器的联系。

The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts.
这个问题的解决方案就是向旅行者1号发送指导其用备用件替换失灵件的信息。

With the probe 12 billion kilometres from Earth, this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA`s Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space.
由于探测器距离地球1200亿千米，所以这并不是个简单的任务。

然而通过美国国家航天和航空管理局太空网的射电抛物面天线，这条信息被传送到了太空的深处。

Even travelling at the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. 即使是以光速航行，要到达既定目标也需要花费11个小时，但这离冥王星的轨道还相距甚远。

Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and successfully made the switchover.
尽管如此，让人难以置信的是，这小小的探测器居然成功接收到了来自自己星球的微弱呼唤，并且成功完成了替换工作。

B It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also highlighted the astonishing powe r of the techniques
B这应该是历史上最远距离的修复工作，也是美国国家航空和航天管理局众多工程师的重大胜利。

技术的惊人能力，
Other codes have become part of everyday life - such as the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps.
其他的众多编码也已经成为了日常生活中的一部分——例如通用产品码（theUniversalProductCode）或者条形码，它利用一个简单的错误发现系统来确保超市收银处的激光扫描器能够读出商品的价格，即使是从被压皱的薯片包装袋上读取价格也没有问题。

剑十test2 茶和工业革命
even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back违背on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of work.
尽管17世纪日本有大城市、高受教育率，甚至期货市场，但违背了一切以工作实践为基础的革命的核心，日本放弃了节省劳动力的设备，例如动物，担心它们会使人失业
So, the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having `abandoned the wheel`.
因此，我们如今认为是技术最先进国家之一的日本进入19世纪时“放弃了车轮”。

剑十test3旅游业的环境，意义和范围
B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation.
B为我们今日所熟悉的大众形式的旅游业毫无疑问是一个具有鲜明20世纪特色的现象。

历史学家认为，大众旅游业的出现时伴随着中产阶级的上升和价格相对低廉交通方式的发展而在工业革命时期伊始于英格兰。

标志the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.
二战结束后商业飞行行业的诞生以及随之而来的20世纪50年代喷气式飞机的发展标志着国家旅行的快速发展和扩张。

这个进程导致了一个大型新产业的发展：旅游业。

而反过来看，国际旅游业也成了众多国家政府的关注点，因为它不仅提供了新的就业机会，而且还创造出一条赚取外汇的途径。

剑十一减少气候变化的影响
Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering - a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment.
因此，越来越多的科学家开始探索实施地球工程——这个术语通常指国际性的大规模环境管理。

According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator:
if Plan A - reducing our dependency on fossil fuels – fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.
根据其支持者，地球工程相当于一台备用发电机：如果A计划(减少我们对化石燃料的依赖)失败，我们需要B计划，即开展宏大的计划来控制或扭转全球变暖的进程。

剑十一test1 作物生长的摩天大楼
第六段
One variation演绎，变量on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails.
人们开发出的一种垂直农业方式是在堆叠的托盘中种植作物，这些托盘可在轨道上移动。

语法分析：主系表A is to B
A（定从）is to B（定从）
Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above:
移动托盘使植物可以获得足够的太阳光。

这种系统已经在运行中，并且在顶部有光照的单层温室中运行良好：
it is not certain, however, that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.
然而，并不确定它是否可以在没有顶部自然光的情况下运行。

句型分析：it is +adj. +that主语从句
剑十一双胞胎
第九段
表观遗传学研究之所以彻底改变了我们对于生物学的理解，方式之一就在于它揭示出这样一种机制，外在环境正是通过这样一种机制直接作用于内在基因。

举例来说，动物研究已经证实了：当一只老鼠在怀孕期间有过紧张压力的体验，就可能在其胎儿中引发表观遗传性的改变，进而随着这只啮齿动物的成长导致其行为方面的各种问题。

有一些表观遗传过程似乎是随机发生的，而另一些则为常规现象，例如那些指导胚胎细胞如何分化成为心脏、大脑或肝脏细胞的过程。