清华大学考博英语-试卷22

清华大学考博英语-试卷22
(总分：164.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、 Structure and Vocabulary(总题数：40，分数：80.00)
1.His intelligence and experience will enable him to______the complicated situation.
（分数：2.00）
A.cope with √
B.settle down
C.intervene in
D.interfere with
解析：解析：A项cope with“应付”；B项settle down“安居，专心于”；C项intervene in“介入，干涉”；D项interfere with“干涉，妨碍”。

从句意可判断A正确。

2.Current data suggest that although ______ states between fear and aggression exist, fear and aggression are as distinct physiologically as they are psychologically.
（分数：2.00）
A.simultaneous
B.serious
C.partial
D.transitional √
解析：解析：空格处应填入形容词，修饰“states between fear and aggression”，题目的后半句表达“distinct”这一概念，但是由于转折不能前后矛盾，故空格处不能填表示“相同”含义的词，只能表达与“不同”相对的中间状态。

A项“同时的”；B项“严肃的”；C项“局部的”；D项“过渡的”，此意符合题意。

3.The natural balance between prey and predator has been increasingly______, most frequently by human intervention.
（分数：2.00）
A.celebrated
B.predicted
C.observed
D.disturbed √
解析：解析：A项celebrate“庆祝”；B项predict“预测”；C项observe“观察”；D项disturb“扰乱”。

从句意可判断D正确。

4.The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth and Rachel were______not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the prevailing methodology into question.
（分数：2.00）
A.provocative √
B.predictable
C.inconclusive
D.intriguing
解析：解析：A项provocative“挑衅性的”；B项predictable“可预测的”：C项inconclusive“非决定性的”；D项intriguing“迷人的”。

只有A的含义符合句意。

5.In scientific inquiry, it becomes a matter of duty to expose a______hypothesis to every possible kind of examination.
（分数：2.00）
A.tentative √
B.debatable
C.well-established
D.logical
解析：解析：A项tentative“试验性的，暂时的”；B项debatable“有争议的”：C项well—established“得到确认的”；D项logical“合乎逻辑的”。

根据句意判断A正确。

6.Freud derived psychoanalytic knowledge of childhood indirectly: he reconstructed childhood processes from adult______.
（分数：2.00）
A.memory √
B.experience
C.behavior
D.monotony
解析：解析：A项memory“记忆”；B项experience“经历”；C项behavior“行为”：D项monotony“单调”。

从句中的“indirectly”和“reconstructed childhood processes”可知，这种间接获取的知识只能从成人的记忆中获得，故A正确。

7.Our times seem especially______to bad ideas, probably because in throwing off the shackles of tradition, we have ended up being quite vulnerable to untested theories and untried remedies. （分数：2.00）
A.impervious √
B.hostile
C.hospitable
D.prone
解析：解析：A项impervious“不受影响的”；B项hostile“敌对的”；C项hos pitable“热情友好的”；D项prone“易于……的”。

本题的答案应表示对bad ideas的态度，从后面的句意可知，前半句应表示能接受坏思想，才能达到后面不受影响的境界。

故选A。

8.The matter is not to be______.
（分数：2.00）
A.watched for
B.waited on
C.taken over
D.trifled with √
解析：解析：A项watch for“当心”；B项wait on“服侍”；C项take over“接管”：D项trifle with“轻视”。

从词意来看只有D正确。

9.The mother almost______when she learned that her son was shot dead.
（分数：2.00）
A.fell down
B.came down
C.fell apart
D.went to pieces √
解析：解析：A项fall down“跌倒，倒下”；B项come down“降下，跌落”：C项fall apart“破裂，破碎”；D项go to pieces“(身体或精神上)垮下来”。

从句意可知D正确。

10.Please______your voice if you have any questions to ask the chairman.
（分数：2.00）
A.rise
B.raise √
C.lift
D.enlarge
解析：解析：A项rise意为“上升”，是不及物动词；B项：raise“提高；提升”，是及物动词；C项lift“举起”：D项enlarge“扩大”。

11.Owen obviously had no______of doing any work that day, although it was only a week before the English Test.
（分数：2.00）
A.ambition
B.desire
C.intention √
D.wish
解析：解析：A项ambition“雄心，野心”；B项desire意为“愿望”，强调主观愿望的迫切性，后常接动词不定式作定语，有尽力争取或需要尽力争取之意；C项intention“意图，目的”，常用于the intention of doing sth．的结构中；D项wish“希望”，常用于主观愿望或难以实现、不可能实现的愿望。

由此可知C正确。

12.On that bitterly cold winter night, few people walked along the______narrow streets.
（分数：2.00）
A.lonely
B.neglected
C.deserted √
D.isolated
解析：解析：A项lonely“寂寞的”；B项negl ected“被忽视的，被忽略的”；C项deserted“空无一人的”：D项isolated“单独的，孤立的”。

从句意可知C正确。

13.Even when the strike was over, and the wages dispute had been______, it took several weeks for the country to get cleaned up completely.
（分数：2.00）
A.settled √
B.evened
C.calmed
D.relieved
解析：解析：A项settle“解决(纠纷等)；B项even“使平衡”；C项calm“使平静”；D项relieve“缓解”。

由句意可知A正确。

14.Advanced computer technology has______an answer to accurate weather forecasting.
（分数：2.00）
A.set up
e up with √
C.filled in
D.faced up to
解析：解析：A项set up“开办，创立”；B项come up with“想出”；C项fill in“填写”；D项face up to“勇敢面对”。

根据句意可知B正确。

15.If you keep getting wrong numbers, your phone could be______.
（分数：2.00）
A.defective √
B.ineffective
C.deficient
D.deceptive
解析：解析：A项defective“有毛病的，有缺陷的”；B项ineffecti ve“无效的，无效果的”；C项deficient“缺乏的，不足的”，常指量的不足；D项deceptive“欺诈的”。

16.Mr. Johnson had a terrible cold and could not stop______.
（分数：2.00）
A.yawning
B.sighing
C.sneezing √
解析：解析：A项yawn“打哈欠”；B项sigh“叹气，叹息”；C项sneeze“打喷嚏”；D项spit“吐痰，吐唾沫”。

17.The chairman asked the members to______their votes for or against the proposal.
（分数：2.00）
A.cast √
B.throw
C.bid
D.offer
解析：解析：A项cast“投，扔”，cast votes“投票”；B项throw“投，扔”，指用手臂突然用力把某物向一定目标扔去；C项bid“投标，出价”，是拍卖和投标用语；D项offer“出价，开价，报价”。

18.She was barred from the golf club for refusing to______with the request.
（分数：2.00）
A.conform
B.adhere
C.abide
ply √
解析：解析：A项conform“遵照，适应”，后接介词to；B项adhere“坚持，遵守”，后接介词to；C 项abide后接by，意为“遵守，信守”；D项comply“遵从”，后接with。

由此可知D正确。

19.She always______the smell of fresh bread with her aunt, who loved baking.
（分数：2.00）
A.associated √
B.connected
C.attributed
D.contributed
解析：解析：A项associate“把……联系在一起”，后常与with连用；B项connect“联接；联系”，指联系有形的物体；C项attribute“把(过错等)归于”，后接介词to；D项contribute“贡献”。

20.While doing calculation for the project, the designers______a new solution to a geological problem.
（分数：2.00）
A.fell into
B.stumbled upon √
C.set out
D.discovered
解析：解析：A项fall into“被卷入……”；B项stumble upon“偶然发现”；C项set out“启程，出发”；D项discover“发现，发觉”。

从四个选项看，含有“偶然”含义的“stumbleupon”最适合本句话。

21.She was paid by the hour, and she managed to keep her family with her pitiful______.
（分数：2.00）
A.salary
B.wages √
C.stipend
D.payment
解析：解析：A项salary“薪水”，常为一个月或更长时间付一次；B项wage“工资”，常作复数使用；主要指以月、小时或计件为单位付薪的劳动收入，尤指每周或每两周付给的劳动(多是体力劳动)报酬；C 项stipend“固定薪金”；D项payment“支付，付款”。

22.A plane is a______and so is a car.
（分数：2.00）
A.transport
B.drive
D.carriage
解析：解析：A项transport“运输，交通”；B项drive“驱动器”；C项vehicle“车辆；交通工具”；D项carriage“四轮马车”。

23.Tony was in plain clothes, watching for a______character at London Airport all night. （分数：2.00）
A.suspicious √
B.suspect
C.susceptible
D.doubtful
解析：解析：A项suspicious“令人怀疑的，可疑的”；B项suspect是名词，意为“嫌疑犯”；C项susceptible“易受影响的”，后接介词to；D项doubtful“疑惑的，怀疑的”，常与about、of连用，一般不修饰名词。

24.At first she thought he was joking. It took Jason twenty minutes to convince her that he was______.
（分数：2.00）
A.earnest
B.real
C.genuine
D.serious √
解析：解析：A项earnest“热切的，迫切的”；B项real“真正的”，通常指表里一致的事物，强调真实性；C项genuine“真实的”，表示某物本身质地是真的，纯粹的，不是假的或伪造的；D项serious“认真的；当真的”，指说话态度认真，一本正经。

25.You may even become a head waiter eventually. If you have the right sort of______and are not afraid of hard work.
（分数：2.00）
A.nature
B.personality √
C.temper
D.character
解析：解析：A项nature“天性，本性”；B项personality“人格，个性”；C项temper“脾气”；D项character“品质，性格”，一般用于a man of good character这类短语中。

26.When they had finished playing, the children were made to______all the toys they had taken out.
（分数：2.00）
A.put off
B.put out
C.put up
D.put away √
解析：解析：A项put off“推迟”；B项put out“熄灭”；C项put up“建造”；D项put away“放好”。

27.Small boys are______questioners. They ask questions all the time.
（分数：2.00）
A.original
B.imaginative
C.peculiar
D.persistent √
解析：解析：A项original“独创的”；B项imaginative“想象力丰富的”；C项peculiar意为“特殊的”；D项persistent“坚持的”。

28.As an excellent shooter, Peter practised aiming at both______targets and moving targets. （分数：2.00）
A.standing
B.stationary √
C.still
D.stable
解析：解析：A项standing“长期的”，侧重指时间上的长久和持续的状态：B项stationary“固定的，静止的”，强调的是物体空间上的静止状态；C项still“静止的”，指由“动”到“静”，侧重于“静”的含义；D项stable“稳定的”，指没有大起大落的变化。

29.If each manager makes his usual speech, the meeting will be______for forty five minutes. （分数：2.00）
A.expanded
B.prolonged √
C.delayed
D.exceeded
解析：解析：A项expand“展开，扩张”；B项prolong“延长”；C项delay“耽搁”；D项exceed“超过”。

30.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on the plane in Athens, set to______when it arrived in New York.
（分数：2.00）
A.get off
B.carry off
C.go off √
e off
解析：解析：A项get off“下车”；B项carr y off“夺去，获得”；C项go off“爆炸”；D项come off“举行”。

31.After traveling in the desert for many days, they found a tiny oasis, where there was a well and ______green grass.
（分数：2.00）
A.a patch of √
B.a bunch of
C.a pinch of
D.a packet of
解析：解析：A项a patch of“一块，一片”；B项a bunch of“一束”：C项a pinch of“一撮”；D 项a packet of“一包”，四个选项中只有A可以修饰“green grass”。

32.The girl was so______by the mighty river that she would spend hours sitting on its bank and gazing at the boats and rafts going and coming.
（分数：2.00）
A.absorbed
B.fascinated √
C.moved
D.touched
解析：解析：A项absorb“吸收”；B项fascinate“使着迷”；C项move“移动”：D项touch“接触”。

所以，四个选项B最合适。

33.After a careful investigation, the committee decided to______the old hall.
（分数：2.00）
A.change
B.build
C.innovate
D.renovate √
解析：解析：A项change“改变”；B项build“建造”；C项innovate“改革，创新”；D项renovate“修复”(尤指建筑物)。

从四个选项看，D是最合适的。

34.I was always taught that it was______to interrupt.
（分数：2.00）
A.rude √
B.coarse
C.rough
D.crude
解析：解析：A项rude“无礼的，粗鲁的”。

其他三项都有“粗鲁的”之意，当用于说明某人的举止或言谈，可互用。

如果要说明做某事不礼貌，特别是在“It is+形容词+不定式”结构中，常用rude。

35.Since the father died a year ago, there has been______in the family about the division of the estate.
（分数：2.00）
A.distinctions
B.discord √
C.disadvantages
D.disappointment
解析：解析：A项distinction“区别，区分”；B项discord“不一致，有分歧”；C项disadvantage“不利条件，缺点”；D项disappointment“失望，扫兴”。

四个选项中，只有B最合适。

36.Having been discussed, the proposal was______unanimously.
（分数：2.00）
A.adapted
B.adopted √
C.admitted
D.adjoined
解析：解析：A项a dapt“适应”；B项adopt“采纳，采用”；C项admit“允许，承认”；D项adjoin“毗连”。

四个选项中，只有B适用于本题。

37.The American professor came to realize that he had underestimated the ______ of most of the Chinese students.
（分数：2.00）
A.magnitude
B.gradient
C.potential √
D.firmness
解析：解析：A项magni tude“大小”；B项gradient“坡度，倾斜度”；C项potential“潜力，潜能”；D项firmness“稳固，坚实”。

根据句意可知，只有C正确。

38.All individuals are required to______to the laws made by their governments.
（分数：2.00）
A.obey
B.conform √
C.concede
D.observe
解析：解析：A项obey“遵守”，无obey to的搭配；B项conform“遵守”，后接to；C项concede to sb．“向某人让步”；D项observe作“遵守”之意时，不与to搭配。

39.It is a common theme in many science fiction stories that the world may one day be______by insects.
（分数：2.00）
A.broken in
B.run over
C.taken over √
D.filled out
解析：解析：A项break in“强行进入”；B项run over“辗过”；C项take over“接管”；D项fill out“填写”。

40.Some people______avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them.
（分数：2.00）
A.violently
B.enthusiastically
C.sincerely
D.deliberately √
解析：解析：A项violently“猛烈地”；B项en thusiastically“热情地”；C项sincerely“真诚地”；D项deliberately“故意地”。

二、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：40.00)
These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the "great classless society". The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great cliches of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim. It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question. The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, "survival of the fittest" , and "might is right" are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For "aristocracy" read " meritocracy" ; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained. Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them " a good start in life". For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent; an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was. In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.（分数：8.00）
(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）
A.Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system. √
B.Equality means money.
C.There is no such society as classless society.
D.Nature can't give you a classless society.
解析：解析：本题是主旨大意题。

本文是一篇驳斥“无阶级社会和人人平等”的文章。

从以下四个方面进行论述：①“适者生存，强权即公理”依然存在。

②天赋和智慧与平等原则无关。

③人获得的报酬取决于人的能力，而不是获得平等的报酬。

④金钱不仅可以培育有能力的人，还是政治的后盾。

金钱加能力是成功的关键，所以不存在所谓平等，更没有无阶级的社会。

A项“二十世纪平等的机遇并没有摧毁阶级”。

B 项“金钱意味着平等是错误的”。

C项“不存在无阶级社会”，内容是对的，但不是本文的主题思想。

D项“自然界不会赋予你一个无阶级社会”。

由以上分析可知A正确。

(2).According to the author, the same educational opportunities can't get rid of inequality because______.（分数：2.00）
A.the principle " survival of the fittest" exists
B.Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability √
C.Material rewards are for genuine ability
D.People have the freedom how to educate their children
解析：解析：本题是细节题。

A项“存在适者生存的原则”，根据这一原则无智慧和能力者难以在社会上生存；B项“自然界在赋予人类智慧和能力时不会顾及平等”；C项“物质报偿基于人的真正能力”；D项“人们有自由选择教育孩子的方式”。

从原文可知即使有相同的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除不平等。

故B正确。

(3).Who can obtain more rapid success______.（分数：2.00）
A.those with wealth √
B.those with the best brains
C.those with the best opportunities
D.those who have the ability to catch at opportunities
解析：解析：本题是细节题。

第三段指出“In this way，the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself…can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart．”，由此可知，在这个意义上，英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。

一个来自有钱人家的有能力的孩子要比他贫困的孩子获得成功要快。

故A正确。

B
项“具有很高智慧的人”，这与第三段末尾提到“It would be almostimpossible to…as powerful a weapon as ever it was．”的内容不符：C和D两项也均不正确。

(4).According to the author, class divisions' refers to______.（分数：2.00）
A.the rich and the poor √
B.different opportunities for people
C.oppressor and the oppressed
D.genius and stupidity
解析：解析：本题是判断推理题。

从原文的第三段和第四段可知：相同的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等，因为上天赋予人类智慧是不可能考虑平等原则。

第四段进一步指出有钱的人首先要做的就是给子女一个良好的教育机会。

而私立学校的教育质量优于公立学校。

有钱人家的有能力的孩子成功机率高。

总之，政治意识归结为阶级的存在，不论你受封建帝王统治，还是身为受过教育的农民，class division指的是“富人和穷人”，即选A。

The organization known to the world as Interpol has sometimes been described as an outfit of chisel-jawed gimlet-eyed crime fighters who put their lives in jeopardy every working hour. Less flatteringly, Interpol has also been described as a huge filing cabinet, stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics. As with most generalities, there is some truth in both statements. There are, certainly, some grim battlers of crime to be found working with Interpol. There are, just as surely, those drones shuffling mountains of paper whose cheeks are sallow from indoor life. Consider the charisma of the name alone: INTERPOL, the international police force. Continents leaped in a single bound, oceans crossed in the space of a breath, villains watched by eyes that never sleep. Surprisingly, a lot of it happens almost that way. Four groups coordinate and direct the activities of Interpol. One of them is the National Central Bureaus, or NCBs, bodies designated by the member nations to serve as their link with Interpol. These are the front-line troops, the action people. In the United States, the Treasury Departments the National Central
Bureau. In the United Kingdom, it is Scotland Yard; the Questura in Italy and the Melbourne City Police in Australia. Because police organization varies from country, the NCBs were established to act as the one special group to handle Interpol chores and unsure maximum cooperation between nations. Each NCB is usually an official government body with police powers if a country has only one central police authority, that body becomes the National Centre Bureau. Of course, any service appointed as an NCB is bound to its nation's law and authority and retains its national title. Each NCB is connected by radio to the regional station for its geographic zone. The regional stations are connected to the Central Station in France. The radio network is versatile. Network stations can monitor the Central station or any regional station. Because of this messages can be broadcast to more than one station at a time. A coding system determines the urgency of each message so that those with high priority can be given precedence. Besides, other communication tools, such as radio-teleprinters and phototelegraphy equipment. Permit rapid transfers of fingerprints and photographs. Sometimes ever more advanced technology is employed. When the police all over the world were looking for a Canadian named George Leray, they turned to the Early Bird Satellite. Leray had led his gang on a daring holdup of a Montreal bank and gotten away with $ 4 million. Scotland Yard broadcast Leray's photo to the world by satellite. An American who saw the picture in Florida recognized Leray as a man who was living on a yacht in Fort Lauderdale under an assumed name. The police were alerted and arrested Leray.（分数：8.00）
(1).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）
A.The Function of the Interpol.
B.The Quality of the Interpol.
C.The Organization of the Interpol. √
D.The Rapid Development of the Interpol.
解析：解析：本题是归纳题。

文章大意主要介绍国际刑警组织，附带介绍其职能性质。

故A和B两项不对；文章也没有提及D项的“国际刑警组织的迅速发展”，故C正确。

(2).The organization of this passage is______.（分数：2.00）
A.general to specific √
B.cause and effect
parison and contrast
D.development
解析：解析：本题是总结题。

A项“文章是一般到具体的组织结构”，符合行文顺序；B项“因果”和C项“对比”均没有体现；D项“展开”，任何文章都是展开分述的。

(3).The sentence "stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to______.（分数：2.00）
A.a lot of employees busying in their work
B.many office workers busying with various documents
C.crowded with office workers busying with their own collected data √
D.workers busying in their own information
解析：解析：本题是句意理解题。

从题干中的“stuffed with clerks choking on their ownstatistics”找到对应的原句在，即第一段的“Less flatteringly，Interpol has also been describedas a huge filing cabinet，stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics．”，国际刑警组织被描述成一个大的档案室，里面挤满了工作人员，他们忙于处理分析统计数据，喘不过气来。

由此可知C正确。

A项“有许多雇员忙于工作”；B项“许多办公室人员忙于各种文件”；D项“忙于自己信息的工人”，原文并没提及这三项内容。

(4).Which is the easiest tool to communicate?（分数：2.00）
A.Satellite.
B.Radio. √
C.Teleprinter.
D.Phototelegraphy.
解析：解析：本题是细节题。

第四段提及…The radio network is versatile．Network stations canmonitor…Permit rapid transfers of fingerprints and photographs．”，本段提到的各种通讯工具：卫星，无线电，打印机，传真电报。

但无线电通讯仍是他们运用的最方便和最得力的工具，因为他们的无线电网络灵活多用，网站能监控中央和各地区站点，而且一次能把信息传至好几台设备上。

至于卫星，龟报，传真电报只是在特殊情况下运行，如快速传送照片，指纹等。

所以B正确。

Things have really changed. Not only is the military standing tall again, it is staging a remarkable comeback in the quantity and quality of the recruits it is attracting. Recruiters, once denounced by antiwar students as "baby killers" and barred from campuses, are welcomed ever at elite universities. ROTC(Reserve Officer's Training Corps)programs, that faltered during the Viet Nam era, when protesters were firebombing their headquarters, are flourishing again. The military academies are enjoying a steady increase in applications. Certainly, the depressed economy has increased the allure of the jobs, technical training and generous student loans offered by the military. Students know that if they go in and become, say, nuclear weapons specialists, they can come out and demand a salary of $60,000 a year. Military salaries, while not always competitive with those paid for comparable jobs in the private sector, are more than respectable, especially considering the wide array of benefits that are available: free medical service, room and board, and PX(Post Exchange)privileges. Monthly pay for a recruit is $ 574; for a sergeant with four years services it is $ 906; for a major with ten years' service it is $ 2, 305. The services' slick $ 175 million-a-year advertising campaign promising adventure and fulfillment has helped win over the TV generation. Kids are walking down the school hallways chanting " Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines," just like in the commercials. And many military officials feel that the key difference is the enhanced patriotism among the nation's youth. There is a return to the view that the military is an honorable profession. The days of a judge telling a miscreant to join the Army or go to jail are over. Recruiting for all four services combined is running at 101% of authorized goals. And the retention rate is now so high, that the services are refusing some re-enlistment applications and reducing annual recruiting target. The military academics are also enjoying halcyon years, attracting more and better-qualified students. Compared to private colleges, where tuition and expenses have been climbing sharply, the service schools are a real bargain: not only is tuition free, but recruits get allowances of up to $ 500 a mouth. It is reported 12, 300 applicants are for the 1, 450 positions in this year's freshman class. Military academies are now just as selective as any of the best universities in the country. Nationwide, ROTC enrollment exceeds 105, 000, a 64% increase over the 1974 figure. In the mid 70's, the ROTC students refused to wear their uniforms on campus because they suffered all sorts of ridicule, if they did. Now if they wear them to class no one looks at them twice. To them, Viet Nam is ancient history, something the old folks talk about.（分数：8.00）
(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）
A.The Military is in. √
B.The Military is up.
C.The Military is down.
D.The Military is on.
解析：解析：本题是主旨大意题。

第一段的“Things have really changed．Not only is themilitary standin g…quantity and quality of the recruits it is attracting．”可知，军队形象不仅高大，招收新兵的质量和数量明显得到恢复。

通读第二段可知，与其他行业比较，军人的收入很可观，并且许多军官感到这个国家青年中的爱国心增强，当兵光荣的理念又出现了。

由此可知A正确。

A项to be in“流行”；B项to be up“上涨”；C项to be down“下降”；D项to be on“上演”。

从词意辨析可知A正确。

(2).What was the attitude of the students in 1970's towards the military?（分数：2.00）
A.Approval.
B.Indifferent.
C.Distaste. √
D.Scolding.
解析：解析：本题是观点态度题。

由关键词1970’s找到对应原句，即第四段的“In the mid70’s，the ROTC students…because they suffered all sorts of ridicule，if they did．”，由此可知70年代中期，后备军官训练队学生不愿在校内穿制服，因为穿了就遭到各种嘲笑。

这说明70年代，学生对军队的态度是“厌恶”。

故C正确。

A项“赞成”：B项“漠不关心”；D项“责骂”均不对。

(3).The phrase "come out" is closest in meaning to______.（分数：2.00）
A.become visible
B.begin to grow
C.be made public
D.gain a certain position √
解析：解析：本题是词汇题。

从关键词come out找到其对应第二段的原句“Students knowthat if they go in and become，say，nuclear weapons specialists，they can come out and demand asalary of $60，000 a year．”，学生们知道要是参军，譬如当上核武器专家，他们就能扬名并可要求6万美元的年薪。

从句意可知D“获得一定的地位”正确。

A项“看得见”；B项“开始成长”；C项“公开”，这三项均不对。

(4).Which one of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason to attract students?（分数：2.00）
A.Free tuition.
B.Spacious room. √
C.Considerate allowance.
D.Technical training.
解析：解析：本题是细节题。

第二段提到“Certainly，the depressed economy has increased theallure of the jobs，technical training and generous student loans offered by the military．”可以肯定，经济萧条使得军队提供就业、技术训练以及对学生慷慨贷款等的诱惑力增大。

此外第二段还提到“Military salaries，while not always competitive wit h those paid for…free medicalservice，room and board，and PX(Post Exchange)privileges．”军队的薪金很可观，军队有一系列的福利待遇，如免费医疗、食宿、军人消费合作社特惠等。

第三段指出“The militaryacademics are also enjoying halcyon years，attracting more and better—qualified students．Comparedto…not only is t uition free，but recruits get allowances of up to $500 a mouth．”，军事院校招收的学生数量多了，素质高。

私立大学里，学费和各类费用一直急剧上升，相比之下，军事院校不仅学费全免，新生每月还可拿到500美元的补贴。

从以上的分析可知只有B不是吸引学生的原因。

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure; how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one's findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof. Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions "What happened?" and "How did it happen?" have given way to the question "Why did it happen?" Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory. Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence; that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.
And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute lightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth. Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history(in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.（分数：8.00）
(1).Which of the following best states the main point of the text?（分数：2.00）
A.The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method. √
B.Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
C.Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
D.The psychological assessment of an individual's behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
解析：解析：本题是中心主旨题。

第二段的最后一句出现了全文所谈的中心“psychohistory”，在第二段中谈到了“psychohistory”的流行性，在第二段和第三段中作者谈到了“psychohistory”缺乏历史科学研究的“严密性和可考证性”。

由此分析可知正确答案应包含“psychohistory”和“history”两个概念，故A正确。

(2).The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as______.（分数：2.00）
A.a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable
B.an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare
C.an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units
D.a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events √
解析：解析：本题是审题定位题。

通过题干中的“psychohistorians view history primarily as”可判断本题是要考生找出“psychohistorians”如何看待(view…as)历史(history)，即要找出“psychohistorians”对历史的看法和态度。

从关键词psychohistorians找到第三段的对应原句“Psychohistory derives its“facts”not from history，the detailed records of events and theirconsequences，but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history，and deduces itstheories not from this or that instance in their lives，but from a view of human nature thattranscends history．”，心理历史学不是从历史、从事件的详细记录和它们的前因后果中来获取“事实”，而是对创造历史的个人进行心理分析，从中获取“事实”；不是从这些创造历史的人物一生的这个或那个实例中演绎出理论，而是从超越历史的人类本性的角度来推导理论。

由此可知D正确。

(3).The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?（分数：2.00）
A.The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.
B.Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
C.Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram. √。